DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
8 Turnix whiteheadi evidently begins nesting in August for several live birds from the market during that month contained eggs. Two of these eggs we were able to preserve entire. As may be seen by the measurements they are rather short. The short diameter crosses the long diameter near its middle, and the outline slopes gently to the smaller end, producing a shape less pyriform than in the eggs of our x4merican partridges. DESCRIPTIONS. No. 1. August 26, 1902. — White with numerous obscure lilac-shell markings; around the larger end a band of dark sienna 020 inch wide, whose edges are ragged and near which are a very few brown spots. The dark zone incloses a white and unspotted area 035 inch in diameter. This egg measures 078 by 063. No. 2. August 16, 1902. — Very similar to the other egg, but the dark band more broken on margins and entire larger end to middle covered with a dark-brown wash. The edge of this color area is well defined and slightly irregular, a few fine specks along its edge; smaller end of egg with a faint brown wash. This egg measures 079 by 065. If egg No. 1 were half immersed in strong coffee it would be colored nearly like egg No. 2. As these eggs were taken from the oviduct — that is, before they were deposited normally — I am inclined to think that they may be somewhat abnormal, or not fully colored, and No. 1 especially tends to confirm this idea. TURNIX WORCESTERI, new species. Type. — No. 1350, adult female, Philippine Museum Collection. Purchased in Quinta Market, Manila, August 30, 1902. Probably from Paraiiaque, Luzon. Description. — General color above, black; on the forehead, spotted with white; on crown and nape, feathers tipped with pale but! and some edged with white, producing an incomplete white line on middle of head (this line may be perfect in a well-made skin) ; feathers on back and rump barred and tipped with pale buff, on the interscapular area edged also with white; feathers on sides of face mostly white with black tips; lores white; feathers on sides of neck black, each with a wide subterminal bar of white; a small black spot behind ear; breast and throat rusty buff, extending up each side of the white chin area as rusty buff tips to the feathers and bounded above by the black-tipped white feathers of malar region; flanks, under tail coverts, and sides of abdomen and breast are also rusty buff, but paler; center of abdomen white; a few feathers on sides of abdomen are barred with blackish brown. Primaries, their coverts, and secondaries blackish gray; four outer primaries narrowly edged with whitish; secondaries barred with whitish on outer web. Scapulars like the back but with wide edges of whitish buff.
9 Secondary coverts blackish mottled and edged with pale buff. Tail blackish, edged with pale buff. Bill pale bluish; legs flesh pink, nails slightly darker; irides very pale yellow. Length, 5 inches; wing, 280; tail, 093; culmen, 041; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 023; tarsus, 066; middle toe with claw, 071. This bird is known to us from the type specimen purchased in the market where it was found with others of the same genus. It is readily distinguishable from any other Luzon Turnix by its very deep, short bill. Sphexocercus FOIIMOS Swinh. ; Salvadori, Cat. Bds, XXI, p. 13, PL L Fairly abundant on Calayan, where it is called "pu-nai' a name used for Osmotreron in many of the Philippine Islands. This bird may be distinct from the Formosa species, which is said to occur in the mountains of that country, but I can find nothing in our series of a dozen skins to justify a separation, and a comparison will be necessary for final identification. The genus is new to the Philippines. Leucotreron leclancheri (Bp). Three specimens from Calayan agree with some from Luzon and Mindoro. Shy and difficult to obtain. Carpophaga nuchalis Cab; Grant, Ibis, 1896, p. 487 (Fuga) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 487. Both Grant and Whitehead were very sure that the single specimen which they had from Fuga was distinct from C. miliaris of Luzon. Our four skins from Fuga and Cagayan are alike and base a dark-purplish nuchal band. With no Luzon material at hand for comparison it is necessary to let these stand as nuchalis. Fairly common on Fuga and abundant on Calayan. About the middle of November these birds collect in large flocks, sonu-times numbering 100 or more. They are easily killed if they can to pass near one, but when feeding or resting in trees they take fright at the first sign of danger. All specimens killed were extremely fat, so that good skins were out of the question. Name on Calayan, 'balu' COLUMBA GRISEIGULARIS (Wald. and Layard). A few were seen in the tops of the heaviest timber. One killed was so fat that I made no attempt to get more. MACROPYGIA PIILA, new species. Specific characters. — Somewhat similar to M. tenuirostris Bp, but larger and much darker; the inner webs of first three primaries uniform, the others but narrowly, if at all, edged with rufous. Type. — Xo. 3933, adult male, Philippine Museum Collection, Calayan Island, Babuyanes, P. I. Collected November 18, 1903, by R. C. McGregor and A. Celestino. Description. — Upper parts, including wings and tail, blackish brown ; back and rump feathers with wide edges of very dark-bluish slate (these
13 which was taken on Ticao April 17, 1902. The species should be added to the list of birds from that island. ^GIALITIS DUBIA (Scop). Fairly abundant on Calayan. aegialitis alexandrina (Linn). Fairly abundant on Calayan. AEGIALITIS PERONI (Bp). Fairly abundant along beaches on both Fuga and Calayan. OCHTHODROMUS MONGOLUS (Pall). Two specimens from Calayan. Heteractitis brevipes (Vieill). One killed on Calayan October 21 was the only specimen seen. A female was collected on Ticao May 27, 1902, and is to be added to the Ticao list. Tringoides hypoleucus (Linn). Abundant on Calayan. Rhyacophilus glareola (Gm). One specimen from Calayan. LIMONITES RUFICOLLIS ( Pall. ) Very rare; one killed October 23 on Calayan. GALLINAGO STENURA (Kuhl). Snipe were abundant on Calayan, and the only one preserved is of this species, of which the only previous Philippine record is Mindanao. About Manila Gallinago megala Swinh. is the common species. Two specimens of G. gallinago (Linn) were taken by us at Pandacan, a suburb of Manila, but stermra appears to be rare. Key to the Philippine species of Gallinago. A. Tail feathers, 20 or more, the outer ones stiffened and very narrow; dark bars on axillaries wider than the white bars. a. Tail shorter, about 190 inches; outer feathers narrower G. genera. 6. Tail longer, about 210 inches; outer feathers wider G. megala. B. Tail feathers, usually 14, normal; dark bars of axillaries narrow or obsolete '' O-lhrwgo. Nycticorax nycticorax (Linn). A dozen or more roosted during the day in a thicket of trees near the beach. A young bird was preserved. Another was killed as it sat alone in some brush near a small stream. Calayan only. MESOPHOYX INTERMEDIA Wagl. One or two pairs on Calayan feeding in same fields as Jmmlcus. One female collected.
14 Demiegretta sacra (Gm). Observed about the beaches of Fuga and Calayan. BUBULCUS COROMANDUS (Bodd). A small band always to be seen in company with the cattle on Calayan. Local name, "la-guava' The species was not noted on Fuga. BUTORIDES JAVANICA (Horsf). Ear; one specimen from Calayan. Ardetta sinensis (Gm). From Calayan only, where a live bird was brought to us October 23. Local name, "rat' POLIONETTA ZONORIIYNCHA (Swinh). Anas zonorhyncha Salvadori, Cat. Bds, XXVII, p. 211. On December 7 a dozen birds of this species rested on a small river near the beach, and a single female was killed. This is probably its most southern capture. Bill jet black with a broad tip of bright yellow ; most of the nail black; irides tan brown; legs and feet light salmon; nails black; webs dusky. QUERQUEDULA QUERQUEDULA (Limi). A male in ragged plumage was collected October 29 on Calayan. Nettium crecca (Linn). Querquedula crecca Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 501 (Benguet Province). Secretary Worcester killed two males in Bulacan, Luzon, in January, 1903. A male, October 2G, and a female, November 10, were killed on Calayan. FULIGULA FULIGULA (Linn). Salvadori says of this species: Accidental in the Malay Archipelago (Philippines and Borneo)" I believe, however, that it is a regular fall and winter visitant to our northern islands at least. We have specimens from the Laguna de Bay, Luzon, and it was common on Calayan considering the scant accommodation for ducks. I have seen numbers of them in Quinta Market, Manila. Parties of from two to five could usually be found on a small river or some of the carabao wallows, where they feed on small freshwater mollusks or the larvae of frogs. Mareca PENELOPE (Linn) ; Salvadori, Cat. Bds, XXVII, p. 231. A male from Calayan, November 2G. No more were seen. Previously unrecorded from the Philippines. Spatula clypeata (Linn). One specimen from Calayan. "Dulumpapa" is the name used for any species of the duck tribe. PELECANUS PIIILIPPEN8TS Gm. The Philippine pelican has been recorded but rarely from the Islands and probably it is strictly confined to fresh-water marshes and lakes
LIST OP PHILIPPINE BIRDS. -i and lucidus, having the back of one and the ventral surface of the other, but the crimson marking of the face and throat separates it from either. 52. Tiga Everettii. Palawan. 53. Yungipicus maculatus. Panay. 54. Yungipicus validirostris. Mariuduque, Luzon. It seems most probable that it was the Luzon bird described by Blyth under this name. 55. Yungipicus Basilanicus. sp. nov. Basilan. Head black slightly tinged in front with cinnamon brown. Crimson crest In male nearly confluent. Breast washed with orange red, fading to sulphur yellow behind. Interscapulars black and barred with sulphur yellow. Back sulphur yellow. 56. Yunigipicus Leytensis. sp. nov. Head black. Forehead and basal region cinnamon. Breast tinged with crimson. TROGONIDJE. 57. Harpactes ardens. Mindanao, Basilan, Samar, Marinduque, Luzon. MEROPIDAE. 58. Merops Philippinus. Mindanao, Basilan, Guimaras, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Siquijor, Panay, Luzon. 59. Merops bicolor. Mindanao, Guimaras, Negros, Marinduque, Mindoro, Luzon. Nesting in Mariuduque in May in open, nearly level ground. Merops Philippinus feeds solitarily upon wasps, dragon flies, etc, M. bicolor in flocks and apparently in nearly all cases upon honey bees. CORACTDIE. 60. Eurystomus orientalis. Mindanao, Basilan, Guimaras, Panay, Negros, Siquijor, Samar, Leyte, Mariuduque, Mindoro, Luzon. ALCEDINID.E. 61. Alcedo Bengalensis. Paragua, Balabac, Mindanao, Basilan, Guimaras, Negros, Siquijor, Samar, Masbate, Luzon. 62. Pelargopsis gigantea. Mindanao, Basilan, Samar, Guimaras, Masbate. 63. Pelargopsis leucocephala. Paragua, Mindoro. 64. Ceyx melanura. Luzon. The Melanura type of Ceyx takes on a number of representative
6 LIST OP PHILIPPINE BIRDS. PSITTACIDAE. 2. Prioniturus discurus. Mindanao, Basilan, Guimaras, Leyte, Samar, Masbate. 3. Prioniturus cyaneiceps. Paragua. 4. Prioniturus Luconensis. sp. nov. Marinduque, Luzon. Adult male and female. General color above and below, including the head, bright yellow green. 5. Prioniturus Mindorensis. sp. nov. Mindoro. Adult male. General color, grass green as in P. discurus ; crown and nape, violet; lores, face and chin, yellow green. 6. Tanygnathus Luconensis. Paragua, Basilan, Guimaras, Panay, Negros, Masbate, Marinduque, Mindoro. 7. Tanygnathus Everettii. Mindanao. 8. Cyclopsitta lunulata. Luzon. 9. Cyclopsitta Mindanensis. sp. nov. Mindanao. Adult male. Collar violet, cheeks green. C. lunulata has a cobalt collar and blue cheeks in the adult male. 10. Loriculus Philippensis. Marinduque. 11. Loriculus regulus. Panay, Guimaras, Negros, Masbate. L. Panayensis of Tweedale is the young male of L. regulus. 12. Loriculus Hartlaubii. Mindanao, Basilan. 13. Loriculus chrysonotus. Cebu. 14. Loriculus Siquijorensis. sp. nov. Siquijor. Adult male with large quadrangular spot of crimson upon the forehead and crown, ending sharply in the general green color of the upper surface. Adult female and young male: Red spot upon the forehead veiled by blue tips to the red feathers. 15. Loriculus Mindorensis. sp. nov. Mindoro. Adult with a broad crimson band across the forehead below the eyes, ending sharply in the green of the upper surface. 16. Loriculus Worcesteri. sp. nov. Samar, Leyte. The crimson of the upper surface covering the forehead, crown and nape, where it tapers to a point. It is distinguished from L. Hartlaubii, its nearest ally, by the much fainter wash of orange red upon the mantle and interscapulars, and by the shape of the red markings of the head and nape. In L. Hartlaubii the crimson area grows wider on the nape, where it ends broadly. All adult male Philippine Loriculi observed, have an orange-red spot upon the breast, and green cheeks. All adult females and all young males in their second plumage have blue on the cheeks and throat, and lack the orange-red plastron. All young birds in first plumage have the entire head green, and the rump scarlet.
4 INTRODUCTION. esis of Mr. A. E. Wallace, founded on the former meager knowledge of the Philippine fauna, that the islands were oceanic, and never had a connection with the continent. The relationship of the tamarou with the area of Celebes, and the general similarity of the Philippine and Celebes birds and mammals, especially the latter, would seem to point to a former connection with that island, and the ancient existence of a Celebes-Philippine continent lying outside of Java and Borneo. Over fifty supposed new species of birds and mammals were discovered by the expedition, and are here briefly described. This work is necessarily more or less imperfect and faulty from the lack of the complete literature of the subject, as well as from the lack of large collections of Philippine birds in this country with which to compare those in our hands. It is hoped, however, that the results of our labor will be found to make a real and valuable addition to the knowledge of this interesting group of islands.
INTRODUCTION. The Steere Expedition to the Philippines went out from the University of Michigan in the year 1887, and spent about twelve months in the Islands. The object of the expedition was to make general zoological collections, at the same time visiting as many distinct localities as possible, so that the distribution of species in the islands themselves could be studied. Fifteen of the larger islands, situated in all parts of the group, were visited, and from two to six weeks spent upon each. This amount of time, with a party of five collectors from the United States, and such native help as could be obtained, sufficed to make very large, though by no means exhaustive collections of vertebrates, and important collections in several groups of invertebrates. As island after island was reached and collected upon by the party, the discovery was made that the group is divided into several quite distinct zoological subdivisions, which I have considered to be sub-provinces, and have named as follows 1st, the sub-province of North Philippines, made up of Luzon, and small adjacent islands ; 2d, Mindoro ; 3d, Central Philippines, embracing the islands of Panay, Negros, Guimaras, Cebu, and Masbate ; 4th, West Philippines, Paragua and Balabac ; 5th, South Philippines, Mindanao and Basilan; 6th, East Philippines, Samar, Leyte, and probably Bojol. There are marks of still further differentiation within these divisions, notably in the instances of Cebu and Basilan. The discovery by the expedition in the centrally placed island of Mindoro of a new species of water buffalo, the tamarou, an animal of such habits and of such large size as to make its introduction by man improbable, goes far toward destroying the hypoth
THALAMIFLORiE. 1 1 50. Tamarix orientalis, L. "Khagal or Tarash" a. Leafy twig. Stewart, ' Punjab Plants,' p. 92. HYPERICINEAE. 51. Vismia dealbata, H.B.K. " Lacre-zeira." a. Flowering branchlet. b. Twig with young fruit. Santarem, Para; H. W. Bates, Aug. 18, 1853. The following note is attached to the specimen a. : — « "No. 8, Lacrezeira, with specimens of gum and roots. The specimen of gum I collected from one wounded tree. The tree « as slender ! height, 20 feet ; diameter of stem, 4 inches. It runs slowly like wax, but soon solidifies. It is an indelible pigment, colour of gamboge. I supposed the tree was a species of Vismia. The roots, I now find, are much esteemed as a remedy here ; decoctions drank in tea have performed great cures in old chronic gonorrhoea. The botanical specimens were taken, some from the tree, which yielded the gum, and others from those from which I took the roots ; not observing any specific difference, I have put them together." Specimen b is labelled, " Yields a red gum, applied externally in ringworm, &c. Received March, 18.53." GUTTIFEK.*:. [52. Garcinia Hanburyi, Hook, f.] Garcinia Morella, Desrouss. var. pedicellata. a. Leaves. Singapore, D'Almeida. With 6 drawings attached, including a sketch of the tree, leaves, flowers, and dissections of the flower and fruit. [These drawings formed the basis of the illustrations published in the Trans. Linn. Soc, 1864, vol. xxiv. tab. •50a, p. 487. The plant was subsequently raised to the rank of a species by Sir J. D. Hooker, tuider the name of G Hanburyi, Hook./. See Journ. Lin. Soc, vol. xiv., p. 48.5, 1875. Bentl. and Trim. Med. PL, tab. 33. Hanbury 'Science Papers,' p. 326-333.] DIPTEROCARPE^. 53. Dryobalanops Camphora, Colebr. A leafy twig bearing flower buds and detached leaves and flowers. Sumatra, Dr. W. H. K. De Vriese, Leyden, 8 Aug., 1857.
32 PHILIPPINE BAMBOOS Ranger Mabesa has made counts of the number of shoots produced in one season on two areas of Schizostachyum lumampao, each area consisting of 100 square meters. The two areas together contained 340 canes and produced 35 shoots, or 10 per cent of the original number. All canes were cut from two smaller-sized plots in May, 1917, and the number of new canes counted in November, 1917. These two plots originally contained 221 canes. After the clearing they sent up a large number of shoots about the size of a lead pencil and 10 usable canes, which is only 45 per cent of the original number. This would indicate that it requires some years for this bamboo to regain its original density when once completely cut-over. COST OF HARVESTING AND PRICES Data on the cost of harvesting were collected during the year 1916 on the College of Agriculture farm at Los Banos, Laguna. One man was employed for a total of 91 days, during which time 1,000 canes of Bambusa spinosa were harvested, an average of 11 canes per day. The cost of labor was 80 centavos per day, making the total cost of harvesting 1,000 canes 7280 pesos or an average per cane of 728 centavos. In the same locality these canes sold at 4 pesos per dozen. Bamboo sold in Manila is floated down the river from the country behind or across Manila Bay. In Manila the present prices for canes in the river are: First-class canes, 32 pesos per hundred; second-class canes, 27 pesos per hundred; and third-class canes, from 18 to 20 pesos per hundred. The cost of floating bamboo to Manila is very small, as rafts containing large numbers of canes can be operated by a very few men.
No. 508] NOTES AND LITERATURE 255 Knrraehee. Tn 1890 Dr. Hartlaub described Dichrometra Munzingeri from Koseir, and identified the Comatula leucomelas of Riippel with the Alccto pahnata of Professor Miiller. Mr. Chadwick did not find Tropin in, carinata nor Dichrodid find the other two species known from the Red Sea. Tlctcrometra savignii and Dichrometra panama; the remaining four species recorded include one family and three genera new to the Sfrphanom, Ira marginata and Dichrometra protcctus. Oligorncira scrripinna is recorded from Suez Bay. where it was dvdii-d M a deptli of Id fathom, the specimens differ from the type in the greater number of cirrus joints, and. in view of the general constancy of the cirrus characters in this genus, may eventually turn out to be a recognizable form, as may also those recorded under the same name from Ceylon; correlated, as usual, with the more numerous cirrus joints, the lower pinnules have also more numerous joints. Iridometra parvicirra, discovered by the "Challenger" among the Philippine Islands, is recorded from ten fathoms in Suez Bay. The single specimen has a large number of cirrus joints for the -onus, which, together with the furrowed first primibraeh. would suggest that it was rather closer to the . nana group of species than to I. parvicirra; the former occur from Mauritius to Japan, while the latter were previously known from the Philippines and Japan. We share the author's doubt in regard to his identification of Stephanometra marginata, which he records from Suez Bay, in ten fathoms. Dichrometra protectus (under the later name in, pari pinna) is given from Suez Bay, and Sikkim. The number of arms m the specimens is unusually small, and it would have been well worth while to have recorded their size. In addition to the localities cited by Mr. Chadwick, the species is known from Cebu, Philippines, Fiji and Singapore. Dichrometra palmata was found on the coral reef at Misharif Island, Khor Dongola, and from between tide marks at Suez. Heterometra savignii (emended, following Carpenter, to savignyi) is recorded from four fathoms in Suez Bay, from nine fathoms at Ul Shubuk, from ten to twelve fathoms at Khor Shinab, and at the anchorage at Salaka; the distribution of the species is given as "Red Sea, Ceylon" hut I am unable to recall any record from the latter place ; Carpenter gives it from
Plate 2402, SHOREA RIGIDA, Bmndis. DiPTEROCARPACEAE. Tribe Shoreae. S. Ti^i^^ Brmidis (sp. nov.) ; arbor ingens, ramuHs petioHsque verrucoso-scabris, novellis steJlato-tomentosis, foliis rigide coriacois iiiargiue revolutis elliptico-oblongis supra glaberrimis nitidis infra l)]Jis stellatis hirsutis nervis secundariis utrinque 18 arcuatis subtus valde prominentibiis nervis tertiariis parallels, floribus sessilibus in pamculis axillanbus et terminalibus, ebracteatis, sepalis injequaliljus extus pilis longmsculis hirsutis intus ad apicem puberulis, petalis oblongis obtusis apice barbatis, staminibus circiter 50, filamentis basi connatis petahsque adhairentibus antheras ter vel qnater superaiitibus anthens fere orbicularibus omnino exappendiculatis, ovario inferne glabro, superne in stylopodiuni elongato-conicum pilis longiusculis tomentosum angustato, stylo teuui glabro stylopodium vix cTquante stigmate lato obtuse 3-dentato, fructu tomentoso acuminato basi tantum calyeis segmentis tecto. Hab. Singapore (garden jungle), Ridley (No, 6393). f poll longa ad 2 poll lata; petiolus 3/4 poll longus. Calycis iructiteri segmenta tria majora lineari-oblonga, obtusa, basi angustata, lU-nervia, 4-5 poll, longa. Fructus % poll, longus. Cotuledonea crass:«, carnosae, major bifida ; radicula brevis. Attains 180 feet, with a tall clean stem. Foliage light green ; flowers creamy white in great masses ; wings of fruiting calyx reddish brown. Flowers in July. This species belongs to the small section of Shorea with inappendiculate anthers which now comprises 6 species of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. Some of these, like S., leprosula, Miq., have 15 stamens, while others (S. sericea, riyida) have a large number. D. Brandis, Tig. 1. Portion of leaf showing stellate indumentum. 2. Expanded flower. ^-Same enlarged. 4. Stamen. 6. Vertical section of ovary. Except fig 2. enlarged.