DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
244 JACK'S LETTERS TO WALLICH, 1819-1821. TERNSTROEMIACEAE. Adinandra dumosa, Jack, was described from Sumatra as " abundant in thickets " and in various parts of the Malay Islands (Malay. Misc. ii. No. 7, p. 50). Adinandra sylvestris, Jack is named in the Malay. Misc. ii. Xo. 7, affixed sheet iii) as having been obtained in Moeo-moco, Sumatra. Saurauja tristyla, DC, was described by Jack from Penang as Ternstroemia pentdpetdla (Mala v. Misc. i. Xo. 5, p. 40). Saurauja sp. was described from Salumah, Sumatra, as Ternstroemia cuspidata (Malay. Misc. ii. Xo. 7, p. 28). Ternstroemia serrata, Jack, was obtained on Pulau Xias and described in Malay. Misc. ii. Xo. 7, p. 27. It would seem to be one of the Ternstroemias referred to in his letters p. 229). Ternstroemia acuminata, Jack, was described from Tapanuli in Malay. Misc. ii. Xo. 7, p. 26, and would seem to be referred to in his letters (p. 229). Cleyera rubiginosa, was described by Jack from Sumatra as Ternstroemia rubiginosa (Malay. Misc. i. Xo. 5, p. 39). Archytaea Vahlii, Choisy, was collected by Jack at Rhio (letters p. 181) : but Wallicb distributed specimens as Jack's from Penang, possibly erroneously (Wall. Cat. Xo. 4866). DIPTEROCARPACEAE. Dryobalanops Camphora, Gaertn., grows freely near Tapanuli, Sumatra, and thence Mr. Prince, the Resident, had supplied information about it to Roxburgh, together with the foliage. Living plants and seeds from the same source were sent to Colebrooke, and served for a description with a plate published by the Asiatic Society in 1816 (Asiatick Researches xii., p. 538). In 1819 Mr. Prince got the flowers and sent them to Raffles, who put them in Jack's hands (letters p. 182). Jack there-upon drew up a description which went into print in the suppressed part of his Descriptions (see above, item Xo. vi. of the sources). MALVACEAE. Gossypium brasiliense, Macf., the Pernambuco cotton, is reported as cultivated experimentally in Penang in a letter (p. 169). STERCULIACEAE. Sterculia laevis, Wall., is recorded by Jack as having been found in Penang, but under the wrong name of S. coccinea, Roxb. (Malay. Misc. i. Xo. 1, p. 20). Jour. Straits Brandy
274 NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS. them; and his opinion always deserves consideration: but beyond that he went wrong in not seeing that the peninsular material was different from the really unlike Vatica Wallichii. In considering whether King was right to keep apart that Malayan material from the Bornean type, and right also to distinguish specifically P. Stapfianus, we have met with much difficulty. We have ended in keeping the peninsular and the Bornean material apart, more from caution than from conviction, and find the Pachynocarpus-portion of King's P. Wallichii not separable specifically from his P. Stapfianus. If however, there is a confusion in Motley's specimens, and it can be of a Vatica in flower mixed with a Pachynocarpus in fruit (flowers and fruit were probably gathered months apart), then the flowering specimen is likely to be a flowering Vatica and perhaps V. Wallichii, while the fruiting specimen (which is P. umbonatus) may not differ from P. Stapfianus. More study in Borneo is needed to decide this both near Labuan, and because Motley's last years were at Banjermassin in the south east. At flowering time there is no sure mark in a herbarium specimen by which Pachynocarpus can be distinguished from Vatica Wallichii. That led to King's mistake . of identifying the two; and a fair measure of variability in the calyx caused him to think that the adhesion which is not visible in the flower, came quite late in fruit-development, whereas it commences from the fall of the petals. The diagrams printed above indicate some of the variation in the calyx. We have had good opportunities of studying Vatica Wallichii alive, because it is a tree cultivated in the Economic Garden, Singapore, and because also it is by no means uncommon round the coasts of the Malay Peninsula. It has been planted on dry ground in the Economic Garden and has grown well; but its natural habitat is upon ground liable to flooding. Herbarium specimens prove its occurrence down the west coast of the Peninsula, certainly from Province Wellesley, and possibly from Trang in Lower Siam, to Singapore ; and down the east coast from Kuantan to Singapore. It, by being identified with Burck's Vatica ruminata, is known also from Bangka. It is possible that Dr. Haviland's flowering specimens, Nos. 1907 and 1908, from near Kuching, Sarawak, may be it; but fruits are necessary for making this sure. To Malays it is one of the several trees called Eesak. Eesak paya (swamp resak) is a name for it in Pahang and so are Eesak pasir (pasir may mean sand, sea beach, or a certain quality in a wood which causes it to take the edge off cutting tools) and' Eesak laru,* which last belongs also to Pachynocarpus Stapfianus. Goodenough, Ridley's collector, called it Damar Mata Kuching on specimens collected in Singapore island and in Malacca. Derry in Malacca called it Kayu Merbatu Pasir. *Laru is a substance used in making sugar. In this particular case, it is said that punctures or cuts' are made in the bark; the resin which exudes is collected and placed into syrup which is being boiled, causing it to harden into sugar with a yellow colour. Jour. Straits Branch
276 NOTES ON DIPTEKOCARPS. low and level ground, and the fruits were stranded in lines at the limit of the flooding. The duration of the floating was tested and described in a note by one of us (Journ. Straits Branch Eoy. As. Soc. 81, 1920, p. 75) where the wrong generic name Pachynocarpus was used for it. The average duration of floating in that experiment was found to be 2'2 days. The germination was described in the same place. The capsule is ruptured along three lines predetermined by weaknesses in the walls. These three lines are more -clearly shown in the capsule of the related Vatica Zollingeriana, A. DC., which is figured here, because it is instructive in regard to the nature of the less clearly marked lines of rupture in Vatica Wallichii. i Fig. 7. Shell of the fruit of Vatica Zollingeriana, A.DC, in vertical section showing the sepals (s), and the wall cut on one side down one of the lines of rupture, and on the other through the thick swollen mid-part between. Doubtless V. Zollingeriana is water-distributed, for the swollen part is such as would keep it floating. The fruiting calyx of V. Wallichii is developed to a somewhat variable extent : sometimes it is humped as in the first figure above; sometimes it is rather flat, as in the second. The two figures were from fruits picked from the ground of the Tasek Gelugor Forest Reserve at the same spot, and appeared to be the product of a tree immediately above them. Our material of Vatica Wallichii is as follows : — Province Wellesley. In the Tasek Gelugor Forest Reserve, with fruit, in September 1921, Burkill 6-599! Penang. Without precise locality, Wallich Cat. 9018! Perak. Ulu Sapetang, with young fruit in Feb. 1909, ill. Hashim 228!; Larut, within 100 ft. of sea level in dense jungle, with young fruit in January 1884, King's Collector 54231; on low hills, with fruit in February 1884, King's Collector 5546!; Briah upon the Larut plain, with young fruit in December 1892, Wray 4223!; banks of the Bernam river at 300-400 ft., with young fruit, in April 1886, King's Collector 8857! Pahang. Temerloh, with fruit in November 1921, Awang Lela 5470 !; Kuantan in the Baloh Forest Reserve, with fruit in March 19i20, Yeob 873! ; Kelebor near Kuala Rompin, with fruit in April 1921, Bidin 4182! Selangor. Kelamber Forest Reserve near Klang, in swamp with fruit in September 1919, Hamid and Yeol), 3295! Malacca. Without locality, in flower and with young fruit, Maingay 201!; Sungei Udang, with fruit in July, 1894, Good-enough 1968! Jour. Straits Branch
NOTES ON DIPTEROCABPS. 277 Johore. Kuala Sembrong, with fruit in October 1892; Lake and Kelsall! ; Kota Tinggi, on the riverside, with fruit in December 1892, Ridley! Singapore. Kranji with fruit in 1893,' Good-enough ! ; Changi, with flowers and detached fruit in May 1889, Goodenough! ; in flower and with half ripe fruit in April 180S, Ridley 4740!, and with flowers and fruit in May 18*89, but fruit detached and may not be of this date, Ridley 1839!; Toas with fruit in March 1S9i3, Goodenough 50151; Tampinis road, with young fruit, in ( ? April) 1893, Ridley 4739!; Botanic Gardens in flower March 1916, November 1919, January 1921 and in fruit October 1916, July 1921, Burkill 1077!, 1265!, 1267!, 1266!, 1270!, 5969!, 5970!, 5971!, 5972!, 5973!, 64341, 6435!, 64361 Bangka. Without precise locality (the type of V. ruminata Burck) Teysmann! cult, in Hort. Bog. VII, c. 4a with fruit, No. 204 ! and with flowers and fruits, van Slooten! It is exceedingly probable that the following also belong to Vatica Wallichii, but they lack fruit. Lower Siam. Trang upon the bank of the river, in dense jungle,, with flowers in March 1881, Kunstler 1437! Province Wellesley. Nibong Tebal with flowers, in January 1 900, Curtis 3458! (part of which is the type of V. ovalifolia, Eidl.). Perak. Larut in open jungle with flowers in September 1884,. King's Collector, 6594!, and in May 11884, King's Collector 6070!, 5763! Pahang. Kuantan, with flowers, in June 1921, Mohamad 3733! ; at the Chini Lake with flowers in April 1919, Lambak 3173!; on the Rompin river in the Menchali Forest Reserve, with flower in May 1919, Foxworthy 3232! Malacca. Sungei Udang with flowers in 18i92, Berry 961! Johore. Penyabong, with flowers in May 1918, Foxiuortlvy 1197 ! ; Skudai river with flowers in August 1879, King! ; Jaffaria with flowers in August 1879, King! Singapore. Pulau Seletar in flower, 1892, Ridley 4449 ! and in flower April 1892, Ridley 6202!, and in 1894, Ridley 6205! ; Chan Chu Kang by a stream, in flower in October 1892, Ridley 4449!; Changi in flower in May 188'9, Goodenough!; Tampinis in flower in April 1916, Burkill! Vatica Ridleyana is a species which occurs in a state of nature in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, where it flowers and fruits at rather wide intervals. It may be that a specimen in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, collected on Bukit Timah in Singapore island, is also Vatica Ridleyana, but as it is without E. A. Soc, No. 86 1922.
278 NOTES ON DIPTEEOCAEPS. the characteristic fruits it is impossible to make sure of this: it was collected in 1894: in 1892 Mr. Ridley got the species on Bukit Mandai (No, 8943) and also at Changi (Nos. 4447! and 4448!), since which dates clearing has been extensive; and the tree has not been recognised in recent years outside the Botanic Gardens. In the Gardens there are several individuals. The tallest is in area N, tree No. 79'5 : the second tree No. 815 in area V, and others are in area U and V. It is not a tree of lowlying ground ; and its large fruits sink at once in water. Such distribution as they get must be by being rolled along the floor of the forest or (and this is the usual distribution of many forest trees of the second rank) by transport through small distances by animals seeking food. Tree No. 79'5 in the Botanic Gardens is about 10'0 feet high. Its trunk is 62 in. in circumference at breast height: the bark is medium grey. The spread of the branches is about 30 feet from the trunk, the lower 60 feet of which are straight smooth and branchless. The flower drawn above was produced by tree 815 in January 1921; and fruits were not ripe until the following November. They fell very deliberately through three months or more. Fig. 8. A half ripe fruit of Vatica moluccana, Burck, showing the •development of the reflexed calyx. The fruit is figured to illustrate a stage in the series of species connecting Vatica Wallichii with Vaticas of the section Eetinodendron. The fruit, of Vatica Ridleyana, if elongated, is always turned to one side as drawn; but tree No. 815 produces longer fruits by % in. than tree No. 796, in which the apex is nearly straight. The leaves have glandular patches just as those of Vatica Wallichii. These glands are slightly concave, and carry brown hairs. The spongy parenchyma of the lower surface of the leaf gives place over their area to something denser. No excretion has been observed to occur on them; but probably there is one. Pachynocarpus umbonatus, by the view taken here, is the tree of Borneo sent by Barber to Sir William Hooker at Kew, — certainly the fruiting part of the specimens, but not quite so certainly the flowering part. These flowering branches show thinner leaves with less prominent veins than any peninsular specimen which we ascribe to the genus. And as leaves so thin seem to be within the range of variation of the leaves of Vatica Wallichii; and as Jour. Straits Branch
NOTES ON DIPTEROCAKPS. 279 dried flowers offer no character by which the two can be distinguished, it is well not to state dogmatically yet that P. umbonatus and P. Stapfianus are distinct species. Pachynocarpus verrucosus, (Burck) Heim, described upon a specimen from Sungei Landak in Borneo, north east of Pontianak, collected by Teysmann, will probably be united with one of the •other species when fully studied. Pachynocarpus Stapfianus is like Vatica Ridleyana a tree of rising laud. The result is that flowering herbarium specimens un.authenticated by fruits, if from the interior of the Peninsula, are more likely to be it than the similar Vatica Wallichii. We know it to occur in the Siamese Malay States, Penang, Perak, Selangor, :and Pahang. King's Collector records it as 8O-1O0 ft. high, with a girth up to 3 ft. As it occurs at Bangi, Selangor, it is a tree 38 ft. 2 in. high, and 3 ft. 1 in. in girth at breast height. The height to the first branch is 6 ft. -1 in., and the girth just below the first branch 2 ft. 11 in. The spread of the crown is 2:6 ft. 1 in. We have not measurements of any other trees. Its leaves in most cases dry dark as in some specimens of Vatica Wallichii, so that by their colour there is no means of separating the two when •dry. Of the flower in life we are not able to give a figure. We have records of flowering in July and October in different places and different years : and of fruiting in January, February, April and July. The fruit when half ripe is acute to blunt; and when fully ripe by the rounding of the fertile loculus becomes globose and generally loses the minute apiculus representing the style. It has not the dimensions ascribed to it by Sir George King in any of the type specimens but is about one inch long. The calyx is adherent through 1/2-1/3 of of the length of the fruit. It and the exposed surface of the carpellary wall above it are lenticellate, sometimes little, i-ometijmes much. The tip of the sepals persists and is free until the fruit is half ripe, then it generally falls off. The months when fruit is most likely to be found are March, April and May. The embryo is quite unlike that of Vatica Wallichii. The •outer cotyledon is half-wrapped half-folded round the placentar cotyledon ; and both reach the apex of the fruit cavity : Figs. 9 and 10, the embryo of Pachynocarpus stapfianus 1/2 nat. size. Our material of Pachynocarpus Stapfianus is as follows : — Lower Siam. Tapli Klong Wan towards the Tenasserim border in fruit in March 1919, Hamid 3781 R. A. Soc, No. 86 1922.
Notes on Dipterocarps. No. 8. On some large-fruited species, and in particular upon the effects of the pressure of the embryo against the interior of the fruit-wall. By I. H. Burkill. Dipterocarps with large fruits that are not wind-distributed occur in the genera Dryoobalanops, Shorea, Balanocarpus, Vatica, Pachynocarpus and Vateria. By the kindness of Dr. F. W. Foxworthy, I have had material of some of them for study, and one Balanocarpus maximus, King, was the subject of Note no. 5 of this series (Jour. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. no. 81, 1920, p. 3')c I am adding in this note observations upon Shorea Thiseltoni, King, and Vatica Ridleyana, Brandis, and also a few remarks upon a Dryobalanops which has the Malay name of " Koladan." The weight of a fruit of Shorea Thiseltoni from the Weld Hill Forest Reserve, Kuala Kumpur, is found to be about 5.5 grammes; that of Vatica Ridleyana from tree no. 815 in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, about 12.5 grammes. Neither is wind-distributed: but falls to the floor of the forest where it may be carried through small distances by rolling or bv animals. Fig. 1, a fruit of Shorea Thiseltoni; figs. 2 and 3, fruits of Vatica Ridleyana. All % nat. size. Shorea Thiseltoni as one of a small number of species in thegenus whose seeds contain oil as well as starch. That having been noticed, an analysis was requested from the Department of Agriculture, Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements, and kindly made through the good offices of Mr. L. Lewton-Brain by Mr. R. 0. Bishop. The following is his report on seeds submitted to him from the Weld Hill Forest Reserve. " A certain number of the kernels were found to be mouldy and were excluded: the remainder were sampled and dried. The dry kernels were extracted for oil-content. The residue from oil extraction was examined for albuminoids and ash. Results: — Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc, No. 86 1922.
288 NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS. followed very quickly by death. An experiment was made with six fruits in order to see if submergence inhibited the splitting of the fruit wall : apparently it did not ; for all the six germinated in six days under water. The splitting is the work of the germinating young plant pushing itself free. Figures 12, of gaping. 13 and 14. Three empty fruits showing various degrees The petioles of the cotyledons elongate in germination so much as to attain 2-7 cm. pushing the radicle out to the soil before they free themselves from the fruit-wall. They possess abundant chlorophyll. Leaving Shorea Thiseltoni. attention will now be directed to Vatica Ridleyana, Brandis. This species grows wild in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. It flowered in January, 1921, and bore ripe fruits from near the end of the year into the first quarter of 1922; — flowering had lasted a couple of weeks, but fruit-fall lasted three months. The considerable weight of the fruits has already been remarked: it remains to call attention to the circumstance that their growth from flowering to maturity takes twice as long as that of the smaller and closely allied V. Wallichii. Figure 15. A seedling of Vatica Ridleyana in germination, the stalks of the cotyledons pushing the plantlet into the soil. The outer cotyledon is towards the observer; above it a little of the placental-cotyledon is visible. Figure 16, the placentar cotyledon from the surface in contact with the outer cotyledon. Figure 17, the outer cotyledon from outside All 1/2 nat. size. The placentar cotyledon is the larger and fills the lower part of the fruit-cavity to the exclusion of the outer cotyledon; but it shares equally the upper part of the cavity. The result is that its bulk is nearly twice that of the outer cotyledon. In Balanocar-Jour. Straits Branch
NOTES ON DIPTEKOCARPS. 289 pus maximus the placentar cotyledon occupies the basal part of the cavity of the fruit and the outer cotyledon the apical; and they are of nearly equal bulk : in Vatica Wallichii, they are also of nearly equal bulk and they share the fruit-cavity equally, but side by side instead of as in Balano carpus the one above the other: but in Vatica Ridleyana with inequality, the placentar cotyledon occupies the basal and shares the apical part. There is enwraping neither in Vatica Ridleyana nor in Vatica Wallichii; and the cells in both are gorged with starch. The young plant after emergence is singularly similar in the two, the leaves are exactly alike, even to the 6-8 large glands upon the lower surface at the looping of the veins, surrounded by the richest green, of chlorophyll. Unlike the fruits of Vatica Wallichii, the fruits of Vatica Ridleyana do not float in water, not even if dried. In germination the fibrous fruit-wall splits from the apex downwards along pre-determined lines, possibly along one line to its base and for a short way only along others: the radicle is thrust out by the elongation of the petioles of the cotyledons, as in Vatica Wallichii, Shorea robusta, the genus Dipt ero carpus. The blades of the cotyledons never leave the fruit-cavity, but develop a little, — very little — chlorophyll where they become exposed to the light. The lines where the fruit-wall is split in germination, can be seen beforehand upon the outer side of the fruit, as they are depressed and free from the elsewhere abundant lenticels. The fruit-wall is thinner at them and the cell-structure differs. These lines are usually three, but may be four and may be five in number. In studying the flower when it was available in January, 1921, (see this Journal 1 p. 276), five-locular ovaries were not observed ; but as their presence was not suspected, no search was made for them : it was onty when, twelve months later, the fruit was ripe that their existence was suggested by finding five lines of splitting in a small percentage of the fruits. Out of 263 fruits, 201 had three lines, 57 had four lines, and 5 had five lines. It is most interesting that when the fruit shows four depressed lines upon the outside, three only as a rule are burst open, so that out of 17 fruits with four lines,, set to germinate together, 15 were split along three and 2 only along four lines. Of the first fifteen in 13 the line which was not split, was that close to the placenta. Four fruits with five depressed lines, set to germinate at the same time likewise became split along three only of the lines, and again a line not split was that closest to the placenta. That these lines are the places where the carpels are connate into the ovary admits of doubt because in fruits with four lines, the placenta is rarely central upon any one of the valves. The development must be followed out to demonstrate that it is as one would expect. The fruit-wall is composed of brown parenchymatous cells, white sclerenchyma fibres and a margin of cork with numerous powdery lenticels. R. A. Soc, No. 86 1922.
200 14. Dipterocarpus fagineus Vesqiie. Vesque Comptes-rend. LXXVIII p. 626 ; Journ. of Bot. May 1874. — D. prismaticus Dyer , Journ. of Bot. April 1874 {cum icone frucius). In Borneo: Sarawak {Bcccari N° 3008 in Herb. Hort. Bog). [Motley, 143; fide Dyer Journ. of Bot. April 1878]. 15. Dipterocarpus globosus Vesque. Vesque Comptes-rend. I. c. ; Journ. of Bot. I.e. — D. Beccarii Byer , Journ. of Bot. April 1874 {cum icone fructus). In Borneo: Sarawak (Beccari N° 2914 in Herb. Hort. Bog). 16. Dipterocarpus Beccarianus Vesque. Vesque Comptes-rend. I. c.; Journ. of Bot. I. c. — D. Beccarii , Dyer var. glabrata Dyer Journ, of Bot. April 1874. In Borneo: Sarawak {Beccari N° 2915 in Herb. Hort. Bog). Le Dipt. Beccarianus , decrit par M. Dyer comme variete de Tespece precedente, se distingue par la forme, la base et les bords de la feuille, par le fruit distinctement pentagonal et par les feuilles et les rameaux non velus. 17. Dipterocarpus appendiculatus Scheff. Scheffer , Ohserv. Phyt. in Nat. Tijdschr. voor Ned. Indie ^X.X1, 1870 p. 347; XXXII. 1873. p. 407; Dyer, Journ. of Bot. April 1874. — D. acutangulus Vesque Comptes-rend. LXXVIII p. 626 Journ. of Bot. May 1874. Ramuli teretes, glabri, vetustiores griseo-obducti , juniores brunnei, stipularuni cicatricibus annularibus notati. Stipulae caducae, (non nisi terminales adsunt) intus glabrae, longitudinaliter striatae, extus sericeo-pilosae, 5 — 6 cent longae. Folia modice petiolata, e basi late cuneata, elliptica v. ovata, obtusa V. breviter acuminata, crenato-repanda , 8 — 10 cent longa, 5 — 7 lata , juniora cum petiolis subtus in costa et costulis dense adpresse-sericea , cito giabrescentia , nervis lateralibus utriuque