DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
INTRODUCTION 4 THE FIRST EDITION OF BLANCOS FLORA DE FILIPINAS The first edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas was printed in Manila in 1837. It is an octavo volume consisting of a prologue, a general introduction, and the systematic arrangement and description of about 903 species under binomial names. The work is written wholly in Spanish. The prologue briefly relates the circumstances under which the work was prepared and contains a review of the botanical work accomplished by Blanco's predecessors in the Philippines; namely, Fathers Clain, Delgado, Mercado, and Santa Maria, but with no mention of the vastly more important work of Camel; and a brief mention of the work of Nee and Pineda, of the Malaspina Expedition, but no mention of the more important explorations of Haenke, of the same expedition. The general introduction, occupying pages IX-LXXVIII, consists of an explanation of the terms used in descriptive botany and an explanation of the Linnean system of classification, with a list of the admitted genera arranged under their Linnean classes. The generic descriptions are greatly: abbreviated, but the specific descriptions are usually long and detailed, although often general in nature; some of them are very short and imperfect-To these are often added long or short discussions, giving data of economic importance, occurrence, time of flowering, native names, etc. ; this supplementary data is often of more value in locating and interpreting Blanco's species than are the descriptions themselves. The work is supplied with an alphabetic index to generic names; one to native names, in which not all of the native names mentioned in the text are included; and a tabulation of the various genera according to the economic uses of the various species. In the text various species that Blanco was unable to refer to their proper generic positions are described under their native names. These are usually placed under the Linnean classes to which they pertain and cannot in any sense of the word be Flora de Filipinas. Segu Por el P. Fr. 1-7. 7
8 SPECIES BLANCOANAE treated as genera, nor were they so considered by Blanco. They include descriptions of: A lama. Apulong, Balihai, Banago. Binoicang. Bitlag, Calamansanay Calico Camotain, Corong. Cunalon, Octodon. Ge-jua. Hinguio, Iloilo. Inoyaban. Lanzones, Lapolapo. Loctong. Longayan. Malulucban, Oyisan. Palindan, Pandapanda. Pasac. Padang labuyo Putian. Sangumay, In the present work no special attempt has been made to locate these species, except in those cases where Blanco himself or other authors have later made them the bases of binomials. With few exceptions none of the descriptions have any bearing on questions of nomenclature. The new genera proposed, all but three of which have proved to be invalid, as indicated by the reductions here given, are: Azaola (Payna) Baling ayum Calogyne) Calms ( zstrebltts) Cobanga zcanscora), Enrila ( Ventilago) Lumanaja ( Homonoia) Lunasia, Malaisia. Mamboga ( Mitragyna) Manungala Sainadra) Palaquium. Quilamum ( z Crypteronia) Dichapetalum) 9 Qtiilesia ( Soala ( . Sulipa — Gardenia). Tala ( z Limnophila) Tayotum ( Geniostoma) FLORA The second edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas in plan same a v after Manila Blanco's death, which occurred April 1, 1845. In the publication of this work a subsidy of 500 pesos was granted economic de amigos pais In this edition about 1,132 species are described under Latin binomials, and 27 under their native names. Four species described in the first edition are excluded while 198 are added, making the total number of species dpsprihrl in THIS first and Flora de Filipinas, segun el Sistema sexual de Linneo. For el P. Fr. Manuel Blanco, Agustino Calzado. Segunda impression corregidor y aumentada per el mismo autor (1845) I-LIX -f 1-619. Blair, E. H, and Robertson, J. H. The Philippine Islands 1493-1898, 50 (1907) 69; 52 (1907) 312.
10 SPECIES BLANCOANAE tion through three bulky and unwieldy folio volumes without adding a single item to our knowledge of the Philippine flora. Unfortunately page references to the first and second editions are omitted. In consideration of the date at which it was printed, it is indeed a curious publication. The third edition follows the em at least half a century. from from himself eliminated from name for the one given in the second. The only praise that can be given in this glorified edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas is that the Latin translations made Blanco's descriptions more available to botanists generally; yet nearly forty years before, Walpers had published Latin translations of about 180 of Blanco's diagnoses of new species, which is the part of Blanco's work of most general interest to taxonomists. Two editions were issued, one the "edition de luzon" the other the "edition economic" The cheap edition differs from the edition de luxe in that it is printed on less expensive paper, and the plates are not colored. The plates differ further from those of the edition de luxe in that they are numbered. The cheap edition was sold at 125 dollars per fascicle in the Philippines, and 175 dollars outside of the Philippines; while the edition de luxe was sold at 225 dollars and 250 dollars respectively, the prices in Mexican silver. Each fascicle was advertised to consist of sixteen pages of text and six plates. The cheap edition was to consist of numbered volumes; but the edition de luxe was to be numbered, and the edition limited to 500 copies. The plan of numbering the volumes was apparently abandoned. means a rare one; but the cheap edition is exceedingly rare. I have seen but a single incomplete copy of the latter, consisting of a complete set of the text and about 140 plates. This copy is fourth volume Manila Filipinas is by far the most important part of the work. It consists of three separately paged parts, of which the third, the Novissima Appendix. is the. mili nnp nf rpnl nino 'Linnaea 16 (1842) Litt-bericht 1-68.
12 SPECIES BLANCOANAE authors. A large number of them refer to species that were unknown to Blanco or at least to those that were not described by him. A very high percentage of the species figured are common and well-known ones of wide geographic distribution and include many of the common weeds and the various cultivated species, including the commonly cultivated ornamentals, some of which were introduced into the Philippines after Blanco's time. No attempt was made to select the endemic species in the preparation of the plates nor to confine the illustrations to those species not previously figured by other authors; but about 80 of the total of 473 species figured or less than 17 per cent, represent endemic species. In general the illustrations are good, but a few are unrecognizable with certainty beyond the genus. In some cases the color selections are very faulty. The detail draw-gs are usually msutticient, and many are p In order to make the present work more com to the Flora de Filipinas, I give below a list of the plates of the third edition that do not pertain to species actually deforms listed their species. Fernandez Bentham and Hooker arrangement stem LIST OF PLATES IN THE THIRD EDITION OF BLANCOS FLORA DE FILIPINAS THAT REPRESENT SPECIES NOT DESCRIBED BY BLANCO OR BY LLANOS 344 Dillenia reifferscheidia F-VIU. 148 Talauma villarii Rolfe (T. mutabilis Naves, non Blume), 198 Talauma coco (Lour) Merr, T. pumila Blume). 193 Phaeanthus suberosus Hook. f. & Th, (P. malabaricus Naves, non Bedd). 209 Capparis sepiaria Linn. 94 Dianthus chinensis Linn. 241 Calophyllum soulattri Burm, f, (Calophyllum spectabile WIWD) (poor). 333 Bombycidendron vidalianum Merr. & Rolfe Hibiscus vidalianus Naves) J4C Hibiscus syriacus Linn. (poor). u assigned utilized when they are the correct ones. In other cases, where Naves's wrong original name in parenthesis. with
INTRODUCTION 15 perdix nd it is wholly the work of Father Celestino Fernandez-villar and Father Andres Naves, but mostly the actual work of the former. Fernandez-villar is the author of the treatment of the dicotyledonous and gymnospermous orders, pages 1 to 212, and of the monocotyledonous orders and vascular cryptogams, from Fimbristylis bispicata on page 307 to the end of the work. Naves is the author of the monocotyledonous orders from page 213 to Fimbristylis nutans on page 307. The date appearing on the title page is 1880, and the introduction is dated December 12, 1880. The printer's date for the last part, indicated on page 375, is June 15, 1883. From an examination of an unbound copy in which the original fascicle covers were preserved I find that pages 1 to 272 were issued in 1880; pages 273 to 336 were issued in 1882; and pages 337 to 375 were issued in 1883 As indicated in the introduction to the third edition of the Flora de Filipinas it was the intention of the authors that de bonn Mercado Blanco, and Llanos; all of those described from Philippine im material V 77arranged in their natural orders. prospectus, issued in 1877, is that descriptions would be added, but this is not definitely stated. However, owing to various circumstances the authors were obliged to abandon their original plan in part, as indicated in the introduction to the Novissima Appendix The reasons given were the enervating effect of the climate, the impatience of the majority of the subscribers for the termination of the work, the lack of special training part of tl botanical botanical material preserved means European and American herbaria and had not seen a single specimen of the large Cuming collection, on which up to that date most of the actual knowledge of the Philinninp flint-a rn 12 Naves, A. and Fernandez-villar, C. Novissima Appendix ad Floram Philippinarum R. P. Fr. Emmanuelis Blanco, seu enumeratio contracta plantarum philippinensium hucusque cognitarum. Cum synonymis P.P. Blanco, Llanos, Mercado et aliorum auctorum. (1880-1883) IX -f 1-375. Merrill, E. D. The dates of publication of the third edition of Blanco's Flora de Filipinas. Philip, Joum. Set. 12 (1917) Bot. 113-116. " 1 (1877) IX, X. "Novis. App. (1880) VIX.
254 p Jp WHITEHEAD RANGE Suez Canal, Red Sea (Gulf of Suez), Gulf of Aden (Mukalla, Qishm, Aden), Gulf of Oman, but not recorded from the Persian Gulf ; elsewhere, Indian Ocean from Mauritius to East Indies, and from China, Australia, Micronesia, Polynesia. Specimens 6 fishes, 97-114 mm, Mukalla (B.M.N.H. 1962326102-107). 6 fishes, 99-115 mm, Mukalla (B.M.N.H. 1962326111-116). 3 fishes, 54-58 mm, Aden (B.M.N.H. 1962326108-110). 1 fish, 119 mm, Gulf of Oman (Z.M.C. Ci Blegvad's S. sindensis). 2 fishes, 118-119 mm, Gischin, coll. Hein (N.M.V. 1260). Sardinella fimbriata (Valenciennes) Sefer, Hashinch, Moomagh (Iran) Spratella fimbriata Valenciennes, 1847, Hist. Nat. Poiss, 20 (263) 359, pi. 601 (Type locality Malabar) Sardinella fimbriata Blegvad, 1944, Danish Sci. Invest. Iran, pt. 3 65, fig. 29 (copied Day) (off Fort Dilam) ; Fowler, 1956, Fishes of the Red Sea, 1 66 (on Philippine specimens). Note on synonymy. Bertin (19440), after an examination of the Valenciennes types of Clupeonia jussieui and Spratella fimbriata, concluded that the two represented a single species, which he believed to have " environ 70 branchiospines a la branche inferieure du premier arc branchial ". But, until the validity and identity of Lacepede's C. jussieu can be definitely confirmed or rejected, it seems best to retain the name fimbriata for the material described here. S. jussieu (as understood here, ie. sensu Fowler, 1941, 1956) very closely resembles S. fimbriata. Dutt (i96ia, 1962), who studied the two species off the Waltair Coast of India, stated that S. fimbriata makes its appearance there earlier than 5. gibbosa (ie. S. jussieu), but that at times when the two species coincide, their shoals are almost always discrete (Dutt 1962). He distinguished the two species on gillraker counts which, although increasing slightly with size of fish, remain just distinct (a difference of 2, 2, 3, 6, 6, 5, 8, 5, 2, 4, o, 4 rakers respectively in the 10 mm. groups 30-140 mm. standard length). In my material (24 fishes, 87-118 mm) I have assigned specimens with a count of 53-58 rakers to S. jussieu, and those with 60-72 rakers to S. fimbriata. In this size range, Butt's ranges in gillraker counts are respectively 43-60 and 57-77, with average values of 48, 52, 53, 56 for S. jussieu and 63, 66, 69, 70 for S. fimbriata in the 10 mm. groups represented (mean values of 54-9 and 66-5 respectively in my material) In the specimens examined here, there are no other meristic differences between the two species, and proportional measurements are almost identical except for a slightly shorter snout in S. jussieu (6-4-7-3 per cent, of S.L. ; cf. (6-7) 7-3-8-0 in S. fimbriata). Fowler (1956) finds a difference in numbers of scales in lateral series, S. fimbriata having a lower count (36-38 ; cf. 40-42), but counts are not always possible or perhaps accurate in these fishes.
DELFINADO: PHILIPPINE BITING MIDGES 651 base, tibiae with narrow basal band; hind tibial comb with four spines, the one nearest the spur longest. Wing (pi. 9, fig. 1) with costa extending 063 (054-070, w-10) of wing length; macrotrichia long and dense on distal half of cell R 5 sparse on cells Mi and Ms. Wing pattern as figured; extreme tip of second radial cell included in a pale spot; narrow pale spot at wing base; two prominent, broad, transverse pale bands across wing, the first at level of crossvein r-m to tip of anal cell, and narrowly interrupted by dark stem of mediocubital fork, the second beginning on and including tip of second radial cell and extending to tip of cell M 4 ; lighter pale spot at margin of wing on cell M 2 absent on cells R 6 and Mi. Halter brownish. Spermathecae (pi. 13, fig. 10) two, equal, pyriform, each measuring 0040 by 0054 mm; only rudimentary spermatheca present, ring absent. Male genitalia (pi. 14, fig. 4). Ninth sternum broad, with deep mesal excavation, the ventral membrane hairy; ninth tergum short and tapering, with long apicolateral processes, the apical margin between them with a deep, median notch. Basistyle short, mesal margin simple, only the dorsal roots developed; dististyle nearly straight, slender. Aedeagus with heavily sclerotized basal arch, width at base 07 times total length, anterior membrane covering about distal half of arch; distal stem short, the apex broadly rounded, unsclerotized. Parameres with main bodies joined at bases by a thin loop; knobbed base straight, with stout, short, divergent stem and pointed, bare tip. Holotype. A female, Clark Air Base, Angeles, Pampanga, September 17, 1957, light trap, I. Balatbat. In the collection of the Division of Malaria, Philippine Department of Health. Allotype. A male, same data as holotype (PDH). Paratypes. Seven females, same data as holotype (3, PDH; 3, USNM; 1, BPBM); 1 female, Tala, Rizal, May 22, 1958, light trap, M. D. Delfinado (BMNH). Plesiotypes. One female, same data as holotype (PDH); 1 female, CNHM-11, Dimanianga, Busuanga Island, Palawan, near sea level, H. Hoogstraal (CNHM). Culicoides (Oecacta) perornatus, new species The characteristic distal pale spot on cell R 5 the remarkably swollen third palpal segment with large, deep sensory pit, and the elongate-oval spermathecae with long, chitinized neck are the distinctive features of this species. Female. Length about 16 mm, wing 10 mm. long. Eyes contiguous for the length of the diameter of 35 facets (pi. 12, fig. 9). Antennae missing. Palpal segments in proportion of 2037612337; third segment greatly swollen (pi. 11, fig. 11), 20 times as long as broad with a large, deep sensory pit at middle. Mandible teeth 10. Legs brown; knees with a narrow darker brown band, with adjacent yellowish band on front and middle tibiae; fore and mid femora banded; base and apex of hind tibia pale, tibial comb with four spines. Wing (pi. 9, fig. 2) with costa extending 063 of wing length; macrotrichia fairly abundant over distal half of
DELFINADO: PHILIPPINE BITING MIDGES 663 Halter brownish. Spermathecae (pi. 13, fig. 17) two, ovoid, unequal, measuring 0034 by 0051 and 0034 by 0047 mm; rudimentary spermatheca and ring both present. Male genitalia (pi. 14, fig. 5). Ninth sternum broad, with a deep median excavation, the ventral membrane bare; ninth tergum rounded apically with a well-developed, thinly sclerotized median lobe, the apicolateral processes absent. Basistyle stout with setae on mesal margin, poorly developed ventral roots, short, pointed dorsal roots; dististyle slender, slightly curved to a blunt apex. Aedeagus long and narrow, width at base 04 times the total length, the basal arms well sclerotized and stout, a sclerotized anterior band (transverse bar) near base of arch, distal peg absent but with thinly sclerotized membrane forming a small distal arch; apex long and slender with a ball-like tip. Parameres separate, base abruptly bent and slender; stem nearly straight, tapering to recurved haired tip. Holotype. A female, CNHM-6, Burungkot, Upi, Cotabato, 1500 feet alt, January 1-6, 1947, net along forest floor, F. G. Werner. In the collection of Chicago Natural History Museum. Allotype. A male, same data and depository as holotype. Paratypes. A male and female, same data as holotype (USNM). Culicoides (Culicoides) malaya Macfie Culicoides malaya Macfie, 1937, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit, 31 (4), p. 471 (female; Malaya; wing illus). Diagnostic characters. Wing with second radial cell in a pale spot, pale markings extensive, distal pale spots on cells R 5 Mi, and M 2 not touching margin of wing, cell M 4 dark at base, the distal pale spot broadly meeting margin of wing (pi. 10, fig. 6); eyes contiguous; third palpal segment moderately swollen, with small, shallow sensory pit; hind femur entirely brown, tibiae with narrow, yellowish band at base and apex; two spermathecae well sclerotized, suboval; male aedeagus with anterior marginal band, distal peg, truncated tip; parameres separate, tips bare; basistyle with ventral roots not developed; ninth tergum with truncated apex, very small apicolateral processes. Distribution. Mindanao: Pikit, Cotabato, December 16, 1946, at light, F. G. Werner. Culicoides (Culicoides) recurvus, new species The male genitalia of recurvus are nearly identical with those of hirtipennis to which it is closely related, but recurvus may be distinguished by vein R 4+5 which is dark up to the point where it turns abruptly forward to meet the costa; also, the front knee is dark, with an adjacent pale band on tibia. Female. Length about 15 mm, wing 103 (099-106, n-8) mm. long. Eyes widely separated (pi. 12, fig. 17), bare. Antenna with flagellar segments in proportion of 443034343434343751546164102, antennal ratio 117 (114-120,
664 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33 n-3); antennal sensoria present on segments III, VII, XI-XV and III, XI-XV. Palpal segments in proportion of 1744612730; third segment (pi. 11, fig. 19) greatly swollen, 20 times as long as broad, with a large, shallow, sensory pit. Mandible teeth 15 (13-19, n-8). Legs brown; front knee dark with adjacent pale ring on tibia; femora dark; bases of middle and hind tibiae yellowish; hind tibial comb with five spines, the second from the spur longest. Wing (pi. 10, fig. 7) with costa extending 064 (061-067, -8) of wing length; nearly bare with only a few macrotrichia at wing tip. Wing brown with limited rounded pale spots appearing yellowish; distal end of second radial cell pale; pale spot over crossvein r-m separated anteriorly from costal pale spot by the radial vein; cell R 5 with distal pale spot before margin of wing; cells M 2 and M 4 each with submarginal pale spots, cell M 2 also with a double pale spot from just below medial fork to anterior level of mediocubital fork; tip of vein Mi distinctly pale. Halter brown. Spermathecae (pi. 13, fig. 18) two, subspherical, subequal, measuring 0037 by 0051 and 0040 by 0051 mm; rudimentary spermatheca and ring both present. Male genitalia (pi. 14, fig. 7). Ninth sternum broad, with a shallow median excavation, the ventral membrane bare; ninth tergum rounded apically with a thinly sclerotized median lobe, the apicolateral processes absent. Basistyle slender, mesal margin hairy, only the dorsal roots developed; dististyle thick at base, narrowing toward apex. Aedeagus long and narrow with anterior sclerotized band (transverse bar) near extreme base of arch, very long and slender tip, distal peg absent. Parameres separate, with abruptly bent, small, knobbed base, slender and straight stem, and recurved, pointed, and bare tip. Holotype. A female, Clark Air Base, Angeles, Pampanga, September 17, 1957, light trap, I. Balatbat. In the collection of the Division of Malaria, Philippine Department of Health, Manila. Allotype. A male, same data and depository as the holotype. Paratypes. Two females, same data as the holotype (1, CNHM; 1, USNM) ; 1 female, Taft, Samar, May 3, 1956, carabao-baited trap, I. Balatbat (USNM); 1 female, Davao, May, 1956, carabao-baited trap, H. Crisostomo (PDH). Culicoides (Culicoides) sumatra Macfie Culicoides sumatra Macfie, 1934, Tijdschr. Ent, 77: 215 (male; Sumatra; genitalia illus); Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit, 28 (2), p. 190 (1934) (female; Malaya, at light). Diagnostic characters. Wing with distal half of second radial cell in a pale spot, transverse pale spot at middle of cell R 6 reaching anterior margin of wing, pale tip of vein Mi, dark base of cell M 4 (pi. 10, fig. 8); eyes contiguous; antenna with distal sensory tufts present on segments III, XI-XV; third palpal segment swollen, with small round sensory pit; two well-developed spermathecae; male aedeagus with anterior marginal band, distal peg, and spherical tip; parameres separate, tips bare; basistyle with ventral roots not developed; ninth tergum rounded apically, apicolateral processes absent.
F I MAY 3 1 1! ZOOLOGICAL SERIESJJNIVERSITY OF ILL1NOI! OF FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume XX CHICAGO, MAY 15, 1935 No. 8 A NEW CROCODILE FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS BY KARL P. SCHMIDT ASSISTANT CURATOR OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES The salt-water crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, which is widespread in the East Indies, is the common crocodile of the Philippine Islands, ranging throughout the archipelago. Very large specimens occur, and the largest skull on record, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, was traced to its source in Luzon by Barbour (1924, p. 16). Two large skulls in Field Museum, collected in Lake Naujan, Mindoro Island, in 1891, by D. C. Worcester and F. S. Bourns for the Menage Expedition, unquestionably represent the species porosus. These attracted my interest and were cleaned and examined critically in drawing up the description of Crocodylus novae-guineae in 1928. During a short stay in the Philippines en route home from the Crane Pacific Expedition of Field Museum, in 1929, I obtained a small crocodile of the species porosus at Zamboanga, Mindanao. During this expedition, a series of skulls of both porosus and novae-guineae was obtained in New Guinea, and my interest in these species renewed. On arriving in Manila, accompanied by Mr. Walter A. Weber, artist of the expedition, we were most cordially received by Mr. W. H. Brown, Director of the Bureau of Science, and Mr. H. R. Montalban, of the Division of Fisheries. Through the interest of these gentlemen, three small crocodiles, presumably also from the vicinity of Lake Naujan, were obtained for us from the island of Mindoro and presented to Field Museum. These specimens were unfortunately long delayed in transit, so that they reached Chicago as dried mummies. Greatly to my surprise, these Mindoro specimens proved to be entirely distinct from the species already at hand from Lake Naujan, and to be equally different from Crocodylus palustris, recorded from Borneo and Palawan, as well as from C. siamensis of southeastern Asia. Further examination of this material was postponed in the hope that additional specimens might be obtained. In examining some uncleaned crocodile heads (without data) stored in Field No. 337 67