DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
e a Ctf 00 60 s 5 SI es C-o T3 a ; oo He o o oo on j P t3 a " c O oo 2 c5 S E u Q BO S c 6 5SE S of Q2 a i g — 6 E c a B Z 1 E HIS 00 — r. t-. 4" "3" IT) IT) Tfr OS OS CTS -4SO rn j A, — I CM in O s— r o 11 in in SO O (N — N • ; N — I — N so so oo' so O in > in I I 0O VO -Tt n n r r I in SO CO N CO Sa3 X in CO in o — OS 1 O OO o s — 1 so 4 Sh S u. -5 5 sj agricultural area (Site 1; Table 3). On Mindanao (Kitanglad Range), pregnant females were similarly recorded in May, with further records of pregnancy in April, August, and October; lactation was noted in March, April, and August (Heaney et al, unpubl. data). In March 1995, at Site 7 (1275 m in primary montane forest), where Freycinetia sp. were abundant, we often heard the distinctive Harpyionycteris whistles (Rickart et al, 1993; Heaney et al, 1999), but none were captured. Combined with records from the 1960s (Fig. 2), these data indicate that it occurs on this island from sea level to 1500 m in lowland, montane, and mossy forest. External and cranial measurements of H. whitehead on Camiguin are comparable to those from Mindanao (Mt. Kitanglad) but are slightly larger than those found on Leyte and Luzon (Mt. Isarog) (Heaney, 1984; Rickart et al, 1993; Heaney et al, 1999, unpubl. data). Specimens Examined — Total 4. Site 1 (1 fmnh); Site 11 (1 dmnh); Site 12 (1 dmnh); Site 16 (1 ROM). Macroglossus minimus (E. Geoffroy, 1810) The dagger-toothed flower bat occurs from Thailand to Australia and is found throughout the Philippines (Heaney et al, 1998). Within the Philippines, it occurs in virtually every habitat in the country, from sea level to at least 2250 m. It is often abundant in agricultural and heavily disturbed areas, is common in secondary forest, and usually is uncommon in primary forest. It is most often associated with domestic or wild banana (Musa spp; Heaney et al, 1989, 1999; Heideman & Heaney, 1989; Rickart et al, 1993). On Camiguin, our limited netting showed M. minimus to be abundant in a highly disturbed lowland agricultural area at ca. 10 m elevation (Site 1), present in a heavily disturbed lowland agricultural area at 100 m (Site 3), uncommon in disturbed lowland forest at 1000 m (Site 4), common in disturbed lower montane forest at 1000-1300 m (Site 5), and present in mossy forest between 1200 and 1400 m elevation (Site 6; Table 3). Limited netting did not detect this species in primary montane forest at 1275 m elevation (Site 7). Combined with prior records, it is apparent that this species occurs on Camiguin from sea level to at least 1200 m, in lowland and montane forest, in both disturbed and undisturbed forest (Fig. 2). HEANEY ET AL: THE MAMMALS OF CAMIGUIN ISLAND 33
Incisors Condylobasal length. Condylocanine length. Fig. 5. Bat skull with teeth and cranial measurements indicated. age and sex. It should then be identified to family with the Key to Families, and then to species with the key to that family. Next, all external measurements should be taken and matched against those in the tables of measurements; if the measurements do not match, the identification is questionable and the process should be begun again from the first step. Finally, if a skull is available, it should be visually compared with Figures I960 to see if it matches the features of that species or genus. Determination of Age and Sex The age of bats can be estimated by the degree of ossification of the joints in the digits of the wing (Anthony, 1988). In juvenile bats, the joints have cartilaginous discs where growth takes place. When a light is shown through the wing of a live bat, the bands of cartilage at the joints appear partly translucent (fig. 6B). In adult bats, the bones are fully ossified and the joints appear opaque (fig. 6 A). The shape of the joints of the digits also differs between juvenile and adult bats; this is especially useful in determining the age of animals prepared as stuffed skins or fluid-preserved specimens. In juvenile bats the joints are swollen and tapered (fig. 6B), whereas in adult bats the joints are knobby and more distinct from the bone shaft (fig. 6A). Bats can be sexed by examination of the external genitalia. Males have a conspicuous penis (except B Fig. 6. Joints in digits of wing. Stippled areas represent bone and open areas represent cartilage. A, adult; B, juvenile. INGLE & HEANEY: BATS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
mm Fig. 7. Tails of representatives of Philippine bat families. A, Pteropodidae (Rousettus); B, Megadermatidae (Megaderma); C, Vespertilionidae (Miniopterus); D, Rhinolophidae (Rhinolophus); E, Molossidae (Chaerephon); F, Emballonuridae (Taphozous). Family Pteropodidae: Fruit Bats All fruit bats are characterized by dog-like heads (fig. 8A), with eyes that are proportionately larger than those of most other bats; the large eyes are associated with their dependence on vision for orientation and their lack of echolocation (sonar) systems (except for the very simple and limited one used by Rousettus). They do not have the elaborate Fig. 8. Heads of representatives of Philippine bat families (not to same scale). A. Pteropodidae (Rousettus). Note that the ear margin is continuous, neither tragus nor noseleaf is present, the eyes are large, and the face is dog-like. B. Megadermatidae (Megaderma). Note that a noseleaf is present, the tragus is forked, and the large ears are connected across the top of the forehead. C. Rhinolophidae (Rhinolophus). Note the elaborate noseleaf, the well-developed FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY
p y YJWJ» X antitragus, and the absence of a tragus. D. Emballonuridae (Taphozous). Note that there is no noseleaf and that a tragus is present. E. Molossidae (Chaerephon). Note that there is no noseleaf and that the ears are thick and fleshy. F. Vespertilionidae (Miniopterus). Note that there is no noseleaf and that a tragus is present. INGLE & HEANEY: BATS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
Fig. 10. Dorsal views of fruit bat muzzles (not to same scale). A, Macroglossus; B, Haplonycteris; C, Nyctimene; D, Rousettus; E, Cynopterus. 1 1A); teeth, except canines, greatly reduced; forearm 41-45 mm; skull as in Figure 26 Macroglossus minimus 16. Muzzle short and broad; nostrils tubular (as in fig. 10B); wing membrane attaches on side of foot (on or above outermost toe; fig. 1 1C); teeth robust; forearm 43-53 mm 17 17. Four upper and two lower incisors (fig. 9D); forearm 45-52 mm Megaerops wetmorei 17. Two upper and two lower incisors (as in fig. 9 A); forearm 43-53 mm 18 18. Band of pale fur along dorsal surface of forearm; interfemoral membrane present; forearm 46-53 mm; skull as in Figure 24 Haplonycteris fischeri 18. No band of pale fur along dorsal surface of forearm; no interfemoral membrane; forearm 45-50 mm Alionycteris paucidentata 19. Ears and skin on dorsal surface of bones of wings with prominent pale yellow spots; dark stripe along most of dorsal midline; two upper and no lower incisors (fig. 9Q; nostrils elongated into tubes about 2-3 mm long (fig. IOC); forearm 71-79 mm; skull as in Figure 27 Nyctimene rabori 19. Ears and wings without yellow spots; no stripe along dorsal midline; four upper incisors and at least two lower incisors; nostrils not elongated into tubes (although when viewed from above they may appear slightly tubular); forearm 45-92 mm 20 20. Muzzle moderately long and tapered (fig. 10D); anterior surface of upper canines with vertical groove (not always prominent); wing membrane terminates above gap between outermost toe and second toe from outside (fig. 1 1 B); forearm 80-92 mm; skull as in Figure 32 Rousettus amplexicaudatus 20. Muzzle short and broad (fig. 10E); anterior surface of upper canines smooth, not grooved; wing membrane terminates either on outermost toe (fig. 1 1C) or above gap between outermost toe and second toe from outside (fig. 1 1 B); forearm 45-92 mm 21 21. Four upper and two lower incisors (outer pair of upper incisors much smaller than inner pair; fig. 9D) 22 21. Four upper and four lower incisors (fig. 9B) 23 22. Forearm 76-90 mm; skull as in Figure 28 Ptenochirus jagori INGLE & HEANEY: BATS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 13
The Birds of Sibuyan Island, Romblon Province, Philippines, with Particular Reference to Elevational Distribution and Biogeographic Affinities Steven M. Goodman David E. Willard Pedro C. Gonzales Abstract Sibuyan Island is a relatively small, isolated island measuring at its widest points 24 km north to south and 28 km east to west, rising to 2050 m above sea level, with a total land area of 233 km. The nearest major island masses are Luzon (to the northeast), Mindoro (to the northwest), and Panay (to the south). A considerable portion of the natural habitat, including some lowland forest, remains intact. Sibuyan is oceanic in origin and during the middle to late Pleistocene was not attached to any other island mass. Most of the small islands in the Philippines for which we have ornithological information were connected to larger island groups during the Pleistocene, making an analysis of the avifauna of Sibuyan, and its faunistic relationships to other surrounding larger islands, important in understanding patterns of dispersal across water barriers, and providing an interesting contrast to the avifaunas on Pleistocene land-bridge islands. A total of 1 30 bird species have been recorded on Sibuyan: 102 known or presumed residents and 29 migrants or boreal winter visitors. Historical records combined with the results of our 1989 and 1992 field trips show 93 resident species occurring between and 100 m, 24 at 325 50 m, 19 at 725 50 m, and 10 at 1325 50 m. Although little has been published previously on the birds of Sibuyan, the number of collections from the island is remarkable, spanning almost 100 years of ornithological exploration. Several collectors described the habitats they found on the island during their visits. This information provides a window into the extinction and colonization rates of birds as a function of time and habitat degradation. The cutting of the lowland forests for lumber or conversion into agricultural areas has had a major impact on the avifauna. Three or four species of large pigeons have likely been extirpated on Sibuyan. Five species of open country birds have colonized the island in the past few decades. The resident bird species found on Sibuyan are closest to those on the islands of Mindanao, Luzon, Mindoro, and Panay. This group of islands has an avifauna that is very distinct from Palawan Island's. Sibuyan is one of the last small islets in the Philippines with significant large tracts of forest. Its relative remoteness and lack of extreme human pressure on the remaining natural resources, combined with a biologically diverse environment, make it an ideal area for a reserve. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Manila, is currently considering a plan to place a portion of the island in the national protected area system. Introduction tially or totally cleared of their lowland forests. Fewer than 10% of these islands have had avifauthe Philippines comprise over 7,000 islands and nal surveys, and the percentage of well-surveyed islets, the vast majority of which have been par-islands is even smaller. To date, virtually all of the FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, N.S, NO. 82, NOVEMBER 30, 1995, PP. 1-57 1
Fig. 1 Position of Sibuyan Island relative to other islands in south-central Philippines. Sibuyan is located just below center on the map. The islets between Mindoro and Panay are numbered as 1— Semirara, 2— Sibay, 3— Caluya, and between Panay and Tablas as 4— Carabao, 5— Boracay. studies of birds occurring on smaller islands have been conducted on those connected by land bridges to much larger islands during the late Pleistocene (eg, Catanduanes 1,823 km, connected to greater Luzon] — Gonzales, 1983; Marinduque 1 727 km, connected to greater Luzon] dupont, 1972b; Ticao 362 km, connected to greater Panay-negros— dupont, 1972a; Dinagat 668 km, connected to greater Mindanao] dupont and Rabor, 1973; and Siargao 455 km, connected to greater Mindanao— dupont and Rabor, 1973). There is no published study in the Philippines of the birds found on a small island of oceanic origin and surrounded by deep water. Information on the vertebrates of isolated oceanic islands, with relatively intact forest, helps address biogeographic questions of dispersal patterns and origins of taxa colonizing across water rather than across land (eg, Heaney et al, 1989, 1991). In the late 1980s, Sibuyan was identified as an important site because it is oceanic in origin, is surrounded by deep water, is relatively isolated, and has considerable elevational relief. Sibuyan is separated from Romblon by a 105-km-wide channel that is at least 180 m deep (Fig. 1). Romblon lies 95 km east of Tablas, and these two islands are separated by an ocean depth of at least 55 m. The southern edge of Tablas is about 43 km north of Panay Island, the nearest large island to the south, and the small islets of Carabao and Boracay lie in between. The ocean floor depth between these islands varies: Boracay and Panay— 20 m; Carabao and Panay— 90 m; and Carabao and Tablas— at least 350 m (Philippine Coast Pilot, 1 968; Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center, 1977, 1978). Carabao and Tablas are separated by a channel less than 5 km wide. Approximately 1 7,000 years ago, during the last FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY
Table 2. Continued. Brackets indicate that the elevation is inferred. Habitat definitions based mostly on information from Sibuyan Island and supplemented by dupont (1971) and Dickinson et al. (1991): A aquatic, including rice fields; O open or heavily disturbed areas; and F forest or forest edge. (accrued net-days in parentheses) to 30 m, 028 bird per net-day (90); 325 m, 028 bird per net-day (151); 725 m, 032 bird per net-day (140); 1325 m, 018 bird per net-day (78); and 1525 m, 013 bird per net-day (36). Thus, general capture rates were more or less constant through 725 m; above this elevation the numbers declined substantially. Migrants on Sibuyan Island— Of the 1 32 species recorded on Sibuyan, 29 (22) are not known to breed on the island. This includes migrants that spend the boreal winter on the island and return in the spring to mainland Asian or Japanese breeding grounds, and those that pass through the Philippines in the autumn and spring while on migration. Of the 29 migrants recorded on the island, GOODMAN ET AL: BIRDS OF SIBUYAN ISLAND, PHILIPPINES 41
Table 4. Continued. Species Tablas Romblon Sibuyan Sources' Collocalia troglodytes Alcedo c. cyanopectus Ceyx lepidus margarethae Halcyon capensis gigantea Halcyon coromanda major Halcyon smyrnensis gularis Halcyon winchelli nesydrionetes Halcyon chloris collaris Merops viridis americanus Merops p. philippinus Eurystomus orientalis cyanocollis Megalaima haemacephala homochroa Dendrocopos maculatus menagei Pitta e. erythrogaster Pitta s. sordida Alauda gulgula wolfei Hirundo tahitica javanica Coracina striata mindorensis Lalage nigra chilensis Pycnonotus g. goiavier Hypsipetes siquijorensis cinereiceps Dicrurus hottentottus menagei Oriolus chinensis yamamurae Corvus macrorhynchos philippinus Copsychus saularis mindanensis Turdus poliocephalus subsp. Megalurus timoriensis tweeddalei Megalurus palustris forbesi Cisticola exilis semirufa Cyornis rufigastra philippinensis Rhipidura a javanica nigritorquis Rhipidura cyaniceps sauli Hypothymis coelestis rabori] Hypothymis a. azurea Terpsiphone cinnamomea unirufa Pachycephala homeyeri winchelli Anthus novaeseelandiae lugubris Artamus I. leucorhynchus Aplonis p. panayensis Sarcops calvus melanonotus Anthreptes malacensis chlorigaster Nectarinia sperata trochilus Nectarinia. jugularis Aethopyga siparaja magnifica Dicaeum aeruginosum striatissimum Dicaeum trigonostigma intermedium Dicaeum trigonostigma sibuyanicum Dicaeum trigonostigma cnecolaemum Dicaeum p. pygmaeum Zosterops montanus subsp. Passer montanus saturatus Lonchura leucogastra manueli Lonchura malacca jagori Total number of species 74 57 102 Sources for Tablas and Romblon records: 1— Bourns and Worcester (1894), 2— Mcgregor (1905a), 3— Baud (1976), 4— specimens) in amnh, 5 — specimens) in bmnh, 6— specimens) in fmnh, 7— specimens) in pnm, 8— specimens) in such, 9— specimens) in usnm, 10— Mcgregor (1906b), 1 1 Dickinson et al. (1991), 12— Mcgregor (1909), 13— Mcgregor (1910), 14— specimens) in cm, 15— specimens) in dmnh. See text for documentation of Sibuyan records. Names in bold are endemic forms. Records in brackets denote that the occurrence of a species on an island has not been verified by a specimen. GOODMAN ET AL: BIRDS OF SIBUYAN ISLAND, PHILIPPINES 47
ft 59 f? FIELDIANA ZOOLOGY op. 9 Published by CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Volume 39 September 18, 1961 No. 52 A New Race of Crow, Corvus enca, from the Philippines Austin L. Rand Chief Curator, Department of Zoology AND DIOSCORO S. Rabor Associate, Department of Zoology In the course of Dr. Rabor's field work in northeastern Luzon, in 1960, he collected two specimens of the crow, Corvus enca, which provide a substantial range extension of the species, and, as he recognized, represent an undescribed subspecies. For this we propose the name: Corvus enca sierramadrensis, new subspecies Type. — Chicago Natural History Museum No. 260,006, from San Pascua, Gonzaga, Cagayan Province, in Sierra Madre, Luzon. Adult female, collected April 20, 1960, by D. S. Rabor. Diagnosis. — Most like C. e. samarensis, from Samar, but bill shorter and more slender, culmen less arched; concealed bases of feathers of neck and forepart of body grayer; plumage generally more intensely black. Range. — Known only from Cagayan Province of extreme northeastern Luzon. Remarks. — The discovery of this species on Luzon has some zoo-geographical implications. Hitherto, its supposed absence there has suggested that some historical factor might have been responsible for its not reaching Luzon. Now that we know that it occurs in the three largest main islands of the Eastern Philippine Province (Luzon-Samar-mindanao), as well as the Mindoro District and the Palawan group (small and large islands), it would seem that the distribution pattern and the great variations in abundance in the Philippines Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 61-17859 -. No927 577 IIE LIBRARY OFT NOV 27196 mez 1 TY OF IU
272 SPECIES BLANCOANAE 18 cm) long, while the pericarp of the fruit is described as fragile. The description conforms to Parashorea plicata, and I have not the slightest hesitation in adjusting the synonymy. The native name cited by Blanco, malaanonan, is valueless in interpreting the species, as it is a made up one, literally "false anonang," anonang = Cordia myxa Linn., and, as used to-day, is very loosely applied, although I have specimens of Parashorea plicata Brandis from Laguna Province, Luzon, bearing this name. Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, comm. N, Catalan, June 20, 1914, with the Tagalog name malaanonang (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 1053). VATICA Linnaeus VATICA MANGACHAPOI Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 401 (sp. nov.) =V atica apteranthera Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 281 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 156. Vatica sinensis Blanco op. cit. 401; 280; 156 (chinensis), non J. F. Gmel. ? VATICA MANGACHAPOI Blanco. The correctness of this interpretation of Vatica mangachapoi Blanco is very doubtful, but i have followed Vida, Brandis, and Foxworthy. It is to be noted that the name mangachapoi is apparently never applied to the species here as interpreted, but is used for Hopea acuminata Merr., H. pierrei Hance, and perhaps some other species. Vatica sinensis is said by Blanco to differ from V. mangachapoi in having anthers winged, so that probably the plant he described under this name was not the same as his V. aptheranthera (= V. mangachapoi). As to the anthesis, Vatica mangachapoi, as here interpreted, produces flowers from December to June in the provinces near Manila, while Blanco indicates May for both species discussed above. Foxworthy has placed here also Mocanera mangachapoi Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 450 (sp. nov.) = Dipterocarpus mangachapoi, and Blanco’s description of the leaves as “membranaceas” does not apply to S. balangeran. The identity of the species may later be determined from special collections in Bulacan and Rizal with reference to the native names cited by Blanco, and I suspect that the species is
No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN COS VS 11 43 Type locality: For fergusoni, Panama; for xanthicus, off Guaymas, Mexico. Range: Turtle Bay and Magdalena Bay (outer coast), Baja California and Gulf of California, Mexico, south to the Galapagos Islands and Mancora, Peru (D. L.frizzell). Collecting Stations: Mexico: Arena Bank, Baja California, (Sta. 136, D-11, 24, 27, 30 to 50 fms); Santa Inez Bay, Baja California, (Sta. 142, D-4, 40 to 50 fms; Sta. 147, D-2, 60 fms); Gorda Banks, Baja California, (Sta. 150, D-13,16, 25, 56 to 80 fms); off Pyramid Rock, Clarion Island, (Sta. 163, D-4, 50 fms); Chamela Bay, (Sta. 182, D-4, 16 fms)-Costa Rica: Port Parker, (1 to 90 fms); 14 miles SXE of Judas Pt, (Sta. 214, D-l, 2, 3, 4, 42 to 61 fms); Panama: Hannibal Bank, (Sta. 224, 35 to 40 fms). Above are New York Zoological Society Stations. Additional Calif. Acad. Sci. localities are Turtle Bay, Santa Maria Bay, Magdalena Bay and Cape San Lucas, Baja California; Clarion Island. It seems remarkable that this huge species, sometimes over five inches long, should have remained undiscovered until 1873, but a search of the literature has failed to disclose a name for either the white adult form or the colored juveniles. Dall suggested that C comes Hinds (1843, p. 256), might be the young of fergusoni although both Hinds (1844, p. 7), and Reeve (1843, pi. 13, fig. 64, Suppl. p. 4), came to believe their shell to be the young of C terebellum, while Tryon (1884, p. 80), after copying Reeve's figure, considered it to be C. terebra. De Barros e Cunha (1933, p. 183), followed Tryon and cited terebra from the Philippines and North Australia. Hinds stated explicitly that coelebs was found on a Fiji coral reef and his localities are usually trustworthy. Conus quercinus Hwass in Bruguiere (1792, p. 681), is very similar to the large fergusoni; specimens in the California Academy of Sciences labelled from Mauritius, can hardly be distinguished. Conus virgo Gmelin (1789, p. 3376); from the same region is also similar but is shaded with purple on the interior of the lower end of the aperture. An earlier name for the species seems to be Conus cingulum Martyn (1784, vol. 1, fig. 39). A magnificent series of growth stages has shown that C. xanthicus Dall is the young of fergusoni. Without such a series it would not be suspected that the bright yellow or orange small shells could possibly be the same as the huge white ones so familiar to beach collectors at Magdalena Bay and vicinity. For a long time we were puzzled that no small white ones ever turned up in any of the collections. It develops that when xanthicus reaches a length of 60 mm. the colored bands become very faint yet upon closer inspection it is found that they still persist in specimens which are