DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
134 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES short style bearing 3 lobules at its apex. Fruit globose, 6-8 centimeters in diameter, smooth, greenish, later yellow with white spots ; it is full of a whitish pulp that becomes dry and pithy and that contains the obovate seeds, smooth, flattened, brown, lacking albumen. Habitat. — Manila. FICOIDEJE. Trianthema monogyna, L. (T. obcordata, Roxb. ; Portulaca cotton and axiflora, Blanco) Nom. Vulg. — Toston, Tag. ; Alusiman, Ayam, Vis. Uses. — This plant is edible, the natives eating it boiled, fried or in salad. The root is cathartic and is used powdered. Botanical Description. — A plant with prostrate stems, radiating branches. Leaves ensheathing the stem, opposite, oval, red-bordered, glabrous. Petioles with 2 stipules at the base and 2 small teeth near the middle. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. Calyx, 2 pointed sepals. Corolla, 5 oval petals. Stamens 15— 20. Style simple. Seed vessels inversely pyramidal, dehiscence horizontal. Seeds numerous. Habitat. — Very common in the rice fields. Blooms in January. UMBELLIFERJE. Parsley Family. Hydrocotyle Asiatica, L. Nom. Vulg. — Takip bohol, Takip sus, Tag. ; Rabasa, Sp. ; Indian Pennywort, Indo-eng. Uses. — Dr. Daruty, of Mauritius, has published a study of this plant, giving a resume of its composition, therapeutic uses and physiological action. The writers of antiquity recognized the plant as a powerful alterative, tonic, diuretic, stimulant and vermifuge, especially effective in secondary syphilis and in ulcerative diseases of the skin.
HYDROCOTYLE ASIATICA 135 Lupine and Boileau used it experimentally to treat leprosy and reported favorably ; but later experience demonstrated that it did not exercise any specific effect, but benefited anaesthetic leprosy simply by improving the general condition of the patient. The plant is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India, as alterative, tonic and stimulant. It states that the drug has been found very useful in the treatment of secondary and constitutional syphilis, when the disease attacks the skin and subcutaneous tissue. In Bombay it is a popular remedy for the mild dysentery of children, given as a decoction of 3 or 4 leaves with a little cumin seed and sugar the bruised leaves are then applied to the umbilical region. In the Philippines the decoction of the leaves is given as a purge. Dr. Dervegie reports good results in the treatment of eczema, administering the powdered leaf in dozes of 010 gram and applying locally the powder or an ointment of the same. The most marked and constant effects of the drug are a considerable increase of the urinary secretion, elevation of the temperature of the skin and profuse diaphoresis. Dr. Boileau, quoted above, himself contracted leprosy of which he died ; he experimented on himself with " hydrocotyle " and on one occasion a dose of 3 grams nearly proved fatal ; tetanic symptoms supervened with suffocation, palpitation, epistaxis and rectal hemorrhage, abating finally with profuse sweating and diuresis. Dr. Lepine, a pharmacist of Pondicherry, has analyzed the plant and isolated a substance that seems to be the active principle ; he has named it vallarin, from " vallarai" the Tamul name of the plant. " Vallarin " is a thick, pale yellow oil of a piquant and persistent taste and an odor peculiar to the plant. It changes under the influence of air, moisture or heat and volatilizes at 120. It is soluble in alcohol. The plant contains fo to 1 fo of this oil, a dark resin and a green resin.
136 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES The Pharmacopoeia of India gives 2 official formulae, a powder and a cataplasm. The powdered leaf is given internally in doses of 030 to 150 grams and is applied locally to superficial ulcers. Botanical Description. — Plant herbaceous with reniform or heart-shaped leaves, forming a sort of funnel, dotted with little hairs, dentate with white tips. Petioles very long, ensheathing each other by 2 wings at their bases. Flowers 3-4, sessile, springing directly from the root, greenish-white, growing in horizontal rows on either side of a short, common peduncle. Common involucre of 2-3 leaflets. Calyx adherent, flattened, faintly toothed. Corolla, 5 small petals, ovate. Stamens 5, equal in height, inserted on the receptacle, alternating with the petals. Filaments short. Anthers globose, cleft at the base in 2 diverging parts. Ovary inferior, cordate, much flattened. Styles 2, short. Stigmas simple. Fruit truncate, oval, downy, indehiscent, marked with furrows, with 2 compartments each containing a seed inserted on the wall. Habitat. — Grows in shady and moist places. Blooms in July. Carum copticum, Benth. (C. ajowan, DC; Ammi copticum, L; A. glaucifolium, Blanco ; Daucus opticus, Pers; D. anisodorus, Blanco) Nom. Vulg. — Lamudio, Damoro, Tag; Lamudio, Vis; Caraway, Eng. Uses. — The fruit, of which both form and taste remind one of anise, is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India as a carminative, stimulant and antispasmodic. It is indicated in flatulent colic, atonic dyspepsia and diarrhoea and gives very good results. It has been used in cholera, but is of little value in that disease. In moderate doses it increases salivary and gastric secretion. The P. of India contains the 2 following official formulae Oleum — obtained from the fruit by distillation ; is colorless
138 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES potion ; the alcoholate, 2-10 grams in sweetened water or infusion of aromatic herbs. Both plants are official in the Spanish Pharmacopoeia and they and their preparations are common in all drug stores. Habitat. — Common, cultivated in the gardens and well known. Botanical Description. — F. vulgar -e Aromatic, stout, smooth herb, 4-6° high. Leaves with many slender threadlike divisions. Large umbel of yellow flowers, no involucre and no involucels. C. sativum: Low aromatic herb, leaves pinnately compound, small umbels with few rays, flowers white. CORNACEJE. Dogwood Family. Alangium Lamarkii, Thwaites. (A. decapetalum, hexapetalum and tomentosum, Lam) Nom. Vulg— () Uses. — According to Wooden Sheriff, the root bark is an efficient emetic in doses of 3 grams. In smaller doses it is febrifuge and produces nausea. The bark is extremely bitter ; its reputation in the treatment of skin diseases is undeserved. It is a good substitute for ipecac, having given good results in all conditions in which the latter is indicated, with the exception of dysentery. The febrifuge dose is 035-060 gram ; alterative, 015-030 gram. It is furthermore prescribed in India for syphilis and leprosy and is one of the many remedies used for the bites of rabid animals. The bruised leaves are applied to the joints of rheumatic patients. Botanical Description. — A tree 20-30 meters high, leaves alternate, persistent, petiolate, no stipules, oblong, dentate, acuminate, pinnately nerved. Flowers whitish, regular,
CRUSTACEA. 219 without definite locality, from the collection of the late Dr. Bleeker, and already referred to in my report on that collection. 53. Pilumnus vespertilio ( Fabr). Five specimens were collected on the beach at Tort Mollo (X os. 95, 103) (first collection). Prom the second collection are retained a female from Thursday-island each (No. 107), a male from a coral-reef at Clairmont (No. 151), a female from West Island, Prince of Wales Channel (No. 149), and a small female from Dundas Straits, N.W. Australia, 17fms. (Xo. 101). In nearly all the hairs with which the carapace is clothed are of a cinereous colour. Hess mentions its occurrence at Sydney. It is said hy Mr. Haswell to be common in Australia on coral-reefs. A very large series of specimens of this widely distributed species is in the Museum collection, from the following localities — Mauritius (Old Collection); Seychelles (Dr. E. P. Wright), Java (coll. Dr. Bleeker) ; Timor Laut (H. 0. Forbes) ; N.W. coast of Australia, Nicol Hay (Mr. du Boulay) ; Madjica-sima group (S.M.S. 'Samaranj' types of P. ursulus) ; Philippine Islands, Siquijor (Cuming) ; Cumberland Island, Sir C. Hardy's Island (J. B. Jukes) ; New Zealand (Dr. A. Sinclair, R.N) ; Fiji Islands, Vanua Levu, Bau (H.M.S. Herald ') ; Samoa Islands, Upolu, c. (Rev. S. J. Whitmee) ; New Hebrides (J. Macgillivray) ; besides others without definite or well-authenticated localities. I have in my report on the late Dr. Blocker's collection of Malaysian Crustacea given the principal references to the synonyma of this species. 54. Pilumnus pulcher. (Plate XXII. fig. A) In this species the carapace is regularly convex and somewhat orbiculate, the antero-lateral margins being as long as the posterolateral and regularly arcuate ; the upper surface of the body and legs is rather thinly clothed with very long fulvous hairs, beneath which the carapace is granulated ; the median frontal lobes are very prominent, deflexed, and divided by a very narrow (or closed) median fissure ; the orbital margins are denticulated ; between each of the four principal spines of the antero-lateral margins are three or four scarcely smaller spinules. The pterygostomian regions are smooth ; the sternum coarsely punctured. All the segments of the postabdomen distinct in both sexes. The basal antennal joints are robust and reach to the subfrontal processes ; the merus-joints of the outer maxillipedes small and smooth. The chelipedes are moderately robust, and in the specimens examined nearly of equal size ; arm short, trigonous, smooth, with a strong spine near the distal end of its upper margin ; wrist granulated externally, with only a small spinule near the distal end of its inner margin ; palm with three spines on its upper margin (see fig. a), its outer surface strongly tuberculated, the tubercles arranged in longitudinal series,
POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS FROM PHILIPPINE SEAS. 597 The parapodial modifications begin on somite 15. In a modified parapodium the neuropodium has a dorsal, and the notopodium a ventral sagittal lobe, which overlap, the notopodial being anterior. Dorsal to the slender dorsal cirrus is a broad rounded lobe with ventral to it, a lanceolate one extending to nearly the end of the cirrus. The ventral cirrus is much like the dorsal in form, but relatively a little heavier. Ventrally it carries a plate shaped like that of the dorsal but larger. Dorsally, attached to its base, this cirrus carries a zigzag three-pronged outgrowth, while on. the ventral surface of the neuropodium is another outgrowth very similar to this but with four prongs. The setae are of the usual type with broad terminal joint toothed along one edge. Most individuals show traces of brown spots on the dorsal surface. When best developed these appear in the anterior unmodified portion as prominent spots on the parapodia from the eighth to the fifteenth. In the modified portion there is a median dorsal and two lateral brown spots in each somite, with a double row of smaller brown spots on the dorsal surface of each parapodium. Ventrally these markings are most prominent in the modified region, where the median row breaks up into a double row of smaller spots and the parapodial row tend to coalesce into a single one. In the collections were a number of females in the epitokous condition, but none which resembled the above-described males sufficiently to justify one in identifying them as of this species. Collected from Subic Bay; Santa Cruz Harbor, Marinduque; San Miguel arbor, Ticao Island, a large number of individuals being from the latter locality ; Port Matalvi, Luzon, and Romblon. 7. Cat. No. 18939, U.S.N.M, from latter locality. Family LEODICIDAE. Genus LEODICE Savigny. LEODICE APHRODITOIS Pallas. Eunice aphroditois PALLAS, 1766. EHLERS, 1864-1868, p. 306, pi. 15. figs. 23-29. Collected at Batan Island. Genus AGLAURIDES Ehlers. AGLAURIDES FULGIDA Saviffny. Aylaurides fulgida SAVIGNY, 1820, p. 54. GRUBE, 1878, p. 172. Collected at station D5179. Fragments of a Leodice were collected at station D5401, Tanguingui Island, north of Cebu, 30 fathoms, fine sand bottom.
POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS FROM PHILIPPINE SEAS. 595 Family NEREIDAE. The collection contained large numbers of heteronereis stages of Nereis. Since during this phase the bodily changes are such as to obscure specific characters I have relied almost entirely in determining species on the characters of the jaws and paragnaths. These determinations must therefore be regarded as provisional. Genus NEREIS Linnaeus. NEREIS MASOLOCENSIS Grube. Nereis masolocensis GRUBE, 1878, p. 75, pi. 5, fig. 4. The Albatross specimens corresponded exactly with these in respect to tooth structure. Grube states that 22 anterior somites are marked with a brown stripe on either side. In these not more than 17 or 18 were so marked. A prominent feature is a brown band across the entire dorsal surface of the second setigerous somite. Collected at Bongao; Varadero Harbor, Mindoro; Subic; Tava Island ; San Miguel Harbor ; Varadero Bay, Mindoro ; " Electric light, July 20, 1908" station D5403, Capitancillo Island, between Leyte and Cebu, 182 fathoms, green mud bottom. NEREIS PECTINIFERA Grube. Nereis pectinifera GRUBE, 1878, p. 66, pi. 4, fig. 5 ; pi. 5, fig. 5. Collected at Labuan Blanda Island. NEREIS TONGATABUENSIS Mclntosh. Nereis tonffatabucnsis MCINTOSH, 1885, p. 212, pi. 34, figs. 7, 8, 9; pi. 16a, figs. 5. 6, 7. Collected at Nasugbu Luzon. NEREIS (PLATYNEREIS) INTEGER, new species. An epitokous form, characterized by an enormous development of the prostomium, so that the antennae are thrown to the ventral surface, all that is visible from above being the enormous eyes and the shovel-shaped prostomium (figs. 1 and 2). Male. The prostomium rounded, its margin entire, the portion anterior to the eyes being very thin and translucent. In some individuals the palms may be seen through this translucent region. The anterior eyes are the larger, and they are situated on the latero-ventral portion of the head. The dorsal tentacular cirrus (lost in the specimen figured) extended in other specimens to the eighth somite. The median cirri(fig. 1) are much shorter. On the ventral surface (fig. 2) appear the flattened antennae, which normally hang at right angles to the prostomium, but are
-, UNIVEBSMR OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY r OF CA SANTA BAKBAJU 7-7 POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS COLLECTED BY THE UNITED STATES FISHERIES STEAMER "ALBATROSS " IN THE WATERS ADJACENT TO THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS IN 1907-1910. By A. L. TREADWELL, Of the Department of Zoology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York. INTRODUCTION. Some time ago the polychaetous annelid collections made by the United States Bureau of Fisheries Steamer Albatross in the Philippines were sent me for description. As a result of a preliminary study the old species were identified and sent to the United States National Museum some two years ago. Two new species were also described, but since-pressure of other duties prevented my continuing the work the remainder of the collection was turned over to my assistant, Miss Ruth Hoagland, whose report follows this. A few old species which I had overlooked are included in her report. These two papers together, then, comprise the report on the polychaetous annelids of this expedition. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. Family SYLLIDAE. Genus AUTOLYTUS Grube. AUTOLYTUS TRIANGULIFER Grube. Autolytus triangulifera GRUBE, 1878, p. 132, pi. 7, fig. 8. The polybostricous stage was collected in considerable numbers at San Miguel Harbor, Ticao Island. Grube reported that his specimens were incomplete. One specimen in this collection had in the posterior region 31 somites similar in structure, though narrowing very noticeably toward the posterior end. These somites are largely covered by the prominent parapodia. Somites 32, 33, 34, 49, 50, and 51 of the entire body have small parapodia and are covered dorsally with a brownish pigment, an expansion of the median pigment spots occurring in the anterior somites. Behind somite 44 was a colorless region containing about six somites with very small pair580
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 100 VOLUME 1, PART 8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BIOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO AND ADJACENT REGIONS POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS COLLECTED BY THE UNITED STATES FISHERIES STEAMER "ALBATROSS" IN THE WATERS ADJACENT TO THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS IN 1907-1910 By A. L. TREADWELL Of the Department of Zoology, Vassar College Poughkeepsie, New York WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920
114 MERRILL AND KOLFE. r GORDONIA Ell. Gordonia luzonica Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 57. Gordonia fragrans Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Snppl. 95. A species not uncommon in the mountains of Luzon, G. fragrans not being distinct from Vidal's species. Gordonia vidalii Szysz. in Engl. & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam-3*^ (1893) 185. G. acuminata Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 58, non Zoll. This species must be excluded from the Theaceae, as the type, Vidal llJfO, is a sterile specimen of Shorea or Hopea (Dipterocarpaceae) ^ with a large foliaceous gall, which was mistaken by Vidal for a flower bud. J)irTP]ROCA KPACE.^. DIPTEROCARPUS Gaertn. f. Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 31; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (J895) 31; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Snppl. 97. D. velutinus Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 59; Brandis 1. c. D. fulvus Blume Mus. Bot. 2 (1852) 37; Brandis 1. c. 40. ' This is a common and widely distributed endemic species, yielding most of the timber that enters the ^Manila market under the name of "panao." The specimens referred to this species by Vidal, Revision 59, are all sterile, and two of them are apparently Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco. D. velutinus Vidal we consider to represent typical D. vernicifluus Blanco, and is accordingly reduced, as our large series of specimens agree both with Vidal's type specimen and with Blanco's description. D. fulvus Blume was based on a sterile specimen collected in the Philippines by Perrottet, and an examination of the type in Herb. Leiden shows it to be sapling leaves of D. vernicifluus. PARASHOREA Kurz. Parashorea plicata Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 104. P. Warhurgii Brandis 1. c. But one species is represented in all our Philippine material. P. plicata was based on Vidal 76, 900, and 2033, all with flowers, while P. Warhurgii was based on fruits alone. We have a specimen, Bur. Sci. 3289 Ramos, with mature fruit, from the same locality as the type of P. plicata, the leaf and branch characters agreeing perfectly with Vidal's specimens; at the same time the fruits are identical with the type specimen of P. Warhurgii, which must accordingly be reduced to P. plicata. The species is not uncommon in the Philippines and is represented by the following additional specimens: Luzox, Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. -4528 Zschokke, May, 190G; For. Bur. 515k Pray, December, 1900: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso, Bur. Sci. 1J,61, Ramos: Province,of Laguna, Santa Maria Mavitac, For. Bur. 10011 Curran; Mount Banajao, For. Bur. 8051 Curran & Merritt; Malicboi, Ritchie 51; Guina-jrangan, Bagger: Province of Camarines Sur, Pasaeao, Ahem 104, 291. Masbate, Whitford 1813. Catanduanes, For. Bur. 6619 Pray. Negbos, Gimagaan River, Whitford 1616. Mindanao, Province of Surigao, Ahem 356; For. Bur. 1563 Hutchinson.
NOTES ON PHILIPPINE BOTANY. 115 PENTACME A. DC. Pentacme contorta (Vidal) Merrill & Rolfe comb. nov. Shorea contorta Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 15, t. 15, f. Ej Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. {188G) 88; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 88; Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (190G) Suppl. 98. Pentacme paucinervis Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 73. There is no doubt as to the identity of the above two species, and accordingly VidaPs name, being the earlier, is here accepted and transferred to Pentacme. The specimens on which Pentacme paucinervis was based {Vidal 79, 1166, 2176) are all in flower, no fruit being present, while of the specimens of Shorea contorta examined by Brandis {Vidal 987, 2159) the former is with fruit and the latter with immature buds, the condition of the latter no doubt accounting for the fact that Brandis was unable to distinguish in it the floral characters of Pentacme; he states morover that Shorea contorta is anomalous in its floral structure. The species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, yielding much of the timber commercially known as Lauan. In addition to the five specimens collected by Vidal, cited above, we have also examined the following extensive series: Merrill 2772, 2691; For, Bur. 2970, 3199 Ahem*8 collector; Bur. Sci. 3258 Ramos; For. Bur. 50Jt, 511, 519, 538, 605 Barnes; Whitford 293; For. Bur. 650, 653, 821, 17JfS Borden. SHOREA Roxb. Shorea Malaanonan (Blanco) Blume Mus. Bot. 2 (1852) 34; A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 16^ (1868) 631; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Sci, Bot. 31 (1895) 103; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 21. Dipterocarpus Malaanonan Bhinco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 312; ed. 3, 2: 214. Mocanera Malaanonan Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 1 (1837) 858. Shorea polita Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 15, t. 15. f. D; Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 61; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot 31 (1895) 88. Luzon, Province of Rizal, Vidal 2155, 2168, 2166, 71; Loher 116; For. Bur. 1168, ^36 Ahern's collector: Province of Tayabas, Merrill 2851, 2589: Province of Nueva Ecija, Vidal 989. -Widely distributed in Luzon and rather variable. We are of the opinion that the above specimens are referable to Blanco's species and accordingly his specific name is accepted, Vidal's Shorea polita being here reduced. ANISOPTERA Korth. Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume Mus. Bot. 2 (LS52) 42; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 44. ' After examining a large series of specimens we have come to the conclusion that Anisoptera Vidaliana Brandis is scarcely distinct from Blanco's species, there being no constant characters by which the two can be distinguished. The fruit of A. Vidaliana as separated by Brandis has broader wings than does that of A. thurifera, but even this character does not appear to be constant. Two other closely related species occur in the Philippines, which may later have to be reduced, these being A. tomentosa Brandis, represented also by For. Bur. 2985 Ahern's collector, characterized by its leaves being slightly tomentose beneath, and A. calophylla Perk., which differs from typical A. thurifera by scarcely more valid characters.