DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
132 Gr. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, when expanded, minutely yellowish-pulverulent, tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Stamens 15, sub-equal: apical awn curved, longer than the anther. Ovary ovoid, narrowing upwards into the style; stigma minute. Fruit ovoid, very slightly apiculatc, striate, pale pubescent, about .6 in. long and .3 in. in diam., the persistent calyx covering the lower third of the fruit, sub-glabrous, thickened and concave at the base; the teeth deltoid, spreading. Richetia penangiana, Heim in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, 1891, p. 980. Penang: on Government Hill, at an elevation of about 1,000 feet, Curtis, Nos. 1429 and 1393; Hullett, No. 188; King.s Collector, No. 1534. Perak: King's Collector, Nos. 3333, 3707. The leaves of this species, although larger, resemble those of B. Curtisii: but the fruits of the two are quite different. One of Mr. Curtis. specimens, No. 429 (communicated from Kew), forms the type of a new genus called Richetia, which M. Heim has founded (l. c. p., 975, also in his . Recherches sur les Dipterocarpacees. p. 50), without having seen its flowers. I have retained for this M. Heim.s specific name, while referring it to Beddome.s older genus. The vernacular name of the species is Dammar Etam. 3. Bala.nocakits anomalus, King. A tree: young branches slender, dark-coloured, minutely lenticellate, the tips puberulous. Leaves coria-ceous, ovate, acuminate; the base broad, sub-cuneate; both surfaces glabrous; main nerves 6 or 7 pairs, ascending, curving, not prominent: length 225 to 25 in., breadth 1 to 1.3 in., petiole -6 to .7 in. Panicles numerous, axillary and terminal, longer than the leaves, pubescent, their lateral branchlets bearing 6 to 8 sub-secund flowers. Flowers shortly pedicelled, .15 in. long. Sepals broadly ovate, connate at the obtuse, minutely tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Petals elliptic, blunt, yellowish adpressed-sericeous outside, glabrous inside, only about twice as h>ng as the sepals, spreading and reflexed so as to expose the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, in two rows; the filaments longer than the anthers, dilated; anther short, ovate, its connective pro-duced into an apical awn as long as itself. Ovary ovoid, striate, pubes-cent, style short and thick, stigma small. Kedah: Curtis, No. 1654. Mr. Curtis is as yet the only collector of this, and his specimens have no fruit. I refer it to this genus, although its flowers differ from those of the other species known to me, in having petals only about twice as long as the sepals, spreading and reflexed so that the andro-gynoecium is quite exposed; and in having only 10 stamens In other respects the specimens agree with L.alanocarpus. Its vernacular name in Kedah is Malaut.
134 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, cribed here, that I refer it without any hesitation to this genus. M. Curtis' leaf specimens of this have, I understand, received from M. Heim the MSS. name, Pierrea penangiana. The genus Pierrea has been founded by M. Heim (Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, 1891, p. 958, and . Recherches sur les Dipterocarpacees ., p. 78) on specimens of which the author has not (as he admits) had the advantage of seeing the flowers. The vernacular name of this tree in Penang is Chengah, and its timber is, according to Mr. Curtis, very valuable. In the State of Perak, on the mainland almost opposite Penang, another species (B. Wrayi) receives a similar vernacular name. 6. Balanocarpus Wrati, King n. sp. A tree: young branches slender, dark-coloured, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, narrowly oblong, gradually tapering from the middle to the acute apex; the base sub-cuneate or rounded, slightly unequal-sided: both surfaces glabrous; main nerves 7 or 8 pairs, curved, oblique, slightly prominent beneath: length 2.25 to 2.75 in., breadth .75 in.; petiole .25 in., transversely wrinkled. Panicles axillary and terminal, nearly as long as the leaves. Flowers unknown. Fruit ovoid, much apiculate, glabrous, .6 in. long, covered in its lower two-thirds by the persistent sub-accrescent glabrous calyx; outer two sepals smaller than the others, elliptic, obtuse, the inner three rotund, all thickened and concave. Perak: Wray, No. 813. Collected only once and without flowers. According to Mr. Wray the timber of this tree is valuable, and its vernacular name is Chingi, or Chingal. I refer this (in spite of the absence of flowers) to Balanocar-pus, the other species of which it so closely resembles. 7. Balanocarpus Hemsletanus, King, n. sp. A tree 50 to 100 feet high: young branches rather stout, rough, minutely lenticellate, pube-rulous. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, sometimes slightly obovate, shortly and abruptly acuminate, slightly narrowed to the rounded or sub-emarginate base: upper surface glabrous except the minutely tomentose midrib; the lower scabrid from minute rigid stellately hairy tubercles which are most abundant on the stout midrib and nerves: main nerves 18 to 20 pairs, oblique, parallel, very prominent on the lower, obsolete on the upper, surface; length 7 to 12 in., breadth 3.25 to 5 in.; petiole .6 to .9 in. scabrid, pubescent. Panicles axillary or terminal, 3 to 7 in. long, scurfy stellate-pubescent; flowers rather crowded on the lateral branchlets, .5 in. long, Sepals sub-equal, broadly ovate, acute, yellowish-tomentose externally, glabrous internally. Petals twice as long as the sepals, or longer, elliptic, oblique, obtuse, glabrous except a broad adpressed-sericeous band externally. Stamens 15, in three rows: the filaments dilated, unequal, longer than
1S93.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 135 the shortly ovate anthers; apical connectival appendage deflexed, curved, longer than the anther. Ovary elongated-conic, tomentose, tapering into the sparsely puberulous style; stigma small. Ripe fruit narrowly ovoid, apiculate, pale brownish-tomentose, 1.25 to 1.5 in. long. and .75 to 1 in. in diam. Persistent sepals nearly equal, their bases thickened, woody, pubescent, and concave, forming an irregularly 5-toothed cup which embraces the lower half of the fruit. Shorea Hemsleyana, King MSS. in Herb. Calc. Penang: Curtis No. 2512. Perak: King.s Collector, Nos. 5431, 6670, and 7562. Scortechini No. 1653. This is an altogether anomalous species. It has leaves like several of the scabrid species of Shorea, such as S. eximia and S. leprosula. Its flowers are also more like those of Shorea than Balano-carpus; but its fruit is essentially that of the latter genus, in which, not without hesitation, I include it. 10. Pachynocarpus, Hook. fil. Resinous trees with the leaves and flowers of Vatica, but with sometimes only ten stamens. Fruit ovoid-globose, umbonate at the apex, 1-celled, 1-seeded, the pericarp densely coriaceous, splitting vertically. Calyx with five equal segments, at first almost free from the fruit, but the tube gradually accrescent, much thickened and adnate to the fruit, and finally embracing the whole of it except the apex. Seed pendulous, testa thin and adherent to the endocarp, cotyledons very thick and fleshy. Leaves elliptic to oblong-elliptic, sub-acute or shortly and obtusely acuminate... ... 1. P. Wallichii. Leaves broadly-elliptic or obovate-elliptic, the apex very blunt ... ... ... 2. P. Stapfianus. Dr. Burck (in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg) expands the definition of the genus Vatica so as to include not only the closely allied Synaptea, but also the genera Isauxis W. A , Retinodendron, Korth., and Pachynocarpus Hook fil. To the union of Synaptea with Vatica I see no objection; for the whole difference between the two (as I have stated in a note under Vatica) consists in perfect freedom of the fruit in Vatica from the enlarged calyx, whereas in Synaptea there is a slight adhesion to the calyx at the very base. But for the inclusion of Pachynocarpus, I see no sufficient justification; for in this genus the calyx does not expand into membranous wings, but forms a dense fibro-cartilaginous cover for the fruit, which it tightly embraces and to which it is quite adnate. As regards Isauxis and Retinodendron, they appear to me to be undistinguishable from each other by any but trivial marks, but they differ sufficiently in calyx from Vatica to be treated as a genus under the older name Retinodendron. 1. Pachynocarpus Wallichii, King. A tree 40 to 70 feet high: young branches deciduously scurfy-puberalous, their bark pale-brown, sparsely lenticellate. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, J. 11. 18
136 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, sab-acute, or shortly and obtusely acuminate, the base cuneate; both surfaces glabrous, the lower pale and prominently reticulate when dry: main nerves 6 to 9 pairs, slightly prominent beneath, ascending; length 4.5 to 8 in., breadth 1.5 to 3 in., petiole; .4 to .6 in. Panicles crowded near the apices of the branches, many-flowered, 2 to 4 in. long. Calyx-lobes deltoid, minutely velvety outside. Petals linear-oblong, obtuse, puberulous externally. Stamens broadly ovoid, minutely but obtusely apiculate. Ovary puberulous: stigma sub-capitate, lobed. Ripe fruit ovoid-globose, about .75 in. in diam., closely embraced by the slightly shorter, much thickened, persistent, fibrous or woody, rugose, enlarged calyx-lobes. V. Wallicliii Dyer in Jouru. Bot. 1878 p. 154. Vatica ruminata, Burck in Ann. Jard. Bot hjuitenzorg, VI, 227 t, 29, fig. 4. Penang: Wallich, Cat. No. 9018; Curtis Nos. 1161, 1218, 1391. Malacca: Maingay No. 201. Trang, King.s Collector. Johore, Hullett and King. Perak: common at low elevations, King.s Collector, Scor-techini. Distrib., Bangka. In the young stages of the fruit of this species the calyx is quite small and embraces only the very base of it, much as in Isauxis; but as the fruit expands the calyx grows, so that when ripe the fruit is, with the exception of its apex, closely embraced by the much thickened, lignified, obscurely toothed calyx-tube. This offers, therefore, a transi-tion between Isauxis and Paehynocarpus. And, indeed, it is to the former section that Dyer refers it ( Journ. Bot., 1. a), and to which Burck refers his D. ruminata, a species which authentic specimens shew to be identical with this. Dr. Burck.s species, Vatica verrucosa (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg) appears also to come very near to this. 2. Pachynocarpus Stapfianus, King, n. sp. A tree 80 to 100 feet high; young branches rather stout, scaly-pubescent at first, ulti-mately glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, broadly elliptic or obovate-elliptic, the apex broadly rounded, slightly narrowed to the rounded or sub-cuneate base: upper surface glabrous, shining, the lower paler, minutely and sparsely scurfy-puberulous on the midrib and nerves; main nerves 10 to 13 pairs, oblique, prominent on the lower, depressed on the upper, surface; length 5 to 8 in., breadth 2.75 to 4.5 in., petiole .65 to 1 in. Flowers unknown. Ripe fruit almost solitary, 2.5 to 3 in. long, on a woody raceme, globular, slightly apiculate, 1.25 in diam., closely invested by the gamosepalous, 5-toothed, thickened, woody, rugose, glaberulous calyx. Perak: King.s Collector, Nos. 5932 and 6132, This very distinct species was first recognised as a Pachynocarpus by Dr. O. Stapf, of the Kew Herbarium, after whom I have named it. Its flowers are as yet unknown; but it is readily identified by its leaves.
114 The resin is procured by cutting a notch in the tree, sloping inwards and downwards. On the Malabar Coast it is made into candles, which give a fine clear light, and diffuse an agreeable fragrance. (2) V. lancaefolia. (Roxb.) Ident. Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 601.-Wight's Ill. I. p. 88. Spec. Char. Tree: leaves lanceolate, entire: panicles axil-lary: calyx segments ovate, acute, much increased as the seeds ripen: petals linear-falcate, obtuse, with their concave bases placed closely together, and forming a kind of tube round the ovary and stamens: filaments produced beyond the anther-cells, and termi-nating in an ovate, acute, coloured, glandular point: stigma clavate, 3-toothed: flowers largish, white, fragrant. Silhet and Chittagong, flowering in May. Wight alludes to another species, V. Roxburghiana, of which he gives no description. GENUS II. VATICA. Polyandria Monogynia. Sex: Syst: Gen. Char. Trees, with entire leaves: sepals 5, afterwards en-larging into 5 long wings: petals 5: filament produced beyond the anther-cells into a long coloured bristle: ovary 3-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell: seed solitary. (1) V. laccifera. (W. & A.) Ident. W. & A. prod. I. p. 84. Syn. Shorea Talura, Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 618.-S. laccifera, Heyne.-S. robusta, Roth. (not Roxb.) Engrav. Wight's Icon. I. t. 164. Spec. Char. Tree: leaves oblong, obtuse, often emarginate at the base: stamens 15: anther-bristle very long: panicles numerous, springing from the axils of the fallen leaves: flowers yellow. Nundidroog and Palghaut Mountains. (2) V. tumbugaia. (W. & A.) Ident. W. & A. prod. I. p. 84. Syn. Shorea Tumbugaia, Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 617. Engrav. Wight's Icon. I. t. 27. Spec. Char. Large tree: leaves ovate-cordate, long petioled: stamens about 100, with bearded anthers: panicles terminal: flowers yellow. Palghaut Mountains.
115 (3) V. robusta. (W. & A.) Ident. Voigt. Hort. Calc. P. 124. Syn. Shorea robusta, Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 615. Engrav. Roxb. Cor. III. t. 212. Spec. Char. Large tree: leaves short-petioled, cordate-oblong: stipules falcate: stamens numerous: panicles terminal and axillary: flowers yellow. Morung, flowering in the hot season. Genus III. DIPTEROCARPUS. Polyandria Monogynia. Sex: Syst: Deriv. Compounded of Greek words, meaning two-winged fruit. Gen. Char. Large trees: calyx of one piece, 5-cleft: 2 sepals afterwards expanding into long ligulate wings: petals 5: anthers long, linear: ovary 3-celled, with two pendulous ovules in each cell. (1) D. laevis. (Ham.) Ident. W. & A. prod. I. p. 85. Syn. D. turbinatus, Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 612. Engrav. Roxb. Cor. III. t. 213. Spec. Char. Young branches compressed, 2-edged: leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, shining on both sides, with straight parallel veins: tube of the enlarged calyx slightly gibbous: capsule ovate, even, covered with soft hairy down: flowers large, white, tinged with red. Chittagong, flowering in the hot season. This tree yields abun-dance of good oil. The average produce of the best trees is said to be sometines 40 gallons in the season. (2) D. turbinatus. (Gaertn.) Ident. W. & A. prod. I. p. 85. Engrav. Gaertn. fr. III. p. 51. t. 188. Spec. Char. Young branches tapering: leaves ovate, acute, pubescent on both sides, particularly towards the margin: petioles pubescent: tube of the enlarged calyx turbinate, much contracted below the limb: capsule ovate, 6-8-furrowed. Chittagong. This species yields scarcely any oil. (3) D. angustifolius. (W. & A.) Ident. Voigt. Hort. Calc. p. 125. Syn. D. costatus, Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 613.
116 Spec. Char. Younger parts hairy: leaves linear, oblong, acu-minate at the base, hairy underneath: stipules hirsute: calyx 5-fur-rowed about the middle, slightly hairy: flowers white, tinged with red. Chittagong, flowering in the cold season. This species yields a great quantity of good oil. (4) D. incanus. (Roxb.) Ident. Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 614. Spec. Char. All the younger parts hairy: leaves ovate, some-what tapering at the base, softly villous: racemes axillary, half the length of the leaves: calyx 5-angled about the middle. Chittagong, flowering in November. This species furnishes the largest proprortion of the best sort of wood oil. Roxburgh mentions another species, D. tuberculatus, also a native of Chittagong, which blossoms at the beginning of the hot season. GENUS IV. HOPEA. Polyandria Monogynia. Sex: Syst: Deriv. Called after Dr. John Hope, Professor of Botany in Edinburgh. Gen. Char. Trees, with entire leaves: flowers secund and nearly sessile on the branches of the panicle: sepals 5, two or three of them afterwards enlarged into wings: corolla of one piece, with a campanulate tube: petals oblique, linear, oblong, spreading, twist-ed: filaments 10, alternately simple and bifid: anthers 15, with bristles at the apex: ovary 3-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. (1) H. wightiana. (Wall.) Ident. W. & A. prod. I. p. 85. Engrav. Wight's Ill. I. t. 37. Spec. Char. Leaves ovate-oblong, glabrous: 2 sepals expand-ing into wings, oblong, obtuse: capsule oblong-ovate, acute: flow-ers small, yellow, fragrant. Peninsula. Travancore. (2) H. odorata. (Roxb.) Ident. Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 609. Spec. Char. Leaves ovate-oblong, with a hallow gland in the axils of the large veins: two sepals enlarging into wings: panicles terminal: flowers small, pale yellow, fragrant. Chittagong, flowering in March.
14 MAI TENG MAI TENG (Shorea obtusa) a tree of the natural order of Dipterocarpeae. Calyx five-leaved, permanent, enlarging into five long wings; Corol five petalled. Germ superior, 3 celled, two seeded, attachment superior. Nut one-seeded. Embryo inverse, without perisperm. This tree has small white flowers of a very agreeable odour, with oval leaves 15-20 cm. long and half as broad. The bark is 3cm. thick, grey with deep longitudinal fissures.Heartwood is very hard, even in grain. It has a brown colour and is pale when newly sawn. The sapwood is small on large trees, it does not last long, the pores are moderate sized, each pore surrounded by a narrow white ring. The medullary rays are numerous and brown, joined by short irregular transverse lines of lighter-coloured tissue. The wood is very durable, is not attacked by insects and stands well all influences of climate, heat and moisture. The Teng trees grow together with Mai Pluang and Mai Rang or form large groups or extensive forests on elevated ground mostly laterite but not beyond 800 m. above sea level. There are enormous tracts of Mai Teng all over
62 xxii. dipterocarpeae. [Monotes Var. B. hypoleucus ; V. africana, var. liypoleuca Oliv., l.c. ; Welw., l.c., p. 17, t. 5, fig. 12 ; y. hypoleuca Welw., l.c., p. 17. Huilla. — Sparingly in the stony shorter woods between Mumpulla and Nene, in flower-bud Oct. 1859, in full flower Dec. 1859. No. 1036. The following is intermediate between a and /3 : — A small tree, 6 to 8 ft. high ; trunk erect ; crown divaricate, lax ; flowers yellowish. Huilla. — Sparingly in the higher wooded thickets of Proteacese between Lopollo and Monino, in flower-bud Nov. 1859, fl. Dec. 1859, in young fruit Jan. 1860. No. 1077. The following belongs to this species : — Huilla. — A small tree, with simple leaves and the calyx-segments after flowering expanded into red rather rigid wings. Coll. Carp. 242. XXIII. MALVACEAE. The Malvaceae of Angola form one of the principal constituents of the herbaceous and shrubby vegetation of the country, and are fairly abundant in all regions from the coast up to 6000 ft. (in the highest regions and plateaux), but are most abundant between 1500 and 4000 ft. They contribute both by the beauty and variety of their leaves — and even more by the size and bright colouration of their striking large blossoms — very greatly to the adorning of the meadows and plains, the jungles, and the margins of the woods and cultivated places, and relieve the somewhat monotonous colour of the vegetation. The species decrease in number from Mossamedes and the high plateau of Pluilla southwards. Malvaceae manage to subsist on many kinds of soil ; one and the same species is often seen to occur sometimes in dry hot sandy drifts, or in stony situations divested of other vegetation, and at other times in fertile situations on the margins of primitive forests or in inhabited districts on land previously cultivated ; the difference is that in poor ground the flowers are larger and more brilliant, while in rich ground there is more luxuriant development of stalks and foliage. The varying circumstances of soil and position exercise an important influence on the indumentum and render very difficult the discrimination of species and varieties, especially in the case of the genera Sida, Abutilon, etc. The shape and size of the glands, which occur on the nerves of the leaves and calyx in several species of Urena, Hibiscus, Gossypiwm, etc., are very interesting, but they are too indefinite and variable on the same plants to afford characters for the diagnosis of species. In order to avoid errors, it must be remembered that many species with yellow flowers turn their corollas red in drying, and also that several species, especially of Sida, Abutilon, and Hibiscus, at the time of flowering, lose the long-stalked principal leaves of the main stem and retain only the very different younger leaves of the axillary shoots. The native medical men employ several species as emollients in baths and gargles in the same way as they are used in Europe.
SHOREA ROBUSTA. (Nat, ord. Dipterocarpeae.) SHOREA. (Roxb.) Gen. PI. p. 1S3. — GEN. CHAR. Calyx tube very short adnate to the torus, not increasing in fruit, divisions ovafce or lanceolate imbricate wing-like and all or 3 only enlarged in fruit, connivent over the fruit at the base. Stamens numerous or 15, anthers ovate or oblong, rarely linear, connectivum subulato-cuspidate, cells obtuse or rarely cuspidate, valves equal or the exterior valve a little larger — ovary 3 celled, cell 2 ovuled, style subulate, entire or 3 toothed at the apex, fruit coriaceous indehiscent; 1 seeded— seed ovoid, cotyledons thick fleshy unequal. Trees bearing resin, glabrous or tomentose stipules persistent or deciduous, leaves entire or repand panicles axillary or terminal. SHOREA ROBUSTA. (Roxb.) Leaves short petioled cordato-oblong, 6-10 inches long by 4-6 inches broad, stipules falcate, panicles terminal and axillary, stamens numerous, stigma 3 toothed. Roxb. Fl. Ind. p. ii. 615. An immense timber tree, abundant in the Godavery forests, the Gumsoor and Russelcondah forests, and in Bengal (the Terai, Parasnath and Assam) and in Burmah ? but not known in the South of the Madras Presidency. In some of the Sal tracts in Gumsoor it grows almost to the exclusion of every other tree and the natural forests often have the appearance of plantations — it flowers in March and April, and the seeds often commence germinating before they leave the parent tree early in the rains and eventually come up very thickly in the forests. The tree grows very straight and tall and sometimes reaches 10 or 12 feet in girth. The seed has a vitality of such short duration that all attempts to grow it in the South have failed, though it was attempted several successive seasons — it is also rapidly bored by insects. The timber is one of the most valuable in India for Engineering purposes and is largely used in Gun Carriage Manufactories and for many other purposes, such as house-building and ship-building , but warps in plank — it lasts an immense time under ground or under water and is almost unequalled for sleepers, and seems quite proof against white ants ; it is close grained, heavy and hard, of a light brown color — the bark is employed by tanners and yields an abundancy of resin or dammer which is used as a substitute for pitch, and burnt by the natives as incense, and an aromatic oil is procured from the resin by dry distillation. It is called Sal and Salwa in Gumsoor and Googul in the Godavery forests. I am not sure that the Birmese tree called Eingg-yin is the same species.