DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
T. squamosa has an elongate shell with about five strong, low, rounded radial ridges, each carrying fluted scales growing large towards the edge of the valve. The valves are white, tinged with lemon yellow towards the margin, and may reach 35-0 cm in length (22). In the southern Philippines and Indonesia some individuals are found with deep orange and yellow shells 2ti-6). x: ; i A" ' '■ J -' -A J. -v-, Viii i; V: AIB. Jy-riv Mantle colour in most species varies geographically and ranges through brilliant blue, green, purple and brown depending on incident light. The vivid pigmentation is caused by iridophores and may help to protect the tissues against the effects of the intense light to which they are continually exposed 3U). It may also serve to confuse potential predators or to warn them of potential danger (16). When the mantle is fully expanded, the shell margins are entirely obscured by the scalloped, coloured siphonal tissues. The exhalant aperture, at the end of a tubular extension, is in the middle of the upper surface. The mantle tissues are briefly withdrawn when a shadow falls on them and only withdraw permanently during periods when animals are left exposed at the extreme low water of spring tides (33). The basic biological features of tridacnids are reviewed in (8). DISTRIBUTION Restricted to limited areas of the Indo-pacific; their ecological requirements (shallow waters of coral reefs) and short larval life (preventing long range dispersal) may confine there to their present ranges (22). Hippopus hippopus occurs from the Malay Peninsula to eastern Melanesia. There are records for at least the following countries: Singapore, Ryukyu Islands, Philippines, Indonesia, North Borneo, Western Australia and Queensland, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, (New Hebrides), Fiji, New Caledonia, Caroline Islands, Marshall Islands, Gilbert Islands, Tonga (22). H. porcellanus appears to have a more restricted range than H. hippopus but overlaps with it. It is known from the Sulu Archipelago in the southern Philippines, one specimen has been recorded off Masbate Island, central Philippines it5), and specimens have been recorded recently from Indonesia (16). 98
' & ) Limulus polyphemus T. tridentatus has been reported from western and southern Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, North Borneo, Vietnam and Sumatra, Indonesia (15,33). T. gigas and C. rotundicauda have been reported from the coast of India, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, the Philippines and Borneo and have essentially the same ranges (15,33). All three Asian species are found sympatrically at Kota Kinabalu on the north-west coast of Borneo and throughout much of Indonesia and T. tridentatus and C. rotundicauda are found sympatrically along the south-west coast of the Philippines including Palawan (33,3f). POPULATION In general horseshoe crabs are abundant in the areas where they occur. In 1956 there were thought to be more than one hundred thousand adults in the Cape Cod Bay area (30) and currently L. polyphemus is often brought up in trawls and dredges off the east coast of the U.S.A. (32). The population in waters off Massachusetts, north of Cape Ann, is also probably large as 16to crabs have been tagged there (32). The largest of the populations along the east coast of the U.S.A. is centred on Delaware Bay (13,32); in 1977 and 1979 peak spawning activity was estimated to involve 305 500 adult animals (13). In coastal waters off New Jersey, crabs are abundant in the inshore 3 miles (5 km) from Cape May to Atlantic City, but much less common further north (14). HABITAT AND ECOLOGY Horseshoe crabs are marine bottom dwellers living in sandy and muddy bays and estuaries. Limulus polyphemus has been well studied and most of this account deals with this species. In Florida, Gulf of Mexico, adults are found to a depth of 30 m, but major concentrations are found at about 5-6 m, and the animals only return to the beach to breed (25,31). Limuli have been dredged from depths to 2t6 m and at distances as far as 56 km off the Atlantic coast (26,32). C. rotundicauda differs from the other species in that it is often 236
DELFINADO: LAELAPTOID MITES OF THE PHILIPPINES 99 MALE: Unknown, though four males were found on the same host and are so labeled. Holotype. Female, ex Rattus everetti. Mindanao: Mount Apo, 6400 ft. elevation, Davao, November 8, 1946 (H. Hoogstraal). In the Chicago Natural History Museum collection. Paratypes. Three females, same data as holotype. One in the United States National Museum collection. WPM Fig. 31. Echinolaelaps echidninus, female: A, anterior portion of dorsal plate; B, posterior portion of dorsal plate; C, venter. Genus ECHINOLAELAPS Ewing, 1929 Echinolaelaps echidninus (Berlese). Figure 31, A-C. Laelaps (Iphis) echidninus Berlese, 1887, Acari Myriapoda et Scorpiones, fasc. 39, nr. 1, t. 50, figs. 1-4. Laelaps (Laelaps) echidninus Berlese, 1887, Vitzthum, 1926, Treubia, 8: 56 (female, ex Paradoxurus hermaphroditus; Java; illus). The female of this species is characterized by the lightly sculptured dorsum, the greatly expanded epigynial plate between setae II and III, and the shallow emargination of the posterior margin of the sternal projection. The anal plate is about as long as wide, sculptured as figured, and rounded anteriorly, fitting closely into the
Nat, H isl. duifye. 7 DELFINADO: LAELAPTOID MITES OF THE PHILIPPINES 95 sternal plate is nearly straight, and the anal plate almost touches the epigynial plate. FEMALE Gnathosomal setae stronger than hypostomal setae; chelae toothed; pilus den tills slender with bent, knobbed apex. Dorsal plate 504 n long, 307 n wide; two pairs of short, subequal vertical setae; strong and long, subequal medial and B t t Fig. 27. Laelaps spinigera, female: A, anterior portion of dorsal plate; B, posterior portion of dorsal plate; C, venter. marginal setae, and a pair of much reduced submarginal setae. Sternal plate wider than long, posterior margin nearly straight; sternal and metasternal setae short, subequal in length. Epigynial plate drop-shaped, posterior margin rounded; the distance between setae IV greater than the distance between setae I. Anal plate about as long as wide, almost touching the epigynial plate; adanal setae located on midline of anal opening, not longer than anal opening; postanal seta twice as long as adanal setae. Metapodal plates elongate oval, about twice as long as wide. Venter with 6 pairs of moderately strong, short setae adjacent to epigynial and anal plates. Peritreme reaching posterior margin of coxa I. Leg I with strong, recurved spines on femur, tibia and tarsus. Distal setae on coxa I thumblike, the proximal ones strong, spinehke; proximal setae on coxae II and III spinelike. MALE: Unknown.
58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 18. No. 5 Republic of the Philippines SHRIMP FISHERIES The catch of shrimp in the Philippines amounted to 2,641 metric tons (valued at US20 million) in 1954, compared with 1,618 tons in 1953, and 1,311 tons in 1952. Exports are confined to small salted shrimp (rangoon ala-mang) and varied in quantity between 1,300 pounds in 1952 and 16,700 pounds in 1954; in 1955 exports totaled 13,100 pounds. Salted shrimp are considered a delicacy by the Filipino residents in Guam and Hawaii. The shrimp fishery in the Philippines is not specialized as in the United States. Shrimp are caught along with other varieties of fish by beam or otter trawls fished by motorized sampan-type wooden vessels, a United States dispatch dated January 11 from Manila states. The principal fishing grounds, with yields of 50 metric tons or over, are located in Carigara Bay, Guimaras Strait, Manila Bay, Magueda Bay, Samar Sea, San Miguel Bay, Sulu Sea, and Visayan Sea. There are no shrimp canneries and there is only one commercial freezer, located in Manila. The principal species of shrimp are as follows: Peneaus indicus (Milne-edwards); P. canaliculatus (Olivier); P. affinis (Milne -Edwards); P. incisipes (Spence-bate); and P. monodon (Fabricius. The sizes (heads-on) vary between 4 and over 100 to the pound. The shrimp fisheries do not receive governmental assistance and there are no foreign vessels engaged in this fishery. Licenses to operate fishing vessels, subject to taxation, are issued to United States citizens on the same basis as to citizens of the Philippines The greatest potentialities for expansion of the shrimp catch is the cultivation of shrimp in fishponds. The shrimp, P. monodon is now being cultivated in Philippine estuarine fishponds together with small varieties of shrimp and milkfish ( Chanos chanos) P. monodon is considered to be a delicacy and commands the highest prices in the markets. The abundant supply of immature P. monodon found all over the Philippines where milkfish fry are caught makes the development of pond rearing of shrimp a promising enterprise. Portugal CANNED FISH PACK, JANUARY AUGUST 1955: The pack of canned sardines in oil or sauce for January-august 1955 amounted to 13,417 metric tons (net weight). The August 1955 pack was 4, 105 tons as compared with 5,592 tons in August 1954, CANNED FISH EXPORTS, JANU ARY OCTOBER 1955 . Portuguese canned fish exports totaled 7,931 metric tons (417,400 cases), valued at US36 million, during October 1955; and 50,702 tons, valued at US253 million, during January-october 1955.
30 COMIFFIECIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. I3, No. 12 Republic of the Philippines IMPORT CONTROL LAW ALFFINDMENT AFFECTS FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS An amendment to the Philippine Import Control Law (Republic Act 650) was issued by the President of the Philippines on August 24, I95I (Executive Order No. 471 • Imports of certain fishery and related products are affected by this action. The amenftnent revised Appendix "A" of Republic Act 65O, the Import Control Law which became effective July 1, I95I; banned the importation of certain commodities; and provided the procedure for importing goods under EGA authorizations. A new Annex "A" listed items completely decontrolled, together with essential items of import. Fishery products listed as completely decontrolled were canned salmon and sardines. Listed as essential items of import under this same list were canned mackerel, herring, and squid; cod liver oil; hydrogenated animal products and fish oils; fish meal; and fishery gear: specifically fish hooks and fishing rods and tackles-Annex "B" indicates items the importation of vftiich was immediately banned. Included among the items listed are all fresh fish, canned anchovies, mother-of-pearl, canned moss and seaweeds, and dried moss and seaweeds. Annex "C" listed items which will be banned beginning July 1, 1952, but there were no items listed under this category of interest to the fishing and allied industries. The amendment also establishes that goods to be imported under ECA procurement authorizations shall not be licensed by the Import Control Commission. United Kingdom FISH-HANDLING METHODS ABOARD VESSELS BEING TESTED Survey and experimental work by the Torry Research Station at sea under commercial conditions is now in progress to test the effectiveness of the present practice in cooling fish as quickly as possible and maintaining them at 32° F-from catching to landing. A small observation cabin has been fitted on a commercial trawler, according to an article which appeared in the November I95I issue of The Food Trade Review This article summarizes the work carried out by the Research Station on fish under the Government's Food Investigation Organization. "A study of the influence of exposure of the fish on deck showed that unguttea Lin, if left on tae deck. in warm weather, could reach temperatures which accelerate action by enzymes and bacteria so much that the fish deteriorated badly before landing even though chilling and storage in ice had been efficient. "An analysis of the figures for fish condemned at one of the Dinner ports during the year suggests that handling and stowage on many of the distant-water fishing vessels could be improved a good deal even with present equipment" according to a November 9 American Embassy dispatch which quoted parts of the article. or