DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 41 Many of these names are surely synonyms, while a few are probably valid for species or subspecies of Philippine deer. Until series of deer skulls from all parts of the Philippine Islands, and especially from the type localities of all described forms, are assembled for study, it will be impossible satisfactorily to deal with these names. I have arranged them alphabetically by species, regardless of the genus in which they have been described. As no complete list of these names, with references and type localities, has ever been published, and for general uniformity, the reference to each name is given in full as throughout the list. No attempt has been made to improve on the combination employed by the describer. USSA AMBROSIANUS Heude. 1888. Ussa ambrosianus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt 1,27. Type locality. — Nueva Ecija, Luzon. Ussa atheneensis Heude. 1899. Ussa atheneensis Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 4, pt. 8, 138. Type locality. — Luzon. Ussa barandanus Heude. 1888. Ussa barandanus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 22. Type locality. — Mindoro. Ussa baryceros Heude. 1899. Ussa baryceros Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 4, pt. 3, 139. Type locality. — La Laguna and Batangas, Luzon. Melanaxis basilanensis Heude. 1888. Melanaxis basilanensis Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 49. Type locality. — Basilan Island. Ussa brachyceros Heude. 1888. Ussa brachyceros Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 36. Type locality. — Batangas, Luzon. Melanaxis breyiceps Heude. 1888. Melanaxis breviceps Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 48. Type locality. — Masbate Island. Hyelaphus calamianensis Heude. 1888. Hyelaphus calamianensis Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 49. Type locality. — Calamian, P. I.
MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 47 TYPE-LOCALITIES OF MAMMALS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Balabac. Squirrel; Sciurus steerii. Pig; Sus barbatus balabacensis. Mouse-deer; Tragulus nigricans. Basilan. Flying-squirrel; Sciuropterus crinitus. Deer; Rusa steerii. ISABELA. Pygmy Squirrel; Nannosciurus concinnus. Deer; Melanaxis basilanensisrusa (). Bohol. Sevilla. Tarsier ; Tarsius fraterculus. Bongao. Palm civet; Paradoxurus torvus. Slow Lemur; Nycticebus menagensis (Bongao and Tawi-tawi) Busuanga. Buffalo; Bubalus moellendorffi. Cagayan Sulu. Fruit-bat; Pteropus cagayanus. Monkey; Pithecus cagayanus. Calamianes. Badger-skunk; Mydaus schadenbergii. Mongoose; Mungos parvus. Pig; Sus calamianensis. Deer; Hyelaphus calamianensisrusa (). Cebu. Pig; Sus cebifrons (Masbate or Cebu). Deer; Ussa cinereus, and U. crassicornisrusa. Cnlion. Tree-shrew; Tupaia mollendorffi. Squirrels; Sciurus albicaudus and S. mollendorffi. Deer; Rusa culionensis. Cuyo. Tree-shrew; Tupaia cuyonis. Onimaras. Bat; Rhinolophus hirsutus. leyte. Fruit-bat; Pteropus aurinuchalisacerodon jubatus. Tarsier; Tarsius philippensis (Mindanao, Leyte, and Samar). Luzon. Shrew; Pachyiira luzoniensis. Bats; Pteropus eine7isispt. leucopterus, Rhinolophus anderseni (), Rh. philippinensis, and Rh. arcuatus. Palm civet; Paradoxurus philippinensis. Rats, etc; Phloeomys cumingi and Ph. pallidus. Monkey; Macacus furpithecus syrichta, and Pithecus syrichta. Pig; Sus philippensis. Deer; Rusa philippinus, Ussa atheneensis, and U. gonzalinusrusa. Baguio, Benguet. Rat; Epimys calcis. Bataan Province. Deer; Ussa elorzanus and U. rubiginosarusa. Batangas. Deer; Ussa baryceros, U. brachyceros, U. chrysotrichos, U. gorrichanus, U. guidoteanus, U. hipolitianus, U. microdontus, U. roxasianus, U. telesforianus, and U. tuasoninus Rusa. Camp John Hay, Benguet. Rat; Apomys musculus.
MAMMALS OP THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 51 in some institution of standing; it will surprise the average sportsman to find how gladly they are received and what scientific interest is attached to material he assumes to be worthless. The making of study skins of small mammals is really a very simple process and one of considerable interest ; and the pleasures to be realized from trapping add greatly to a traveler's experiences. A small pamphlet issued by the United States National Museum gives instructions for preparing specimens of mammals in the most approved styles for scientific study. To the sportsman, the greatest interest naturally lies in the medium sized and larger mammals, the skins of which, when intended chiefly for study, are easily prepared. A primary incision should be made from the breast to the tip of the tail, and other incisions from the sole of each foot up the leg to the main longitudinal cut. In horned mammals, an additional cut from the base of the head to between the horns, branching in a Y to around each horn is necessary; the skull in these being removed through this opening. The skin is then removed entire, special care being taken to skin out the feet, tail, ears, and lips. The skin should then be well salted, the salt rubbed in on the most fleshy parts and around the edges. It is a good plan to separate the skin of the ear from the cartilage and force salt to the tip, salting the feet well also. The skin may then be rolled up for a few hours, as over night, and afterwards spread out in the shade to drain and dry. As the drying process advances, the skin may be folded, before too dry, into a convenient bundle for transportation. The skull, which should always accompany the skin, may be disjointed from the vertebrae, care being taken not to cut or otherwise injure its base. The flesh should be roughly cut off, the brain removed through the natural opening at back of skull with a folded and bent wire, and the skull dried in the sun or near a fire. The skin and skull of the same individual should always be tagged with the same number so that there wiu be no uncertainty as to what skull belongs with a particular skin when the specimens reach the museum. Even when it is not possible to save the skin, or when it is desired for other purposes, the skull of a medium sized or large mammal should always be saved. Large series of skulls from all localities are greatly desired for study and comparison. Where the sportsman wishes to retain the horns they may be sawed oft, either alone or with a portion of the bone of the frontal region, and the specimen will still be of great service to the specialist, to whom the teeth and lower surface of the skin are more important than the horns. When this is done a pho-
THE HABITUAL USE OF OPIUM AS A FACTOR IN THE PRODUCTION OF DISEASES. By Tee Han Kee. From the Bureau of Health, Manila, P. I. It is not the intention of this paper to discuss at length the therapeutic use of opium as a medicine, nor is it my desire to treat of the symtomalogy and psychology of the opium habit, for such an attempt would lead away from by main purpose, which is to give an account of the motives of the Chinese in using opium; how they use it, and lastly what are the results, or, in other words, diseases produced by the habit. Two main reasons could be given as the motives of the Chinese for using opium: 1. For pleasure. 2. As a medicine. 1. For pleasure. — After careful inquiry among the Chinese as to their reasons for using opium, the majority of the confirmed consumers will tell us that they began the use of the drug simply for "pleasure" if so it may be termed. The reason the Chinese choose opium may be because it is not so violent a stimulant as alcohol. The force of example and of fashion must also be taken into account in describing the reasons the Chinese have for taking opium. In society, restaurants and public places, opium is almost always offered. 2. As a medicine. — The second motive of the Chinese in using opium is due to the widespread popular belief in the medical efficacy of the drag. It has been proved in China that the opium habit, in the majority of cases, dates from the time when the drug was taken for medicinal purposes. In some cases the chronic or recurrent character of the malady necessitates repeated doses. in others the exhilaration and general sense of comfort induced, result in repetition long after the ailment for which the drug was originally taken has passed away. It is a common domestic medicine of the people. It is taken in cases of specific disorders, such as dysentery, rheumatism, tuberculosis, diabetes, and diarrhoea. In malarial and damp tracts there is a general faith in its virtue, either for 1 Read at the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Philippine Medical Association, March 3, 1907. 63
AUTOPSIES AT THE PHILIPPINE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 215 with scattered plates of calcification confined to the abdominal aorta. The other 4 showed numerous flat, yellowish, oval projections scattered over the surface of the aorta near its origin. ISTO change more marked than a partial loss of elasticity was encountered in the vessel walls, even in cases over 60 years of age. Arterio-sclerosis was found in but one of the 25 individuals infected with tuberculosis. Aneurism was not encountered in any of the series, nor has a case been admitted in the hospital wards or been seen among the patients of the large free clinic at St. Paul's Hospital during the past eight months. DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS. Lesions of the kidneys occurred more frequently than one might expect from the generally good condition of the arterial tissue. Of 100 cases, nephritis was present in 48, acute in 23 and chronic in 25. Attention cysts occurred in 7, infarcts in 2, and tuberculous foci in 4 cases. The kidneys usually appeared swollen and markedly congested in the instances of acute nephritis, the capsule stripping readily and leaving a dark, smoky surface. Histologically, the glomerular changes predominated, the capsules and tubules frequently containing red and a few white blood cells. The swelling and granular appearance of the tubular epithelium was in most instances less marked than the glomerular change. The kidneys with chronic nephritic changes were of the large, pale type in 6, and the small granular in 19 cases. Two cases of the first group showed large, pale, swollen organs with numerous opaque areas scattered over the smooth surface beneath the capsule; the pale cortex forming a sharp contrast to the darkly injected pyramids. Histologically, the tubules, glomeruli, and interstitial tissue were all more or less involved in the inflammatory process. The four other cases of this group evidenced somewhat small, pale kidneys with thickened capsules and roughened surfaces. Glomerular degeneration and a rather marked grade of of interstitial change was present, hyaline changes being frequent. Contracted, roughened kidneys with firmly adherent capsules were found in seven instances in the remaining nineteen cases of chronic nephritis. The capsules covered small cysts. This type of kidney could only be cut with increased resistance; it showed an attenuated cortex which contained a greatly increased amount of interstitial tissue, with marked degenerative and atrophic changes in the glomeruli and plugging of distorted tubules with debris. The arterial change in these cases of chronic nephritis is less marked than the general change in the organs would lead one to expect, with the exception of those cases in which there was a general arterio-sclerosis. Fatty degeneration of the kidney was found in 4 cases, 3 of which died of tuberculosis and 1 of amoebic dysentery. The suprarenal bodies were tuberculous in two instances, both of which contained, in addition, marked pulmonary lesions.
220 TII5YOID GLAND. The only case of disease of this gland was one of general symmetrical enlargement occurring in a woman who had suffered from tuberculosis. Colloid formation was the principal change associated with several small cysts. The thryoid glands were otherwise quite small, often showing irregular lobulations. No instances of accessory thryoids were encountered. NERVOUS SYSTEM. Degeneration of the vagus and phrenic nerves were demonstrated in one case of beriberi which caused death in an infant of 3 months. 2 Lesions of the central nervous system included one case of cerebellar abscess following otitis media, one of cerebral softening and one of haemorrhage following an occipital fracture. The meningeal coverings of the two cerebral hemispheres in a case of arterio-sclerosis were adherent and thickened, and inclosed numerous small collections of clear fluid in cyst-like, flattened spaces within the opaque membranes. Microscopically, this thickened layer of adherent membrane showed a richly interlacing meshwork of fibers, in the spaces of which there were many large polyhedral cells with large, deeply staining nuclei and granular protoplasm. The blood supply was poor, the walls of the vessels showing an advanced grade of atheroma. No gross syphilitic disturbances of the central nervous system were encountered. GENITALIA. Disease of the male generative system was uncommon. There was one case of scrotal and one of prostatic abscess. Three cases of hydrocele on the left side were encountered. Tubercular cystitis occurred in three cases, nontubercular in one. The cutaneous lesions included 1 case of Impetigo contagiosa, 1 of leucoderma, and i of chronic ulceration. The ulcers in 3 cases were confined to the ventral aspect of the leg and in the fourth an ulcer 4 centimeters in diameter was present on the dorsal surface of the right elbow. One case of supernumerary thumb was. seen. The two thumbs were of equal size, each 1 centimeter shorter and smaller in proportion than the normal thumb on the left hand. They formed a Y-shaped junction at their union, being articulated side by side, with separate surfaces at the end of each of the two metacarpals. Each thumb was well formed and bore a perfect nail. This case was reported by Dr. Albert at the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Philippine Islands Medical Association, Manila, February 26-29, 1908.
2f)0 CALDERON. usually employ another history with a blunt point, but we believe that this can be replaced by putting a small ball of wax on the point of the convex history ; and it is my opinion that in practice it is sufficient to cut the skin and the cellular tissue with a well-sharpened knife, reserving the history with the ball of wax for the section of the peritoneum and the womb. If a razor is used, the handle should be firm and strong" Judging from these statements, it appears that the medico-social influence of the missionary friars in the Philippines has been exceedingly important, especially in the field of obstetrics, and if is believed that with their evangelic advice, these priests dissipated the innumerable pagan superstitions relating to parturition, but, on the other hand, they sanctioned the use of many remedies utterly in conflict with common sense, some of which are to-day used by the lower classes. All 'of this is yery excusable in these men, who were as full of the best desires and of love for their fellow-men as they were lacking in obstetrical knowledge. It is therefore not surprising that one still hears at the present time of some parturient to whom repulsive substances, such as dog urine, or mouse, horse or cow excrement have been administered. Dr. Benito Valdez, of the faculty of the University of Santo Tomas, Manila, has recently told me of a parturient to whom a decoction of horse excrement was administered in order to facilitate labor, whereupon tetanus set in and the woman died. According to my informant, this case happened in Manila, approximately two years ago. There are women who palliate the sufferings of childbirth by applying to the abdomen scapularies, images, medals, or to the feet, hands or other portions of the body relics of some famous saint venerated in the churches, or who drink, instead of urine or excrements, the miraculous water from Lourdes, accredited among pious people as an excellent medicine for facilitating parturition. INFLUENCE OF THE CHINESE. A very important factor which should be taken into consideration in this analytical study is the geographical proximity of the Celestial Empire to the Philippine Islands. Thousands of Chinese immigrants have invaded even the most remote parts of this Archipelago. One of the consequences of this immigration has been the introduction into this country of many superstitions originating in China which have become general among the Filipinos, and which have been strengthened by the arrival here of several Chinese physicians who practiced medicine among the natives according to Chinese usage. These so-called doctors acquired such influence that it is not an exaggeration to state that their queer therapeutic theories and practices are still followed by a portion of the population of the Philippine Islands. While I was municipal physician in Carigara, Leyte, in the year
A GEOLOGIC RECONNAISSANCE OF THE ISLAND OF MINDANAO AND THE SULU ARCHIPELAGO. NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITION. By Wakeejn" D. Smith. From the Division of Mines, Bureau of Science. CONTENTS. I. Introduction. II. Previous investigations. III. General geographical description. IV. People. V. Climate. VI. The narrative of the expedition. I. introduction. The Mining Bureau of the Philippine Islands, and subsequently the division of mines of the Bureau of Science, has now been in existence approximately ten years and during this time its scientific employees have visited nearly every part of Luzon and the Visayas, but up to the present the large southern island of Mindanao has been neglected. The reason for this is twofold; work was necessary in other and more important fields and only recently have conditions been such that travel in the greater part of Mindanao has been possible without a regiment of soldiers, although even now it is necessary in many places to take a detachment of from three to twenty men, as the Moros are still disturbing the peace in certain quarters. One or two localities on the coast were visited by members of the Cuerpo de ingenieros de Minas during the Spanish regime and I shall allude more fully to their work in the following pages. The existing dearth of information in regard to this island led me, as chief of the division of mines of the Bureau of Science, to undertake a general reconnaissance of Mindanao and the Sulu group. Such a genera] view is necessary for planning future systematic and more detailed study. The following four objects were in mind in beginning this expedition (1) The rapid reconnaissance of the geology; (3) the examination of 473
474 SMITH. certain special areas likely to prove of economic interest; (3) topographic route sketching, and (4) securing a knowledge of the work of the prospectors in the field. The party consisted of Warren D. Smith, geologist in charge; Maurice Goodman, mining engineer; Harry M. Ickis, topographer; Robert N. Clark, assistant; as well as Lieutenant Charles S. Caffery, United States Army, in charge of the military escort. The journey was only made possible by the assistance of the latter and our thanks are due to General Tasker H. Bliss, governor of the Moro Province, and to Lieutenant Caffery for their cordial assistance. The map at the beginning of this paper shows the position of Mindanao and the Sulu group with relation to the remainder of the Archipelago. Roughly, these islands lie between the parallels 5° and 10' north latitude and between 119° and 127° east longitude. The route of the party is indicated by the heavy line. The work was divided as follows That on the Zamboanga Peninsula and the Sulu group was done by W. D. Smith accompanied by Lieutenant Charles S. Caffery: the vicinity of Cagayan and Iligan, Misamis Province, was investigated by H. M. Ickis, assisted by E. N. Clark; W. D. Smith and H. M. Ickis, accompanied by Lieutenant Caffery and an escort, surveyed from Camp Overton through the Lanao Lake country to Cotabato and from Cotabato to Davao; the ascent of Mount Apo was made by W. D. Smth, Maurice Goodman, and H. M. Ickis ; Maurice Goodman and H. M. Ickis Avent from Davao up the Tagum and Sahug Rivers to the headwaters of the Agusan and thence to Talacogon. Maurice Goodman then proceeded to Surigao and Placer, while H. M. Ickis made a reconnaissance to San Jos6 de Bislig and back to Talacogon. II. PREVIOUS WORK OF A GEOGRAPHICAL OR GEOLOGIC NATURE IN MINDANAO. No attempt will be made to review the work of all the men who have undertaken expeditions through the southern islands of the Philippine Archipelago. I shall confine my attention to those who have contributed in a marked degree to our laiowledge of their geology and geography. The first map of Mindanao Which is at all accurate was made by the Jesuit Fathers. Of course, this map is based on little or no triangulation, but when the size, nature of the country, and state of the natives are considered the work reflects great credit upon those who did it. Since the American occupation the United States Army has done practically all the mapping which has been accomplished in Mindanao. The work of this organization has been excellent. Besides making route maps of all the country traversed in the course of its expeditions, it has begun a progressive military map which shows the topography by contours, based on triangulation. This will, when completed, be by far the most accurate work done over so large an area by any organization in these Islands. The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey is now engaged in surveying the coasts of the southern islands.