DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
FAMILY SERRANIDAE — SCHULTZ 363 Genus PLECTROPOMUS Oken Plectropomus Oken, Isis, p. 1182] 1782 (on "Les Plectropomes" Cuvier, Rgne animal, vol. 2, p. 277, 1817). (Genotype, Bodianus maculatus Bloch) (Ref. copied. ) Apparently two species in this genus were taken in the northern Marshall Islands, but only one species reached the United States National Museum. Specimens of the other one were discarded or lost when the small ship went aground in Halfmoon Bay, Calif, (see p. xxi) PLECTROPOMUS TRUNCATUS Fowler Plate 29, A Plectropomus truncatus Fowler, TJ. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 10, p. 196, fig. 5, 1930 (type locality, Atulayan Island, off east coast of Luzon, Philippine Islands, holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 89984). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll Erik Island, March 19, 1946, S-46-9, Schultz and Brock, 1 specimen, 385 mm. standard length ; Enyu Island, ocean reef channel entrance, August 1, 1947, 86-483, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 1 specimen, 425 mm. Rongelap Atoll: Naen Island, lagoon reef, July 30, 1946, S-46-302, Herald, 2 specimens, 355 and 390 mm. Description. — Dorsal rays VIII11; anal 111,8, pectoral Ii14 or Ii15; probably about 100 vertical scale rows above lateral line, but there are so many accessory small scales that an accurate count on these large specimens is very uncertain. Greatest depth 33 to 34, head 17 to 19, length of pectoral fin 59 to 68, all in standard length. Greatest depth 11 to 12, pectoral 20 to 21, snout 33 to 35, postorbital length of head 16 to 17, eye 6 to 75, tip of snout to rear of maxillary 20 to 21, least depth of caudal peduncle 25 to 27, all in length of head. Interorbital space slightly convex to flattish centrally, contained 05 to 07 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle 13 to 15 in distance from anal base to midbase of caudal fin; teeth on premaxillary in a villiform band, with inner rows longest and teeth depressible on premaxillary and dentary, an outer row of nondepressible teeth, with one or two pairs of enlarged canines, usually one pair on each side of symphysis in each jaw, and other enlarged canines at sides of jaws; a narrow band of villiform teeth on palatines, and a similar band broadly A-shaped on vomer; preopercular edge denticulate, with a few retrorse short spines on its ventral edge; greatest depth of body under spiny dorsal base; pectoral fin rounded ; distal edges of soft dorsal and anal fins roimded ; pelvics nearly truncate, or slightly rounded when fully spread; caudal fin truncate, with dorsal and ventral tips slightly rounded; fourth or fifth dorsal spine longest, 2,0 in postorbital length of head, soft dorsal rays notably longer than dorsal spines; anal spines very small, flexible, scarcely discernible without dissection.
46 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1922 ANDROPOGON INTERM MEDIUS R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 202; Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 485; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 335 var. HAENKEI (Presl) Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 486; Pilger in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 139; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 335, PL Manila (1912) 83. Andropogon haenkei Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 340; Kunth Enum. 1 (1833) 501; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 489; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 316. Rhaphis stricta Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 99; Walp. Ann. 3 (1853) 803. Andropogon leptanthus Steud. Syn. PL Glum. 1 (1854) 391; Miq. FL Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 389; Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 158, Rev. PL Vase. Filip. (1886) 291. Luzon (Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Union, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal, Batangas), Negros, Mindanao, Cuming 1400, Merrill 6734, 313, 5456, Phil. PI. 134, 1842, B. S. 30072 Fenix, 8246, 7830, 7658, 7918, 7916, 1426 Ramos. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes. The species in China and Australia, the variety in China and Ceylon, other varieties in Asia and Africa. Local names: Salai (Pang); sakai-parang (Tag). ANDROPOGON MICRANTHUS Kunth Rev. Gram 1 (1829) 165; Enum. 1 (1833) 504; Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 488 (var. genuinus); Pilger in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 140; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 336. Andropogon alternans Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 342. Chrysopogon violascens Trin. in Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI 21833) 319. Rhaphis villosulus Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 102. Rhaphis microstachys Nees 1. c, var. Chrysopogon villosulus Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 158, Rev. PL Vase. Filip. (1886) 291. Andropogon parvispica Steud. Syn. PL Glum. 1 (1854) 397. Chrysopogon parviflorus Benth. Fl. Austral. 7 (1878) 537; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 316. Luzon (Ilocos Norte, Bontoc, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Zambales), Cuming 980, 1397, Merrill 118, UU, 4703, Phil. PI. 176, Elmer 6593, Williams 1959, B. S. 32948 Ramos, 32010 Santos, 26038 Fenix, 14198 Mcgregor, 8241 Ramos. In open grasslands chiefly at medium altitudes, ascending to 2,300 m. Abyssinia to China through Malaya to tropical Australia. Local names: Sangohgoan (Bon); sanguin (Bon); sasamon (Ig). ANDROPOGON NARDUS Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 1046 var. TORTILIS (Presl) comb. nov. Anthistiria tortilis Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 347; Kunth Enum. 1 (1833) 483; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 317. Andropogon hamatulus Nees in Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechy's Voy. (1841) 244. Andropogon martyni Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 99.
50 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1922 19. THEM EDA Forskal THEM EDA GIGANTEA (Cav) Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 670 (var. genuina Hack) ; Pilger in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 140; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 340, 3 (1908) Bot. 396, 5 (1910) Bot. 326. Anthistiria gigantea Cav. Ic. 5 (1799) 36, t. 458; Willd. Sp. PI. 4 2 (1805) 902; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 317; Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 159, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 292. Androscepia gigantea Brongn. Bot. in Duperr. Voy. (1829) 78; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 506; Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 99. Perobachne secunda Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 348, t. U8; Kunth Enum. 1 (1833) 485; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 507; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 317. Batan Islands to Mindanao, in most or all islands and provinces. In open grasslands on dry steep slopes at low and medium altitudes. India to China, Malaya, New Caledonia, and Australia. Local names: Girun (Bag); mangambit (Sub); sai-gaja (Sul) ; salaisalai (Tag) ; tanhad (Iv) ; tanik (Bon) ; taurar (Ilk) ; teldak (Pang) ; tulango (Tag); talauyo (Tag). Var. VULPINA (Anders) Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 670; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 340. Anthistiria vulpina Anders, in Nov. Act. Upsal. Ill 2 (1856) 423. Anthistiria arundinacea Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 23 (1885) 216; Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 159, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 292, haud Roxb. Luzon (Cagayan), Cuming 1272 and numerous other specimens. India. Scarcely distinguishable from the species. Subsp. INTERMEDIA Hack. var. DUBIA Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 675; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 341. Mindanao (Misamis), Cuming 1609. The species is variable in its spikelet characters, a number of forms being represented in the Philippines. THEME DA TRIANDRA Forsk. Fl. Aegypt-arab. (1775) 178; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 340, Fl. Manila (1912) 81. Themeda forskalii Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 659; Pilger in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 140. Anthistiria ciliata Cav. Ic. 5 (1799) 36, t. 459; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 317; Nees in Hook. Journ" Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 99(var. subglabra Nees) non Linn, f Anthistiria depauperata Anders, in Nov. Act. Upsala III 2 (1856) 343; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 317. Anthistiria barbata Presl Repert. 1 (1833) 305, non Desf. Apluda barbata Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 4 (1858) 497; FL Filip. ed. 3, 4 1 (1880) 99 (misprint for Anthistiria barbata). Batan Islands, Luzon (Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Ilocos Norte, Abra, Bontoc, Benguet, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Albay) Mindoro, Busuanga, Semirara, Mindanao. In open grasslands at low and medium
Vo] 1 GRAMINEAE 51 altitudes, ascending to 2,300 m. Frequently abundant and gregarious over large areas. Tropical Asia and Africa through Malaya to Australia. Local names: Punau (Bon); samsamong (Ilk); taal (Ig) ; usimau (Ilk). EXCLUDED SPECIES Anthistiria junghuhniana Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 99. This is credited to the Philippines by Nees, on the basis of Cuming 2431, which was from Sumatra, not from the Philippines. It is a synonym of Themeda frondosa (R. Br) Merr. (T. arguens Hack, not Stipes ctrguens Linn), which does not occur in the Philippines. 20. PEROTIS Aiton PEROT IS INDICA (Linn) 0. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL (1891) 787; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 341. Anthoxanthum indicum Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 28. Perotis latifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 1 (1789) 85; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 313. Perotis glabrata Steud. Syn. PL Glum. 1 (1854) 186; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 479; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 313; Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 158, Rev. PL Vase. Filip. (1886) 289. Perotis hordeiformis Nees in Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2, 2 (1841) 306, Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 102. Luzon (Cagayan, Nueva Ecija), Mindanao (Agusan), Cuming 1399, Elmer 13873, B. S. 7911 Ramos. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes. Tropical Asia and Africa. Local name: Bangat (Mbo). PEROTIS RARA R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 172; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 479; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 314; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 341. Xystidium barbatum Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 228; Scribn. in Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 10 (1899) 55. Xystidium maritimum Trin. Fund. Agrost. (1820) 102, t. 2. Luzon (Ilocos Norte, Lepanto, Amburayan, Pangasinan, Zambales) Mindoro, Merrill UU7, Phil. PI. 152, F. B. 9979 Merritt, 5859 Curran. On dry open slopes at low and medium altitudes. Australia. 21. ZOISIA Willdenow (Zoysia auct) ZOISIA MATRELLA (Linn) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 230, FL Manila (1912) 85. Agrostis matrella Linn. Mant. 2 (1771) 185. Zoysia pungens Willd. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue Schrift 3 (1801) 441; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 313; Pilger in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 140; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 342. Osterdammia matrella O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL (1891) 781. Northern Luzon to Palawan, in most islands, occurring in open places chiefly along or near tidal streams. Tropical Asia and Africa through Malaya to Australia and western Polynesia. Local name: Barit-raritan (Tag).
54 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1922 gangan (Tag) ; baririd (Bag) ; gasa (Kuy) ; halos (Tag) ; maya-maya (S. L. Bis) ; maraseda (Ilk) ; sagisi (Ilk). This species has been confused with Digitaria sanguinalis Scop, and by me with D. consanguinea Gaudich. It is distinguished by its almost obsolete first glume and short second glume, the latter rarely more than one-fourth as long as the spikelet. DIGITARIA HETERANTHA (Nees & Mey) var. PACHYRHACHIS (Hack) comb. nov. Panicum heteranthumnees & Mey. var. pachyrhachis Hack, in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 167. Palmas, Lumbucan, Merrill 5355, 5276. Along sandy seashores. The variety endemic, the species in the Malay Peninsula, Java, China, and Formosa. DIGITARIA LONGIFLORA (Gmel) Pers. Syn. 1 (1805) 85; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 347, 5 (1910) Bot. 326, Fl. Manila (1912) 88, Sp. Blancoanae '1918) 64. Panicum, longiflorum Gmel. Syst. (1788) 158. Panicum parvulum Trin. in Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI 3 (1835) 205; Mez in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 142. Paspalum brevifolium Fliigge Monogr. (1810) 150; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 310. Paspalum fuscescens Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 213, ex descr. Syntherisma fuscescens Scribn. in Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 10 (1899) 49, t. 10. Paspalum fasciculatum Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 23. F-vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 1 (1880) 16, non Willd. Northern Luzon to Mindanao, in most islands and provinces, Elmer 16733, Merrill 249, 331, 1129, 6518, Phil. PI. 167, Sp. Blancoanae 1022, B. S. 32751, 33448 Ramos, 32009 Fenix, 10911 Mcgregor. In open grasslands, sea level to an altitude of 1,600 m. Warmer parts of the Old World. Local name: Sasamon (Ig). DIGITARIA PEDICELLARIS (Trin) Prain Bengal PI. (1903) 1182; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 348, Fl. Manila (1912) 98. Paspalum pedicellare Trin. ex Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2, 2 (1840) 272. Panicum pedicellare Hack, in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 268. Panicum puberulum Mez in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 143, non i () Kunth. Luzon (Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Rizal, Bataan), Culion, Merrill 4225, 3164, 105, Phil. PL 577, B. S. 26273 Ramos & Edano, Williams S3. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 850 m. India to Burma. DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS (Linn) Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, 1 (1772) 52; Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 286; Mez in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 143; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 346, Fl. Manila (1912) 88 (var. australis Thw). Panicum sanguinale Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 57. Digitaria inaequalis Spreng. Syst. 1 (1825) 271. Digitaria biformis Willd. Enum. (1809) 92.
206 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1922 10. CORDYLINE Royen ex Adanson (Sansevieria Thunberg) CORDYLINE ROXBURGHIANA (Schultes) comb. nov. Sansevieria roxburghiana Schultes Syst. 7 (1829) 357; Naves Novis. App. (1880) 265; N. E. Br. in Kew Bull. (1915) 227, . 12, D. E. Sansevieria zeylanica Roxb. PL Coromandel. 2 (1798) 43, t. 18U, quoad fig; Naves Novis. App. (1880) 265, Fl. Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83) t. 422; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1859) 559; Merr. Fl. Manila (1912) 144, non Willd. Cordyline hyacinthoides W. F. Wight in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 249, non Aloe hyacinthoides Linn. Often cultivated, but in many regions naturalized, occurring in thickets and hedges at low and medium altitudes. A native of tropical Asia, now pantropic in cultivation. Bowstring hemp. Local names: Aspi-aspi (Pamp) ; baniat (Is); bontoc-palos (Tag); dildila (Ilk) ; kakarohai (Ibn) ; pakarohai (Ibn) ; rabo de leon (Sp) ; rabo de tigre (Sp) ; figure (Is); sinaua (Tag); tigi (Ibn); tigre (Sp). EXCLUDED SPECIES Sansevieria grandicuspis Haw; Naves Novis. App. (1880) 265. Sansevieria guineensis Willd; Naves 1. c. 11. ASPARAGUS Tournefort ASPARAGUS COCHINCHINENSIS (Lour) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 15 (1919) 230. Melanthium cochinchinense Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 216. Asparagus lucidus Lindl. Bot. Reg. (1844) Misc. 29, var. dolichocladus Merr. & Rolfe in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 96. Luzon (Benguet) Loher 1928, without data, but probably from above 1,200 m altitude. Japan, China, Formosa. The above is the only indigenous species of the genus. Introduced and occasionally cultivated species include the common asparagus (Sp. esparrago) Asparagus officinalis Linn, A. plumosus Baker, and A. sprengeri Regel; see Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 143. Naves has credited Asparagus declinatus Linn, and A. racemosus Willd. to the Philippines, Novis. App. (1880) 264, but both were apparently admitted on erroneous identifications. 12. DISPORUM Salisbury DISPORUM LUZONIENSE Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 338. Disporum pullum Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 182, non Salisb. Luzon (Lepanto, Bontoc, Benguet), Merrill 4857, 6619, Phil. PI. 899, B. S. SI 675 Santos, 59 U2 Ramos, 8483 Mcgregor, 4316 Mearns. In the mossy forest, altitude 1,700 to 2,400 m. Endemic. 13. LI R I OPE Loureiro LIRIOPE BRACHYPHYLLA Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 266. Mindoro, Merrill 5710. On seepage slopes in open heath on Mt. Halcon, altitude about 2,400 m. Endemic.
398 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1925 EXCLUDED OR SYNONYMOUS SPECIES Phreatia bracteata Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 674, non Schltr. Phreatia sulcata (Blume) J. J. Sm. Phreatia caulescens Ames Orch. 2 (1908) 200, text cut; Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 50. II. B. 23 (1911) 12 Octarrhena caulescens Ames. Phreatia elmeri Ames in Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 5 (1912) 1581 Octarrhena elmeri Ames. Phreatia ensifolia Ames Orch. 2 (1908) 202, text cut; Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 50. II. B. 23 (1911) 15 Octarrhena ensifolia (Ames) Schltr. Phreatia limenophylax Reichb. f. apud Naves Novis. App. (1882) 235. Phreatia minutiflora Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 3 (1859) 62; Naves Novis. App. (1882) 235; Ames Orch. 2 (1908) 205, 5 (1915) 195; Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 50. II. B. 23 (1911) 23, fig. 3 C, a-g; Ames in Merr. in Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. Straits Branch, Special No. (1921) 191 Phreatia secunda (Blume) Lindl. Phreatia myosurus Ames Orch. 2 (1908) 203 (excl. syn), non Lindl. Phreatia amesii Kranzl. Phreatia parvula Ames Orch. 2 (1908) 204, non Benth. ex Hook. f. Octarrhena amesiana Schltr. Phreatia pusilla Lindl. apud Naves Novis. App. (1882) 235. 70. ACRIOPSIS Reinwardt ACRIOPSIS FLORIBUNDA Ames Orch. 6 (1920) 306. Bucas Grande Island, B. S. 35112 Ramos & Pascasio. ACRIOPSIS INDICA Wight Icon. 5 1 (1852) 20, t. 1U8, fig. I; Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6 (1863) 492; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1890) 79; Grant Orch. Burma (1895) 313; Schltr. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 50 (1900) 287; J. J. Sm. Fl. Buitenz. 6 (Orch. Jav) (1905) 539, Fig-atlas (1912) fig. ill; Ridl. Mat. Fl. Mai. Penin. 1 (1907) 188; Ames Orch. 6 (1920) 307. Luzon (Kalinga), Boettcher s. n. At 1,000 m altitude. In Burma, Malay Peninsula, and Java. ACRIOPSIS JAVANICA Reinw. ex Blume Cat. Gew. Buitenz. (1823) 97; Blume Bijdr. (1825) 377, fig. 71; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. (1832) 140; De Vriese 111. Orch. Ind. Neerl. (1854) t. 3; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1859) 709; Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6 (1863) 492; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1890) 79; Grant Orch. Burma (1895) 313; Ridl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 32 (1896) 384; Schltr. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 50 (1900) 286; J. J. Sm. Fl. Buitenz. 6 (Orch. Jav) (1905) 537, Fig-atlas (1912) fig. U0; Ridl. Mat. Fl. Mai. Penin. 1 (1907) 187; J. J. Sm. in Nova Guinea 8 (1909) Bot. 119, 8 3 (1912) Bot. 604; Schltr. in Fedde Repert. 10 (1911) 190; Ames Orch. 5 (1915) 197; J. J. Sm. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 12 (1917) Bot. 238.
52 CROW. Busuanga and Carriage, and that it imitates the voice of other birds, though the natives do not allow of it. Mr. C. adds, that in the cold season it visits the high mountains, but returns to the plains of Sylhet at the commencement of the rains Among the drawings of the late Sir J. Anstruther, I observed two of these birds, answering to the general description. From the forehead spring twelve or more bristles near three inches long, falling backwards on the shoulders; irides red; in one the neck feathers appear curled, and silky, with a green tinge ; but those of the chin and throat have a gloss of bine ; hence we may suppose the two glosses to arise from different reflections of light, but the general colour in both black, tinged with green, perhaps arising from sex. 52PURPLE-HEADED CROW. Corvus purpurascens, Ind. Orn. i. 161. Daud. ii. 251. Shaw's Zool. vii. 368. Purple-headed Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 83. BILL lead-colour; nostrils covered with feathers; plumage on the upper parts of the body pale rufous, beneath yellow, inclining to purple on the head ; quills and tail black, the last rather long ; legs flesh-colour. Inhabits China. — From the drawings of the late Dr. Fothergill. 53— MACAO CROW. Corvus Sinensis, Jnd. Orn. i. 161. Daud. ii. 244. Shaw's Zool. vii. 369. Pie de Macao, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 187. Macao Crow, Gen. Syn Sup. p. 84. LENGTH fourteen inches and a half Bill one inch and a quarter, stout, black, rather bent at the point ; irides yellowish ; From the papers of Dr. Buchanan. — The Philippine Shrike is also known at Hindustan, billie name of Bujunga.
16 CROW. offal and shell-fish ; but will be content with insects, seeds, and berries; on the Continent they are alike migratory; in Carniola and in Sweden, where they breed, as well as in the south parts of Germany ; in the woods of the Islands of the Danube t and is probably the species mentioned by Fryer as inhabiting Ispahan, in Persia, and has been brought from the Philippine Islands, by M. Sonnerat ; is common throughout Russia and Siberia, but not beyond the Lena. Migrates to Woronesck, and passes the winter there ; grows very large beyond the Ob, and often varies to intense blackness § found also at Aleppo, and about the Lake Baikal, probably extending to other parts of Asia ; as I have been informed, that in some parts of India they are common, and so bold, as to snatch the food from the dishes, while the servants are carrying them across the Court-yard i| not infrequent on the West Coast of Africa It is said, that the propagation of the cinnamon tree is owing to Crows, but what species is uncertain ; these birds eat the quick-tasted, and red fruit of this tree, and swallowing the kernels with the fruit, scatter them every where with their excrements ; on this account, none dare shoot a Crow, under a severe penalty, ft Independent of the Black Variety near the River Ob, we know of no other, except one mentioned by M. Schrank, which had the two mandibles curved across each other, as in the Cross-bill. Xt Scop. Ann. Hist. i. p. 25. t Kram. el. 333. X The Crows here are like our Royston Crows, grey on their backs and wings— iryeri Trav. p. 318. Arct. Zool. II Mr. Pennant. This is among Gen. Hardwicke's drawings, but painted of a less size. Life and Adventures of Christian Wolf. Mem. This circumstance is attributed ta the White Nutmeg-pigeon, ft Captain Tuckey met with them in his voyage up the River Congo. l See Christ. der Berl. Nat. iii. s. 119. tab. iv. fig. 10.
GRAKLE. 147 wing coverts, quills, and tail black brown, the last three inches and a half in length ; legs brown. Inhabits the Philippine Islands, and said to build the nest in hollow trees, especially the cocoa nut ; lives on fruits, is very voracious, soon digesting what it eats, insomuch that a vulgar error has arisen, of there being no circumvolution of intestines, but only one strait passage from the mouth to the vent ; it is reported to be a noisy, chattering bird, and when irritated, the bare part about the head changes to a deep red. It varies in having the under parts brown, spotted with white ; and in some the under parts are yellow brown. Sonnerat mentions one, which was two inches longer the feathers surrounding the naked part of the head, and down the middle of it, black; under parts of the body the same; wings, tail, and upper parts grey, lightest on the rump and neck. One, similar to the above, twelve inches long, the tail four inches and a half, inhabits India, and called Gogoye ; but this seems not peculiar, as others of a different Genus, such as the Crying and Chinese Thrushes, are called by the same name. 3— PARADISE GRAKLE. Gracula tristis, Ind. Orn. 190. Lin. Syst. 167; Gm. Lini. 401. (Paradisea) Shaiv's Zool. vii. 455. Gracula grillivora, Daud. ii. 285. Merula Philippensis, Bris. iu 278. t. 26. f. 1. Td. Svo. i. 235. Martin, Bii. iii. 423. Ess. Philosophy. p. 44. Merle des Philippines, PI. enl. 219. Paradise Grakle, Gen. Syn. ii. 458. Id. Sup. ii. 127. LENGTH nine inches and a half Bill yellow; irides dove-colour; the upper part of the head covered with narrow black feathers, similar to those of the Bird of Paradise ; behind the eyes a U 2