DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
96 35. D. Motleyanus, Hook. fil. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XXIII. 159. A.DC. in DC. Prod. XVI., pt. 2, 611. D. pterygocalyx, Scheff. Obs. Phyt. II. 35 ; Dyer in Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. I, 298. Mocanera grandiflora, Blanco, PI. Pilipp. Ed. I, 451. Anisoptera? Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1858, I, 233. Malacca : Maingay (Kew Distrib.) No. 198. Penang : Curtis 424. Perak: Scortecliini 152 b. Distrib. Bangka, Teysmann. (?) Philippines. The late Father Scortechini's field notes contain the following account of the flower : " The petals of this are red inside in the middle, but pale towards the margins ; the stamens are numerous, 2-seriate, united in a ring by their enlarged bases, falling off together : staminodes many, short, adpressed to the ovary. Ovary pubescent, scaly towards the base. Fruiting-calyx reddish." The species comes near D. Griffithii : but is distinguished from it by the characters which I have noted under that species. Flowers of D. Griffithii are, however, wanting for comparison. 10. DiPTEROCARPUS KUNSTLERi, King, n. sp. A tree 80 to 120 feet high ; young branches flattened, at first sparsely covered with minute scurfy deciduous pubescence, ultimately glabrous, but always with oblique tawny-tomentose annuli. Buds narrowly cylindric, hoarycanescent. Leaves elliptic or sub-rotund-elliptic, very shortly acuminate, the base rounded or sub-cuneate, the edges undulate or subcrenate, both surfaces glabrous : main nerves 16 to 18 pairs, oblique, straight, prominent on the lower surface: length 7"5 to 11 in., breadth 4'5 to 7 in., petiole 1'5 to 2 in. Racemes 6 to 8 in. long, often bifid, 4to 6-flowered, glabrous. Flowers 2'5 to 3 in. long, glaucous. Calyx-tube narrowly obconic, 5-winged, glaucous. Petals linear, obtuse, glaucous. Fruit sub-globular, an inch or more long, With 5 wings about 25 in. wide : accrescent calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, slightly narrowed towards the base, glabrous, reticulate, 3-nerved, 6 or 7 in. long and about 1'25 in. broad. Perak : King's Collector, Nos. 3638, 3798, 7508 and 7606. Allied to D. grandiflorus ; but with larger leaves, smaller fruit and different buds. Allied also to D. Griffithii but with smaller fruit and different buds. This species has leaves like D. trinervis Bl. and D. retusus Bl., but differs from these in having winged fruit : it also resembles D. Dyeri, Pierre, which, however, has longer leaves with hairy petioles and more narrowly winged fruit. 11. Dii'TEKOCARPUS Griffithii, Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. I, 213. A tree 100 to 125 feet high: young branches stout, sub-compressed, minutely tawny-canescent ; the leaf buds ovoid, densely covered with 388
118 glabrous, the lower glaucous (except the midrib and nerves) especially when young ; main nerves 7 to 9 pairs, ascending, rather straight : length 3*5 to 45 in., breadth 1'4 to 1"8 in.; petiole '45 to 6 in., rugulose, glaucous. Panicles axillary, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves, hoary, the flowers on short pedicels. Sepals slightly unequal, oblong, obtuse, tomentose on both surfaces. Ovary conical, tomentose ; the style very short, glabrous ; stigma small, 3-lobed. Fruit (immature) ovoid-globose, apiculate, minutely tomentose ; accrescent sepals membranous, free from the fruit; obscurely 7-to 12-nerved, strongly reticulate, blunt, slightly narrowed to the concave base, at first puberulous but ultimately glabrous ; the longer 2"25 in. long, and '6 to 75 in. broad, the others smaller. Penang : Curtis, No. 372. Malacca: Maingay (Kew Distrib.), 212. In this species the two inner fruiting wings of the calyx are nearly as large as the three outer ; the leaves are very white underneath when young, but much less conspicuously so when adult. It is known, only by Curtis' and Maingay's specimens, none of which have complete flowers. Maingay's specimens from Malacca have in fact no flowers ; but there is no mistaking their leaves as being exactly like those of Mr. Curtis' from Penang. The vernacular name of this is Dammar laut dhaii lesor. 15. Shorea ciliata. King, n. sp. A medium-sized tree; young branches slender, dark-coloured, deciduously hoary-puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the base cuneate ; both surfaces glabrous, minutely reticulate, the lower whitish when young, pale brown when dry ; main nerves 8 or 9 pairs, ascending, curved, shining on the lower surface : length 3 to 35 in., breadth 'S to 1"5 in., petiole "75 to "9 in. Panicles 2 to 2*5 in. long, axillary and terminal, little-branched, few-flowered, hoary. Flowers 5 in. long, secund. Sepals ovoid-deltoid, obtuse, outside tomentose, inside glabrous. Petals three times as long as the sepals, narrowly oblong, obtuse, slightly expanded at the base, adpressed-sericeous outside, glabresceut inside. Stamens 30, in fascicles of 3, unequal, the shorter with undilated filaments, the longer with filaments dilated in the lower half; all with the connective produced into an apical process crowned by 3 to 5 spreading ciliae. Ovary ovoid-conic, seiiceous, with a short glabrous style. Fruit (immature) ovoid, apiculate, pale-tomentose, "5 in. long; accrescent sepals membranous, reticulate : the three outer narrowly oblong, reticulate, 7-nerved : the two inner 2 in. long, and '3 in. broad, narrowed to above the concave base : the two inner 1 in. long, linearlanceolate, few-nerved. Penang : Curtis, No. 1578, 410
132 ■when expanded, minutely yellowish-pulverulent, tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Stamens 15, sub-equal : apical awn curved, longer than the anther. Ovary ovoid, narrowing upwards into the style ; stigma minute. Fruit ovoid, very slightly apiculate, striate, pale pubescent, about "6 in. long and "3 in. in diam., the persistent calyx covering the lower third, of the fruit, sub-glabrous, thickened and. concave at the base; the teeth deltoid, spreading. Richetia penangiana Heim. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, 1891, p. 980. Penang : on Government Hill, at an elevation of about 1,000 feet, Curtis, .Nos. 1429 and 1393 ; Hullett, N'o. 188 ; King's Collector, No. 1534. Perak : King's Collector, Nos. 3333, 3707. The leaves of this species, although larger, resemble those of B. Curtisii : but the fruits of the two are quite different. One of Mr. Curtis' specimens, No. 429 (communicated from Kew), forms the type of a new genus called Richetia, which M. Heim has founded. (1. c. p., 975, also in his " Recherches sur les Dipterocarpacees " p. 50), without having seen its flowers. I have retained for this M. Heim's specific name, while referring it to Beddome's older genus. The vernacular name of the species is Dammar Etavi. 3. Balanocarpus anomalus, King. A tree : young branches slender, dark-coloured, minutely lenticellate, the tips puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, ovate, acuminate ; the base broad, sub-cuneate ; both surfaces glabrous ; main nerves 6 or 7 pairs, ascending, curving, not prominent : length 2-25 to 2-5 in., breadth 1 to 1-3 in., petiole 6 to -7 in. Panicles numerous, axillary and terminal, longer than the leaves, pubescent, their lateral branchlets bearing 6 to 8 sub-secund flowers. Flowers shortly pedicelled, '15 in. long. Sepals broadly ovate, connate at the base, obtuse, minutely tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Petals elliptic, blunt, yellowish adpressed-sericeous outside, glabrous inside, only about twice as long as the sepals, spreading and reflexed so as to expose the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, in two rows ; the filaments longer than the anthers, dilated ; anther short, ovate, its connective produced into an apical awn as long as itself. Ovary ovoid, striate, pubescent, style short and thick, stigma small. Kedah : Curtis, No. 1654. Mr. Curtis is as yet the only collector of this, and his specimens have no fruit. I refer it to this genus, although its flowers differ from those of the other species known to me, in having petals only about twice as long as the sepals, spreading and reflexed so that the androgynoeciura is quite exposed ; and in having only 10 stamens In other respects the specimens agree with Balanocarpus. Its vernacular name in Kedali is Malaut. 424
ix, d, 4 Cowles: Palaemons of the Philippine Islands 351 ters are meant the gaping of the fingers, the proportionately larger teeth on the fingers, the exceedingly long chelipeds, and the roughness of carapace, pleura, sixth abdominal somite, and telson. All specimens of P. philippinensis in our collection possess fingers which are shorter than the palm, the next to the smallest male (No. la) showing a proportion of 1122 and one of the largest males (No. 30) a proportion of 1191. In general, as the body grows larger the palm increases in length at a greater rate than the fingers. A similar but much less marked proportional increase occurs in the females. The fingers of P. philippinensis show no signs of the long hairs or of the felted hairs which are characteristic of P. nipponensis and P. carcinus, respectively, but all specimens in the collection possess a few scattered tufts of hair, which do not obscure the underlying structures in the least. The teeth, which have been described above as present on the fingers of a large male, can be seen in the youngest males and females only with a high-power magnifying lens. They soon increase in size as the animal grows larger (90 millimeters), and become visible to the naked eye. In the small males (No. 3 and others that have taken on the mature form and which for convenience I have called young mature males) the teeth are conspicuous, their size being in proportion to the length of the cheliped. Two teeth on the mobile finger and 1 tooth (the distal) on the immobile finger are present in the youngest males and females (Nos. la and 32). In females and "males feminises" of the size of No. 19 the small teeth back of the proximal tooth on the immobile finger are just beginning to form. The tips of the fingers curve inward at all ages and meet, except in the largest males and sometimes in the young mature males, where the immobile finger curves in much less and extends beyond the mobile finger. In small males, in "males "feminises" and in all the females with the possible exception of No. 39, the fingers do not gape when closed, but in young mature males and especially in the old males the gaping is conspicuous. A keellike cutting edge is found on both fingers of all males and females. This is rather high and sharp in young males (including "males feminises" and young mature males of smaller size) but it decreases in height markedly with increasing body length in the young mature males and less rapidly in the "males feminises" and females. In the large males Nos. 30 and 31 and the older young mature males Nos. 23 and 26, the keel is reduced to an inconspicuous raised line which can be seen only with a magnifying lens. The tubercles 129877 3
352 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914 mentioned in the description of the large male as being present along the outer and inner sides of the cutting edge of the mobile finger and along the inner side of the immobile finger cannot be seen in the smallest males (Nos. la and 2) nor in any of the females except No. 39, in which they are slightly developed. In the smallest young mature male (No. 3) they show slightly, becoming better developed in specimens of larger size (Nos. 4, 6, 11, 13, 15, 23). "Males feminises" when sufficiently large (Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27), show the tubercles, but in one of these, No. 17, the row on the outer border of the cutting edge of the mobile finger is represented by only 2 tubercles. In No. 18 this row is not present, but the inner row on each finger is well developed, while in Nos. 7, 8, 9, and 10 only very few tubercles along the inner border of both fingers are seen. Numbers 14, 16, 20, 21, 22, 24, and 25 show the characteristic 2 rows on the mobile and 1 row on the immobile finger. The palm in specimens of all sizes and sexes is similar in shape to that of the larger male already described. In young specimens the fingers are a little shorter than the palm (1: 122 in No. la), but as the body length increases the palm grows faster than the fingers, until in the oldest male the fingers are only a little more than half the length of the palm. It is probable that smaller specimens than those in our collection would show the fingers equal to, or even shorter than, the palm. The carpus, which is cylindrical in cross section and a little shorter than the propodus in all our specimens, increases gradually in diameter, passing from the distal to the proximal end. The palm is always shorter than the carpus, but a comparison of lengths at different ages indicates, in general, that the palm grows a little faster than the carpus, although considerable variability is seen in a series arranged according to the body length. The relative lengths of the merus and carpus are shown in Table II, where the specimens are arranged according to increasing body length. Here again much variability appears, but if the young mature males are separated the variability is not so marked. The proportions given in Table II show clearly that, in general, the merus of the male does not increase in length as fast as the carpus. This condition is not evident in the small number of females we have in the collection. A similar and no less striking increase in the proportion of the merus to the carpus may be seen in the specimens of P. ritsemae de Man examined
ix, d, 4 Cowles: Palaemons of the Philippine Islands 353 by Coutiere, 29 and I believe that large series of P. idae Heller 30 and P. rudis Heller 31 will show the same thing. The merus, which is flattened dorsoventrally along the proximal part, becomes almost cylindrical in cross section and of greater diameter at the distal part. As in other palaemons, the merus grows more rapidly than the ischium. While Table II shows that there is some variability in the proportion between the merus and ischium when a series of specimens is arranged according to increasing body length, it may also be seen that when the measurements for young mature males are separated from the rest this variability is much reduced. The description of the shape of the ischium given for the largest male applies to specimens of all ages and sexes. The chelipeds of young specimens show spines on the palm and anterior part of the carpus, but the "linear spaces" are not distinguishable. The covering of spines increases as the animals become larger, but it is not until they have reached about the middle size that the spines become apparent on the fingers and ischium. The "linear spaces" then show clearly. Third, fourth, and fifth legs. — The third legs are missing in specimen la. One-quarter and two-fifths of the propodus extend beyond the tip of the antennal scale in the fourth and fifth legs, respectively. The measurements for the propodus of the fifth leg are 016 millimeter in diameter at the middle and 7 milli-meters in length. In No. 16 the third, fourth, and fifth legs extend with two-thirds, two-fifths, and one-fourth of the propodus, respectively, beyond the antennal scale. The propodus of the fifth leg is 07 millimeter in diameter at the middle and 17 milli-meters in length. A large specimen measuring 133 millimeters (not indicated in Table II) shows one-fourth of the propodus of the third leg extending beyond the antennal scale. In this specimen the dactylus of the fourth leg extends beyond the scale, while in the fifth leg merely the tip of the dactylus overreaches the scale. The propodus of this leg is 19 millimeters in length, and 1 millimeter in diameter at its middle point. Telson. — The armature of the telson varies with the size, but the difference may be due to wear. In a young female 47 millimeters long (Plate II fig. 21) the tip of the telson is long, the externolateral spines are well developed, and the interno-lateral spines are very long, with almost three-fourths of their "Ann. Sci. Nat, Zool. (1900), 11, 314. s " Sitzungsber. Akad. d. Wiss, math-nat. Klasse, Wien (1862), 45, 416. sl Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara (1868), 2, 115.
356 The Philippine Journal of Science ww differs considerably from the specimens described by de Man and by Coutiere. The specimens listed in Table III were all seen by me while they were still alive. Judging from certain characteristic color markings, especially the pattern on the chelipeds, which were present in specimens of all sizes and sexes, one could not fail to include them under one species. Even the young mature males (Nos. 15 and 20) with the exceptionally long chelipeds showed the characteristic markings. Notwithstanding the differences between our large males and the smaller males described by de Man, I do not feel justified in establishing a new species until larger collections of the Javan form are made. While I have not been able to see any figures or specimens of the American species, Palaemon acanthurus Wiegmann, 37 except Ortmann's 38 drawing of the telson which agrees well with young individuals of this species, the descriptions indicate that it is a larger form, although I believe our series does not include the largest specimens to be found. The proportion of the palm to the fingers in old males and the shape of the rostrum are different, but the coat of felted hairs on the fingers of the males is present in both. I believe that Palaemon acanthurus Wiegmann and the form under consideration are closely related, and I should not be surprised if, when further collections of Palaemon sundaicus from Java are made, older males with more mature characters are brought to light which will ally the Javan species closer to Palaemon acanthurus. Rostrum and antennal scales. — The position of the tip of the rostrum with reference to the tip of the antennal scale does not vary much in our specimens. In both males and females the tip may be even with, extend slightly beyond, or fail slightly to reach, the distal end of the scale. It is possible, however, that in larger males the rostrum may not extend so far forward. Curvature and dental formula of rostrum. — There is little difference in the shape of the rostrum in the males and females of all ages. The distal third is turned upward somewhat, and there is in nearly every case a gentle convexity over the eye. Usually there are 3 rostral teeth on the carapace, the fourth being over the edge of the orbit, and rarely are there 2 or 4 on the carapace. The rostral ridge divides the lateral surface of the rostrum into an upper and a lower area which are of "Arch. f. Naturgesch. (1836), 1, 150. m Zool. Jahrb, Systematik (1891) 5, Tafel XLVII, Fig. 5.
ix, d, 4 Cowles: Palaemons of the Philippine Islands 357 about equal width. Usually those teeth which are near the distal end of the upper border are separated from one another more than those posterior to them. The first tooth is nearly always separated from the second tooth by a distance which is considerably greater than the distances separating the teeth immediately anterior to them. The dental formula for the specimens in the collection is — — ' but the large 4, o, b, l majority of the females show a dental formula of — '-= — First pair of legs. — The first legs extend beyond the tip of the antennal scale in all specimens; in the youngest, only the propodus is seen beyond it, but in larger specimens more of the first legs overreaches the scale, and finally in the largest individuals as much as one-third of the carpus extends beyond it. Chelipeds. — The chelipeds in this species are approximately equal. All the females have chelipeds which are shorter than the body, and the same is true of practically all the males until they reach a length of about 77 millimeters. Beyond this size the chelipeds are usually longer than the body, and in certain specimens, Nos. 15, 16, and 17, which I consider to be young mature males, they are relatively long. In the largest female, No. 38, the tip of the merus extends beyond the antennal scale, while in the smallest female, No. 25, three-fourth of the carpus overreaches the scale. One of the largest males, No. 20, shows more than one-half of the merus beyond the scale, while in the smallest male only four-fifths of the carpus extends beyond it. It will be seen, if reference is made to Table III, that the fingers of all individuals are shorter than the palm, except in Nos. 1 and 2, which are the smallest males in the series. In the case of the males the palm seems to grow much faster than the fingers, so that an individual 88 millimeters long (No. 14) has a palm one and two-thirds times as long as the fingers. One of the young mature males, No. 20, shows the palm to be one and three-fourths times as long as the fingers. The largest males in the series have chelipeds which are shorter than the body length except in the case of No. 23. At first sight I considered these specimens to be "males feminises" but upon examining them more closely I find that they have well-developed spines on the carapace and abdominal somites and I am of the opinion that these individuals are old mature males whose chelipeds are regenerating. The palm of the largest male, No. 24, is a little more than one and one-half times the length of the fingers.
rx, d, 4 Coivles: Palaemons of the Philippine Islands 363 as one-fifth or one-third of the dactyli may extend beyond. The propodus of the fifth leg (No. 1) measures 05 millimeter in diameter at its middle and 875 millimeters in length. Similar measurements for Nos. 24, 25, and 38 are 08 by 15, 03 by 75, and 06 by 13 millimeters, respectively. Telson. — Specimens in which the telson has not been worn show the internolateral spines extending about two-thirds of their length beyond the acute median spine. The externolateral spines are short and of about the same length as the median spine. In some specimens the tip of the telson is worn and the internolateral spines are considerably shortened. Character of surface. — The carapace and abdominal somites of all females and males (Nos. 1 to 13, inclusive) are smooth to the touch, and show no spines under a lens. Male specimens larger than these have patches of spinules on the carapace, pleura of abdomen, tergum of sixth somite, upper surface of uropods, and the telson. These spicules are especially numerous on the young mature males, and the surface is distinctly rough to the touch. The surface of the first pair of legs is smooth, except in the old males where the ischium and part of the merus are covered with a few spinules. The spines on the chelipeds make their appearance at an early age. Specimen 1 shows a few rather indistinct rows of spines on the palm and distal half of the carpus. The area of spines increases with the body length, so that in No. 4 it covers the proximal end of the finger, the palm, the carpus, and the distal half of the merus. In No. 8 the condition is similar except that the ischium also is covered. Young mature males, as an example, No. 20, show a few spines at the proximal end of the fingers and about 12 longitudinal rows of medium-sized spines, which are distributed on the inner, ventral, and dorsal surfaces of the palm. The outer surface of the palm is covered with innumerable very small spines, which are not arranged regularly in rows. A similar condition exists on the carpus, merus, and ischium. The dorsal and ventral "linear spaces" are visible especially on the palm, carpus, and merus. In middle-sized specimens the "linear spaces" are more conspicuous. The third, fourth, and fifth legs are smooth in all but the largest males, where the propodus, carpus, and sometimes the merus are covered with very minute spinules. Eggs. — The eggs of this species when preserved are almost spherical, and average 05 by 046 millimeter. Color of the living specimens. — The general surface of the body owes its color mainly to the layer of pigment cells under the transparent chitinous covering. The color is not always the