DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
72 XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEAE [Vatica Assam, in the valley as well as on the hills surrounding it, Cachar, Chittagong Hills, Upper Burma on the Irawaddi above Bhamo Fl. April, May 3. V. Griifithi, Brandis. Mogaung, Upper Burma. A tree. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, blade 4-9, petiole 1/2 in. long. Fl. yellow, scented, m mtich ramified axillary panicles. B. (Subgenus Synaptea). Ovary as a rule entirely or partially immersed in receptacle, 2 segments of fruiting calyx expanding into long Vatica lanceaefolia, Blume. FL and fr. 1/2 4. V. grandiflora, Dyer. — Syn. Anisoptera odorata Kurz, F. Fl. i. 112. A middle-sized deciduous tree, young shoots and inflorescence clothed with ferruginous stellate tomentum. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, blade 5-7, petiole f-l in. long. Fl. 3/4 in., ovary slightly immersed in the receptacle, densely clothed with stellate hairs. Wings of fruiting calyx oblanceolate, the 2 1/2 in. with stellate deciduous larger long pubescence, the smaller one-third their length. Martaban, Tenasserim, Singapore. 5. V. faginea, Dyer, Tenasserim, Ferak, Cochinchina, is very similar and perhaps not specifically distinct. Leaves and flowers smaller, blade 4-5, petiole 1/3-1/2 in long. Fl. 1/2 in. 6. V. Scaphula, Dyer; M. Brit. Ind. i. 301. Vern. Boil shora, Mugh (Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 611). A large tree. Leaves elliptic-oblong, blade 5-8 in., petiole much thickened in the upper half, 1 in. long, midrib and 14-16 pair secondary nerves veins prominent beneath, tertiary nerves parallel and reticulate. Fl. 1/2 in. diam., in ample terminal panicles, ramifications and calyx grey tomentose with lorg stellate hairs, petals white, nearly glabrous, broadly ovate, spreading. Stamens 10. M:askhal Island, Chittagong district, canoeb made of it. Fl. C. S. The anatomy of this anomalous species merits further study. 9. VATERIA, Linn.; PL Brit. Ind. L 313. Species 3, one in Ceylon, another on the Seychelles. 1. V. indica, Linn.; Eoxb. Cor. pL t. 288; Wight 111. t. 36.— Syn. V. malabarica Blume ; Bedd. PL Sylv. t. 84. The Piney Varnish Tree, Vern, Dhupada, Guyli, Kan.; Bill dupa Coorg; Vellei Kuntrikam. Tam. : Payin, Mal.
32 14. TERNSTROEMIACEAE. [Eurya, E. japonica, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 191. t. 25; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 92; Fl. Br. I. 1. 284. Eastern Himalaya ; Sikkim, alt. 5 — 10,000 ft., Khasia Mountains, alt. 3 — 6000 ft., E. and W. Peninsulas and Ceylon, ascending-to 7000 feet. Beddome says it is found at low elevations on the W. side of the Madras Presidency. 1 have found it on the Bababudon Hills of Mysore at about 6000 ft., but have no account of it from any station in the Bombay Presidency except that given by Lisboa in his Useful Plants of Bombay and which requires confirmation. This tree flowers in Mysore during November, Fr. ripe January. Wood brown, soft, close-grained, sometimes used for fuel. 2. GORDONIA, Ellis. Evergreen trees. Leaves usually crenate. Flowers large, white, fragrant, solitary axillary or collected at the ends of the branches, 2-4 bracteokte, Sepals usually 5, unequal, graduating-from the bracts to the petals. Petals free, the innermost larger. Stamens 5-adelphous or all connate, adnate to the petals. Ovary 8-5 celled ; stigma stout, spreading ; ovules 4-8 in each cell. Capsule oblong, woody, angled, dehiscent. Seeds flat, winged, albumen 0. G. obtusa, Wall. Cat. 1459 ; Fl. Br, I. 1. 291 ; Bedd Fl. Sylv. t. 83, Western Peninsula from the Konkan southwards at an elevation of 2500 — 7000 ft. Common on the Nilgiris. I have found it on the Bababuden Hills of Mysore, in the evergreen sholas, at an elevation of 5000 ft., but it has not yet been found in the Bombay Presidency as far as I know. Lisboa mentions it in his Useful Plants of Bombay, but, similarly to Eurya japonica, this observation requires confirmation. Flowers May-June. Fr. Nov. -Jan. Order 14 DIPTEROCARPEAE. Trees abounding in resin, rarely climbing shrubs. Leaves entire, alternate, simple, with lateral parallel nerves ; stipules deciduous, convolute. Flowers usually sweet-scented, regular, bisexual, in few or many-flowered axillary and terminal racemes or panicles. Bracts minute or 0, rarely larger and persistent. Calyx 5-lobed, tube free or very short and adnate to the base of the ovary, 2 or more lobes usually accrescent in fruit. Petals 5, contorted, connate at the base or free. Stamens 5-infinite, hypogynous, or sub-perygynous, free connate or adnate to the petals ; filaments short, dilated at the base ; anthers 2-celled, connective, often aristate or with an obtuse appendage. Ovary slightly immersed in the torus, 1-3 celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, laterally affixed or erect; style subulate or fleshy. Fruit usually winged ; seeds 1-2, exalbuminous (albuminous
Dipterocarpus. 14. DIPTEROCARPEAE. 33 in Ancistrocladus). Cotyledons fleshy, equal or unequal, straight or more or less plaited and crumpled ; radicle superior or rarely inferior, usually included between the cotyledons. Calyx much enlarged in fruit. Calyx in fruio with a distinct tube. Large trees. Fruit with 2 erect wings ... 1, Dipterocarpus Climbing shrubs. Fruit with 5 unequal spreading wings ... ... 2. Ancistrocladus. Calyx in fruit with an obscure tube. Fruit 3-5-winged .. ... ... 3. Shorea. Fruit 2-winged ... ... ... 4. Hopea. Calyx not winged in fruit ... ... 5. Vateria, 1. DIPTEROCARPUS, Gaertn. Lofty trees with cylindrical stems, stellately pubescent or more or less clothed with fascicled hairs. Leaves coriaceous, simple^ entire or repand-crenate ; stipules large, valvate, enclosing the terminal bud, deciduous. Flowers racemose or panicled, often large and showy. Calyx 5-lobed with a turbinate or urceolate, free tube, 2 of the lobes accrescent in fruit. Petals pubescent externally^, spreading, slightly cohering at the base. Stamens numerous ; anther-lobes equal ; connective prolonged into a cuspidate point. Ovary 3-celled ; style filiform ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit free, enclosed in the enlarged calyx-tube, 1-seeded, 2-winged. Seed adnate to the base of the pericarp ; cotyledons large, thickj unequal. D. turbinatus, Gaertn. f. Fruct. IIL 51. t. 188 ; Fl. Br, 1. 1 .295. D. indicns, Bedd. Fl. Sylv, t. 94 ; Brandis Jour. Linn. Soc. Vol. 31. p. 26. Wood Oil Tree. Ghallane, K. Eastern Bengal and Eastern Peninsula, from Pegu to Singapore, Western Peninsula., in the ghat evergreen forests, locally distributed, from North Kanara southwards. Very abundant in South K^nara and on the southern ghats of North Kanara (Gairsoppah Ghat, etc.). I have not seen trees much over 100 ft. high. It is, however, known to attain much greater dimensions, 200 ft. high by 5 ft. in diameter, in the Chittagong forests. Sir D. Brandis keeps D. turbinatus, Gaertn., distinct from D. indicus, Bedd., on very slender grounds. Length of the petiole, size of the leaf and number of the lateral veins. Enumer. Dipterocarpeae, Brandis. Jour. Linn. Soc. Vol. 31. p. 27. El, Dec. -Jan. Fr. ripe May. Wood smooth, moderately hard. Heartwood reddish brown, mottled with dark patches of tissue. Pores round, moderate-sized, included in and often joined by irregular bands of soft tissue. Medullary rays broad and fine. Weighs 57 lbs. to the cubic foot. Employed for house-building and canoes in Burma : not much used on the West Coast. The trunk yields a balsamic oil (Gurjun oil) used medicinally and for painting houses and ships. 2. ANCISTROCLADUS, Wall. Climbing shrubs with circinately hooked branches. Leaves usually in terminal tufts, coriaceous, entire. Flowers in terminal or lateral B 987—5
14. DIPTEROCARPEAE, [Ancistrocladus. panicles. Calyx-tube short ; lobes unequally enlarged. Stamens 5-10. Ovary 1-celled, inferior ; styles 3, articulated to a rounded disk ; ovule solitary. Fruit crowned with the accrescent spathulate^ calyx wings. Seed sub-globose ; albumen copious, fleshy, ruminated ; embryo shorty straight ; cotyledons short, divergent. A. Heyneanus, Wall. Cat. 7262 ; Fl. Br. I. 1. 229 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FL 34. Kardor, kurdul, M. Western Peninsula from the Konkan to Travancore. On the ghats of Korth Kanara, common in evergreen forests. Fl. March. Fr. April. 3. SHOREA, Roxb. Resinous trees. Leaves entire or sub-repand, feather-veined. Flowers bracteate in lax cymose panicles; bracts persistent, caducous or 0. Calyx-tube short, adnate to the torus, segments ovate or lanceolate, imbricate, 3 or more^ rarely all enlarged in fruit. Petals 5, twisted, imbricate. Stamens 15-20-100; anthers ovate or oblong, rarely linear ; connective subulate-cuspidate ; valves equal or the exterior slightly larger, obtuse, rarely cuspidate. Ovary 3. celled ; cells 2-ovuled ; style subulate, entire or 3 lobed at the apex. Fruit coriaceous, indehiscent, 1-seeded, enclosed in the winged, accrescent calyx; wings 10-veined, linear. Cotyledons fleshy, unequal, usually enclosing the superior radicle. S. Talura, Roxb. Fl. Ind. IT. 618; Fl. Br. I. 1. 304; S.laceifem, Heyne; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 26. Jhall mara, K. ; Jhallanda, Mysore. Western Peninsula ; forests of Mysore and Malabar. In the forests of the Sirsy taluka of North Kanara near the Mysore frontier, pretty common. Bark grey with longitudinal fissures. Wood hard, dark-yellowish, evengrained. Pores small, often in groups, enclosed in white tissue. Medullary rays moderately broad and fine, numerous, wavy, joined by transverse narrow bars of white tissae. Annual riogs indistinct. Weighs 56 lbs. to the cubic foot. Used extensively for building purposes in North Kanara. As far as I can ascertain lac is not found on this tree in North Kanara. Fl. Jan. Fr. April. 4. HOPEA, Roxb. Glabrous or tomentose, resinous trees. Leaves coriaceous, entire, firm ; stipules small, deciduous. Flowers ebracteate, in lax panicles of unilateral racemes. Calyx-tube very short, segments obtuse, imbricate, 2, enlarging in fruit, wing-like and erect. Petals connate, deciduous. Stamens 15, rarely 10; anthers ovate; connective subulate-cuspidate ; cells obtuse, equal-valved. Ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled; style short, terete or subulate. Nut 1-seeded, 2-winged ; seed ovoid ; cotyledons fleshy, unequal. This genus is very closely allied to Shorea. H. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 6295 ; Fl. Br. 1. 1. 309; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. tr 96. Haiga, hiral bogi, hurihouga K.; Kavsip kalhoni M.
( 2i 9 ) ISOPTERA BORNEENSIS. The Dipterocarpous tree, Isoptera Borneensis, is one of the sources of oil nuts producing an important oil known generally as Minyak Tenkawang. We are indebted to Mr. John ALLAN, of Warrington, for an account of the habits of the tree and the methods of preparing the oil in Pontianak, where he has been lately travelling to study the origin of the oil seeds of the East. Isoptera bomeensis (Dipterocarpeae), is a native of Borneo. Bangka, and also of Pahang, Muar, and Perak, where I have occasionally met with it. It is a tree of very large size, from ioo to 150 feet when full grown, but unlike other Dipterocarpous trees it flowers and fruits often when quite small, so that one can gather the flowers from the ground. The leaves are bright green, oblong, acuminate, 4 inches long and two across, strongly ribbed, thin in texture, and glabrous. The flowers in short racemes small and yellow, are sweetly scented of vanilla, and in Pontianak. Mr. Allan says that the women are fond of gathering them, when the tree is small enough to reach, to put in their hair. The flowers are produced in October, the fruits in January. The tree usually grows on river banks in wet silt mud in which one sinks half-way up the leg. I have, however, seen it in dryer spots. The fruit is half globular, something like an acorn, about half-an-inch long and wide with five rounded ovate wings spreading out flat, reddish, and strongly ribbed, three of the wings are f-inch long, the other two hardly half as big. The fruit falls into the streams or rivers near which the tree grows and drifts down. The natives of Pontianak catch them in nets, or gather them in bends of the river, where there is a block from a fallen tree or projecting root. The nuts are then dried in the sun and pounded in a rice pounder, which here is trough or boat shaped. The pounded mass is then boiled in water and the fat skimmed off, strained through a simple bamboo strainer and poured into joints of bamboo. The fat is hard and waxlike. It is used for cooking, imparting a peculiar flavour to the meat, and is also used for greasing the copper pans in sngo and tapioca making, when pearl or bullet sago or tapioca is being made. The Minyak Tenkawang is also used for soap making in Europe, but it is a hard fat and requires much treatment. The tree is called Sinkawang in Muar, and Larat Api in Pahang. Burck gives its name as Tengkawang Trendah in Banka. Mr. Allan states that it grows in clusters, many trees together, which is not usual in Dipterocarpeae, though it is characteristic of Dryobalanops Camphor the Camphor tree. — Ed.
3i7 Sir HUGH Low, whose various Gardens in Perak were-supplied mainly with plants from the Botanic Gardens in Singapore attempted to develop agriculture in Perak, but his work was practically abandoned after he left the country and little was done for Agriculture in the Federated Malay States except by the Colonial Gardens, till the present year, and indeed at present the Malay States are still utilizing the resources of the Colonial Gardens. It can thus be seen what a large debt the agriculturists of the Malay States owe to the Botanic Gardens of Singapore and Penang for the work done for the last thirty years. Debts are easily f r« gotten, and the names even of the founders of agriculture in the Peninsula are perhaps hardly known to the planters who are reaping the benefit of their labours, among whom should be remembered Christopher Smith, to whom we owe the Nutmegs and Cloves of Penang. A. J. MURTON, the introducer of Para rubber and Liberian Coffee, and many other useful plants, and N. Cantley, who opened up the Economic Gardens in Singapore, whence so many thousands of plants and seeds have since been distributed over the Malay Peninsula. H. N. RIDLEY. FORESTRY IN THE MALAY PENINSULA IN 1904. The following notes extracted from the annual report from the Forest Department for last year may be of interest to our readers. Under the heading " Natural Reproduction" Mr. BURN-MURDOCH writes : — In Selangor, Merbau seeded plentifully during the year and thousands of seedlings were observed ^ in the Ulu Langat district ; Penak also seeded well both here and in the Kwala Pilah district of Negri Sembilan. A few Gutta-percha seeds, (Palaquium oblongifolium) , were obtained from Mr. HARPER, some of whose coolies came across fruiting trees in the remote jungles. The natural regeneration of Palaquium is very good. The Dipterocarp family fruited well generally, especially in Negri Sembilan, and large quantities of Penak, (Balanocarpus), seed were collected. The following were noted to have fruited : — Balanocarpus maximus ... June to August. Kumus (Shorea ciliata) ... October. Meranti and Serayahs Shoreas of various species and Hopea ... July to August. S. Acuminata S. Oprosula
318 Menyak Keruing, Dipterocarpus crinitus and Hasseltii. Calophyllum spectabile ... August to September. Petaling Ochanostachys Amentacea ... July to September. Tembusu, Fagroea fragrans ... November Merbau, Afzelia palembanica Palaquium was not observed to fruit in Negri Sembilan. It is interesting to note that in the forests near Tertang, Jelebu, the various ages or girth classes of Penak and Merbau are well represented, quite in contrast to parts of Pahang and Kwala Pilah where there are but few poles and saplings. Both Merbau and Chengal seeded well in Pahang, but seedlings are reported as scarce in a more advanced age. Resak (Shorea barbata) in the Temerloh district and Giam in the Rompin district have reproduced themselves satisfactorily, and seedlings of both species were seen thriving. The reproduction of Shoreas was good.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 81 Female flowers not seen. Fruits 2-6 per infructescence, ellipsoid, 1.0-1.6 x 0.8-1.2 cm, top minutely pointed, base sub-attenuate, glabrous, without or with sparse small tubercles or lenticels, dry valves c. 1-1.5 mm thick; stalk 1-4 mm long; perianth not persistent. Distribution. New Guinea: Irian Jaya, Digul (SE. New Guinea); Papua New Guinea, Western Prov. NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: (Bouman) BW 3234, (Nautje) 6530, 6608; Soegeng 413. — Papua New Guinea, Western Prov.: Lae 51821; NGF 8297, 31770, 31966. Ecology. Swamp edges, in fringes (with Acacia) of savanna and rain-forest; ridge forest, primary forest on level land inundated in the wet season, swampy forest on peaty soil; also in Mynaceae-Vatica-Campnosperma forest on well-drained podsolground; 0-200 m alt. Flowers in June, fruits from February to August. Vernacular names. Isasir, Jisasir, Jesaser (Asmat lang.), Selamae (Kunga dial.), Ma-tak (Kinuga Dist.). NOTES 1. Fieldnotes. Once reported to have small stilt roots. Bark longitudinally fissured, brown or red-brown, or blackish brown, inside reddish, with some reddish exudate; reported to have a very offensive smell, or a strong disinfectant smell. Wood whitish to yellow. Leaves ± leathery, once recorded as bluish-green above. Flowers yellow. Fruits orange-yellow or orange, seeds orange or red. 2. Apparently closely related to H. sepikensis, one of the few other New Guinean species with 3-merous perianths. That species differs in its non-angular twig-apices, more elongate perianth, more slender inflorescences, membranous leaves, and apparently a different ecology. The present new species is mostly found in dry or wet habitats on poor peaty or podsolic soils. 3. Specimens of the present species were included by Sinclair (p. 125, 126) in H. spicata var. sepikensis (Mkgf.) Sinclair, a taxon which appears to be a heterogenous entity. 18. Horsfieldia sepikensis Markgraf Fig. 1A(18); 10 Horsfieldia sepikensis Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 147. — Horsfieldia spicata var. sepikensis (Mkgf) Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 125, p.p. — Type: Ledermann 8016 (Bt; iso: SING. n. v.). Tree 10-25 m. Twigs terete, faintly ridged or not, towards apex 2-4(-6) mm diam., early glabrescent, tomentum of hairs greyish brown, c. 0.1 mm long or less; bark striate, when older not flaking, lenticels rather small but distinct. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually at or above the middle, 8-17 x 3.5-6 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate with the very tip usually bluntish; upper surface drying dark brown, without minute whitish pustules, lower surface early glabrescent, minute hairs less than 0.1 mm, without blackish-brown dots; midrib above flattish or slightly raised; nerves 8-12 pairs, above thin and flat; tertiary veins forming a lax network, very faint on both surfaces; petiole relatively long, 15-24 x 1-2 mm, leaf bud c. 10 x 1 mm, with hairs
110 V. VASCULAR PLANTS OF SEDILI-REGION Dilleniaceae Acrotrema costatum Jack: 32144 (2); frequent suffrutescent herb, in dryer parts of the swamp-forest. Dillema albiflos Ridley: 26850 (7), 29300 (1), 29369 (4), 32016 (2), 36850 (7), 37059 (10), s.n. 31.12.34 (4), (5); small tree -17 m, rarely with a few stilt-roots; frequent in dryer parts of the swamp-forest and on hillocks; endemic to south east, or east, Johore. D. excelsa (Jack) Gilg: 29335 (1), s.n. 27.3.32 (7); tree -27 m, without buttresses or stilts; flowering March-May (? not every year); frequent in swamp-forest. D. excelsa var. tomentella (Mart.) Corner: 32190 (1); flowering in October: frequent in swamp-forest. D. grandifolia Wall.: 26854 (7), s.n. 10.4.36 (6); tree -40 m, with prominent stiltroots -3 m high; deciduous; flowers without petals; scattered in swamp-forest; simpoh jangkang. (D. eximia Miq.). D. indica L.: frequent small tree on the banks of 5araca-streams and in the dryer parts of the swamp-forest; peradun. D. pulchella (Jack) Gilg: tree -30 m, without buttresses or stills, evergreen; frequent in the swamp-forest. D. reticulata King: 30678 (6), (7); stilted tree as D. grandifolia, apparently impossible to distinguish when sterile; deciduous; flowers with yellow petals; scattered in swamp-forest; simpoh jangkang. D. suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli: 21189 (7), 32984 (7), 33546, 33547 (7); shrub or small tree, evergreen, often with some aerial roots from the branches; common on Tristania-banks between Mawai and Bt Tiga; simpoh ayer. Dillenia sp.: s.n. 11.6.34 (9, S. Rhu Reba). See special notes. Tetracera arborescens Jack: s.n. 29.11.32 (7); frequent climber on Tristania-banks; mempelas asah. T. fagifolia Bl.: (8). T. indica (Houtt.) Merr.: 28631 (8); common riverside climber on Tristania-banks and in the swamp-forest; mempelas. T. sarmentosa (L.) Vahl (9); coastal climber, common; mempelas gajah. Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea lamprocaula Prain et Burkill: s.n. (7). D. pyrifolia Kunth: 28735 (3); climber with ovate-cordate leaf, 5-7 basal veins; in swamp-forest. Dioscorea sp. : 32120 (2), 32499 (2). Dipterocarpaceae Balanocarpus heimii King: 30863 (2), 30867 (2), 32025 (2), (4), (10); tree -55 m, frequent in hillock-forest and in the dryer parts of the swamp-forest, among the first to be felled; chengal, penah. Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f.: (4), (5), (10); tree -60 m, 34 m to the first branch, dominant on some hillocks and in the adjacent parts of the swampforest, at its southernmost occurrence in Malaya; kapur.