DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
is explained by the high population of this fish off the coast of Norway and the use of purse spines, which accounted for 455,000 t. The Soviet Union has greatly intensified its fishing for mackerel in recent years, in the northwestern Pacific (to 80,000 t) and off West Africa (to 150,000 t) Doubtless, mackerel fishing is quite promising. The catch of Carangidae had increased by a factor of 16 by 1970 in comparison to the prewar level (1938), and there is every reason to assume the possibility of further increases. Thus, off the coast of Japan in some years the catch of this fish has even been artificially held down. Large accumulations of mackerel have recently been found off the Tasmanian coast. In the opinion of many scientists, it will be possible to catch as many as 1 million tons of pelagic fish per year near New Zealand, including many Carangidae. The greatest quantity of Japanese mackerel are caught in the East China Sea and off the coast of Japan (510-56010t), as well as in the Philippines (LOOLO t) Other species of Carangidae are caught off the west coast of Africa, where fishing is conducted primarily by ships of the USSR (ISOLO-t) Angola (170 10 t) and Spain (70 -lO-t). A lesser role in the sea fish catch (up to 1710" t) is played by the tuna, although due to the high value of the meat of this fish, tuna fishing is significantly more successful economically than fishing for most other types of fish. Therefore, the tuna catch develops from year to year, and at the present time is conducted in the open Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Tuna inhabit the great water areas of the ocean, forming no dense accumulations, making it more difficult to catch them. However, information on the results of tuna fishing indicates that the trend is doubtless toward decreasing effectiveness (Table 12). For example, the catch of yellowfin and blue-finned tuna decreased from 8 fish per 100 hooks on a longline in 1950 to 2 in 1965. The reserves of large tuna are being caught with great intensity in almost all regions of the ocean, and the only hope for any significant development of tuna fishing lies in more intensive fishing of the smaller and stripe-bellied tuna. The overwhelming majority of tuna (50-60) is caught by Japan. Significantly smaller quantities are caught by the fisherman of the USA, France, Spain and Peru. The Soviet Union catches but a few thousands of tons of the valuable fish. When tuna is fished using longlines, swordfish and sharks are caught in large quantities. Sharks, rays and chimaera are also the objects of a specialized fishing industry. The annual catch of sharks-in recent years (1968-1975) has held steady at a level of about 400' 10 t, of rays at 90-140 -lO-t. This is much less than their actual reserves. The shark catch in the World Ocean could be at least doubled. In addition to the commercial fish mentioned above, the world catch includes many representatives of various families of demersal fish, caught during trawling and other types of bottom fishing: Pleuronectidae (see Table 8), sea perch, Ammodytes, etc. (Table 13). 374
SPEARFISHES OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC 521 to a dark, slate gray on the back and to black on the first dorsal. We have seen no evidence of stripes and, according to Nakamura (1949), it never has them. Distribution in the Pacific According to Nakamura (1951), this pelagic species does not enter coastal or enclosed seas. Off Japan it occm-s south of 35° N. latitude and rather densely in the waters east of Formosa and the Philippines from November to January. Nowhere is it abundant enough to be of importance to the fishery. In our POFI fishing we have taken only the 8 specimens recorded in appendix table a; their distribution is indicated in figure 23. In the Hawaiian fishery it is one of the miscellaneous spearfishes that comprises only' a small fraction of the total spearfish catch. On the first six Japanese mothership expeditions to the vicinity of the Caroline Islands (Ego and Otsu, 1952) it was combined with the sailfish in the statistics, and on each of these trips the catch of the two species together averaged only from 02 to 07 per 100 hooks. Size This is the smallest of the spearfishes and, according to Nakamura (1949), attains a weight of only 44 pounds, but the POFI specimens which we have weighed from the central Pacific ranged from 18 to 51 pounds. Based on the data obtained from the Honolulu market by the Hawaiian Division of Fish and Game (table 3), the maximum weight found in 177 specimens was 114 pounds. However, the modal size was approximately 38 pounds. FIGURE 215. — Distribution uf POFI catches of shortiioso spearfish, Tetraplurus angustirostris. Fractions indicate stations at which catches were reported out of the total fished; decimals indicate average catch per 100 hooks per day.
FISH FROM THE HAWAIIAN, MARSHALL, CAROLINE AND PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, ALSO FROM FRENCH INDO CHINA AND MALACCA STRAITS No. 318 Philippine Wrasse, Labridae specie South China Seas Yacht ARA, January 23, 1929, Manilla, Philippine Islands 319 "Luau" Red Parrotfish, Callyodon miniatus Western Pacific Ocean Yacht ARA, December 14, 1928, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands 320 Silver Bream, Seams sara Indo-pacific Waters Yacht ARA, February 11, 1929, Georgetown, Penang, Malay States 321 Square-tailed Sea Perch, Plectropomus truncatus South China Seas Yacht ARA, January 23, 1929, Manilla, Philippine Islands 322 Blue Lined Butterfly Fish, Chaetodon fremblii Pacific Ocean Yacht ARA, December 14, 1928, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands 323 Godeffroy's Wrasse, Anampes godcffroyi Malacca Straits Yacht ARA, February 8, 1929, Singapore, Malay States 324 Unicorn Surgeon Fish, Acanthurus unicornis Hawaiian Islands, Tropical Pacific Ocean Yacht ARA, December 14, 1928, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands 325 Short-Snout Unicorn Fish, Acanthurus brevirostris Western Pacific Ocean Yacht ARA, December 14, 1928, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands 326 Indian Conger Eel, Muraenesox cinereus South China Seas Yacht ARA, January 23, 1929, Manilla Philippine Islands 32
No. 368 Great Dog Herring, Chirocentrus dorab Malacca Straits, Red Sea. Indian Ocean Yacht ARA, February 11, 1929, Georgetown, Penang 369 Red Rockfish, Heucohnus rufescens Western Pacific Ocean Yacht ARA, December 15, 1928, Kenohe Bay, Hawaiian Islands 370 Black Harvest Fish, Stromatnis niger East Indian Seas Yacht ARA, February 11, 1929, Georgetown, Penang 371 Spotted Butterfly Fish, Scatophagus argus Indian Ocean to Australia Yacht ARA, January 23, 1929, Manilla, Philippine Islands 372 Purple Flying Fish, Cypsuiinis shuns Tropical seas about Hawaii Yacht ARA, December 11, 1928, Hilo, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands 373 Thread Herring, Pellona filigera East Indian Seas Yacht ARA, February 11, 1929, Georgetown, Penang, Malay States 374 Lined Bark-scaled Wrasse, Lepidaplois lunulatus Western Pacific Ocean Yacht ARA, December 14, 1929, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands 375 Indian Carp, Cyprinidae specie Saigon River, Indo-china Yacht ARA, January 30, 1929, Saigon, Indo-china 376 Square-tailed Sea Perch, Plectropomus truncafits South China Seas Yacht ARA, January 23, 1929, Manilla, Philippine Islands 377 Archer Fish, Toxotes jaculator Found throughout East Indies Yacht ARA, January 30, 1929, Saigon, Indo-china 378 Poor Halfbeak, Hemiramphus depauperatus Tropical Pacific Seas Yacht ARA, December 11, 1928, Hilo, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands 37
16 POLYPODIACE.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. (1) D. lunulata Desv. Rhizome erect, rising above the ground or not; stipes clustered, fronds 1 to 2 m. high, commonly bipinnate; pinnules almost dimidiate, trapezoidal, the lower margin almost straight, the upper slightly rounded, entire, glabrous, herbaceous; sori 4 to G to a pinnule, large, partly immersed. Luzon, Cuming 142, Steere; Mount Apo, Devore and Hoover 345, common at about 4,500 feet. Pantropic. (3) POLYSTICHUM Roth. Fronds at least pinnate, usually tough or rigid, with toothed and spinulose margins and the basiscopic half the less developed; veins free, or in one species anastomosing sparsely and irregularly; sori round, usually dorsal; indusium normally peltate, exceptionally reniform. A reasonably natural genus, but difficult to define because of the many directions in which single species or groups vary; related to both Nephrodium and Aspidium. Mostly terrestrial. 1. Pinnae articulate to rachis (Cyclopeltis) (1) P. presumium 1. Pinnae not articulate, veins free Eupolystichum) 2. Simply pinnate (2) P. auriculatum 2. Lower pinnae pinnate, sori costal or medial. 3. Teeth aristate (3) P. aculeatum 3. Teeth blunt or mucronate (4) P. obtusus 2. Lower pinnse pinnate, sori submarginal (5) P. amabile 2. Lower pinnae at least bipinnate. 3. Teeth mucronate or awned. 4. Lower pinnae lanceolate-deltoid. 5. Rhizome creeping (6) P. aristatum 5. Rhizome erect (7) P. coniifolium 4. Pinnae linear (8) P. horizontale 3. Teeth awnless (9) P. varium 1. Pinnae not articulate, veins inclined to anastomose toward the margin (10) P. falcatum (1) P. preslianum (J. Sm) Moore. Rhizome creeping or oblique, short, densely fibrillose; stipes clustered, 3 to 10 cm. high, naked or nearly so; frond 20 to 40 cm. high, 8 to 10 cm. broad, simply pinnate; pinnae jointed to the rhizome, broadly lanceolate, obscurely crenate, almost horizontal, acute, cordate on the lower and truncate on the upper side at the base, coriaceous, glabrous; veins forked about three times, the lower branches falling short of the margin; sori in 1 to 3 rows on each side of the costa, the costal row the most constantly complete. Masbate and Catanduanes, Baranda ; Tayabas, Merrill 3351. Malaya. A species very near this, but with thinner foliage and the pinnae not articulate to the rachis, occurs in Luzon and Mindanao, and probably throughout the Archipelago; the two are decidedly too alike for me to separate them generically, by recognizing J. Smith's Cyclopeltis. (2) P. auriculatum (Sw) Presl, var nervosum (Fee) Christ. Stipes fasciculate, decumbent, 10 to 15 cm. long, scaly below or throughout; frond about 30 cm. long, 5 cm. broad; pinnae numerous, subsessile, crenate,
43 FIELDIANA ZOOLOGY Published by CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Volume 42 August 22, 1958 No. 4 Philippine Zoological Expedition 1946-1947 NOTES ON PHILIPPINE MALLOPHAGA, I. Species from Ciconii formes, Anseriformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Gruiformes and Charadriiformes K, C. Emerson AND Ronald A. Ward INTRODUCTION This is the first installment of a report on the Mallophaga collected from avian hosts by the Philippine Zoological Expedition, 1946-47. Since Mallophaga are obligatory external parasites, and highly host-specific, their distribution is dependent upon the distribution of the hosts. A list of the species of Mallophaga in the Philippines could be compiled by referring to a list of hosts known to inhabit, or migrate through, this region. Such a list has not been included in this paper because many records and descriptions have been based on material obtained from skins in museums or from live hosts in zoological gardens, and many still await confirmation. This study has arisen as a subsidiary enquiry to bird collecting, and it constitutes the first opportunity to confirm many host records. All records which were obviously mislabeled or mixed during collection have been omitted. Some series have not been given specific determinations because studies now in progress by other workers include several generic revisions. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-1335 ftaipiliwi No. 847 49 v O Of si NATURAL ' --' HISTORY SJRVE
EMERSON AND WARD: PHILIPPINE MALLOPHAGA 55 There appear to be no external characters by which this series can be separated from those normally found on Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus), the type host of this species. Family LAEMOBOTHRIONIDAE Laemobothrion mjobergi Eichler Laemobothrion mjobergi Eichler, 1944, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr, 1943: 64, figs. 11, 12. Four males and four females from Haliastur Indus intermedius Blyth (Brahminy kite) were collected in the Liguasan Marsh, Cotabato Province, Mindanao. Laemobothrion sp. One male from Butastur indicus (Gmelin) (gray-faced buzzard) was collected at Bugasan, Cotabato Province, Mindanao. Suborder ISCHNOCERA Family PHILOPTERIDAE Craspedorrhynchus pachypus (Giebel) Docophorus pachypus Giebel, 1874, Insecta Epizoa, p. 71. One male from Haliastur indus intermedius Blyth (Brahminy kite) was collected at Manila, Luzon. Craspedorrhynchus sp. Two males and two females from Spilornis cheela holospilus (Vigors) (serpent eagle) were collected in Davao Province, Mindanao. Cuclotogaster acuminatus (Piaget) Lipeurus acuminatus Piaget, 1885, Les Pediculines, Suppl, p. 70, pi. 7, fig. 6. One female from Coturnix chinensis lineata (Scopoli) (painted quail) was collected at Naic, Cavite. Degeeriella sp. One male and two females from Haliastur indus intermedius Blyth (Brahminy kite) were collected in the Liguasan Marsh, Cotabato Province; six males and six females from the same host were collected at Manila, Luzon.
Department of Zoology 391 Copan; six crocodile skulls, including one very large one, collected in the Philippine Islands, from Mr. A. W. Exline, of San Jos, Mindoro; eight specimens from Dr. W. P. Kennedy, of Baghdad, Iraq; three Bahaman fresh-water turtles of recently described species, from the University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and two fine pink rattlesnakes (the rare species Crotalus lepidus lepidus), from Dr. and Mrs. Paul Rudnick, of the Mcdonald Observatory, Fort Davis, Texas. As in previous years, the Chicago Zoological Society, the Lincoln Park Zoo, and the General Biological Supply House, of Chicago, have turned over important material to the Museum. A large and important gift was that of 8,424 preserved fishes from the Zoology Department of the University of Chicago. These were collected by students and members of the faculty over a period of years and are of much value in studies of the local fauna of Illinois and neighboring states. Added to these were 248 specimens collected in Indiana and presented by Dr. Hurst Shoemaker of Stanford University, California. For exhibition, a number of game fishes were donated. Mr. Leon Mandel, of Chicago, gave a large "Mako" shark which he secured off the north coast of Cuba. Colonel Warren R. Roberts, of Chicago, contributed a white marlin, and Mr. Al Pflueger, of Miami, Florida, gave a specimen of Allison's tuna, a long-finned variety of the yellow-finned tuna. Mr. Michael Lerner, well-known sportsman of New York, presented an excellent mounted specimen of North Atlantic broadbill swordfish caught on rod and reel by Mrs. Lerner off Cape Breton, Nova Scotia — the first swordfish ever thus taken by a woman angler in Canadian waters. The John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, continued its courtesy of past years by contributing a number of fish specimens. Excepting six specimens received in exchange, all the somewhat limited accessions of insects were obtained through various donors. The most noteworthy acquisition was a lot of 543 named beetles, mainly from the Austrian Tyrol. These were received as a gift from Dr. Wolfgang Amschler, of Zeiyarn bei Cronach, Bavaria, Germany. Mr. Gordon Grant, of Los Angeles, California, continued to show his interest in the Museum by donating 161 insects that he collected in his vicinity. Through the kindness of Dr. Orlando Park, Evanston, Illinois, forty-five species of named New Zealand moths were added to the collection. Of the 1,698 specimens of lower invertebrates accessioned, some 1,200 were shells presented by Mr. Clark W. Walter, of Chicago.
34 labials. Body moderate; a slight fold on the side and another on the posterior side of the hind limb; body and throat covered with very small granular scales, largest on the snout. Ventral scales imbricate. Male with 7 — 19 femoral pores on each side. Fig. 21. Hemidactylus garnoti D. B. Lower view of tail X SV-I-Fig. 22. Hemidactylus garnoti D. B, Fore limb X 5Tail depressed, flat below, with sharp denticulated lateral edge; the scales on the upper surface small, equal; those below larger, imbricate, with a median series of transversely dilated plates (fig. 2i). Limbs moderate; digits with a rudiment of web, dilated, inner well developed (fig, 22); 5 — 7 oblique lamellae under the inner digits, 10 to 12 under the fourth finger, 11 to 14 under the fourth toe. Brownish-grey above, uniform or with brown and whitish spots. Lower parts whitish. Length of head and body 60 mm; tail 80 mm. Habitat: Nias ; Sumatra (Tilatang Fort de Kock Matur Indragiri, Bingin Telok, Palembang, Agam); Java (Buitenzorg, Malang, Willis Mts, 5000 feet); Borneo (Kina Balu). — Malacca; Burma; Sikkim; Philippines; Solomon Islands; New Caledonia; Hawai; Tahiti. A common house-gecko in Sumatra. 6. Hemidactylus platyurus (Schneider). Stellio platyurus Schneider, Amph. Phys. II 1790, p. 30. Hemidactylus platyurus Boulenger, Cat. Liz. I 1885, p. 143 (s. syn). Cosymbotus platyurus Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. XLIV 1912, p. 81. Snout longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-opening, one time and a half the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave; ear-opening small, oval, oblique. Rostral four-sided,
36 Flores; Gr. Bastaard; Sumba; Savu; Kei Islands; Aru Islands; Halmahera; New Guinea (Sorong). — Malacca; Burma; Himalayas; Ceylon; South China; Indo-china; Philippines. Doubtful species. Hemidactylus tristis, described by Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) III 1878, p. 49, is said to be very much like Frenatus, differing only in the following points no tubercles on the base of the tail ; granules of the tail much smaller. Probably H. frenatiis D. B. Habitat: New Guinea. 5. Mimetozoon Boulenger. (BOULENGER, Pioc. Zool. Soc. London p. 767, 1896). Digits webbed for two-thirds, strongly dilated, with two rows of lamellae beneath; the distal phalanges clawed, slender and compressed, rising from within the extremity of the dilated part. Limbs, sides of head, body and tail with a large dermal expansion, covered above with imbricate tetragonal scales. Body covered with juxtaposed granular scales and tubercles. Pupil vertical. Males with femoral pores. Distribution. Penang; Borneo. A single species. I. Mimetozoon craspedotus (Mocq). Hemidactylus craspedotus Mocquard, Le Naturaliste XII 1890, p. 145; Nov. Arch. Mus. (3) II 1890, p. 126, pi. VII fig. 2; Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (8) IX 189697, p. 20. Mimetozoon floweri Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1896, p. 767, pi. XXXVI. Snout narrow, pointed, longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-opening, one time and a half the diameter of the orbit; forehead concave; ear-opening small, oval, horizontal. Head-scales small, largest on the snout. Rostral rectangular, twice as broad as high, with median cleft ; nostril bordered by the rostral, the first labial and three nasals. Eleven to twelve upper and eight to ten lower labials ; mental very large, triangular; two pair of chin-shields, the inner larger and forming a suture. Body depressed ; from axilla to groin a membrane borders the flanks, another the neck from behind
u; or absent; one postocular; no temporals; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; latter in contact with three lower labials and about twice as large as the posterior. Tail pointed. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 129146; anal entire; subcaudals 10 — 28. Brown or black above, iridescent; a yellow collar sometimes present and a yellow vertical spot above the angle of the Fig. 61. Pseudorhabdium longiceps (Cant). Nat. size. Side view of head. mouth. Lower surface dark brown, ventrals and outer scales with pale brown posterior border. Length of head and body 195 mm; tail 35 mm. Habitat: Nias; Sumatra (Deli, Langkat, Indragiri, Singkarah, Gunung Sahilan, Ajerbangis); Borneo (Sarawak, Kuching, Penrissen Road, Simanggang, Sebruang Valley, Pontianak); Celebes (Macassar). — Philippines; Malay Peninsula; Penang; Singapore. 35. Brachyorrhus Boie. (BOIE, Isis, p. 519, 1827). Head not distinct from neck; eye small; pupil vertically elliptic; nasal small, single or divided; internasals sometimes fused; loreal absent; praeocular present or absent. Maxillary teeth 20 — 22, equal; posterior mandibular teeth shortest. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 17 or 19 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Java; Timor; Moluccas; New Guinea. A single species.
42 sharp, finely denticulated lateral edge ; covered above with very small flat scales, below with a median series of large transversely dilated plates. Limbs depressed ; a fold of the skin bordering the hind limb posteriorly ; digits short, webbed at the base ; the lamellae angular, divided by a median groove (fig. 26). Greyish or reddish-brown above, uniform or variegated with darker brown, sometimes with round white spots on the back in regular longitudinal series. Lower parts dirty white. Length of head and body 98 mm ; tail 96 mm. Habitat: Nias ; Engano ; Sumatra (Medan, Singkarah Redjang, Gunung Sahilan); Banka; Borneo (Pontianak, Fig. 28. Gehyra mutilata c-o tt (Wiegm). Chin-shields and Gunung Kenepai, Smtang, Rivers Ho-throat X 2. wong, Upper Mahakkam and Baram, Kuching, Kidi district. Banting, Kina Balu, Sandakan) ; Celebes (Rurukan, Manado, Buol, Kema, Macassar); Java (Buitenzorg Surabaja) ; Flores ; Rotti ; Timor ; Sumba ; Ombaai ; Timor Laut; Kei Islands; Aru Islands; Ambon 1 ; Goram ; Halmahera; Ternate; Batjan; Waigeu ; New Guinea (lake Sentani, Lorentz river, Merauke Kaiserin-augusta river Astrolabe Bay, Berlinhafen, Seleo Island, Katow). — Malacca; Andamans; Nicobars ; Burma; Siam; Ceylon; Philippines; Mascarene Islands; Seychelles; Madagascar; Mauritius; Mexico; Cuba; d'entrecasteaux Archipelago; Bismarck Archipelago; Polynesia. House-gecko. 5. Gehyra baliola (A. Dum). Ilcmuhutylits baliolus A. Dumerilcat. Meth. Rept. 1851, p. 38; Arch. Mas. VIII 185556, p. 461, pi. XVII fig. 2. Gehyra baliola Boulenger, Cat. Liz. I 1885, p. 150Head more long than broad, snout conical, cheeks not swollen; forehead concave; ear-opening large, oval, oblique. Head granular, the granules enlarged on the snout. Rostral horseshoe-shaped; nostril bordered by the rostral, the first labial, a
1 89 Sumba; Rotti; Timor; Wetar; Celebes (Manado, Kema, Kandari, Pare Pare, Raha); Sangir Islands; Ternate; Halmahera; Batjan; Buru; Ceram; Ambon; Saparua; Coram; New Guinea. — Pelew Islands; Malay Peninsula; Penang; Andamans; Nicobars; Siam; Indo China; Burma; Ceylon; India; Philippines; N. Australia. Not rare at the sea-coast; feeds on fish. 41. Fordonia Gray. (Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 67, 1842). Head small, not distinct from neck; eye very small; pupil vertically elliptic; shields of head large; nasals undivided or partly divided, separated by a single internasal; no loreal. Maxillary teeth small, 7 or 8, followed by two enlarged, grooved teeth; mandibular teeth about equal. Body round, covered with smooth scales, without pits, in 25 — 29 row; ventrals rounded. Tail short, subcaudals all or partly in two rows. Distribution. Burma; Cochin China; Indian Archipelago; N. Australia. A single species. I. Fordonia leucobalia (Schleg). Homalopsis leucobalia Schlegel, Phys. Serp. II 1837; p. 345, pi. XIII, fig. 8, 9. Fordonia leucobalia Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Ill 1896, p. 21 (s. syn). Fig. 71. Fonioiiii leucobalia (Schleg) X V41 view of head.