DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 30] are the great top shell Trochus niloticus Linn), the green snail Turbo marmoratus Linn), and the chambered nautilus Nautilus pompilius Linn). THE GREAT TOP SHELL. The great top shell Trochus niloticus Linn) (Plate XI, figs. 1 to 4) known locally as the lock, conic shell, trochus, susong-dalaga, or mining, is a large, conical, top-shaped shell, found in abundance in many islands of the Philippine Archipelago. Aside from the true pearl oyster, this shell is the one in greatest demand for manufacturing buttons. As a matter of fact, owing to its cheapness, it is frequently made into buttons in preference to employing the pearl oyster. The great top shell when mature is from 10 to 15 centimeters in diameter and a trifle less in height ; it has many close whorls, the largest of which flares decidedly. The shell is marked with radiating or zigzag bands of red, violet, or brown; the aperture is oblique and has a spiral operculum. An adult shell 10 centimeters in diameter weights 330 grams. The great top shell is usually found at low tide near the outer edge of coral reefs or under large rocks, and while small quantities may be encountered on almost any coral reef in the Archipelago, they are especially abundant in the vicinity of Sitanki, along the coast of Pangasinan, and Ambos Camarines, Luzon, and on the northern coast of Palawan, the eastern coast of Samar, and in the vicinity of Masbate. There are also numerous places on the coasts of Mindoro where they are abundant. I noticed a number of these shells washed up on the beach on the eastern side of, the Gulf of Davao. The soft portion of the great top shell is regarded by the Filipinos as a very fine article of food and, as a matter of fact, this species of mollusk is more sought after for its meat than for its shell. One proof of this is in the numerous piles of empty shells to be found on the beach in localities near the ocean. It is usually noticed that they have been placed on the fire, in order to cook the animal, after which it is easily removed from the shell. Of course, shells treated in this manner are spoiled so far as their" commercial value is concerned. The proper way to remove the animal is to place the shell in hot water, as the shell is in no wise injured liy this treatment. So far as my experience shows, the great top shell is always more or less solitarj' and while five or six are frequently found under one large stone they never occur in beds or in great numbers over a given limited area. The average annual export of this shell from the Philippines during the past four years has been about 350,000 kilograms valued at about 60,000 pesos. The price fluctuates greatly. For a considerable period the standard price was 750 pesos per picul for middle grade shells. The Manila
114 MERRILL AND ROLFE GORDONIA Ell. Gordonia luzonica Vidal Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. (1886) 57. Gordonia fragrans Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 95. A species not uncommon in the mountains of Luzon, G. fragrans not being distinct from Vidal's species. GORDONIA ViDALii Szysz. in Engl. & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3" (1893) 185. G. acuminata Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 58, nou Zoll. This species must be excluded from the Theaceae, as the type, Vidal 1146, is a sterile specimen of Shorea or Hopea {Dipierocarpaceae) , with a large foliaceous gall, which was mistaken by Vidal for a flower bud. DIPTEROCARPACEAE DIPTEROCARPUS Gaertn. f. Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 31; Bramlis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1S05) 31; Merr. in Pliilip. Journ. Rci. 1 (lOOG) Suppl. 97. D. velutinus Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (188G) 59; Brandis 1. c. D. fulvus Blume Mus. Bot. 2 (1852) 37; Brandis I. c. 40. This is a common and widely distributed endemic species, yielding most of the timber that enters the Manila market under the name of "panao." The specimens referred to this species by Vidal, Revision 59, are all sterile, and two of them are apparently Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco. D. velutinus Vidal we consider to represent typical D. vernicifluus Blanco, and is accordingly reduced, as our large series of specimens agree both with Vidal's type specimen and with Blanco's description. D. fulvus Blume was based on a sterile specimen collected in the Philippines by Perrottet, and an examination of the type in Herb. Leiden shows it to be sapling leaves of D. vernicifluus. PARASHOREA Kurz. Parashorea plicata Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895), 104. P. Warburgii Brandis 1. c. But one species is represented in all our Philippine material. P. plicata. was based on Vidal 7G, 090, and 2033, all with flowers, while P. Warburgii was based on fruits alone. We have a specimen. Bur. Sci. 3280 Ramos, with mature fruit, from the same locality as the type of P. plicata, the leaf and branch characters agreeing perfectly with Vidal's specimens; at the same time the fruits are identical with the type specimen of P. Warburgii. which must accordingly be reduced to P. plicata. The species is not uncommon in the Philippines .ind is represented by the following additional specimens: Luzon, Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 4528 Zschokke. May, 1906; For. Bur. 5754 Pray, December, 1906: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso. Bur. Sci. 1461, 3280 Ramos: Province of Laguna, Santa Maria Mavitac, For. Bur. 10071 Curran: Mount Banajao, For. Bur. 8051 Curran & Merritt ; Malicboi, Ritchie 51: Guinayangan, Hagger: Province of Camarines Sur. Pasacao, Ahern 104. 201. Masbate, Whitford 1673. Catanduanes, For. Bur. 6679 Pray. Negros, Gimagaan River, Whitford 1616. MINDANAO. Province of Surigao. Ahern 356; For. Bur. 7563 Hutchinson
NOTES ON PHILIPPINE BOTANY. 115 PENTACME A. D.C. Pentacme contorta (Vidal) Merrill & Rolfe comb. nov. Shorea contorta Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 15, t. 15, f. E; Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (188G) 88; Brandis in Jouru. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 88; Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 98. Pentacme paucinervis Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 73. There is no doubt as to the identity of the above two species, and accordingly Vidal's name, being the earlier, is here accepted and transferred to Pentacme. The specimens on which Pentacme paucinervis was based (Vidal 79, 1166, 2116) are all in flower, no fruit being present, while of the specimens of Shorea contorta examined by Brandis {Vidal 987, 2159) the former is with fruit and the latter with immature buds, the condition of the latter no doubt accounting for the fact that Brandis was unable to distinguish in it the floral characters of Pentacme; he states morover that Shorea contorta is anomalous in its floral structure. The species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, yielding much of the timber commercially known as Lauan. In addition to the five specimens collected by Vidal, cited above, we have also examined the following extensive series: Merrill 2772, 2697; For. Bur. 2970, 3199 Ahern's collector; Bur. Sci. 3258 Ramos; For. Bur. 50Jf, 511, 519, 538, 605 Barnes; Whitford 293; For. Bur. 650, 653, 821, 171,8 Borden. SHOREA Roxb. Shorea Malaanonan (Blanco) Blunie Mus. Bot. 2 (1852) 34; A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 16-(1868)' 631; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Sci. Bot. 31 (1895) 103; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 21. Dipterocarpus Malaanonan Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 312; ed. 3, 2: 214. Mocanera Malaanotian Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 1 (1837) 858. * Shorea polita Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 15, t. 15. f. D; Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 61; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 88. Luzon, Province of Rizal, Vidal 2155, 2168, 2166, 71; Loher 116; For. Bur. 1168, 436 Ahern's collector: Province of Tayabas, Merrill 2851, 2589: Province of Nueva Ecija, Vidal 989. Widely distributed in Luzon and rather variable. We are of the opinion that the above specimens are referable to Blanco's species and accordingly his specific name is accepted, Vidal's Shorea polita being here reduced. ANISOPTERA Korth. Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume Mus. Bot. 2 (18^52) 42; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 44. After examining a large series of specimens we have come to the conclusion that Anisoptera Vidaliana Brandis is scarcely distinct from Blanco's species, there being no constant characters by which the two can be distinguished. The fruit of A. Vidaliana as separated by Brandis has broader wings than does that of A. thurifera, but even this character does not appear to be constant. Two other closely related species occur in the Philippines, which may later have to be reduced, these being A. tomentosa Brandis, represented also by For. Bur. 2985 Ahern's collector, characterized by its leaves being slightly tomentose beneath, and A. calophylla Perk., which differs from typical A. thurifera by scarcely more valid characters.
MOLLTJSCA. 47 addition to these four, has about nine either equally stout first, exclusive of four or five finer ones upon the extremity ; all are prettily scaled. The aperture is ovate, contracted anteriorly into a, short canal, which is much inclined to the left. The columella is smooth, covered with a thin callus, and the outer lip is armed within with about six coarsish lirse. Length 18 miuim, width 8g millim. ; aperture and canal 9 millim. long, 3 millim. wide. Hah. Port Curtis, 7 fms. 22. Urosalpinx contracta. Buccinum contractum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 53. Buccinum funiculatum, Reeve, I. c. fig. 61. Var. Uro8alpinx innotabilis, Smith, Proa. Zool. Soc. 1879, pi, xx. fig. 32. Hah Prince of Wales Channel, 5-7 fms. Coppinger) ; Philippine Islands (Reeve) ; Bombay ( W. T. Blanford) ; Japan for U. innotahilis. The operculum, of this species resembles that of Purpura. The species is rather variable in form, the. number of course, in colour, and the length of the basal or anterior canal. The typical form is rather longer, and has a more prolonged canal than the variety from Japan, has more brown colouring, and an additional longitudinal rib. AU have from seven tq eight elongate denticles or lirse within the labrum, which is thickened within and. without, and acute and crenulated along the margin. 23. Tritonidea curtisiana. (Plate V. fig. E) Shell ovate-fusiform, yellow, banded with white round the middle of the last whorl, with the ribs subaltern ately white also. Volutions about 8, obliquely coarsely costate, and spirally closely ridged, a trifle convex. Costs nine on a whorl, attenuated and produced almost to the base of the last. Spiral lirse prominent on the ribs, four in number on the upper whorls, and about sixteen on the last. Aperture small, ovate, narrowed anteriorly, bluish white. Lip thickened, furnished with about nine fine lines reaching to the margin, which is dotted with dark brown between them; Columella covered with a thin callosity, upon which rest eight or nine transverse tubercles, with brown dots between them. Length 14 mulim, diam. 6g millim. ; aperture with canal 7 millim. long. Hah. Port Curtis, 1-11 fms. Coppinger). This speciesis represented in the present collection by a single specimen ; and it is remarkable on account of the peculiarity of its colour, its small size, and comparative solidity. 24. Columbella fulgurans, Lamu-ck, Hah. West Islandfprinoe of Wales Channel, Torres straits Coppinger).
48 COLLECTIONS FOME MELANESIA. This species has also been recorded from several localities in North-east Australia by Mr. Brazier in his account of the Mollusca of the Chevert expedition. 25. Columbella scripta, Lamarck. Hal. Port Molle, Queensland, and Prince of Wales Channel, 5-7 fms. C. versicolor, Sowerby, C. variegata, Menke, C. Dentata, Menke, and C. tigrina, Duclos, appear to be synonymous with this species. 26. Columbella pardalina. Lamarck ; Duclos, Monog. pi. 2. figs. 13, 14 ; Kiener, pi. 4. fig. 3 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 75a-c. Rah. Port MOUE, on the reef (Coppinger) ; Philippine Islands (Cuming). A single specimen from Port Molle is somewhat narrower than specimens from the Philippines collected by Mr. Cuming. 27. Nassa coronata, Bruguiere. Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, on the beach. A single specimen from this locality is of a uniform light brown tint, with a blotch of a darker colour on the back of the body-whorl. 28. Nassa thersites, Bruguire. t Hah. Port Denison, on the beach. 29. Nassa algida, var. Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 22. figs. 145 a, 6. Hah. West Island, Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits Coppinger). This pretty variety is not so broad a shell as the type, almost white, upon which colour the rows of squarish, light brownish spots appear more conspicuous than usual. There are nine whorls, of which the two apical are smooth and convex, the four succeeding ones strongly ribbed pnd transversely grooved a little beneath the suture, the furrow dividing the ribs into two unequal parts. The three last volutions are smooth, and a little more convex than the sculptured ones above. The length is 20 millim, and the diameter 9 millim. 30. Nassa omnicolor. Buccinum Iseve sinuatum, Chemnuz, Con-cab, iv. pp. 54, 59, pi, 125. figs. 1194, 1195. Buccinum unicolorum, Kiener, Coq. Viv. p. 60, Buccinum unicolor, id. I, e. pi. 19. fig. 69.
56 COLLECTIONS FEOM MELANESIA. 44. Voluta volva, var. (Plate V. fig. K) Chemnitz ), Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 24. Volta pallida, Gray, Kiener, Coq. Viv. pi. 48. Hah. Thursday Island, Torres Straits, 3-4 fathoms. Typical specimens of V. volva should be uniformly of a fleshy buff tint, exhibiting the slightest indication of two bands of a somewhat darker colour across the body-whorl ; the normal volutions should be spotted with dark brown immediately beneath the suture, and stained with yellowish brown above it, and the aperture at a short distance from the margin of the lip should be of a lighter brown. Two specimens from Swan River, presented to the British Museum by Capt. Mangles, R.N, possess the above characteristics, but in addition have numerous, more or less wavy and zigzag pale brownish lines, most conspicuous upon the two indistinct transverse zones, extending downwards from the suture, but not reticulating in a longitudinal direction. The only specimen obtained by Dr. Coppinger, although having the labrum much broken away, still possesses considerable interest in that it resembles the specimens just mentioned, but with all the tints much darkened, in which respect it approximates more closely to V. reticulata. Reeve ; indeed the group of Volutes from North, North-west, and West Australia includes a number of species which appear to have several characters in common, and present considerable difficulty of distinction such are, in addition to those previously mentioned, V. turneri. Gray, V. pratexta, Reeve, and V. ellioti, Sowerby. 45. Ranella rana. Murex rana, Linn, Hanley, Ipsa Linn. Conch, p. 284. Ranella albivaricosa, Meeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 2; Kohelt, Con-cab. p. 133 pi. 38. figs. 4, 5, 8, 9. Bursa siiensonii, march. Cat. YOMI, p. 106. Var. Ranella subgranosa, Bee, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 1 ; Sowerby, Conch. III. fig. 18; Kohelt, Con-cab. p. 135, pi. 39. fig. 2. Ranella beckii, Kiener, Coq. Viv. p. 5, pi. 4. fig. 1. Hah. Port MOUE, Queensland, 14 fms, rock. Other localities attributed to this species are China and Ceylon albivaricosa) ; Philippine Islands and China (subgranosa) ; Nicobar Islands suensonii). 46. Ranella pucbella. Forbes, Voyage of the Rattlesnake' vol. ii. (1852), p. 382, pi. 3. figs. Q ah. Rauella jucunda, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 70. Hah. North Australia (Adams) ; dredged in 8 to 11 fms. water, on a bottom of sand and shells, between Cumberland Island and Point Slade (lat. 21° S, long. 149° 20' E) (Forbes) ; Port Curtis,
MOHTTSCA. 59 Torres Strait (Coppinger) ; Cape Grenville, North-east Australia (15 fms), and Long Island, Torres Straits Brazier). The operculum is narrow, deeply and acutely serrate on one margin, smooth on the other, and has a raised ridge running from the smaller end almost to the opposite extremity. 53. Terebellum subulatum, Lamarck. Sab. Flinders Is, Clairmont Is, North-east Australia, 11 fms. Coppinger). 54. Cypraea arabica, Linn. Hah. Port Molle coral-reef. 55. Cypraea lynx, Linn. Hah. Port Molle coral-reef. 56. Cypraea annulus, Linn. Hah. Port Molle coral-reef. 57. Cyprsea errones, Linn. Hah. Port Molle, Queensland (Coppinger) ; New South "Wales, rare (Angas). The only example of this species from the above locality is af unusually small size. It is only 19 mulim. in length and 10 wide. 58. Cyprsea walkeri. Oray, Seeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 50 a, h, c. Hob. Flinders Is, Clairmont Is, North-east Australia, 11 fms, sand and mud Goppinger) ; Philippine Islands Sowerhy, Thes); Palm Island and Cape Grenville, North-east Australia, also Darnley Island, Torres Straits (Brazier). 59. Ovnla (Iladins) angasi. Ovulum angasi, Adams, Beeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 43 a, h. Volva angasi, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 207. Hah. Port Curtis, 11 fms, sand and shell 'bottom (Coppinger) ; Port Curtis (Beeve) ; Watson's Bay, New South Wales, on a branch of red Gorgonia, amongst the rocks at extreme low water (Angas). In the brief description in the Conchologia Iconica one or two important characters are not noticed. The dorsal surface of the shell towards both ends is very prettily sculptured in an oblique direction with fine wavy striae, as indicated in the figure in the above work, the waviness being due to the fine transverse lines of growth. The colour is white, more or less transparent,
68 COLLECTIONS PROM MELANESIA. des Inches in 13 fms, also Friday Island and Prince of Wales Channel (5-7 fms), Torres Straits ( Goppinger) ; Zebu, Philippines Mus. Guming) ; Nagasaki (Lischke) ; Matoza Harbour, Japan, 6 fms. Gape. St. John). 73. Cerithium granosum. Kiener, Coq. Viv. pi. 4. fig. 3 ; Sowerhy, Conch. Icon. fig. 73. Hob. Friday Island, Torres Straits Coppinger) ; Port Essington Brit. Mus) ; Eed Sea Kiener). 74. Cerithium novse-hollandais. A. Adams ; Sowerby's Thes. Conch, vol. ii. pi. 178. fig. 54 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 80. Hah. Port -Molle, Queensland, Prince of Wales Channel, and Friday Island, Torres Straits Goppinger) ; Cape York, Mud Bay, N. Australia Brazier). 75. Lampania australis. Cerithium australe (Q. Sr G) ; Kiener, Coq. Viv. pi. 8. fig. 2. Hab. Port Curtis. 76. Pyrazus sulcatus, Bom. Hab. Thursday Island, Eoko Island, in mangrove-swamps Gop-pinger) ; Dungeness Island, Torres Straits Brazier). 77. Telescopium fusciim, Schumacher. Hab. Eoko Island, Endeavour Straits, in mangrove-swamps. 78. Siliquaria anguina, Linn. Sowerby, Conch. Icon. figs. 7 o-7c. Hab. Port Darwin, 8-12 fms. The single specimen from the above locality belongs to the purplish-rose variety of the species. 79. Siliquaria ponderosa. Morch ; Sowerby Conch. Icon. pi. 2. fig. 3. Hab. Port Molle, Queensland, and Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits, 5-7 fms. 80. Narica cancellata. Chemmtz; ORMUZ, Maffde ZOO118A5Y111Q; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. figs. ab (Vanikoro). Hab. Port Molle, 12-20 fms. Coppinger); Moluccas and Lord
1OY-A-THLE, Smith. Sori globose, dorsal on a vein or veinlet or in the axil of a veinlet; receptacle elevated, globose or shortly columnar. Indusium inferior, membranaceous or somewhat horny, globose, at first quite enclosing the sorus, afterwards evanishing or breaking down and becoming cupshaped, with an entire or more or less irregularly lobed or laciniated margin. Caudex arborescent, often beautifully marked with the scars of fallen fronds. Fronds mostly large and divided, rarely simple (not in malayan material); veins free, simple or forked. Hk. Bk, Syn. Fil, tab. I, fig. 4 Tropicaland extra-tropical in the southern hemisphere. a. Fronds simply pinnate. (1) C. moluccana. aa. Fronds 2-pinnatifid to 2-pinnate. h. Main rachis densely scaly. () Ci-philippinensis. bb. Main rachis naked or nearly so. c. Pinnae pinnatifid throughout. (5) C. aneitensis. cc. Pinnae pinnate, at least at the base. d. Pinnae pinnate near the base. e. Pinnae jsi '' broad. Secondary segments 5 m. M. broad. (4) C. dulitensis. ee. Pinnae 3 — 8 cm. broad. Segments in mm. broad. (S) C. alternans. dd. Pinnae pinnate nearly throughout. (6) C. sarawakensis. aa. Fronds 3-pinnatifid to 4-pinnate. 1. Tertiary segments very small, roundish, not more than J, mm. long. (7) G. Macgregorii. 11. Tertiary segments oblong to linear, much more than 21 mm. long. 8. Pinnulae pinnatifid, sometimes pinnate at the base. 3. Main rachis not prickly, naked. See also G. orientalis). S. Tertiary segments entire or slightly crenate. . Veins 7 — 8 on eachsideof the costulae, deeply forked. (8) G. polypoda. . Veins i2 on each side of the costulae, 2 — 3 X forked. (9) G. leucotricha.
FOOD PRODUCTS OF THE SEA — FISHES. 275 Carrying out the same calculation for the entire catch of the Atlantic States, the potential yield of the menhaden fisheries would exceed ten millions of pounds of "extract of fish" Among various food preparations of fish and other sea animals put up in America are the following — Cod-fish balls, canned fish chowder (cod and haddock), smoked smelts and canned smelts (Osmerus niordax), canned mackerel Scomber), smoked Spanish mackerel Cymbium maculatum), smoked halibut (Hippoglossus vulgaris), pickled clam chowder, pickled scallops (Pecten irradians), pickled mussels (Mytilus edulis), pickled oyster crabs Pinnotheret ontreum), and devilled crabs. Some of the purely national dishes of different nations are most extraordinary things, such as the Swedish lutfisk on Christmas eve. Lut-fisk is the salted stock or cod fish steeped in a solution of potash until, in fact, decomposition takes place. On Christmas eve, the great evening of Sweden, this mess is boiled and eaten with oil, and this and from, which is simply boiled rice, are the Christmas dishes of Sweden, just as roast beef and plum pudding are with us. The smell of the lut-fisk is terrific, but a true Swede clings to his national dish on Julaften as much as any beef-eating Englishman does to his. Very many food fishes are preserved in oil, and thus form considerable articles of commerce and food dainties, such as the tunny, the halibut, the sardine, menhaden, and small pilchards. Ish Sauces. — We have our anchovy, lobster, and shrimp sauce for fish, but the ancients and some of the Eastern nations also indulged in fish sauces, as their garum, balachong, gna-pee, and other condiments prove. Balachong is a compound made of prawns, sardines and other small fish, pounded and pickled. This article, is of universal use as a condiment, and one of the largest articles of native consumption throughout both the Malay and Philippine Archipelago. It is not confined
244 SNAKES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Table 52. — Measurements and scale counts of Disteira ornata (Gray) — Continued. upper labials, the separation of the second pair of chin shields, the temporal, and the narrow lower labials. No other variety of Disteira ornata appears to have been discovered in the Philippines. I strongly suspect that this Philippine form merits specific designation. In young males the narrow whitish bands on the neck are evident, and they sometimes persist in adult specimens. Young females are colored like the adults.