DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
INGER: AMPHIBIA, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 223 Fig. 37. A, Megophrys monticola stejnegeri ( X 06) ; B, M. m. nasuta ( X 04) ; C, M. m. monticola (X 05); D, M. m. ligayae (X 05). one pair of longitudinal dermal folds on back; folds reaching end of trunk (fig. 37). Range. — Java. Megophrys monticola nasuta Schlegel Ceratophryne nasuta Schlegel, 1858, Handl. Dierk, 2: 57, pi. 4, fig. 72 — Sumatra. Megophrys nasuta Smith, 1930, Bull. Raffles Mus, no. 3, p. 132; 1931, op. cit, no. 5, p. 9; Mertens, 1934, Arch. Hydrobiol, 12, Suppl. (Trop. Binnengew), 4680. Megalophrys nasuta Boulenger, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908: 413, pi. 22; van Kampen, 1923, Amph. Indo-austr. Arch, p. 10, fig. 2. Megalophrys montana Boulenger, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908: 411 (part); van Kampen, 1923, Amph. Indo-austr. Arch, p. 8 (part). Megophrys monticola Smith, 1931, Bull. Raffles Mus, no. 5, p. 12; Mertens, 1934, Arch. Hydrobiol, 12, Suppl. (Trop. Binnengew), 4: 679 (part). Material examined. — Borneo, 13 (10 MCZ; 3 UMMZ). Diagnosis. — A large form of monticola; adult females about 110 mm, males 90 mm. (see Table 3) ; dermal appendage of snout usually well developed (up to 35 mm), occasionally present only as a small projection; orbital appendage large (35 to 70 mm); two pairs of
INGER: AMPHIBIA, PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 229 to 75 mm, snout to vent). The parietal crests of specimens from the Calamian Islands are on the average thicker than those on material from Palawan and Balabac. This difference is correlated with differences in body lengths and may not indicate a change in growth relations. Another characteristic of the supraorbital-parietal crest showing geographic variation is the position of its highest point. In the specimens from Java, Bali, and Borneo the high point is opposite the posterior third of the eye; in all specimens from the Philippines the high point is behind the eye, that is, on the parietal portion of the crest. The parotoid glands of the two subspecies are different in shape. Specimens of biporcatus from Java, Borneo, and Bali have subtriangular parotoids, the hind end being decidedly narrower than the front end (fig. 38, B). Occasionally the parotoid in these is attentable 6. Geographic variation of characters in adult Bufo biporcatus
MARINE ANIMALS THAT ARE POISONOUS TO EAT 125 Snapper, Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal) (Fig. 82, Top) Polynesia, westward to east Africa. Chinaman Fish, Paradicichthys venenatus Whitley (Fig. 82, Center). Australia. Parrotfish, Scars caeruleus (Bloch) (Fig. 82, Bottom). Florida and West Indies. Parrotfish, Scams microrhinos Bleeker (Fig. 83, Top). Indo-Pacific. Seabass, Grouper, Cephalopholis argus Bloch and Schneider (Fig. 83, Next to Top). Tropical Indo-pacific. Seabass, Plectropomus oligacanthus Bleeker (Fig. 83, Next to Bottom). Indonesia, Philippine, Caroline and Marshall Islands. Seabass, Plectropomus truncatus (Fowler) (Fig. 83, Bottom). Micronesia, Indonesia, Philippines. Seabass) Variola loutiforska) (Fig. 84, Top). Tropical Indo-Pacific. Barracuda, Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum) (Fig. 84, Bottom). Indo-pacific; from Hawaii to the Red Sea; west Atlantic from Brazil to the West Indies, Florida and Bermuda. Medical Aspects. Tingling about the lips, tongue, and throat, followed by numbness may develop immediately or any time within a period of 30 hours after ingestion of the fish. The tingling sensation may be accompanied by such other symptoms as nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, dryness of the mouth, abdominal cramps, and diarrhoea. The muscles of the mouth, cheeks and jaws may become drawn and spastic, with a feeling of numbness. Headache, joint aches, nervousness, prostration, dizziness, pallor, cyanosis, inability to sleep, extreme weakness, and exhaustion are frequently present. The feeling of weakness may become progressively worse until the patient is unable to walk. Muscle pains are generally described as dull, heavy aches or cramping sensations, but may also be sharp, shooting, affecting particularly the arms and legs. Victims complain of their teeth feeling loose and painful in their sockets. Visual disturbances consisting of blurring, temporary blindness, sensitivity to light, and spots before the eyes are not uncommon. Skin disorders are frequently reported consisting of intense itching, red popular rash, blisters, extensive areas of loss of skin, especially of the hands and feet, and occasionally ulceration. There may also be loss of hair and nails. In severe intoxication the nervous symptoms are particularly pronounced. The victim may interpret the feeling of cold as a Fig. 79. Top to bottom: Squirrelfish, Myripristis murdjan (Forskal). Oceanic Bonito, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus). Wrasse, Epibulus insidiat or (Pallas). (From Hiyama) Wrasse, Julie gaimardi (Quoy and Gaimard). (Arita)
MARINE ANIMALS THAT ARE POISONOUS TO EAT 133 POISONOUS MARINE TURTLES Poisoning from marine turtles is one of the lesser known types of intoxications produced by marine organisms. The cases that have been reported are sufficiently severe to be impressive. As in the case of fishes, most of these species are commonly eaten with impunity. For some unknown reason, certain species of marine turtles in the vicinity of the Philippine Islands, Ceylon, and Indonesia, under certain circumstances, may become extremely poisonous to eat. Species of Marine Turtles Reported as Poisonous to Eat Green Sea Turtle, Chelonia my das (Linnaeus) (Fig. 85, Top). Inhabits all tropical and subtropical seas. Hawksbill Turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus) (Fig. 85, Center). Inhabits all tropical and subtropical seas. Leatherback Turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (Linnaeus) (Fig. 85, Bottom). Largely circumtropical, but occasionally taken in temperate waters. Medical Aspects. Symptoms generally develop within a few hours to several days after ingestion of the flesh. The initial symptoms are usually nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, severe upper abdominal pain, dizziness, dry burning sensation of the lips, tongue, lining of the mouth and throat. Swallowing becomes very difficult, and excessive salivation is pronounced. The disturbances of the mouth may take several days to develop, but become progressively severe as time goes on. The tongue develops a white coating, and the breath becomes very foul. Later, the tongue may become covered with multiple pinhead-sized, reddened papules, which may later break down into ulcers. If the victim has been severely poisoned, he tends to become very sleepy, and is difficult to keep awake. If this symptom develops, it is usually a bad sign, and death soon follows. Death is believed to be due to liver and kidney damage. About 44 percent of the victims poisoned by marine turtles die. Treatment. There is no specific treatment. Some of the recommendations presented in fish poisoning are pertinent here. Prevention. Marine turtles in the tropical Indo-pacific region should be eaten with caution. If in doubt, check with local native groups and find out if they are safe to eat in that locality. Turtle liver is especially dangerous to eat. Fig. 85. Top: Green Sea Turtle, Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus). Center: Hawksbill Turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus). Bottom: Leatherback Turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (Linnaeus).
— 353 — Terminal bud small. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, glabrous, subovate-elliptic to elliptic, 6-15 X 3-5 em. conspicuously acuminate (acumen slender, obtuse. 6-20 mm long), base rounded to shortly acute ; above glossy, smooth, the very thin midrib prominulous, the lateral nerves faint ; below glossy, densely, smoothly reticulate nervules flattened), midrib prominent, in very young leaves sparsely microscopically puberulous. lateral nerves Kill pairs, very thin, prominulnus. erect-patent. very close In the margin abruptly, arcuately ascendent, not connected into a marginal vein, secondary nerves absent or not different from the reticulation. Petiole slender, geniculate or not. upper part slightly thickened. 1.5-6 cm long. Panicles (pseudo-racemes i axillary, consisting of a 5-15 mm long, slender, puberulous main peduncle, bearing (usually apically l-'i flowers on very short lateral branches. Pedicels thickish, puberulous, 2 nun. Buds slender, long and sharply pointed. Sepals thickish. glabrous, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, acutish, 6-8 mm. Petals yellowish fresh i. o\ate. 1 cm long, Stamens 15. Fruit ovoid, acute, its base flattened, pericarp thick, superficially, longitudinally grooved, the ribs very broad, slightly pointed, rusty scabrous, up to 3.5 cm diam. the not enlarged sepals stiff, pointing downward. A fibrous mass between the cotyledons (Heim). At germination opening by thick valves. Distribution : S.W. Ceylon, wet, evergreen lowland forest, alt. 300 m. near Nelluwa (Hiniduma Province) and S. Sinharaja. Notes : Ashton mixed this with at least two other, quite distinct species. This is one of the 3 species of Stemonoporus with a reticulation, exactly like that of the 3 Ceylonese species of Vatica. There are 3 sheets in Peradeniya : one marked in pencil April 1855. near Nellowe. which has a fruiting branch, a flowering one and a sterile large-leaved one : the second one has 2 flowering branches and the pencilled note : near Nellowe. Hinidoon Corle, fr. Apr. 1855, fl. Sept. 1860 and the third has 2 (lowering branches and is marked : near Nellowe, Sept. 1860. Heim established Kunckelia on account of the fruit, the thick pericarp and the planconvex, unequal cotyledons. The species has been found again in Sinharaja forest where one tree is marked for observation. Material studied: S W. Ceylon : C.P. 3414. Hiniduma Korale. Nelluwe, April 1855. II. (PDA, 2 sheets), type ; C.P. 3414. ibid. Sept. 1860. fr. PDA. part of one sheet ; Gunatilleke H. 741, Sinharaja forest Weddagala entrance, ster. (PDA): Kostermans 27840. same tree. Oct., buds (AARH, G, L, PDA); Kostermans 27898. same tree. Nov. fl. (AARH, G, L, PDA). 12. Stemonoporus rigidus Thwaites. — PL 11, 12. In Hooker's Kew J. Bot. 6:69 (1854); Enum. Pl. Zevl. : 38 (1858). and 403 (1864), as a synon. of Vateria rigida, Benth. ; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1 : 134. tab. 13. fig. 6-11 (1893) : Pierre, Fl. for. Cochinch. 17 : tab. 258 J (1892) : Heim. Kecherches Dipteroc. : 89 (1892) and in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 39 : 193 (1892) ; Brandis, J. Linn. Soc. 31 : 140 (1895) : Lewis. Veget. Prod. Ceylon : 46 (1934) ; Ashton. in Dassayanake (editor) Revised Handb. FL Ceylon 1 (2) : 193 (1977).
puberulous peduncles, bearing 1-4 flowers in axils of awl-shaped tiny bracts. Pedicels thickish, puberulous, 2 mm long. Sepals ovate, acutish. thickish. up to 7 mm long, outside densely sericeous puberulous. Petals white, obovate-subspathulate, up to 1 em long, obtuse, longitudinally veined. Stamens 10, minutely puberulous. Fruit globose, smooth. Distribution : Kitulgalle area. Notes : The material (apart from the C.P. 3151) enumerated by Ashton, does not belong here; it differs by thicker leaves with closely packed numerous secondary nerves and different much longer hairs. Alston mentioned a Lewis specimen from the same area. S.W. Ceylon with a fruit. I have not seen this but I suspect it to be S. scalarinervis. Lewis's description contains contradictions: he states that the tree is 20 feet high, but in the discussion of the timber, that it attains considerable size. A tree of 20 ft. is hardly a timber tree. Apparently he confused it with another species. He mentioned : Gongalle Range (repeated by Alston). The species was only known from the type locality by a single collection. In April 1980 I rediscovered two tree near Kitulgalle. Material studied : C.P. 3151, Kitulgalle, 1852 or 1853 (PDA. 2 sheets, : Kostermans 2S3SS, valley of Kelaniya R., near Kitulgalle, alt. ca. 300 m. April, fl. (AAU, G, L. PDA). 15. Stemonoporus wightii Thwaites. — PL 15. Enura. Pl. Zeyl. : 37 (1858) and 403 (1864), as a synon. of Valeria wightii Benth. ; A. DC, Prodr. 16 (2) : 620 (1868), as a synon. of Vatica wightii: Dyer, in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. fnd. 1 : 314 (1874), as a synon. of Valeria ceylanica Wight; Heim, Recherches Dipter.: 89 (1892) ; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 39 : 153 (1892) ; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Cevlon 1 : 132 (1893 ; Brandis, J. Linn. Soc. 31 : 138, tab. III, 26 (1895) ; Lewis, Trees and flow. Pl. W. and Sabaragamuwa Prov. : 36 (1902) ; Veg. Prod. Ceylon : 44 (1934) ; Alston, in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Cevlon 6 (Suppl.) : 26 1931], as a svnon. of Stemonoporus ceylanicus ; Ashton, in Dassanayake (editor . Revised I Iambi. FL Ceylon 1 (2); : 189 (1977). as a synon. of S. ceylanirus. — Vateria wightii (Thw.) Benth. ex Thw., Fnum., I.e. : 403 (1864) ; Dyer, I.e. : 314 (1874), as a synon. of Vateria ceylanica : Trimen, Syst. Catal. : 9 (1885) ; Handb., I.e., as a synon. of Stemonoporus wightii ; Ashton, I.e. ■ Vatica wightii (Thw.) A. DC, Prodr. 16 (2) : 620 (1868) ; Dyer, l.c., as a synon. of Vateria Vateria ceylanica Wight, Illustr. Ind. Bot. 1 : 88 (1840) ; Thwaites, Enum., I.e. : 37 (1858), with question mark ; A. DC, Prodr., I.e. : 020 (1868) : Dyer. l.c. : 314 (1871): Trimen. Syst. Catal. Cevlon : 9 (1885) “ceylanica”: Handb. l.c. : 132, as a synon. of Stemonoporus wrightii: Ashton, l.c.; typus :Specimen, seen by Dyen (Cal? K?) -Stemonoporus ceylanicus (Wight) Alston, in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Cevlon 6 Suppl.) : 26 (1931) -zeylanicus" : Ashton. I.e. : 189 (1977). Stemonoporus macrophyllus Thw.. mss. ,n Herb. Honker, ex Thw., Fnum., I.e. : 37 1 858 : Heim, Recherches Dipter. : 89 (1892, ; Bull. Soe. Bot. France 39 : 153 (1892). : C.P. 3115, Sinharaja, Sept. L855, fl. PDA, and dbh. 35 cm. Bark smooth, yellow. Sapwood pale yellowish.
Material studied: Wass 1688, Ratnapura Distr., Mangadala Oya forest, along trail to Maskeliya from Malibode, 700 m, June, fl. (PDA). 20. Stemonoporus affinis Thwaites. — Pl. 20. In Hooker's Kew J. Hot. : 68 1854 ; Enum. PL Zeyl.:38 of Vateria affinis Benth. : A. DC, Prodr. Hi i 2 i : 021 ( 1808), Dyer, in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. Ind. I : 314 1874 . as a synon. of Valeria affinis ; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Cevlon 1 : 134, lab. U 1803: ; Alston, in id. 6 :Suppl. : 26 (1631) ; Brandis, J. Linn. Soc. 31 : 140(1895); Ashton. in Dassanayake (editor). Revised Handb. Fl. Ceylon. 1 (2) : 189(1977). -Vateria affinis (Thw.) Benth. ex Thw., Enum., l.c. : 403 (1864): A. D.C. l.c.; Dyer, f.c. :314; Trimen. Svst. Catal.: 10(1885); Handb. l.c. (as a synon. of Stemonoporus affinis); Ashton, l.c. — Vatica thwaitesii A. DC, Prodr. 16 (2), : 621 (1868); Dyer, l.c.; Trimen, l.c.; Ashton, l.c. Typus : C.P. 2430, Hunasgiriya, at about 4000 ft. (PDA). Tree, 8-13 m high, dbh. up to 40 cm, coppicing at base. Bark smooth, grey. Branchlets of flush and midrib of flush leaves underneath very sparsely microscopically puberulous, soon glabrous. Terminal bud small. Branchlets thickish. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, glabrous, subovate-elliptic to elliptic, (4-) 6-11 X (2-) 3-7 cm, rounded and abruptly acuminate acumen slender, obtuse, up to 1 em long, in saplings up to 2.5 cm), base rounded; above glossy, midrib thin, prominulous in a shallow groove, lateral nerves thin, obscurely impressed, sometimes the impressed secondary nerves visible, the leaves bullate. below glossy, midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves 7-8 (-11) pairs, erect-patent, slender, prominent, near margin for a short distance areuately ascendent, not connected, secondary nerves very slender, scalariformous, in between a dense reticulation. Petioles rather slender, 1-3 em long, straight, apical part slightly thickened. Inflorescence axillary, 0-5 mm long, bearing one or two flowers : bracts large, narrowly oblong, acutish. 5 mm long. Pedicels thickish. 5-7 mm long, sparsely, minutely puberulous. Sepals rather fleshy, narrowly oblong to subovate-oblong, rather obtuse to acutish, up to 8 mm long, outside sparsely. microscopicalK puberulous. Petals whitish yellow (fresh), subovate-orbicular, 1 cm long, obtuse, fleshy. Stamens 15, 4 mm long. Ripe fruit depressed globose, thick-skinned, smooth, initially slightly ribbed, up to 3 cm in diam. and 2.5 cm high, roughish, brown, the petals hardened, pointing downward. " Embryo bright pink " (Trimen). " Embryo bright pink, cotyledons divided into numerous lobes " (Brandis). Distribution : Knuckles Mts.. according to Lewis also on Meriacotte Peak (S. and W. flank), upper Bambarabotuwa, upper Atakalan Korale and Rakwana according to Lewis, repeated by Ashton). Ecology : Reaches canopy size in the low mountain forest. Notes : The ripe fruit is smooth and not grooved as stated by Trimen and is irregularly dehiscent. The base of the leaves was correctly described by Trimen, they are not subcordate or broadly cuneate as stated by Ashton. They are not scabrous below as stated by Trimen.
— 402 — dent, 9-12 pairs, secondary nerves thin, parallel (those off the midrib horizontal). Petiole rather slender, 2-4 cm long, slightly thickened apically. Inflorescences extra-axillary, rather few-flowered, few-branched panicles, up to 4 era long, glabrous, the lowest branch long, the other very short. Pedicels thickish, 1.5-2 mm long, subtended by a tiny bract. Sepals 5, narrowly elongate triangular, acute, fleshy, stiff, 4-5 mm long. Petals white, elliptic-spathulate, rather fleshy. up to ~> mm long, obtuse. Stamens 5, on very short filaments. opening in the usual way by an apical slanting aperture and one somewhat lower down, formed b\ the incurved margins of the large valve. Fruit (immature rusty brown verruculous because of small polygonal areas, 1.5 cm diam., the unaltered sepals stiff, pointing downwards. Distribution : Only known from the type locality. Notes : The 5 stamens places tin's in suhgenus Monoporandra. From the other representatives of that subgenus it differs considerably in leaf size, texture and shape. Peculiar are the folded, scaphiform leaves, which occur also in S. revolulus (this has obtuse, erect, much smaller leaves). I know only Vatica scaphifolia from Fast Indonesian Borneo with similar strongly concave pendulous leaves. This is the normal situation, the tree was very healthy, the climate very wet. Material studied : Kostermans 28458, Ratnapura Distr., X. of Bamberabotuwe For. Res., alt. ca. 400 m, May, fl., young fr. (AAU, G, L, PDA). SPECIES EXCLUDENDE 1. Vateria ( Stemonoporus ) disticha Thw., Enum. PI. Zevl. : 404 I Si 14 Stemonoporus distichus (Thw.: Heim, Reeherches Ihpter. : 72 ]S!»2 Smmph-a I.') distirlu, Thw. Trimen --Doona disticha (Thw.) Pierre = Vatica disticha Thw.-A. DC. = Shorea disticha Thw.) Ashton. 2. Vateria (Stemonoporus) scahriuscula Thw., Enum. PI. Zeyl. : 404 (1864) = Stemonoporus scabriusculus (Thw.) Heim, Reeherches Dipter. 89 (1892) = Vatica scahriuscula (Thw.) A. DC. = Sunaptea scahriuscula Thw. Trimen = Dyerella scahriuscula (Thw.) Heim = Cotylelohium scahriusculum (Thw.) Brandis. 3. Stemonoporus " roseus " Trim., Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1 : 136 (1893) ex Durand & Jackson, Index Kewensis Suppl. 1 : 400 (1906 , fsphahn. -S/ nervosa*). — Valeria " rosea " Thw. I.e. (sphalm. = Valeria nervosa Thw.). 4. Stemonoporus lewisianus Trimen ex Hooker f., in Trimen Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5 : 383 (1900) ; Lewis, Trees cV fl. PI. of W. and Sabaragamuwa Prov. 37 (1902) ; Veget. Prod. Ceylon 49 (1934) ; E. J. Livera, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya 9 : 97 1924) (as a synon. of Vatica lewisiana); Alston, in Trimen, Handb.. I.e. (J (Suppl. : 25 VXW as a svnon. of Valeria .' lewisiana) ; Ashton, in Blumea 20 : 358 (1972) and in Dassanavake e.litor . Revised Handb. Ik Cevlon I 2 : I»i7 (1977) (as a synon. of Cotylelohium lewisianum . Valeria ? lewisiana Trimen ex Hooker f.) Alston, I.e. : 25; Ashton, ll.ee. as a svnon. of Cotiffe/ohium Iewisianum\. Vatica lewisiana (Trimen ex Hooker f.) Livera, I.e. plate XI C. 1-4 -.'Lewis, Veget. Prod., I.e. : Alston. I.e. as a synon. of Valeria .' lewisiana ; Ashton, ll.ee. (as a svnon. of Cotylelohium lewisianum). — Typus : Lewis s.n., Jan. 1893 (K ; PDA, 2 sheets).
Collette and Gillis: Osteological differences between two species of Grammatorcynus 45 120 150 180 G. bilineatus G. bicarinatus t it - ' h J0 60 90 120 150 180 60 Figure 27 Distribution of Grammatorcynus based on specimens examined and literature records. forms large schools. The spawning season in Fiji ex- tends from October through March (Lewis et al. 1983). Larvae and juveniles have been illustrated from the Philippines (Wade 1951), Papua New Guinea (Nishi- kawa 1979), and the South China Sea (Zhang 1981). Food includes adult and juveniles of crustaceans and fishes, particularly clupeoids such as Sardinella and Thrissocles, but also includes other fishes such as Sphyraena and Balistes (Silas 1963831). Parasites Six species of parasitic copepods have been reported from G. bilineatus (Cressey and Cressey 1980, Cressey et al. 1983): Shiinoidae: Shiinoa ocdusa Kaba- ta; Caligidae: Caligus asymmetricus Kabata, C. rega- lis Leigh-sharpe, C. bonito Wilson, C. pelamydis Kryer, and C. productus Dana. The monogenean Caballerocotyla sp. was found on an Okinawan speci- men (Dyer et al. 1989). Interest to fisheries Double-lined mackerel are taken incidentally with hand lines off Port Blair, Andaman Islands (Silas 1963). It is common in the offshore zones of Fiji but is only occasionally seen in Fiji markets (Lewis et al. 1983). The flesh is reported to be mild and pleasantly flavored but it is necessary to remove the kidney tissue before cooking to avoid the ammonia smell. This characteristic has given rise to one of the Palauan names for the species, biturchturch, which means urine (Johannes 1981187). It is valued for marlin bait in Queensland (Mcpherson 1984). ange Widespread near coral reefs in the tropical and subtropical Indo-west Pacific (Fig. 27). Based on literature, specimens examined, and photographs, known from the Red Sea, Andaman Sea, East Indies, Philippines, South China Sea, Ryukyu Islands, New Guinea (New Britain, New Ireland, New Hanover, and the Louisiade Archipelago), Australia (northern West- ern Australia, from Dampier Archipelago north and Queensland), Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Caro- line Islands, Marshall Islands, Fiji, Tonga, and Tokelau Islands (photograph from Fakaofo Atoll received from Robert Gillett, Regional Fishery Support Programme, Suva, Fiji, Aug. 1985).
STARFISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS. 7 2. Deep-water species: Ctenodiscus orientalis, m. c. Zoroaster ophiactis, c. Pectinaster hylacanthus, ni. Cnemidaster wy villa, c. (to AraCheirafiter niasicus, c. m. fur Sea). Atelorias anacanthus, c. Coronaster halicepus, m. Retaster insignis (lists g, j). Stegnohrisinga placoderma, c. Hymenasterides zenognathiis, ra. (j) Philippine species extending into the Banda and Arafura Seas: Astropecten granulatus. Ophidiaster fuscus (to northwest Rosaster symbolicus. Australia). Iconaster longimanus. Nepanthia maculata. Nardoa tuberculata. Retaster insignis (lists 5 i). Fromia japonica (to Japan). Cnemidaster wyvillii. Ophidiaster tuberifer (to Bay of Bengal). k) Species common to Philippine and Hawaiian Islands: Cheiraster inops (to Indian Ocean, list c). Pseudarchaster jordani (Borneo, and Indian Ocean, list c). Mediaster ovatus (to Arabian Sea, list c) Distolasterias euplecta. Brisingella fragilis. (1) Bathymetric distribution of species of lists a to k occurring below the 100 fathom line: 1. From between 99 and 200 fathoms Astropecten granula-Rosaster symbolicus. tus. Henricia densispina. Persephonaster an-Coronaster halicepus. chistus. Distolasterias euplecta. Luidia aspera. 2. From between 200 and 300 fathoms Cheiraster inops. Hymenasterides stenognathus. Cheiraster niasicus. Coronaster halicepus. Henricia densispina. Brisingella fragilis. 3. From between 300 to 500 fathoms Ctenodiscus orientalis. Pseudarchaster jordani. Pectinaster hylacanhenricia densispina. thus. Brisingella fragilis. Cheiraster inops. 4. From between 500 and 700 fathoms Cheiraster inops. Zoroaster ophiactis. Atelorias anacanthus. Stegnohrisinga placoderma.