DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
192 PHILIPPINE RESINS, GUMS, AND OILS and ready for pollination. No doubt, in the course of time much can be« done toward improving the yield and quality of ilang-ilang oil by intelligent plant selection. Such work requires much patience and at present there are absolutely no data available save a general opinion that the ilang-ilang trees of the wild mountain regions are not as fragrant as the cultivated ones of the lowlands. CLASSIFICATION OF ILANG-ILANG OIL It is a well-known fact that ilang-ilang oil, like many other natural perfumes, does not owe its fragrance to any one substance, but is a mixture of a number of odoriferous compounds. It is generally bought and sold on the judgment of the dealers, the determining factor being the odor. Obviously the judgment of various buyers may differ, and consequently it is desirable, if possible, to value the oil according to analytical tests, so that the purchase and sale may be placed upon an exact analytical basis. Bacon obtained a number of samples of ilang-ilang oil, mostly from one distillery, the process of distillation being watched and the samples collected by himself. He determined a few of the simple constants of these oils, such as specific gravity (pyknometer) optical rotation, refractive index, and ester number ; the latter by the usual method, using 1 gram of oil. A few of these results are recorded in Table 31.
30 or less, the branches ascending, the lower ones often 15 cm. long, densely pubescent with gray hairs. Flowers small, yellowish. Sepals imbricate, broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute, 3 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, densely pubescent, the three outer ones inclosing the two inner. Petals 8 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, obtuse. Stamens 15, in two series, the filaments broad, 1 mm. long; anthers broadly ovate, 0.6 mm. long, the appendix to the connective slender, as long as the anther. Ovary pubescent, the stylopod very obscure or wanting. Style slender, 1.5 mm. long. In the fruit all the sepals are accrescent, the three outer ones being 4.5 cm. long, and 8 to 10 mm. wide, obtuse, the two inner ones about 2 cm. long or less, and 3 mm. wide. A tree growing in the hill forests, at from 100 to 800 m. above the sea, reaching a height of 50 m. and a diameter of 1 m. more or less. It is especially common in the forests of the Province of Bataan and is universally known to the Tagalogs of that Province as Tanguili, and on account of its great size is much prized by them for making canoes; facts also noted by Blanco, in the original description of the species. Shorea polysperma belongs in the section Pinanga, and is represented by the following specimens, all from the Lamao River region, Mount Mariveles, Province of Bataan, Luzon: No. 606 (Forestry Bureau), collected by Barnes, April, 1904; Nos. 734, 784, and 819 (Forestry Bureau), collected by Borden, May, 1904 (flower) ; Xo. 1410 (Forestry Bureau), collected by Borden, July, 1904 (fruit); No. 132 (Whitford), May, 1904 ( flower ) . Blanco's material, on which this species was based was in part from Balanga, Province of Bataan, and his description applies to the above specimens except in one or two particulars. The petioles are not particularly short, as described by Blanco, nor is the fruit more than one-seeded, it being described by Blanco as follows, "Baya? con dos? aposentos, y en cada uno algunos semillas," it being evident that either Blanco had mutilated or very imperfect fruits, or that he was not sure that his fruits were really from this tree. Inasmuch as the fruit of Shorea polysperma is one-seeded, and not with several seeds as described by Blanco, his specific name does not well apply to the species. Dipterocarpus lasiopodus Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. 22. 1904. The fruit of this species is figured by Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas, t. I'f. f. D., under the name Dipterocarpus j)ilosiis Roxb., this figure being mentioned bj^ Brandis^ sub. Dipterocarpus affinis, accordingly the following synonym should be added. Dipterocarpus pilosus, F.-Vill. Nov. App. 20. 1880; Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas, t. I'j. f. D. 1883, non Roxb. Hopea acuminata sp. nov. % Petalandra. A tree reaching a height of 40 m., with broadly lanceolate, narrowly acuminate, glabrous leaves, 8 cm. long or less, and small flowers in unilateral racemes, which are arranged in terminal and axillary panicles. Branches nearly black when dry, glabrous, striate. Leaves 4 to 8 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. wide, submembranous, shining above, the base inequilateral, rounded ' Journ. Linn. Soe. Bot. 31 : 32. 1895.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Volume 50, No. 1 deals only a few minor differences in morphometric characters, it is treated as a population of guentheri. Platymantis guentheri is presently known only from the Greater Mindanao group of islands. Platymantis guentheri (Boulenger) Cornufer guentheri: Boulenger, 1882108 (Type loc: Dinagat Island, Philippines; holotype in BMNH); (part) Taylor, 1920308; and (part) Inger, 1954362. Cornufer ingeri: Brown and Alcala, 1963672 (Type loc: Cantaub, Bohol Island; holotype in CAS). Platymantis guentheri: (part) Brown and Alcala, 1970b: 109. DIAGNOSIS. — Plan-mantis guentheri differs from Philippine species of the hazelae and dorsalis Groups in the combination of digital characters used to diagnose the groups (see Introduction); and from other guentheri Group species in the following combination of characters: ( 1 ) the longer tibia relative to SVL (TIL very rarely less than 57% of SVL and HW nearly always less than 75% of TIL); (2) the smaller finger disks relative to finger length (3FD 4-5% of SVL, rarely as great as 35% of 3FL and very rarely greater than 100% of TD); and (3) the smaller size at maturity (about 2540 mm); see Tables 1, 2 and 3. Description. — SVL at maturity 244-332 mm for 32 males and 272-396 mm for 45 females; HW 99-112% of HL and 38-44% of SVL; snout round, pointed; upper jaw slightly protruding; SNL 35-45% of HL and 31-41% of HW; eye large; ED 71-97% of SNL, 10-13% of SVL, and 25-33% of HW; tympanum large; canthus rounded; lores concave, moderately oblique; vomerine teeth prominent; fingers without webs; digits proximal to disks about as wide as deep, with only narrow dermal flanges; first finger much shorter than second, reaching about midpoint between subarticular tubercle and disk of second; finger disks, except first, moderately large; 3FD 4-5% of SVL, 25-35% of 3FL. and 73-108% of TD; subarticular tubercles strongly protruding, usually somewhat pointed; one row of supernumerary tubercles; inner and middle metacarpal tubercles large and oval, outer smaller and round; hind limbs long as measured by tibia, TIL 56-64% of SVL and HW 63-75% of TIL; toes webbed: to proximal edge of tubercle on first and second, to various levels of basal tubercle on third, to basal tubercle on fourth, and slightly distal to the basal tubercle on the fifth; Table 1. Snout vent length (SVL, in mm) and extent of toe webs for adults of Philippine species of the guentheri Group of Platymantis (N number in sample, F female, M male). Species N SVL Webbing on 3rd Toe P. guentheri F M P. rabori F M P. banahao F M P. negrosensis F M P. luzonensis F M 45 32 27 22 15 25 8 12 272-396 244-332 384-491 274-332 278-394 393-502 298-393 351-453 271-360 not beyond basal tubercle not beyond basal tubercle not beyond basal tubercle midpoint between tubercles midpoint between tubercles
BROWN, A. ALCALA, DIESMOS AND E. ALCALA: PLATYMANTIS Table 2. Comparison of body proportions (in ) of five species of the guentheri Group (N number of specimens). Species HWTIL 3FDTD 3FD3FL P. guentheri Range N P. rabori Range N P. negrosensis Range N P. luzonensis Range N P. banahao Range N 62-74 43 78-90 40 80-92 20 79-93 21 85-94 12 disks of toes smaller than those of fingers, 3TOD 55-86% of 3FD; subarticular tubercles strongly protruding, usually somewhat pointed; inner metatarsal tubercle oval; outer round; no plantar tubercles; dorsum nearly smooth or with a few tubercles and frequently with a pair of short, dark ridges in a chevron-pattern at shoulder level; venter nearly smooth; posterior thighs nearly smooth or with small granules. COLOR. — In preservative dorsum light to dark reddish brown or a mottling of the two; usually an anteriorly pointed, darker chevron at the shoulder level; often an interorbital dark blotch, more rarely a broad dorsal, paler band or narrow, pale, dorsolateral stripes; lips dark barred; limbs with pale and dark, irregular transverse bands; venter pale cream, sometimes nearly uniform, but usually with dense, brown flecks beneath head and throat; belly often with scattered brown spots, especially anteriorly. Reproduction. --None of the egg clutches collected from any of the arboreal sites in the forests on Bohol Island or Mt. Hilong-hilong in Mindanao have been confirmed as guentheri. Several gravid females from these sites have 20-24 large (2-3 mm) unpigmented, ovarian or oviducal eggs. These are similar to those of other species of Philippine Platymantis that exhibit direct development, and presumably guentheri follows that mode. Comparisons. — Platymantis guentheri differs from rabori, negrosensis, luzonensis, and banahao, species with which it has long been confused, as indicated in the diagnosis and key. INTER-ISLAND VARIATION. — The samples of guentheri from Dinagat, Mindanao, and Biliran islands when compared to the Bohol sample, exhibit slightly greater SVL for females but not for males (Table 2). ECOLOGICAL NOTE. — As reported by Brown and Alcala (1963) for ingeri (= guentheri), this species is found in the surface stratum (among leaves and duff of the forest floor, occasionally under logs or rocks, and less frequently in the shrub or arboreal strata). Of a total of 91 specimens (67 Bohol and 18 northeastern Mindanao), 67 (74) were from the surface stratum; 4 (45) low shrubs, 555) on trees, and 15 (16) in arboreal ferns or leaf axils ofpandanus. The ferns inhabited by guentheri ranged from 4 to 13 m above the forest floor. The range in elevation is from 700 m (upper dipterocarp) to 1900 m (montane forest) on Mt. Hilonghilong in northeastern Mindanao. RANGE. — Known from Mindanao, Dinagat, Bohol, and Biliran islands.
BROWN, A. ALCALA, DIESMOS AND E. ALCALA: PLATYMANTIS 13 Table 4. Some advertisement call parameters for Platymantis negrosensis, P. luzonensis, and P. banahao (n number of voice records, s seconds). duration of each note is about 01060-01220 seconds, and the time between notes ranges from about 015 to 054 seconds. There are usually three to four notes in quick succession following an initial note that is separated by a longer interval (see Fig. 1C and Table 4). ETYMOLOGY. The name is derived from Negros, the name of the island where this species occurs. COMPARISONS. — Platymantis negrosensis differs from other species of the guentheri Group as indicated in the diagnosis and key. Ecological Note. — Of 36 specimens collected in the mountains of southern Negros during field work 1956-58, 28 are from arboreal ferns, 5 from leaf axils of Pandanus, 2 from leaf axils of gabi plants, and Ion the forest floor. This species occurs in the upper dipterocarp and submontane forest zones at elevations from about 500 to 1050 m. During field surveys in the Lake Balinsasayo area in 1970 and 1972, this species was found in arboreal ferns ranging from about 2-24 m above the forest floor. RANGE. — Known only from Negros Island, primarily from populations in the southern mountains. Only one specimen was recorded from Mt. Canlaon in northern Negros during a field survey in 1962. Platymantis luzonensis new species (Fig. 4) Platymantis guentheri (part): Inger, 1954362; Brown andalcala, 1970b: 109. Recent samples from populations on various mountains in southern Luzon Island and on Catanduanes Island have added to our knowledge of the variability of this species, but. except for the populations on Mt. Banahao and Mt. Maquiling, the samples are, at this time, too small to determine if they should be treated as subspecies or new species. We therefore limit the holotype and paratypes to the Banahao-maquiling samples. Holotype. — CAS 196368, a female, collected in forest at about 600 m elevation, Mt. Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon Island, Philippines, July 11, 1994, by Angel C. Alcala. Paratypes. — CAS 196364. 196369-70, 200404-08, 201544-45, 201538-39 Mt. Maquiling; CAS 201218-21 Mt. Banahao at Lucban. Description of holotype. — An adult female (measurement in mm): SVL 449, HL 156, HW 188, TIL 203, SNL 62, ED 52, TD 195, 3FL 83, 3FD 35, 3TOD= 17, TIL 203. A few low tubercles on dorsum, posteriorly; toes about half webbed. DIAGNOSIS. — Differs from species of Platymantis of the hazelae and dorsalis Groups in those characters that diagnose the groups. Platymantis luzonensis differs from species of the guentheri Group, other than banahao, in the skin of snout and dorsum being smooth or nearly so. It differs from all species but negrosensis in the greater webbing which reaches the distal edge of the basal tubercle on first and second and midway between tubercles on fourth. It differs from
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 23 in salt water, and it is the intention to devote another winter to that phase of the field work. Progress has been made in the study of the great collections obtained by the Albatross during the Philippine cruise of 1907-1910. Eminent specialists have undertaken to report on the various groups of aquatic animals, and a number of preliminary papers have already been issued. MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES. The laboratories of the Bureau at Woods Hole, Mass, and Beaufort, N, C, were open during the usual season in the summer and fall of 1910. They were reopened somewhat earlier than usual in June, 1911, in order to accommodate investigators and to afford facilities for the study of subjects which could be considered to best advantage at that time. The investigators at the laboratories are of two categories: Those temporarily or permanently in the employ of the Bureau, and independent workers who are merely furnished facilities for carrying on their researches. The former conduct many investigations with more or less bearing on the economic side of the Bureau's work, while the latter often, though not always, select for study subjects of more remote application. Some of the temporary employees carry their investigations to a point where they are economically available, but most of them merely reach a stage in which the basis is laid for future practical adaptation. The contributions to knowledge annually made by the laboratories are considerable. The Bureau, as a rule, publishes those immediately applicable to its work, and the results of all researches are available for its use if required. During the past season the laboratories were generally tested to their full capacity, and some valuable results were attained. ALASKA FISHERIES SERVICE. The sundry civil bill approved March 4, 1911, provided for the establishment of the Alaska Fisheries Service, to include the fur-seal service, the salmon fisheries and other fisheries of Alaska, and the fur-bearing animals of Alaska, all of which had been previously administered by the Division of Inquiry Respecting Food Fishes. As this new division was not formally organized until July 1, 1911, detailed explanation of its functions and organization will be reserved for the 1912 annual report. SALMON AND OTHER FISHERIES. The usual corps of agents were engaged in the inspection of the salmon fisheries of Alaska, and their vigilance has enforced very general observance of the law. The sentiment against waste or need
Dipterocarpus. polyandria monogynia. 611 from the Shoreas, and used in the Marine yards, as a substitute for pitch. 2. H. eglandulosa. R. Leaves ovate, oblong, obtusely acuminate, no glands in the axills of the veins. A very beautiful large tree, a native of the hills of Tipperah, from thence plants have been introduced into the Botanic garden twelve years, and are not more than ten or twelve feet high though perfectly healthy. Trunk perfectly straight, as are the branches, which are scattered equally all round, spreading and dividing much, but never drooping ; the bark in this species is of a greyish colour whereas in odorata it is dark brown, which mark alone is sufficient to distinguish them. 3. H. scaphula. R. Leaves elliptic, entire, smooth. Panicles terminal. Stamina inserted on the margin of an expanded receptacle in which the germ is inserted. Boil shora is the vernacular name in Mascal Island where the tree is indigenous and its trunk so immensely large, as to be made into canoes by the Mug inhabitants. Flowering time January. DIPTEROCARPUS. Gaert. Gen. Char. Calyx one-leaved, permanent, two of the five divisions of its border large, and growing with the pericarp into two very long, scariose wings. Corol fivepetalled. Germ superior, three-celled; cells two-seeded; attachment interior. Nut ovate, one-celled, one-seeded. Embryo inverse, no perisperm. This genus is so nearly related to Shorea and Hopea, as to induce a belief that they might all be referred to one, but a nearer inspection of the calyx and corol of each
THESPESIA POPULNEA 47 The Chinese use the trunk bark as an emmenagogue, calling it Fu-yong-pi. Botanical Description. — A small tree about 7° high commonly called Gumamela in Manila ; the leaves are ovate, acute, with about 5 nerves, serrate from the middle to the apex, hairs growing sparsely on both surfaces, with a small group of dark-colored, deciduous hairs growing on the lower part of the midrib. Petioles short with 2 stipules at the base. Calyx double, the outer part divided almost to the base into 6-8 parts ; the inner cylindrical, divided in 5. Corolla large, splendid scarlet-red, often double, on slender peduncles. Styles numerous. Fruit identical with that of the Hibiscus tiliaceus. Habitat. — Universally common in the Philippines. Thespesia populnea, Corr. Nom. Vulg. — Babuy or Bobuy gubat, Tag. ; Bulakan, Vis. Uses. — The fruit yields a yellow juice which is used locally in the itch and other cutaneous troubles, after first washing the affected part with a decoction of the roots and leaves. The bark is astringent and is used as a decoction in the treatment of dysentery and hemorrhoids. Botanical Description. — A tree of the second order with leaves 4-5' long, sparse, 5-nerved, heart-shaped, broad, acute, entire, glabrous, 6 small glands on the lower face of the base. Petioles of equal length with the leaves. Flowers large, axillary, solitary. Calyx double, the outer portion deciduous, consisting of 3 small, acute leaflets inserted on the base of the inner calyx ; the inner is bell-shaped, larger than the outer, with 5 inconspicuous, persistent teeth. Corolla four times longer than the calyx, of 5 fleshy, fluted petals, their borders overlapping, much broader above. Stamens very numerous, arranged around and along a column. Filaments long. Anthers of half-moon shape. Style 1, very thick. Stigma cleft in 5 parts, which are twisted in spiral form. Seed vessels
48 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OP THE PHILIPPINES about the size of a filbert, 5-sided, with 5 apartments each containing 5 ovoid seeds attached by separate seed stalks to the central axis of the ovary. Seeds not woolly. Habitat. — Mandaloya Tayabas, Iloilo. Gossypium herbaceum, L. (G. Indica, Lam; G. Capas, Rumph) Nom. Vulg. — Algodon, Sp; Bulah, Tag; Cotton, Eng. Uses. — The root bark is antiasthmatic, emmenagogue, and according to Daruty 1 is a substitute for ergot in uterine hemorrhage. The leaves are used in bronchial troubles and the seeds are sudorific. The negroes in the United States use the root bark in large doses as an abortifacient ; but a dose of 60 grams to 1,200 of water in decoction is proper and useful in treating dysmenorrhea. For a long time the seeds went to waste but industry has learned to obtain from them a brownish-red oil which is used as a substitute for olive oil, from which it is hard to distinguish it, if the latter is adulterated by mixing the two ; for both have the same density and a very similar odor and taste. For this reason the production of cottonseed oil is very considerable nowadays. It is cheap and excellent for domestic, industrial and pharmaceutic use. The seeds are used in North America in dysentery and as a galactagogue, and the juice of the leaves as an emollient in diarrhoea and mild dysentery. The pulp of the seeds, after the oil is extracted, yields a sweet material called gossypose, which is dextrogyrous and has the formula C 18 H 32 16 -f 5H 2 0. The cotton itself, the part used in commerce as a textile, is also the portion of the plant most widely employed in therapeutics ; not only the fiber from this species is used, but also that of others that grow in the Philippines, the G. Barbadense, L. 1 Daruty, loc. cit, p. xxvi.
54 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Helicteres Ixora, L. (H. chrysoealyx, Miq; H. Roxburghii, G. Don) Nom. Yulg. — (); Indian Screw Tree, Eng. Uses. — I am ignorant of the use that the Filipinos make of this plant, though it is very possible that they do not employ it at all in medicine, which is usually the case with those plants to which they have given no name. In India the peculiar spiral form of the fruit has suggested its application, according to the theories of the doctrine of symbolism. Ainslie says that the Hindoos use it to treat diseases of the external auditory canal. On account of its emollient properties and probably on account of its twisted form, it is used internally as a decoction, in flatulence and the intestinal colic of children. It is indispensable in the marriage ceremonies of the caste of Daisy, among whom it is customary for the groom to wear on his wrists in the form of bracelets, strings of this fruit combined with that of Randia dumetorum. The root yields a juice which is employed in skin diseases, in abscess, and in cardialgia. In Jamaica the juice of the leaves is sometimes used for constipation. Botanical Description. — A small tree with leaves alternate, simple, entire, irregularly nerved or veined at the base, petiolate. Flowers of a handsome red color, hermaphrodite, regular, axillary. Calyx gamosepalous, tubular, of 5 parts. Corolla, 5 free petals slightly dentate at the point. Stamens numerous, united on a free column on the cusp. Compound nectary of 5 unilocular, many-ovuled ovaries. Styles 5, joined at the base. Fruit of 5 carpels, thin, twisted on themselves in spirals, forming a cone, pubescent, of a greenish-brown color, each containing a single row of angular seeds. Habitat. — Luzon, Panay.
THEOBROMA CACAO 55 Abroma fastuosa, R. Br. (A. angulata, Lam; A. communis, Blanco ; A. augusta, L) Nom. Vulg. — Anibog, Tag; Anabo, Vis; Perennial Indian Hemp, Eng. Uses. — The root bark is used in India as an emmenagogue in the congestive and neuralgic forms of amenorrhea. It seems to act as a uterine tonic. The dose is 2 grams of the juice of the fresh root mixed with pepper which also acts as a carminative and stomachic. Botanical Description. — A shrub 3-4 meters high with hairy branches. Leaves opposite, oval, oblong, serrate, tomentose. Flowers purple, solitary, terminal. Calyx, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, united in the form of a tube. Ovary sessile, with 5 many-ovuled compartments. Styles 5, united in the form of a tube which divides into 5 stigma-bearing branches. Capsule membranous, 5-angled, truncate, dehiscent at apex. Seeds albuminous, covered with filaments of cotton. Habitat. — San Mateo, La Laguna, Batangas, Iloilo. Theobroma Cacao, L. Nom. Vulg. — Cacao. Uses. — The roasted bean ground with sugar constitutes chocolate, one of the most generally used foods of the Philippines. It is very nutritious by virtue of the fat and sugar it contains, but all stomachs do not bear it well and its use is the unsuspected cause of much dyspepsia. The custom of drinking it very hot and following with a large quantity of cold water is a very common cause of dilatation of the stomach in the Philippines. The seed of the cacao contains several substances cacao butter, albumin, theobromine, starch, glucose, gum, tartaric acid, free or combined, tannin, and mineral substances. Of these the butter and theobromine are the most important.