DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XX Museum, I find one which exhibits the six postoccipital scutes of the Mindoro form, and on preparation of this skull it proves to agree so minutely with the three smaller skulls cleaned up from the dried specimens that there can be no doubt that it is also from the Philippines, received either with the Menage Expedition collections, or from Dr. J. B. Steere, who is also known to have collected on Mindoro. The examination of the four specimens available convinces me that the species is certainly distinct and undescribed, and I feel that its publication will call attention to its existence and promote further collecting. It may be named Crocodylus mindorensis sp. nov. Type from the island of Mindoro, Philippine Islands. No. 11135 Field Museum of Natural History. Received in 1929 from the Philippine Bureau of Science. Mummified body and cleaned skull. Diagnosis. Allied more closely to Crocodylus novae-guineae than to any other species, agreeing with it in the characters which distinguish it from C. porosus; namely, presence of occipital scutes, more incised webs on hind feet, enlarged pectoral plates, scutes of dorsal shield in contact laterally, inferior opening of internal nares, and uninflated palatines. Distinguished from novae-guineae by its proportionately broader and heavier skull, larger eustachian tube, palatines less parallel-sided, heavier pitting of skull and more pronounced antorbital ridges. Description of type. Dorsal shield consisting of 17 transverse rows of scutes, composed of 8 scutes each at mid-body, the bony scutes in contact; postoccipitals 6; nuchals 4-2-2; web" of hind toes strongly incised; a row of enlarged pectoral scutes, behind which there are 25 transverse rows of ventral plates to the anterior border of the anus; 18 segments of the tail with a double crest, followed by 18 single-crested segments. Skull of intermediate type, neither extremely broad nor elongated. Snout distinctly broader than in either porosus or novae-guineae. Antorbital ridge high and abrupt laterally as compared with novae-guineae, failing to continue on the naso-maxillary suture as it does in porosus. Pitting of the dorsal surface much deeper and coarser than in skulls of the same size of either novae-guineae or porosus. Premaxillary teeth 5; festooning of maxillary teeth pronounced, more so than in the allied species; opening of internal nares downwardly directed; eustachian opening of skull larger than in novaeguineae, about as in porosus; form of cranial table intermediate between that of porosus and novae-guineae; posterior border of frontal
is 70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XX (less than 6 feet). The correspondence of this skull, No. 19891, even in minor details, with the three subsequently received from Mindoro is extraordinary. Remarks. The new Philippine species is quite obviously to be interpreted as a fresh-water species, and where porosus enters inland lakes it is doubtless found in marshes and smaller bodies of water. Malcolm Smith (1919, p. 218; 1931, p. 42), in distinguishing C. siamensis from C. porosus calls attention to the juxtaposed elements of the dorsal shield, the enlarged pectoral plates, and the more incised webs of siamensis. Crocodylus mindorensis and novae-guineae agree with siamensis in these respects. The skull of mindorensis is much more slender and lighter in construction than that of palustris. It differs from siamensis in the narrow interorbital space, the five premaxillary teeth, the absence of a median ridge on the frontal, and the more posterior position of the enlarged fifth maxillary teeth. The new form does, however, form a link in the chain of species of fresh-water crocodiles with mutually exclusive ranges palustris in India, siamensis in southeastern Asia, mindorensis in Mindoro, novae-guineae in New Guinea, and johnstoni in Queensland. I suspect that C. biporcatus raninus of Miiller and Schlegel may be the Bornean representative of this fresh-water series, and it is reasonable to suspect another undescribed species in the ancient lakes of Celebes. Field observation of the habitat relations of Crocodylus mindorensis with C. porosus affords an interesting problem for any naturalist visiting the Philippines. I have followed Stejneger (1933, p. 117) in retaining Laurenti's generic name Crocodylus in the long customary sense. REFERENCES BARBOUR, THOMAS 1924. An Historic Crocodile Skull. Copeia, 1924, p. 16. SCHMIDT, KARL P. 1932. Notes on New Guinean Crocodiles. Field Mus. Nat. Hist, Zool. Ser, 18, pp. 165-172. SMITH, MALCOLM A. 1919. Crocodilus siamensis. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 3, pp. 217-221, pis. 4-5. 1931. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. I Loricata, Testudines (Fauna of British India). Taylor and Francis, London, 8vo, xxvi 185 pp, 41 text figs, 2 pis. STEJNEGER, LEONHARD 1933. Crocodilian Nomenclature. Copeia, 1933, pp. 117-120. WORCESTER, DEAN C. 1898. The Philippine Islands and Their People. Macmillan Co, New York, 8vo, XX 529 pp, illus.
162 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 51 H. a. catarmanensis Camiguin South cf 70-75 9 71-76 mm. Range. — Camiguin South; lowlands to 4,950 feet on peak of Mount Camiguin. Remarks. — For comparison we have large series of H. a. azurae from Luzon, Negros, and Mindanao, moderate series from Palawan, Bohol, Siquijor, Samar, Cebu, and one or a few specimens from each of Polillo, Sibuyan, Romblon, Mindoro, Guimaras, and Basilan. Males and females are about equally represented in all these series, every blue-backed bird has the black nape patch, usually of considerably greater extent than in that of the Camiguin South birds with the largest patch. The size of the black throat band is variable, rarely absent. All the females have brown backs (of various shades of brown or greyish-brown) There is always a possibility of some mis-sexing of specimens in the field, but the blue-backed females from Camiguin South are not like any specimens, male or female, from any other islands. The following tentative conclusions are advanced. There is a reduction in sexual dimorphism through the female becoming partly cock-feathered, notably in the blue back, and the male becoming more like this new type female through the partial loss of the black nape patch. There is an indication, from this collection, that the female may be dimorphic, most (4 out of 5) are much like dull males but without black markings; a few (1 out of 5) are more like the female of H. a. azurae. However, this may be an earlier plumage, special to the immature female in this population. There are two other species of the genus in Philippines: H. helenae, Camiguin North, Luzon (series Field Museum), Samar, Mindanao; and H. coelestis, Luzon, Negros, Sibuyan, Dinagat, Mindanao, Basilan; and neither is known to occur on Camiguin South. One may be tempted to consider the possibility that this absence has allowed sexual dimorphism to decrease. But, there are other islands in the Philippines, with only H. azure; and over most of the range of H. azure it is the only representative of the genus. Birds from Nepal have the same male and female mode of plumage as do those of H. a. azurae of Philippines. Dicaeum trigonostigma Salomonsen, 1960, Amer. Mus. Novit, No. 1991, pp. 28-37.
RAND AND RABOR: BIRDS OF CAMIGUIN SOUTH 163 This is a widespread species presumably originating in the Philippines (though absent from Palawan) where Salomonsen recognized nine subspecies, most of them with striking and clear-cut characters. In all the rest of the range (Java and Borneo to Assam), only five subspecies have developed and most of them with rather trivial characters. Five of the nine subspecies recognized in the Philippines are small island subspecies: on Romblon and Tablas (intermedium); Sibuyan (sibuyanicum) ; Siquijor (besti); Jolo, Tawi-tawi, Siasi (assimile) ; and Sibutu (sibutuense) An additional subspecies proves to have been developed on Camiguin South, raising the number of Philippine subspecies to ten, and six of them small island subspecies. The near relatives of the Camiguin South form seem to be the geographically adjacent cinereigularae of Mindanao-samar-leyte-Bohol area, and besti of Siquijor, and it is with these that comparison is needed, differing as they do chiefly in color of chin and throat, and in size. Dicaeum trigonostigma besti Steere Diagnosis. — Male, chin and upper throat yellow; rest of throat and sides of neck uniform grey, without a yellow wash. Size, small. Male, wing (10), 50-53 (av. 518 mm); culmen (10), 13-14 (av. 133 mm). Dicaeum trigonostigma cinereigulare Tweeddale Diagnosis. — Male, chin and upper throat yellow; lower throat and side of neck grey washed with yellow. Size, small. wing culmen Samar, male (10) 50-52 (av. 51) (10) 11-135 (av. 124) Bohol, male (4) 49-52 (av. 50) (4) 12-13 (av. 125) Mindanao, male (10) 49-52 (av. 512) (10) 12-135 (av. 127) Dicaeum trigonostigma isidroi, new subspecies' Type— Field Museum of Natural History no. 284521 from Kasangsangan, Catarman, Camiguin South Island, Philippine Islands. Adult male collected June 11, 1968, by D. S. Rabor. Diagnosis— Like both of the above subspecies but differs in the male having the chin and upper throat much paler yellow; in having This new race is named in honor of Dr. Antonio Isidro, president of Mindanao State University, and in appreciation of his great interest in biological research.
164 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 51 the lower throat pale, whitish grey (without any yellowish wash) becoming darker toward the sides of the throat; size larger. Wing cf (10), 55-57 (av. 556 mm); culmen (10), 135-15 (av. 14 mm). Range. — Camiguin South Island, 1,000-2,500 feet altitude. Remarks. — Most races of this species in Philippines have wing 48-53 mm; but there are two larger subspecies, the present one (see above) and sihuyanicum wing 54-57 mm, both small island species. Zosterops nigrorum Mees, 1957, Zool. Verh. Rijk. Mus. Nat. Hist. Leiden, No. 35, pp. 160-170; Mayr, 1967, Peter's Check-list of Birds of the World, 12, pp. 299, 300. This is the only species of Zosterops in the Philippines that has completely yellow underparts. It is a species of large and small islands: large islands in the north, and the western central islands — Luzon, Mindoro, Masbate, Panay, and Negros; a very few scattered small islands — Camiguin North (north of Luzon); and a few small islands in the central Philippines with southern outposts on Cagayancillo (west of Negros, in Sulu Sea) and Camiguin South in Mindanao Sea. The relationships of this species are not clear, but the general appearance of the various subspecies, and their differences from other species, in appearance and range, seem to indicate a natural group, forming an endemic Philippine species, as treated in recent revisions. Up until now the known ranges of the related everetti, with underparts partly grey or white as well as yellow, and nigrorum have been allopatric. However, on Camiguin South Rabor found both species, everetti at low altitudes and nigrorum at higher altitudes. This is the only locality where both species occur. (It may be recalled that the old records of Z. everetti siquijorensis for Negros are in error, surely due to a mis-identification of specimens of Z. montana pectoralis) Seven subspecies of Z. nigrorum are recognized in the following, and are arranged in three groups. Group I. — Four races, generally bright to moderately bright in coloration; eye ring complete; little or no black or dusky in side of head; size smaller; wing cf 50-56 mm. Zosterops nigrorum meyleri Mcgregor agfecamiguin North. Diagnosis. — A small race, separable from all other races by wide, complete eye ring, especially wide below the eye, according to Mees
RAND AND RABOR: BIRDS OF CAMIGUIN SOUTH 165 whose scant material was variable in color. His pen and ink drawing of head indicates a short dusky streak below white eye ring only. Mcgregor, 1908, Manual Philippine Birds, pp. 618-619, says this race is similar to richmondi but lacks the black under eye and has eye ring wider. Wing (4), 535-56 (av. 544); culmen (4), 128-138 (av. 132 mm). (Mees) no specimens seen. Zosterops nigrorum aureiloris Ogilvie Grant Range. — Northwestern Luzon, south certainly to Mountain and Abra Provinces and Benguet; farther south intergradation with the next two races to be expected; also on Mindoro; sea level to 5,000 feet. Diagnosis. — A small, brightly colored race, complete eye ring, with, at most, a dusky smudge below it ; local area and a narrow area on forehead golden yellow and sharply contrasting with rest of upper-parts; upperparts bright yellowish olive green; underparts bright yellow with flanks lightly tinged olive. Male, wing (10), 49-56 (av. 530); culmen (10), 11-135 (av. 123 mm). Remarks. — Series from Ilocos Norte, Abra, and Mountain provinces. Collected by Rabor, in Field Museum of Natural History. Zosterops nigrorum sierramadrensis new subspecies Type. — Field Museum of Natural History no. 259880 from Luzon Island, Cagayan Province, Gonzaga, Mt. Cagua (in the Sierra Madre), 2,000-4,000 feet altitude. Adult male collected April 30, 1960. Diagnosis. — Like aureiloris of northwestern Luzon, but upper-parts darker, less yellowish, forehead darker yellow usually with an ochraceous tinge; underparts deeper yellow on the throat, and with more of an olive wash on breast and flanks; bill slightly longer. Thus, a more intensely colored, darker race. Wing c (10), 50-54 (av. 512 mm); culmen (10), 12-14 (av. 131 mm). Range. — Northeastern Luzon in Cagayan Province. Presumably ranges southward to intergrade with the next race in central Luzon. Remarks. — Series from Cagayan Province in Field Museum of Natural History. This is an additional example of northwestern and northeastern Luzon birds representing different subspecies, as
SOLEM: PHILIPPINE SNAILS OF ENDODONTIDAE Fig. 2. Discocharopa werneri, n. sp, CNHM 57194. Paratype. a, top view; b, basal view; c, side view; d, diagram of microsculpture (greatly enlarged). Scale line mm. Specimen lost in handling. umbilicus; the species with apertural teeth all have spirally striate apices. Remarks. The generic position of D. werneri is uncertain. The combination of radially ribbed apex, toothed aperture, and rather narrow umbilicus suggested the Polynesian-new Zealand Thauma- todon-ptychodon complex, rather than the toothless, widely um-
Table 3. Extended. Prov: site L2 (2 usnm); site L4 (1 ummz); site L10 (5 amnh); site LI 9 (1 usnm). BILIRAN: site Bl (1 usnm). Order Chiroptera Family Pteropodidae — Fruit Bats Acerodon jubatus (Eschscholtz, 1831) The golden-capped flying fox is a Philippine endemic that is found throughout the country with the exception of the Palawan region. Gunther (1879) reported this species from southern Leyte. Specimens taken by Steere ( 1 890) on a small island midway in the channel between Leyte and Samar (site L20) were named Pteropus aurinuchalis (Elliot, 1896), but they are not now recognized as distinct. We did not encounter this species during our field work on Leyte, nor did we obtain any specimens on Biliran. We received reports of flying fox roosts on Biliran but did not locate any. On several occasions, however, we saw giant fruit bats flying at dusk over our campsites on Biliran or Table 4. Extended. RICKART ET AL: MAMMALS OF LEYTE, BILIRAN, AND MARIPIPI ISLANDS 23
Table 9. Extended. rain, during which time it groomed and licked off water droplets. The roost was not used on subsequent days. We collected lactating females in late April and early May. Males in our series are consistently larger than females in most cranial and external measurements (table 9). Specimens Examined— Total 20. MARIPIPI: site Ml (6 ummz); site M2 (6 ummz); site M3 (2 ummz); site M4 (5 usnm); site M10 (1 ummz). Other Records— LEYTE: site L7 (rom). Pteropus vampyrus lanensis Mearns, 1 905 any specimens, some of the bats we observed feeding in mabolo trees (Diospyros) on the campus of the Visayas State College of Agriculture (site LI) probably were this species. Local residents reported that large flying foxes were commonly seen at this site. There are no specimens from either Biliran or Maripipi. In the Leyte series, males are consistently larger than females in most cranial measurements (table 9). Specimens Examined— Total 14. LEYTE: Leyte Pro v: site L9 (10 dmnh); site L10 (2 amnh); specific locality unknown (2 fmnh). The giant flying fox is widespread in Southeast Asia and is locally common in primary forest throughout the Philippines. The species was first reported from Leyte by Steere (1890), and specimens have been recorded from Tambis and Patok (sites L9 and L10). Although we did not collect Rousettus amplexicaudatus amplexicaudatus (E. Geoffroy, 1810) The roussette fruit bat occurs from Thailand to the Solomon Islands and is found throughout the RICKART ET AL: MAMMALS OF LEYTE, BILIRAN, AND MARIPIPI ISLANDS 33
Table 12. Extended. 82 64 92 675 rump lengths 8-18 mm) were taken between 23 March and 27 April 1987. Males of this species are slightly larger than females in most cranial dimensions (table 1 2). Specimens from Leyte and Biliran are not distinguishable and are similar in size to specimens from Catanduanes (Heaney et al, 1 99 1 ; those from Negros are distinctly smaller (Ingle & Heaney, 1992). Specimens Examined— Total 88. LEYTE: Leyte Prov: site L2 (1 usnm); site L4 (2 su, 25 usnm); site L5 (6 usnm); site L6 (6 usnm); site LI 4 (5 dmnh). BILIRAN: site Bl (9 usnm); site B3 (2 pnm, 30 usnm, 2 wam). Rhinolophus rufus Eydoux & Gervais, 1836 This species is a Philippine endemic, with prior records from Bohol, Catanduanes, Luzon, Mindanao, and Mindoro (Heaney et al, 1991). We captured none, but in 1963 specimens were col-RICKART ET AL: MAMMALS OF LEYTE, BILIRAN, AND MARIPIPI ISLANDS 39
Table 14. Means (± SD) and ranges of selected measurements of adult vespertilionid bats (Murina, Myotis, Philetor, and Scotophilia) from Leyte, Biliran, and Maripipi islands. Note: Measurements other than weight are in millimeters. netted a single female on Biliran in partially logged primary forest at 700 m elevation (site B2; table 10). None were taken on Leyte or Maripipi. Measurements for the Biliran specimen are comparable to those for a male from Catanduanes (table 14; Heaney etal, 1991). Specimens Examined— Total 1. BILIRAN: site B2 (1 ummz). netted over a stream in the village of Viga (site M5). Two lactating females were captured in late April. Table 14 contains measurements for our specimens. Specimens Examined— Total 9. LEYTE: Leyte Prov: site L2 (2 usnm); site L4 (1 ummz). BILIRAN: site Bl (1 usnm); site B2 (3 ummz); site B3 (1 usnm). MARIPIPI: site M5 (1 usnm). Myotis muricola browni Taylor, 1934 This species is widespread in southern Asia and occurs throughout the Philippines (Hill, 1983; Koopman, 1989). On Leyte, we netted two specimens in disturbed lowland forest at 50 m and another in primary forest at 500 m (sites L2 and L4; table 10). Specimens from Biliran were taken in forest plantation at 50 m (site Bl), in partially logged primary lowland forest at 700 m (site B2), and in primary montane forest at 850 m (site B3; table 10). A single specimen from Maripipi was Philetor brachypterus (Temminck, 1 840) This bat occurs from Nepal to New Guinea. Previous Philippine records are from Mindanao and Negros. On Leyte, we netted two specimens in primary lowland forest at 500 m elevation (site L4; table 10). The species was not encountered on either Biliran or Maripipi. Measurements appear in Table 14. Specimens Examined— Total 2. LEYTE: Leyte Prov: site L4 (2 usnm). 42 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY
Table 14. Extended. Ear Forearm Weight (g) 47 38 74 98 38 15 36 It) Scotophilus kuhlii Leach, 1822 The widespread Asian house bat is abundant in most urban and agricultural areas throughout the Philippines. Our observations indicate that it is rare in forested habitats. On Leyte, it was abundant in the lowlands around the campus of the Visayas State College of Agriculture (site LI , where specimens were collected from a roost of several hundred in the attic of a large building. Five others were netted along a stream in secondary forest at 50 m elevation at the base of Mt. Pangasugan (site L2; table 10). On Biliran, we netted house bats and collected them from roosts in buildings in the town of Naval (site B5). Here they were also seen roosting under the dead fronds of an ornamental fan palm, Livistona rotundifolia. Some of the fronds may have been modified to form "tents; S. kuhlii is the only vespertilionid known to exhibit this behavior (Rickart et al, 1989b). On Maripipi, one specimen was netted at 400 m elevation on a ridge between areas of secondary lowland forest (site Ml; table 10), and six others were netted over a stream in the village of Viga (site M5). Females collected during April all contained two embryos. Pregnancies among a series of 14 females taken from a single colony on 27 April were relatively asynchronous (crown-rump lengths 7-2 1 mm). Specimens from Leyte have slightly larger crania than do those from Biliran (table 14). Specimens Examined— Total 89. LEYTE: Leyte Prov: site LI (13 usnm); site L2 (5 usnm); site LI 5 (15 amnh); site LI 6 (22 fmnh). BILIRAN: site B5 (2 pnm, 1 su, 9 ummz, 14 usnm, 1 visca). MARIPIPI: site Ml (1 ummz); site M5 (6 usnm). Other Records— LEYTE: site LI 7 (rom). Family Molossidae — Free-tailed Bats Chaerephon plicata (Buchanon, 1 800) This species of free-tailed bat is found from India to Southeast Asia. Chaerephon, formerly a sub-RICKART ET AL: MAMMALS OF LEYTE, BILIRAN, AND MARIPIPI ISLANDS 43
Table 19. Extended. Specimens Examined— Total 54. LEYTE: Leyte Prov: site LI (2 usnm); site L2 (1 usnm); site LI 5 (4 amnh); site L9 (10 dmnh); site L10 (7 amnh); site LI 3 (1 dmnh); site LI 6 (4 fmnh). BILIRAN: site Bl (4 usnm); site B2 (3 ummz); site B3 (5 usnm); site B4 (3 ummz). MARIPIPI: site Ml (4 ummz); site M4 (5 usnm); site M10 (1 ummz). Order Carnivora Family Viverridae— Civets te, we trapped one animal in primary lowland forest at 320 m elevation (site L3) and shot a second individual from a tree in an area of mixed agriculture and second growth at 50 m elevation (site L2). We received reports of civets on both Biliran and Maripipi but obtained no specimens. The descriptions given by most informants conformed to that of the palm civet. On both islands we also found civet scats that most closely resembled those of Paradoxurus (ie, composed primarily of seeds; Heideman et al, 1987). Specimens Examined— Total 2. LEYTE: Leyte Prov: site L2 (1 usnm); site L3 (1 usnm). Paradoxurus hermaphroditus philippinensis Jourdan, 1837 Viverra tangalunga Gray, 1832 The palm civet occurs from India to Southeast Asia and is widespread in the Philippines. On Ley-The Malay civet (or tangalung) is found from peninsular Malaysia to Sulawesi. Although it is RICKART ET AL: MAMMALS OF LEYTE, BILIRAN, AND MARIPIPI ISLANDS 51