DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
THE ANIMAL LIFE OF THE GROUP. 479 dance, while such genera as Pavouia, Favia, Leptastrea and fipjuisln t occur in isolated places here and there in certain favorable locality is. The mushroom coral--' or huahua akai, forms a rejiiarkable group of solitary corals that are fairly common, especially in his or reef pools on the outer edge of the reef. They take their name from their i-csciiiljlanco to the inverted head of an expanded mushroom. They are remarkable and beaulifiil objects, and make handsome souvenirs of a day's visit to a coral reef. The "sea mushroom" or in fact any of the corals, can be easily cleaned if they are placed in a bucket of fresh water before they have been out of Ibe seawater long enough for the animal to die and begin to dry up. Ivuli day or so the water should be changed and the macerating animal washed out by a stream of water from the hydrant. When thoroughly cleansed the coi-il should be placed on a clean board in the sun to bleach. Perhaps the most strikingly beautiful of the stalked corals is a species which so far has only been found on Oahu. growing on the edge of the small coral islands in Kaneohe Bay. When alive the animal is a rich red-orange color and has the top of each short branch surrounded by a single orange-yellow polyp that when expanded is three-fourths of an inch in diameter. On the approach of danger the animal can completely withdraw within the cup in which it lives. So far as known, the bi-ain corals have never been taken in Hawaiian waters. They, together with many other forms offered for sale in the curiosity shops of Honolulu, doubtless come from the islands of the south Pacific or from the Philippines. The Eight-rayed Corals. While the Alcyonarians are seldom seen by the reef collector-. it is a matter of interest to know that of the sixty-eight species of the "eight-rayed corals" taken by the Albatross on its epoch-making cruise about the islands, thirty-nine were described as new to science in Dr. 0. (. Xuhinu's i-leporis on ihe material. He states that of the three orders of Alciotiaria discussed in his paper, the first-including the colonial forms, usually typitiml by the organ-pipe coral, are represented by only five species. Sea-pens and Ska-fans. The order-' including the sea-pens and similar forms when-e tlu' colonies are arranged bilaterally and symmetrically on an axial stem. ha-e site species in the off-shore fauna. The sea-fans. sea-iluines and their allies loi-m the most abundant order-Like the otheiorders of the class, they nil have eight-rayed polyps. The beautiful hoi-ny li-ee oi-bush-like growth 1o be seen in museums, however, gives but little idea of the iiiieai-ance of the living animal. Forty-eight species ai-e included m the list of Hawaiian species. but 0 Funmidfv. Dmidroiihiuin bikini. ' JcfJcfuifcihoAlcyonarta: 3n pinnliilii-i-a. Gorffonacea.
Shorea. polyandria monogynia, 615 6. D, pilosus. R. Tender shoots very hairy. Leaves petioled, oblong, acuminate; base rounded, hairy underneath; Stipules remarkably long, and very hairy. A large tree, a native of Mascal Island. SHOREA. R. Gen. Char. Calyx, five-leaved, permanent, enlarging into five long wings. Corol five-petalled. Germ superior, three-celled; cells two-seeded; attachment superior. Nut one-seeded. Embryo inverse, without perisperm. In honour of the Right Honourable Lord Teignmouth, late Governor General of Bengal. 1. S, robusta. Gaert.Sem.3.t.18S6. Cor. pI 3. N. 212 Leaves short-petioled, cordate-oblong ; stipules falcate. JPanicles terminal and axillary. Stamina from twenty-five to thirty. Sala, Uswukurnika, the Sunscrit names-Beng. and Hind. Sal. An immense timber tree, a native of Morung. Flowers during the hot season. Seed ripens in June. In April 1810, a young tree flowered in the Botanic garden at Calcutta, and is the first that has blossomed, though there are young trees in the garden of from twelve to thirteen years growth. The original description of this tree is very correct, all I can add is that the stipules are large and falcate. The stamina about fifty. Stigma three-toothed. Germ three-celled, with two ovula in each attached to the top of the axis. The seed constantly single. The Eanbryo inverse, and without perisperm. Cary alobis. G^ert. Sem, 1. 215. f • 45. must at least belong to the same natural order of Hopea Dipterocarpus, Shorea and Vateria.
NOTES ON THE FLORA OF CEYLON. 205 broadly oval, subacute; petals oblong-oval, slightly concave, not twisted; stamens very small, about 60; filaments dilated at base, and prolonged beyond the adnate anther-cells into a strongly-ciliated apiculus about half as long as the anther ; ovary oblong-pyramidal, pubescent; style very short; fruit not known. Hab. "South of the Island" (C. P. 4010 in Hb. Perad.). Leaves smooth on both sides or with a few stellate hairs beneath; veins not prominent. Corolla apparently red. I regret that the material for this species is so scanty, consisting only of inflorescence in mature bud just about to expand ; we have no fruit, and no large foliage. There can, however, be little doubt that it is allied to S. oblongifolia Thw., from which it differs in the shape of the leaves, in the petals, and in the number and form of the stamens. I have not met with this species myself, nor do I know precisely where the specimens in the Herbarium were collected ; but I am glad to be the medium of publishing Dr. Thwaites' dedication of it to my friend Mr. Thiselton Dyer, the monographer of the Indian Dipterocarpeae Shorea brevipetiolaris Thw. ms. — Leaves ovate, 4 or 5 in. long, cordate or subcordate at base, more or less caudate-acuminate and obtuse at apex, subcoriaceous ; lateral veins about 7 on either side, curved, prominent beneath ; petioles thick, curved, about \ in. long ; when young, usually very densely covered with short coarse shaggy hair, which is also scattered over the young twigs ; panicles about as long as leaves, several (2-5) coming off from one axil ; rachis with few short spreading branches, minutely pubescent ; bracts or very quickly caducous ; buds subglobose, blunt ; sepals ovate, obtuse, glabrous ; petals not expanded in the specimens ; stamens 15; filaments much dilated below; apiculus as long as anther ; ovary globose, cells with 2 ovules in each ; style subulate, as long as ovary ; fruit not known. Hab. Summit of Doluwe Kande, a few miles north of Kurunegala, N. W. Province, Dec, 1883. (Also C. P. 4008 (no locality) in Hb. Perad. (leaves only).). A small tree ; leaves quite glabrous, the petioles also becoming so when old, and then thickened, rugose, and chocolate-brown in colour. My specimens are in bud only ; the flowers seem to be white or pinkish. There is a young tree of this species in the Botanic Gardens, but it has not yet flowered; the leaf-specimens (C. P. 4008) in the Herbarium without locality may be from this tree. In the absence of fruit some doubt may be felt as to the genus ; if a Shorea, as is most probable, it is not very closely allied to the other Ceylon species. Shorea stipularis Thw., var. minor Thw. ms. — Leaves smaller than the type, about 3 in. long, the apex strongly twisted, very finely but densely pubescent beneath ; stipules less persistent, more acute and narrower, densely pubescent, as also the young growths. Hab. Morowe Korle, Southern Province, July, 1868, with fruit. (C. P. 3987 (in part-), and C. P. 4024, in Hb. Perad.). In the * C. P. 3987 is in part Doona macrophylUi Thw.
NUMBER 367 45 1978), and Vitrina (coral-reef inhabitant), with one species, appear to be Pacific Plate endemic genera (Figure 60). The presence of Lentipes in the Ryukyus is based on a species described by Sakai and Nakamura (1979); its generic allocation should be verified. Kelloggella was revised by Hoese (1975) and a new record added by Kuramochi (1980). Hoese (in litt) informed me of an additional species (undescribed) and of changes (pers. comm) in the reported distributions of two described species. The distribution of the five Kelloggella species is given in Figure 20. Except for endemic genera, Kelloggella is unique among fishes in having more Pacific Plate species than Indo-west Pacific species. Among the reasonably well-known Indo-pacific goby genera that are excluded from the Pacific Plate is Gobiopsis (sensu stricto), with ten species (Lachner and Mckinney, 1978, 1979), which are often collected on coral reefs. Gobiopsis sensu stricto is distributed from southeastern Africa to the western margin of the Pacific Plate. One of three species of Gobiopsis, not included in Gobiopsis sensu stricto, reaches from the Indo-west Pacific to the Gilbert Islands (Lachner and Mckinney, 1979). Signigobius, monotypic, also a reef inhabitant (Hoese and Allen, 1977), is distributed from the Philippine and Palau islands to the Great Barrier Reef and Solomon Islands, and is, thus, limited in the east by the margin of the Pacific Plate. Oxuderces, monotypic, a muddy bottom inhabitant, ranges from India to the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia (Springer, 1978, and Australian Museum collections). Feia was discussed by Lachner and Mckinney (1979). They recognized one species in the genus, but noted that their Indo-west Pacific specimens (Mozambique, Seychelles, Banda, and Great Barrier Reef) were separable from their Rapa Island (Pacific Plate) specimens, based on meristics and pigmentation, indicating that two taxa are possibly involved. Eviota comprises about 60 species of diminutive coral-reef gobies, all restricted to the Indo-Pacific (S. Jewett, pers. comm). Lachner and Figure 20. — Distributions of the species of the gobiid fish genus Kelloggella (new species" pel D.F. Hoese, in litt).
302 AILSA M. CLARK but it is clear that throughout the range there is some variation in the relative length. However, the shape is otherwise fairly constant in being cylindrical, very few stumps being at all flaring, and there are usually three to five points at the tip. The arm spines do not normally exceed the arm breadth in length, as Lamarck commented, and indeed are often somewhat shorter, the longer ones usually just exceeding twice the segment length. Most of them are finely rugose for almost their entire length but the second and third spines from above may be smooth on the basal half, at least on the side facing the disc. These longer spines have their sides parallel or slightly tapering and the ends truncated so they cannot be described as at all clavate. The lowest spine distally (Text-fig. 4p) is always more or less comb-like with multiple teeth but in the specimen from the Seychelles the terminal tooth may be unusually enlarged (Text-fig. 4q). The colour pattern normally consists of the well-defined dark intersegmental spots on the arms said to be characteristic of punctolimbata. Distribution. Known from Mauritius, E. Africa, the islands of the western Indian Ocean, the Maldive Islands, Ceylon, the East Indies, Philippines, southern Japan, the S. Pacific islands (but not the Hawaiian Islands) and northern Australia. Records from the Red Sea and Persian Gulf need confirmation, being possibly based on material of M. hirsuta, demessa or elongate. Macrophiothrix lorioli sp. nov. Text-figs. 3p, 4s, 5s, yn, pi. i, fig. 4 Ophiothrix punctolimbata: de Loriol, i8g3a 416-419, pi. 15, fig. 2; Koehler, 1905 93-95; 1922 237, pi. 32, fig. 6, pi. loi, fig. 7. Non 0. punctolimbata von Martens, 1870] Material. British Museum No. 1967. 12. 13. i, north side, Gaskell Island, (Florida Islands), Solomon Islands, Dr. H. G. Vevers, Royal Society Expedition, 1965, the holotype; No. 1967. 12. 13. 2, north-west side, Gaskell Island, same source, one paratype; reef platform, Graham Point, Maran Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, Dr. P. E. Gibbs, same expedition, one specimen. No. 9282249, Macclesfield Bank, S. China Sea, 24 metres. Admiralty, one specimen. No. 821223200 (part), Tongatabu, "Challenger, one specimen. No. 945181, coral reef, Tongatabu, R. B. Leafe, one specimen. Description. The holotype has dd. 16 mm. and arm length c. 300 mm. and c. 225 mm. on two arms measured, giving ratios of i 19 and i 14. The disc is closely covered with elongated stumps (Text-fig. 3p) having two to five points, most often three; most of them are flared from close to the base with transparent flanges ending in the points. The longer stumps are c. 0-4 mm. long. The radial shields are about 6 mm. in length and closely covered with stumps similar to but smaller than those on the disc scales; again these are mostly trifid. On the ventral side of the disc the stumps tend to have fewer points, especially the proximal ones, which may consist of a single tapering thorn. These stop short of the genital slits and the oral shields, which are broad rhombic, with length breadth 1-25 1-9 mm.
FARMING THE SEA profitable, pond managers seek supplies from fishermen who catch the fry in other areas. Thus a special fishery has grown up to supply the valli. Mullet (Mugil sp) is the most important species in these ponds; eels, sea bass (Morone labrax), and other species are also raised to a lesser extent. The annual mean production of about seventy valli in the Italian Adriatic was 3,000 tons in the 1950's, with an average of about 125 to 130 pounds of fish per acre. The principal defect of the valli culture is that the system depends largely on the capture of small fish entering the ponds with the tides, or in more recent years on the somewhat more reliable but still chancy capture of fry in the ocean. Thus the valli farmer is at the mercy of the vagaries of natural fluctuations in abundance of the fry. The shrimp is one of the marine animals most suitable for farming. It has a high market value and it grows rapidly on materials very near the bottom of the food pyramid. Shrimp are cheerfully indiscriminate eaters. They nibble on algae and bacteria; they take quantities of mud, apparently deriving sustenance directly from it as well as from a multitude of small animals and plants that it contains, including worms, small crustaceans and mollusks, larval fishes, diatoms, bacteria, and algae. Shrimp are scavengers and cannibals. Shrimp culture is important in the Philippines. Here the young of the shrimp called "sugpo" Penaeus monodon, are caught as they appear in shallow water near shore and are transported to specially prepared ponds, where they are fed and carefully protected from predators until they become big enough to sell. The capture of the sugar is the weak link in the culture chain. The Philippine fisherman pursues them with unlikely tools, including clumps of weed called "sons-sons" white porcelain dishes, and earthenware jars. He takes advantage of the fact that the sugar likes to cling to sticks, seaweed, or other material floating in the water. He sets out bon-bon lures consisting of bundles of twigs or grass attached to lines, and ties these to poles set into the bottom in shallow, brackish water where the tide runs. Tiny plankton creatures such as copepods and worms attach themselves to the weeds, and they, along with the shelter the weeds offer, attract the shrimp to the lures. Sculling among the lures in a small dugout, the fisherman visits them two or three times a day, shaking the little shrimp from the bundles of grass into a fine-meshed dip net and transferring them to his porcelain dish; the dark bodies of the young sugpo show up plainly against the brilliant white of the porcelain. The little shrimp are dumped into an earthenware jar, whose porous sides 79]
NOTES ON PHILIPPINE SHARKS, I By Albert W. C. T. Herre Chief, Division of Fisheries, Bureau of Science. Mamta Throughout the ages sharks have been of well-nigh universal interest. Without the gorgeous colors or flowerlike brilliancy of some fishes or the superb symmetry and grace of others, they yet irresistibly attract attention. Though as a rule of a dull uniform gray or bluish cast and without beauty of form, by their size, speed, greediness, and ferocity they have aroused curiosity from earliest times. Though a few sharks are notable for singularity of shape, it is their more degenerate and less-active kindred, the skates and rays, that have developed the strangest forms and the most uncanny powers. Although some sharks attain a length of only a few inches, even when fully matured, as a whole they are of large size, and certain sharks and rays are the largest of all fishes. Many species of sharks are very ferocious when hungry and do not hesitate to attack any other animal in the water, regardless of its size. Sharks are no worse in this regard than many other fishes, as any very large carnivorous fish may be dangerous to man. Barracuda and the giant sea basses of the East Indies and Polynesia are more dreaded in some localities than are sharks. No shark is more ferocious or dangerous to man than are the small and apparently insignificant caribe fish of the South American rainy tropics. The sharks and their allies represent an entirely distinct and divergent line from that of the bony fishes. They have no air bladder, no true scales, and no membrane bones, the operculum being always absent in the living species, while the skeleton not only presents a number of peculiarities but also is much less specialized both in form and in material, always remaining more or less cartilaginous. The shoulder girdle is not fastened to the skull but to one of the vertebrae some distance behind it, so that there is a neck similar to that in higher animals. The males of all living species have attached to the ventral fins a pair of claspers or copulatory organs. These serve as a penis 67
LIST OF THREATENED INVERTEBRATES AND THREATENED COMMUNITIES ARRANGED BY COUNTRY AND ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGION The zoogeographical regions first described by Wallace in 1876 are used, slightly modified, as a basis for this index. Boundaries have been adjusted in some cases in order to avoid subdividing a particular political unit. The Palearctic region is the northerly part of the Old World. It extends over the whole of Europe, U.S.S.R. and China, including the adjacent offshore islands, and includes the Mediterranean coast of Africa. In the present list the entire Arabian Peninsula is assigned to this region. The Ethiopian region covers central and southern Africa. The Oriental region covers Asia south of China from the western border of Afghanistan and Pakistan east to the Pacific Ocean including the Philippines and Indonesia. The Australasian region includes Papua New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand. The Nearctic region covers all of North America including Greenland, the Aleutian Islands and, in this volume, the whole of Mexico. The Neotropical region includes the Caribbean Islands, Central and South America. Oceanic islands have been placed in a separate section. Non-marine species (including those from brackish water and lagoons) and threatened communities are arranged by country, marine species by broad oceanic region. Since most marine species in this book have wide distributions and records for some are incomplete, countries and islands within oceanic divisions are not given. Readers are referred to the individual accounts for details. Marine threatened communities are listed under the relevant country. 'Ex' following a taxon denotes that it is regarded as extinct in that country and '' denotes lack of confirmation of its presence. NON-MARINE SPECIES PALEARCTIC REGION EUROPE Formica aquilonia Wood ant F. lurufaris " F. polyctena " F. pratensis " F. rufa " ANDORRA Parnassius apollo Apollo Butterfly Maculinea arion Large Blue Butterfly
NORTH-WEST PACIFIC OCEAN China, Japan (including Ogaswara-gunto Islands and Ryukyu Islands), Philippines, Taiwan. Corallium elatius C japonicum C. konojoi C. secundum Corallium sp. nov. Family Antipathidae Charonia tritonis Hippopus hippopus H. porcellanus Tridacna crocea T. derasa Gigas T. maxima T. squamosa Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Tachypleus gigas T. tridentatus Birgus latro Boke Coral Aka-sango Coral Shiro-sango Coral Pink Coral Midway Deep Sea Coral Black coral Triton's Trumpet Horse's Hoof Clam China Clam Crocus Clam Southern Giant Clam Giant Clam Small Giant Clam Scaly Clam Horseshoe crab Coconut Crab SOUTH-EAST PACIFIC OCEAN Cook Islands (New Zealand), Henderson Tuamotu (France) Island (U.K), Pitcairn Island (U.K), Corallium spp. Family Antipathidae Tridacna maxima T. squamosa Birgus latro Precious corals Black coral Small Giant Clam Scaly Clam Coconut Crab SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC OCEAN American Samoa, Australia, Fiji, U.S.A. Guam (U.S.A), Kiribati (Caroline, Gilbert, Line, and Phoenix Islands), Marianas (U.S.A), Marshall Islands (France), New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu (Ellice Islands), Vanuatu, Wake Island (U.S.A), Western Samoa. Corallium spp. Family Antipathidae Charonia tritonis Hippopus hippopus Tridacna crocea T. derasa T. gigas T. maxima T. squamosa Birgus latro Precious corals Black coral Triton's Trumpet Horse's Hoof Clam Crocus Clam Southern Giant Clam Giant Clam Small Giant Clam Scaly Clam Coconut Crab
TRITONS TRUMPET or GIANT TRITON Charonia tritonis (Linnaeus, 1758) Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA RARE Order MESOGASTROPODA Family CYMATIIDAE SUMMARY Charonia tritonis has a large attractive shell which is popular with shell collectors and has had a long history of use in the Indo-pacific as a trumpet. It is found on coral reefs and appears to be rare throughout much of its range. In some places this may be a result of overcouection. DESCRIPTION Charonia tritonis has a large, very attractive shell reaching 40 cm or more in length. It has a high pointed spire, and is creamy white with purple and brown markings and an orange interior to the aperture (1). mm DISTRIBUTION Indo-west Pacific (1) to the Red Sea (19), including the Great Barrier Reef, Australia (t), the Philippines (6), Indonesia, Seychelles, Mozambique (22), Guam (lj), the Marshall Islands, Hawaii (23) and Fiji. POPULATION Unknown, but densities appear to be naturally low in many areas. In a three month study in part of the Sudanese Red Sea only two specimens were found; over the same period local shell collectors had taken five and they reported that specimens were only found occasionally (19). Reported to be uncommon in Guam (If) and on the Great Barrier Reef where in a study of 81 reefs, only 2f specimens were found (20). In a survey of 133 sites on 92 reefs in Indonesia only two specimens were recorded (22). Population densities may actually be higher as specimens are difficult to find on account of their nocturnal habits and camouflaged shell (19). HABITAT AND ECOLOGY No detailed ecological study has been carried out on 91