DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
272 SPECIES BLANCOANAE 18 cm) long, while the pericarp of the fruit is described as fragile. The description conforms to Parashorea plicata, and I have not the slightest hesitation in adjusting the synonymy. The native name cited by Blanco, malaanonan, is valueless in interpreting the species, as it is a made up one, literally "false anonang," anonang=Cordia myxa Linn., and, as used to-day, is very loosely applied, although I have specimens of Parashorea plicata Brandis from Laguna Province, Luzon, bearing this name. Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, comm. N. Catalan, June 20, 1914, with the Tagalog name malaanonang {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 10 58), VATICA Linnaeus VATiCA MANGACHAPOI Blanco Fl. FUip. (1837) 401 (sp. nov.) =Vatica apteranthera Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 281 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 156. Vatica sinensis Blanco op. cit. 401; 280; 156 {chinensis), non J. F. Gmel.=: ?VATICA MANGACHAPOI Blanco. The correctness of this interpretation of Vatica mangachapoi Blanco is very doubtful, but I have followed Vidal, Brandis, and Foxworthy. It is to be noted that the name mangachapoi is apparently never applied to the species as here interpreted, but is used for Hopea acuminata Merr., H, pierrei Hance, and perhaps some other species. Vatica sinensis is said by Blanco to differ from V. mangachapoi in having the anthers winged, so that probably the plant he described under this name was not the same as his V, apteranthera (=V. mangachapoi). As to anthesis, Vatica mangachapoi, as here interpreted, produces flowers from December to June in the provinces near Manila, while Blanco indicates May for both species discussed above. Foxworthy has placed here also Mocanera mangachapoi Blanco FL Filip, (1837) 450 (sp. nov.)=Dipterocarpus mangachapoi Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 313, ed. 3, 2 (1878) 216, but I believe this to be incorrect. Blanco cites the native names mangachapoi and guisong dilao (i. e., yellow guiso) ; forms of this name appear on specimens of the Philippine plant that have been referred to Shorea balangeran (Korth.) Dyer, such as guisong madlao and guisoc amarillo (amarillo Sp.=yellow). However, none of our numerous specimens of Shorea balangeran bear the other native name cited by Blanco, mangachapoi, and Blanco's description of the leaves as "membranaceas" does not apply to S. balangeran. The identity of the species may later be determined from special collections in Bulacan and Rizal with reference to the native names cited by Blanco, and I suspect that the species is
ELATINACEAE 273 I really sl Hopea, or perhaps a Shorea, from the fact that the fruit is described as being "como en la especie plagata" i.e., Hopea plagata (Blanco) Vid. Illustrative specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon, June, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 866), ELATINACEAE BERGIA Linnaeus Tillaea rubella Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 75 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 56; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 106=:BERGIA AMMANNIOIDES Roxb. In this reduction I follow Fernandez-Villar, for I can see no reason for distinguishing the Philippine form from the Asiatic one. The species is of very local occurrence in the Philippines, growing as a weed in old rice lands at low altitudes in Luzon. It is similar to Bergia serrata Blanco (B. glandulosa Turcz.), from which it is distinguished by its shorter pedicels, somewhat smaller, more crowded flowers, and usually 3 or 5 instead of 10 stamens. Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915, June, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 886,979), BERGIA SERRATA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 387 (sp. nov.) =:Spergula serrata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 271 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 140. The first name is the correct one, and the species is identical with Bergia glandulosa Turcz, (1854), which was based on Cuming 1058 from Luzon. It differs from Bergia ammannioides Roxb., to which it is very closely allied, in its longer pedicels, somewhat larger flowers, and 10 instead of 3 to 5 stamens. Blanco's description of the leaves as ''sesiles, * * * abrazando al tallo" is not good, but otherwise the description, habitat, and time of flowering apply perfectly to the species as here interpreted, while no other Philippine plant known to me has the characters indicated by Blanco for his species. It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Bergia verticillata Willd,= B. capensis Linn., a species unknown from the Philippines and one to which Blanco's description does not apply. The species is widely distributed in Luzon at low and medium altitudes, but is of local occurrence; it grows in dried out rice paddies and in other similar habitats. Illustrative specimen from Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon (a topotype), growing in dried out rice paddies, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 723), 151862—18
30 or less, the branches ascending, the lower ones often 15 cm. long, densely pubescent with gray hairs. Flowers small, yellowish. Sepals imbricate, broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute, 3 mm, long, 2.5 mm. wide, densely pubescent, the three outer ones inclosing the two inner. Petals 8 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, obtuse. Stamens 15, in two series, the filaments broad, 1 mm. long; anthers broadly ovate, 0.6 mm. long, the appendix to the connective slender, as long as the anther. Ovary pubescent, the stylopod very obscure or wanting. Style slender, 1.5 mm. long. In the fruit all the sepals are accrescent, the three outer ones being 4.5 cm. long, and 8 to 10 mm. wide, obtuse, the two inner ones about 2 cm. long or less, and 3 mm. wide. A tree growing in the hill forests, at from 100 to 800 m. above the sea, reaching a height of 50 m. and a diameter of 1 m. more or less. It is especially common in the forests of the Province of Bataan and is univer-sally known to the Tagalogs of that Province as Tanguili, and on account of its great size is much prized by them for making canoes; facts also noted by Blanco, in the original description of the species. Chorea polysperma belongs in the section Finanga, and is represented by the following specimens, all from the Lamao River region. Mount Mari-veles, Province of Bataan, Luzon: No. 606 (Forestry Bureau), collected by Barnes, April, 1904; Nos. 734, 784, and 819 (Forestry Bureau), collected by Borden, May, 1904 (flower) ; No, 1410 (Forestry Bureau), collected by Borden, July, 1904 (fruit); No. 132 (Whitford), May, 1904 ( flower ) . Blanco's material, on which this species was based was in part from Balanga, Province of Bataan, and his description applies to the above specimens except in one or two particulars. The petioles are not particularly short, as described by Blanco, nor is the fruit more than one-seeded, it being described by Blanco as follows, "Baya? con dos? aposentos, y en cada uno algunos semillas," it being evident that either Blanco had mutilated or very imperfect fruits, or that he wiis not sure that his fruits were really from this tree. Inasmuch as the fruit of Shorea polysperma is one-seeded, and not with several seeds as described by Blanco, his specific name does not well apply to the species. Dipterocarpus lasiopodus Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. 22. 1904. The fruit of this species is figured by Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas, t. IJf. f. D., under the name Dipterocarpus pilosus Roxb., this figure being mentioned by Brandis1 sub. Dipterocarpus affinis, accordingly the following synonym should be added. Dipterocarpus pilosus, F.-Vill. Nov. App. 20. 1880; Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas, t. I4. f. D. 1883, non Roxb. Hopea acuminata sp. nov. %Petalandra. A tree reaching a height of 40 m., with broadly lanceolate, narrowly acuminate, glabrous leaves, 8 cm. long or less, and small flowers in unilateral racemes, which are arranged in terminal and axillary panicles. Branches nearly black when dry, glabrous, striate. Leaves 4 to 8 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. wide, submenibranous, shining above, the base inequilateral, rounded iJourn. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31: 32. 1895.
Sea, the Sulu Sea, the Celebes Sea, and, across the Equator, the coastal waters of Papua and the Solomons. From the results of past surveys it appears that the schools are most densely concentrated generally around May and November, that is, just after the change in the seasonal winds. The seasonal changes are, however, slight, and fish are taken the year round with no great variation. The area within which fishing is carried on at present lies for the most part between 0° and 10N. If we compare, without regard to the longitude, the catches made north and south of the line of 5° north latitude, they are as shown in the following table. This table, however, does not show the data from a single year, but is a summary of the results of surveys made in several recent years. Table 5 Comparison of Catch Rates North and South of 5N (Tlfithin South Seas Government-general) Note. The catch rate is the number of fish taken per 100 hooks. Table 5 shows clearly that the schools are denser in the waters of the lower latitudes than they are in the higher latitudes. It is said that in general yellowfin are abundant in the Equatorial Countercurrent, but it can be seen that they are particularly numerous south of 5N. The yellowfin of this area are generally small, averaging about 33 kg, about the same size as the yellowfin of the East Philippines Sea, All species of spearfishes occur in this area, but the black marlin and the sailfish seem to be especially abundant. (c) Sulu Sea There is very little data on this area, but judging by the activities of fishing boats the schools are most concentrated in the early part of the northeast monsoon, and besides yellowfin many broadbills and black marlin are taken. (d) Celebes Sea Spearfishes are abundant in this area. Table 1 includes both the Celebes Sea west of 125 E and the eastern sea area around 130E. The schools are clearly different in these two sea areas, yellowfin being somewhat fewer and the occurrence of spearfishes more conspicuous in the eastern area than in the Celebes Sea. 23
The spawning of the sailfish occurs over wide areas of the Pacific and the South China Sea and covers a rather long period of time with June as the peak Around this time this species occurs densely in these sea areas, and mature and immature fish occur mixed together It is interesting that spawning proceeds gradually as the fish become ripe, the males and females forming pairs and following each other around in the same way goldfish doo On this point they differ completely from such fishes as the herring, lith herring the whole school becomes ripe, and spawning and fertilization are accomplished within an extremely short time These spawning habits of the herring are the sort generally possessed by pelagic species and they make the reproductive activity most effective It is very interesting then that the spearfishes which are the most markedly pelagic of fishes, have the habits described above Since spawning habits of this type appear to be common to the fishes of the south in general, this is thought to be an important matter to consider with regard to the future of the southern fisheries The diameter of the eggs is from 0o8 mm to a little less than 1 mm, and the ovaries of a large individual contain over 1 million eggs„ The larval fish have a form altogether different from their parents, and their heads are armed with conspicuous spines„ It is thought that these are for the purpose of increasing the surface area of the larvae, whose swimming powers are weak, in order to facilitate their floating. The smallest specimen which the author has been able to obtain to date is about 3 mm long, and it is thought to have been collected not too long after hatching, hardly any pigment having appeared on its body„ Several specimens ranging from this size up to about 12 mm have been collected, but we have not as yet been able to collect any larger than that until we get up to the range of 10 mm to 260 mm, where we have obtained several specimens (Figure 6) As far as the true marlin Mo mitsukurii is concerned, we have recently had two opportunities to collect ripe eggs and can therefore make some conjectures about its spawning season in Formosan waters (the South China Sea). Both of the specimens nere landed at the Takao fish market in May, one in 19U. and the other in 19A3o Unfortunately it is not clear just where these fish were taken, but in any case it can be considered fairly certain that this species spawns about May. For the black marlin o mazara 7 we have ripe eggs collected in the East Philippines Sea in Kay so it can be thought that they probably spawn around that month. (Figure 5) For the white marlin M. marlina 7 we have as yet no concrete data from which to deduce their spawning season and spawning grounds, but it is wondered 'Thether they may not spawn in April and May in the area from Annam to Hainan lo As indicated above, our knowledge of the tunas and spearfishes is extremely poor. In the near future, when the fisheries of Greater East Asia come to be seriously developed, many new facts will probably come to 39
rough estimate! Such questions as what proportion of these eggs hatch, what percentage reach full maturity, and what is their rate of development remain to be investigated The spawning season of the broadbill swordfish in Japanese waters is thought to be around Augu stsept ember Its development is known to include marked changes in forme Nakamuracy has reported the collection in the spring of 1933 near Ominato, Chiba Prefecture, of two specimens measuring 660 and 860 ramo in total length The 660 mm individual in form had the outline of a mature fish, but both the dorsal and anal fins were single, the former with 2 spines and 4E rays and the latter with 1 spine and 15 rays The mature fish have no teeth, but larval fish at this stage have setiform teeth There are keels on the caudal peduncle, but they are not as conspicuous as in the adult There are hard scales forming rows on the sides of the body, and the dorsal surfaces are deep indigo in color, the sides paler and the belly is white The yellow bands on the fins and body pictured by Ijjtken on a 37 mm larva hav© already faded out and cannot be seen, In the 860 mm specimen the lower jaw has become rather short„ The dorsal and anal fins both are still single, but in the dorsal the fifth to the sixth rays from the posterior end have become shortened, and in the anal fin the fifth to the seventh rays from the posterior end have become buried in the muscles , close-ly indicating a tendency toward separation into two fins, ivo Distribution and migrations These fishes are present at all times in tropical seas In the coastal waters of Japan they begin to migrate gradually north as the water temperature rise in the spring The season of the northward migration is somewhat later than that of the black tuna and about the same time as that of the albacore The short -nosed speaofish is very pelagic in nature, and it hardly ever comes into coastal waters nor is it seen in enclosed says Its distribution in the waters adjacent to Japan is in general south of Sagami Wano Many of these fish spawn in the waters east of Formosa in an area centered about 150 miles offshore from October to December c When the Shonan Maru5; conducted a survey in the central part of the East Philippine Sea (lO° No 15° No) in July, 193 not one fish was taken, and only one was caught in the southern part of that sea (3° No 10° No) in Augusto In the survey made by the Nakamura, Hidenario 1935-36o Larval Stages of Shorefishes Appearing in the Vicinity of Ominato (Parts 12, 14o Yoshokukai Shi 5. pp„ 191195; 6o pro 133-139. wjoriginally the Taiwan Government-general s research vessel 45
266 EBENACEAE. (EBONY FAMILY.) gether in the axils and at the tips of the branches — Low pine barrens, Virginia (Pursh) and southward. — Shrub l°-4° high. 3. S. Americana, Lam. Leaves oblong, acute at both ends (1' -3' long), smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary or in 3 -4-flowered racemes (J' long) ; corolla valvate in the bud. (S. glabrum and S. lseve, Ell.) — Margin of swamps, Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 4° -8° high. . 2. HALESIA, Ellis. Snowdrop or Silver-bell-Tree. Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed ; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2-4celled ovary. Petals 4, united at the base, or oftener to the middle, into an open bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8-16 : filaments united into a ring at the base, and usually a little coherent with the base of the corolla: anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, 2-4-winged, within bony and 1 -4-celled. Seeds single in each cell, cylindrical. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short racemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for S. Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.) 1. H. tetraptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-winged. — Banks of streams, upper part of Virginia, also on the Ohio River at Evansville (Sho7-t), and southward. Fruit 1 1/2 long. 3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. § HOPEA, L. Sweet-Leaf. Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at the base. Stamens very numerous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal : filaments slender : anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1 -celled and 1 -seeded. — Shrubs or small trees ; the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow. (Name (tu/xttAokos', connected, from the union of the stamens. Hopea was dedicated to Dr. Hope, of Edinburgh.) 1. S. tinctoria, L'Her. (Horse-Sugar, &c.) Leaves elongated-oblong, acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and pale beneath (3'-5 f long); flowers 6-14, in close and bracted clusters, odorous. — Rich ground, Virginia and southward. April. — Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle. Order 66. EBENACEAE. (Ebony Family.; Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flowers which have a calyx free from the 3-1 2-celled ovary ; the stamens 2-4 times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their anthers turned inwards, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2, suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatropous, mostly single in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument ; the embryo
i distribution Philippines, Borneo, Celebes, Inner South Seas morphology Body a dark red-brown with small scattered dark blue spots. These ire rather indistinct in large specimens. Grows very large, ordinarily about 1 meter, occasionally close to 2 meters in length. Toxicity Three out of 10 mice used were affected to some degree, and one died. (The animals were not tested for mild sensory impairment) This species also caused some diarrhoea. A case iras reported of poisoning in human beings in which the fish was stewed Ln soy sauce amd one slice was eaten for supper. During the night vomiting and diarrhea began. The next morning the victim's Joints were stiff and he experienced difficulty in walking. In another case the tongue and the area around the mouth became time and stiffened. A person ratio had been poisoned by this species at Okinawa recalled that it caused vomiting and diarrhoea and that he felt numb for p. 74] about a week afterward. No case iras reported in which the poison was fatal Tables 71, 72, 73] This species is thought to be of a mild degree of toxicity, only rare cases being reported of a strong degree. The following very similar edible fish is cited for purposes of identification Page 75] 3. Yogorehata (Plate 15 Figure 42) Scientific name Plectropomus sp. Local name joanuron (a variety of more or more , tamakai (Japanese) Characteristics Very similar to the preceding species; it can be distinguished by its larger spots. The ground color is brighter in this species. It is sold Ln the markets as an edible fish and is nonpoisonous The Japanese call it tanaka and prize it 8 food. The flesh is white and is very good sliced and served paw or stewed in soy sauce, since it is quite oily. The word more or more is used very broadly at Jaluit, being equivalent to hata or t nakai general veins for serranids, and includes both poisonous and nonpoisonous species. Table 74] 4. Amadaredokuhata (Plate 16 Figure 43) Scientific name Plectropomus oligacanldius Bleeker Local name Julae' irshalle8e) Distribution Indian Ocean, E. Indies, Philippines, Inner South Seas Morphology Uie markings are distinctive, blue lines and spots on a blaokishji Drown ground color. On the head and back the blue lines run roughly horizontally. The spots are either scattered over the sides of the body, or form vertical rows (treuiaversely across the body) posterior to the pectoral fin. There are horizontal lines on the soft parts of the dorsal and anal fins. Toxicity Judging from the results of all the experiments on animals, except Ln the case of a mouse which ate the liver, this species is violently poisonous. The Jaluit natives consider this fish deadly and do not eat it. It is readily taken on hook and line and abounds near the encircling reefs, but no cases page 76] Table 75] of poisoning were reported, probably because its coloring is so distinctive. 43