DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
chap, vii] THE DIPTEROCARPE.E ON MATTANG The Sapotaceae blossom principally in July. Amongst the numerous species of the family which I collected during this month, I one day at last secured a specimen of "niatto durian," a tree I had long sought for as being in Sarawak the most esteemed producer of gutta-percha. I had often met with felled trunks of this species on the slopes of Mattang, and in the forest between it and Kuching, cut down by the natives to extract the gutta ; but I had never before managed to find a specimen in blossom or with fruit, although my men had often pointed out young or sterile trees. On account of the great demand for its product, good yielding trees had become scarce around Kuching, and the native collectors had to search far and wide in the forest. The specimen whose flowers I had secured was apparently an undescribed species, to which, on account of the excellence of its product, I gave the name of Palaquium optimum (Fig. 20, 21). The Dipterocarpeae were in blossom during most of September, and in December their fruits were ripe. During those two months my principal occupation consisted in quartering the forest in search of them. Their presence was revealed by the quantity of flowers or fruit on the ground beneath the tree from which they had fallen. And huge giants, often, were the trees which I was obliged to fell or climb, in order to detach from the higher branches the necessary specimens for my herbarium. Great, indeed, was the labour such deforestation caused me ; and more than once to obtain the spoil from a single species of Dipterocarpus or of Shorea I had to work with three or four men for a whole day to fell the forest giant. I nevertheless managed to obtain not less than fifty species of Dipterocarps in the two above-mentioned months, within the radius of a mile from my hut. Amongst these fifty species were seven Dipterocarpus, thirteen Hopea, fifteen Shorea, four Balanocarpus, two Cotylelobium, two Dryobalanops, and two Vatica, most of which were at the time new to science, only a few having been previously met with on the islands of Bangka and Blitong, whose flora has strong affinities with that of Borneo. Some of these Dipterocarpeae have certainly a marked resemblance to species which grow in Sumatra and on the Malay Peninsula, but they are, at least at present, unknown from other localities, although most undoubtedly they must have a greater diffusion than the contour of Mount Mattang. It is, however, I think, well worthy of note that here the Dipterocarpeae are represented by several allied genera, including a considerable number of species, which, often presenting amongst themselves intermediate characters, may be supposed to be derived one from the other. This is, I opine, one of the essential features of a truly endemic flora, and very strongly contrasts with the character of an adventitious immigrant flora, in which the genera and species are an assem-9T
12 BULLETIN 1057, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. as the tree grows along the banks of this klong, the waters from which must inundate the surrounding land in the rainy season. It grew in company with Dipterocarpus alatus, Melia arborea, Salix sp., and other trees of which specimens have been collected but are as yet unidentified. The leaves of wild-growing Hydnocarpus anthelminthica are not as narrow as those of cultivated specimens, but are lanceolate instead of linear-lanceolate (PI. II). No mature fruits were found, but semiripe fruiting specimens were collected. The natives of Siam use the seeds of this species for the expression of an oil which they apply in cutaneous affections. It was stated by natives that the fruits are poisonous and also that fish feeding on the seeds of maikrabao are unpalatable. The narcotic properties of the seed are imparted to the fish, which, when eaten, produce nausea and vomiting. The seeds form an article of export to China, where they are known as "ta-f ung-chi." While in Hongkong the writer inquired about ta-fung-chi and found them on sale in native Chinese drug stores at $20 for 100 pounds. Since only about 32 per cent of the seed is kernel, the price is rather high. HYDNOCARPUS CASTANEA." While in search of Taraktogenos hurzii near the Siamese border but in the Burmese territory, the writer came across a species belonging either to Hydnocarpus or to Taraktogenos. It grew in a dense rain forest, on steep, densely wooded slopes, near the jungle village of Thinganyinon. Unfortunately, the tree was not in flower, but it had immature fruits, a comparison of which with those of Taraktogenos Jcurzii rendered doubtful its identity with that species. The time of flowering is in April, and the fruits ripen in July. The writer's visit was in December. Having known that Taraktogenos hurzii was said to occur in the Martaban Hills, the writer inquired, on reaching Moulmein on December 24, 1920, whether anyone had seen kalaw trees anywhere in the Martaban Hills. A Mr. Shwaloo, the son of a Burmese physician, stated that he knew where there were thousands of kalaw trees. Arrangements were made to explore the Martaban Hills, and a party, consisting of the writer, Mr. Shwaloo, a cook, and a boy, left for Martaban station and thence by rail for Paung. From Paung the party proceeded by bullock cart to Oktada, a small village at the foot of the Kalama Range. The same evening the writer followed the steep dry creek bed, strewn and lined with enormous bowlders of quartz rock, to the Mondo Range. In the crevices be- Hydnocarpus castanea Hook. f. and Thorns. (12, p. 197). Specimens collected by the writer are deposited in the United States National Herbarium : Rock No 744 U S N FT No? t.090,008 and 1,090,009.
72 XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEAE [Vatica Fig. 32. — Vatica lanceaefolia, Blume. Fl. and fr. 1/2. Assam, in the valley as well as on the hills surrounding it, Cachar, Chittagong hills. Upper Burma on the Irawaddi above Bhamo. Fl. April, May. 3. V. Griffithii, Brandis. Mogaung, Upper Burma. A tree. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, blade 4-9, petiole 1/2 in. long. Fl. yellow, scented, in much ramified axillary panicles. B. (Subgenus Synaptea). Ovary as a rule entirely or partially immersed in receptacle, 2 segments of fruiting calyx expanding into long wings. 4. V. grandiflora, Dyer. — Syn. Anisoptera odorata, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 112. A middle-sized deciduous tree, young shoots and inflorescence clothed with ferruginous stellate tomentum. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, blade 5-7, petiole 3/4-1 in. long. Fl. 3/4 in., ovary slightly immersed in the receptacle, densely clothed with stellate hairs. Wings of fruiting calyx oblanceolate, the larger 2 1/2 in. long with stellate deciduous pubescence, the smaller one-third their length. Martaban, Tenasserim, Singapore. 5. V. faginea, Dyer, Tenasserim, Perak, Cochinchina, is very similar and perhaps not specifically distinct. Leaves and flowers smaller, blade 4-5, petiole J-J in. long. Fl. 1/2 in. 6. V. Scaphula, Dyer; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 301. Vern. Boil shora, Mugh (Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 611). A large tree. Leaves elliptic-oblong, blade 5-8 in., petiole much thickened in the upper half, 1 in. long, midrib and 14-16 pair secondary nerves very prominent beneath, tertiary nerves parallel and reticulate. Fl. 1/2 in. diam., in ample terminal panicles, ramifications and calyx grey tomentose with long stellate hairs, petals white, nearly glabrous, broadly ovate, spreading. Stamens 10. Maskhal Island, Chittagong district, canoes made of it. Fl. C. S. The anatomy of this anomalous species merits further study. 9. VATERIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 313. Species 3, one in Ceylon, another on the Seychelles. 1. V. indica, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. pl. t. 288; Wight Ill. t. 36.— Syn. V. malabarica, Blume ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 84. The Piney Varnish Tree. Vern, Dhupada, Gugli, Kan.; Bili dupa, Coorg; Vellei Kuntrikam, Tam.; Payin. Mal.
Subjects Salmon (Continued) Sandy River, Oregon, survey. SSR 14 Schizamoeba salmonis a new parasitic amoeba. Doc 987 seasons, fishing. FL 80; RR 7 silver, leech-infestation study. PFC, v. 16, no. 3 D silver or coho. Car 24, 25; Doc 902, 1092 smoked. Doc 902, 1092; FL 18. 60; RR 7. 18 sockeye (See Salmon, red or sockeye), spawning, effects of injected pituitary material on. PFC. v. 14. no. 3 E spawning nests. FB 61 spawning observations. Doc 1021; FB 39, 50, 61. 95; IR 33; SSR 26; SSR-F 12. 56, 67, 74 spermatozoa, effectiveness at varying distances from point of dispersal. FB 50 spiced. RR 18 spring ( See Salmon, chinook or king). statistics. Doc 1021, 1041, 1102; FB 7, 13; SSR 17 (See also Statistical Digest series and Current Fishery Statistics series) steelhead ( See steelhead trout). storage studies. FL 332; SSR 15; Sep 82 structure and development. Doc 901 tagging experiments. Doc 943, 991, 1005. 1022, 1047. 1057. 1084. 1102; FB 11; Sep 349 texture changes in canned. Sep 305 transplanting operations. PFC 30 B, 47 C, 52 A; SSR 55; SSR-F 67 trolling, commercial. FL 387 tree (See Salmon, chinook or king). vitamin content of oils. IR 36, 40 waste, cannery ( See Salmon, cannery waste). Yukon River fishery. Doc 909. 928 Salting ( See also Curing) cod, brine-salting. Doc 1014. FL 45; RR 18 cod. dry-salting. Doc 1014; RR 18 commercial methods. Doc 902. 903. 919. 983, 1014. 1092; FL 38. 45. 51. 136. 240; RR 18, 26; Sep 24 drum, red (channel bass), dry-salting. FL 136; RR 18 herring, brine-salting. FL 38; RR 18 herring, dry-salting. RR 18 home methods. FL 18 bench-cure. RR 18. 26 kingfish. dry-salting. FL 136; RR 18 mackerel. RR 18 mullet, brine -salting. FL 51; Sep 24 mullet, dry-salting. FL 136; RR 18, 26 Philippine fish. RR 26 principles involved. Doc 919; RR 18 research on retarding rancidity In salt-cured fish. Sep 134 river herring. Doc 903; FL 26 salmon. Doc 902. 983, 1092; FL 60, 230; RR 18 sources of information on. FL 362 tuna. FL 188; RR 18 Venezuela salt-fish industries. FL 240 Samoa, tuna fishing at American. Sep 382 Sampler (See Nets). Sand: carbonized sand mixed with oil. effect on aquatic animals. SSR-F 1 Sanitation (See also Pollution). FL 201; RR 27; Sep 114. 160, 176, 187, 215, 221 Sao Paulo, fishing industry. FL 267 Saprolegnla parasitica (See Fungus). Sarda orientalis ( See Mackerel). Sardines (See also Pilchard): Atlantic fishery (sea herring). FL 5, 81; RR 7 canners. California. SL 102A canners, Maine. SL 102 233
PHILIPPINE FISHES 73 Tagalog English Scientific Kerapo Giant grouper Epinephelus tauvina Do Banded giant group-Promicrops lanceolate. er. Kigting Grouper (large) Family Serranidae. Kikii-o Spadefish Scatophagus argus. Kilyong Drepane Drepane punctata. Kini Remora Family Echeneidae. Kitang Spadefish ; butterfish Scatophagus argus. Kitil Barracuda Family Sphyraenidae. Krusan Hammerhead shark. Sphyrna zygaena. Kugtung Giant grouper Epinephelus tauvina. Do Banded giant group-Promicrops lanceolatus. er. Kulapo High-firmed grouper Cromileptes altivelis Kuringding Two-finned bonito Auxis sp Kucharita Yaito bonito Euthynnus yaito. Kutsarita do Do. Kutukuto Mullet fry Family Mugilidae. Kulapo Grouper Epinephelus sp. Kundilat Big-eyed herring Ilisha hoeveni. Kuwa-kuwa Threadfin Polynemus microstoma. Kuyo Siganid fry Family Teuthidae. Labahita Surgeon fish Family Acanthuridae (all species). Labayan Slippery dick Halichoeres sp. Do do Thalassoma sp. Do do Stethojulis sp. Labian Thick-lipped grunt Plectorhinchus sp. Lagaring-dating Sawfish Genus Pristis. Lagidlid Young of cavalla Families Carangidae and and mackerel. Scombridae. Lagunlong Anchovy Family Engraulidae. Lamas Mojarra Gerres sp. Lamayan Mountain bass Family Kuliliidae. Langaray Glassfish Family Ambassidae. Langaray pako Silverside Family Atherinidae. Langaray papago do Atherina sp. Lao-lao Sardine Family Clupeidae. Lapad Deep-bodied sardine Sardinella perforata. (adult). Lapas Caesio i Caesio sp. Lapis Leath er j acket Scorn heroides lysan
154 , NOTE ON SOME INDIAN DIPTEEOCAEPE-E. \ tangular and not circular, and I have hence placed it in my section Angulati though it is not a typical representative of it by any means. 12. D. Mrtus, Vesque, is anticipated by D. crtnitus, Dyer, Flor. Brit. Ind., i., 296. NOTE ON SOME INDIAN DIPTERO CARPED. Br W. T. Thiselton Dyek, M.A., B. Sc, F.L.S. I may take this opportunity of making some corrections in my enumeration of the Indian Dipterocarpece, in the second part of the Flora of British India. This was in type, and printed off many months before publication. In the interim Colonel Beddome published the concluding parts of his " Flora Sylvatica." In one of these he describes (p. %exxxvi.) Ralanocarpus, a new genus of Dipterocarpece from TinniveUy, with two species. One of these, B. utihh Beddome, I believe to be identical with Hopea longifolia, Dyer (Flor. Brit. Ind., i., 309), which I had founded on a plant of Col. Beddome's, referred by him to Hopea. Without fruit there is nothing which could possibly separate this plant from that genus. Indeed, Col. Beddome remarks (Flor. Sylv., p. ccxxxvii.) : " When in flower only it is scarcely distinguishable from the long-leaved variety of Shorea parviflora, which grows in the same localities." The fruit is, however, extremely different from Hopea, and I had described it from a very imperfect specimen which I had no means of correlating with the flowering ones as belonging to a new genus intermediate between Pachynocarpus and Vatiea, but to which I refrained from giving a name. (Flor. Brit. Ind., i., 317.) Colonel Beddome has also anticipated the publication of Ropia racopMcea, Dyer, which is identical with Hopea malabariea, BeoU (Ic PI. Ind. Or., t. 185.) A plant from Malacca in both the flowering and fruiting stage, collected by Maingay, has only lately come into my hands, ana proves to be identical with an indeterminate plant, from Penang. 9018 m the Wallichian Herbarium. As it is apparently undeserved 1 give a diagnosis. It is aberrant in the character of its trail, which recedes from Vatiea in the direction of Balanocarpus. B.c. However, the agreement ceases ; Balanocarpus agrees in everyt m everytb except truit a typical Vatica. . , Vatica (IsAims) Wallichi, Dyer. Arbor, ramulis strict* w angulum 30 divergentibus, teretibus, brunneis, verruculis alb* conspersis, glabernmis ; foliis ovatis, obtusiusculis, firmis, utrinqne gbber nmis, costa media nervisque lateralibus siccitate supra pronnnentib, ubtus palhdionbus ; paniculis cymoso-congestis ; florum part ^ (praesertim calyce staminibusque) omnino Vaticcs; fructu coriaceo baccate, comco siccitate rugoso, stylo apiculato, calycis lotas par* eime auctis paullo incrassatis capsule adpressis ovatis acutis. Fenang , Wall Cat., 9018. Malacca, Maingay, 201. K\L f x V ?}\ l0nga ' H"2i poll, lata ; petiole |-f V& ^ C^ycia fructiferi lobi aucti * poll-*# Lapsula 4 poll. long a .
84 C. R. Osten Sacken: Diptera it my duty to describe as new, every specimen that I could not determine. A peculiar difficulty, attending the study of the diptera in the large groups of islands of South Eastern Asia, consists in the local varieties, which seem to exist on different islands. In several instances I have been in doubt, whether to regard them as distinct species, or as mere varieties; (for instance Rosapha habilis Wk. and R. bicolor Bigot; the specimens of Chrysopila ferruginosa Wied. with brown incisures on the abdomen, and those without them etc). Such questions will be easier to solve in a special monograph, based upon more abundant materials. Incidentally, I have inserted general observations on genera, groups and families, which I thought might be useful to the future worker in the same direction. The synoptic tables which I give, will save him some labor, but must be used with caution, as they have of necessity been prepared either from notes, taken in different collections, or merely from descriptions. It would be premature to found, upon such small materials, a final opinion on the relation of the dipterous fauna of the Philippine Islands to that of the Malay Archipelago. Thus much is evident, that the relationship is considerable. Both faunas agree in the large representation of certain groups of diptera (for instance the genera Laphria, Promachus, Ommatius, Milesia, the family Ortalidae), as well as in the scanty representation of other groups (the Dasypogonina with the exception of a few genera, like Leptogaster and Damalis; the whole family Bombylidae). Species widespread over South-eastern Asia, occur here also (Chrysops dispar, Chrysopila ferruginea, Psilopus vittatus, Syrphus aegrotus, Eristalis errans, Ochromyia ferruginea, several Luciliae, Scholastes cinctus, Nerius fuscus etc). Several forms of an apparently more restricted area are common to the Islands and to Amboina (the genera Scamboneura and Damaging) to Celebes (the genera Rosapha, Telostylus; the species Sphyracephala cothurnata, Diopsis subnotata, Tabanus v. d. Wulpi etc). The claim of a fauna to individuality, the degree of its specialization, are more difficult to define, upon such meagre data, than its relationship to another fauna. In the present case, the relationship shows itself principally in a similar distribution of groups ; whether the specialization, when better investigated, will assert itself in a large proportion of peculiar species, remains to be seen. In the vertebrata, the specialization of the fauna of the Philippines is very remarkable. According to Mr. A. R. Wallace (Island Life, p. 361) about nine-tenths of the mammalia and two-thirds of the land -birds are peculiar species. Such data led Mr. Wallace to believe
from the Philippine Islands. 85 that the Philippines once formed part of the great Malayan extension of Asia, but that they were separated considerably earlier than Java and having been since greatly isolated and much broken up by volcanic disturbances, their species have for the most part been , modified into distinct local species" (Compare also Wallace, Geogr. Distrib. of Animals, I, 345 — 349). The scrutiny of the small collection before me reveals in some groups traces of a rather striking specialization; but whether they will be sustained by further discovery, is still a question. I have been especially struck by the peculiar characters of the Tipulidae: the two species of Libnotes, described by me, have a peculiar coloring, different from that of the eleven known species of the same genus from other parts of South Eastern Asia. Eriocera is a genus abundantly represented in all the tropical regions of Asia and America, but most of the species have only four posterior cells; among two dozen described Eriocerae from S. E. Asia only five species have five posterior cells. Now, both species, which I describe from the Philippine Islands, have five posterior cells. The Ctenophora (Tipulidae) from the Islands also have some peculiarities in common. As far as regards the genera, it is the family Ortalidae that seems to be the most specialized. I have been obliged to introduce in it not less than four new genera, all of them remarkable forms, not known before (Antineuraphilocompusxenaspisnaupoda). The other new genera introduced by me are: Scamboneura (Tipulidae), which also occurs in Amboina; Eurybata (Micropezidae) represented in Amboina by a closely allied form, which I provisionally refer to the same genus. Notopsila (Ortalidae), merely a new name for Pachycephala Dolesch, which is preoccupied. It likewise occurs in Amboina, and is closely related to the Australian Euprosopiae. Asyntona (Ortalidae) from Amboina; I have described it on account of its relationship to Naupoda. That the Islands, especially the Northern parts of Luon, have some points in common with China is very probable, but hardly possible to ascertain now, on account of the insufficient knowledge of the Chinese fauna. Such points of contact between the two faunas have been shown to exist in the Lepidoptera (Compare the article of Mr. George Semper in the Stett. Entom. Zeit. 1875, p. 409) I have not been able to obtain data on the other orders of insects. In the course of this paper I have used the terminology for the bristles, parts of the thorax etc. adopted by me in my recent paper: An Essay of comparative Chaetotaxy (Smith. Miinchener Entomol. Vereins, Vol. V). Heidelberg, Germany, January 1882. C. R. 0. S.
from the Philippine Islands. 87 lapse grandis Thorns, I. c, 561. Somomyia tagaliana Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1877, 44. Lucilia philippensis Macq, D. E. II, 3, 146. Sarcophaga frontalis Thorns, Eug. R. 535. spininervis Thoms, 1. c. 538. Coenosia picicrus Thoms, 1. c. 558. Lauxania latifrons Thoms, 1. c. 567. Sepsis linearis Wk, List etc. IV. 998. Galohata coarctata Wk, J. Pr. Lin. Soc V. 298. Lamprogaster placida Wk, List etc. IV. 802 (Chromatorayia). Stenopterina abrupta Thoms, 1. c. 578 (Syn. of S. eques Sch) Dacus trivittatus Wk, List etc. IV. 1072. Imerina fusca Thoms, I. c. 575 (belongs to the Genus Rivellia). Acacia stellata Macq, D. E. Suppl. IV. 293. Trypeta Eximia Wk, List etc. IV. 1033. Diopsis subnotata Westw, Cab. Orient. Ent. Chlorops vittipennis Thomson, Eug. R. 604. Ephydra pleuralis Thomson, 1. c. 591. Notiphila sternalis Thomson, 1. c. 593. The following species are mentioned as having been received from the Philippine Islands, although the specimens originally described came from other localities. Microstylum dux Wied, A. Z. I, 568 (China), in Macq. D. E. I, 2, 29 (Manilla), where Macquart confuses it with Daisy. chinense Wied. Hoplistomerus serripes Macq, D. E. I. 2, 60 (Guinea, Senegal) and Suppl. I, 71 (Manilla). This, of course, requires confirmation. Celyphus obtectus Dalm. and C. scutatus Wied. in Walker's List etc. IV, 1138. The following names I find in the column , Philippines" of Mr, Walker's Synopsis etc. (1. c) without any other authority for the statement, neither in the previous literature, nor in Dr. Semper's collection Ommatius retrahens, nanus; Idia prolata; Muscafavillacea; Lonchaea punctipennis ; Achras maculipennis ; Discomyza obscurata; Nycteribia dubia.