DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
Vo] l GRAMINEAE 53 23. THYSANOLAENA Nees THYSANOLAENA MAXIMA (Roxb) O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. (1891) 794; Pilger in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 141; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Si. 1 (1906) Suppl. 343. Agrostis maxima Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 319. Thysanolaena agrostis Nees in Edinb. New Philos. Journ. 18 (1835) 180. Thysanolaena acarifera Arn. & Nees in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 1 9 (1843) Suppl. 1: 181, Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 289. Luzon (Ilocos Norte, Apayao, Bontoc, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Zambales, Bataan, Laguna, Tayabas, Sorsogon), Mindoro, Palawan, Mindanao. On banks of ravines, slopes, about cliffs, etc, at low and "medium, altitudes, ascending to 1,600 m. India through Malaya to New Guinea. Local names: Bugubui (Pamp) ; buybui (Ilk); eagadu (Bon); gatbo (Bik) ; lasa (Tag); tagadeu (Bon) , tagisa (Sub); tambu (Tag); talankaran (Ig). 24. DIGITARIA Scopoli DIGITARIA CHINENSIS Nees in Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey Voy. (1841) 231. Paspalum ftlicidme Nees ex Thwaites Enum. PL Zeyl. (1859-64) 358. Digitaria violascens Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 347, 3 (1908) Bot. 396, Fl. Manila (1912) 88, non Link. Batan Islands and northern Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao, in most islands and provinces, Merrill 4148, 9388, 7107, 7677, 4788, Phil. PL 17 U, B. S. 21715, 14524, 13939, 8250 Ramos. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes. India to China and Malaya. Local names: Timi (Bon); tumi (Bon); ualisibis (Iv). DIGITARIA CORYMBOSA (Roxb) comb. nov. Panicum co-rymbosum Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 7, nomen nudum, Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 292. Panicum microbachne Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 298; Kunth Enum. 1 (1833) 81. Digitaria consanguinea Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 347, 3 (1908) Bot. 396, Fl. Manila (1912) 88, Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 64, non Gaudich. Panicum sanguinale Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 23 (1885) 216; Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 157, non Linn. Digitaria lanosa Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 28; F-vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 1 (1880) 19. Panicum gaudichaudii F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 311, non Kunth. Panicum pruriens Trin. var. glabrum Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 97. Throughout the Philippines at low and medium altitudes in open waste places, old clearings, etc, usually common, Merrill 4-230, 5347, 7368, 9276, Sp. Blancoanae 787, Phil. PL 126, Elmer 18216, 16818, 164-17, 9570, B. S. 12036, 13334, 32736, 14746 Ramos. India to southern China and Formosa through Malaya to Samoa. Local names: Banana (Sub); bacilli (C. Bis); balisibis (Iv) ; baud
236 BARBICAN. A specimen of this is in the British Museum, and appears to be a young bird in the state of changing its pinnae. 4— BLACK-THROATED BARBICAN. Bucco niger, Indorni. 204. Gm. Lin. 407. Gen. Zoolog. p. 30. Barbu 4 gorge noire de Luon, Son. Voy. 68. t. 34. Buf. vii. p. 103. Black-throated Barbet, Gen. Syn. ii. 501. SOMEWHAT larger and longer than the Common Grosbeak. Bill blackish, furnished with a sort of process or tooth, about two-fifths from the tip ; forehead fine red; the crown, hind part, throat, and neck black ; above each eye a curved stripe of yellow, which, as it proceeds downwards, becomes white, and descends in a strait line to the lower part of the neck; beneath this a black stripe, and between it and the throat a white band, which goes on to, and blends with, the breast ; and this, as well as the rest of the under parts, is white ; middle of the back black, but the side feathers, between the neck and back, have a yellow spot on each ; wing coverts black, four of them fringed with white, and one with yellow, forming a stripe across the wing ; beneath this, some of the feathers are spotted with yellow at the ends ; and under these, others, which have yellow margins ; quills black, bordered with yellow ; legs black. Inhabits the Philippine Islands ; also the Cape of Good Hope. A specimen, from the latter, in the British Museum, was seven inches long, and differed only in having the rump of a beautiful yellow. A. — Bucco niger, Indorni. 204; 8. 3. Le Barbu i Plastron noir, Buf. vii. 104. Bucco rufifrons. Red-fronted Barbet, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 31. Barbu du Cap de B, Esperance, PL enl. 688. 1. Length six inches and a half Bill black; forehead crimson; from this passes a stripe of black over the head, and down the back
20 HOLLISTER. Kerivouta whitehead! Thomas. 1894. Kerivoula whiteheadi Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VI, 14, 460. Type locality. — Isabela, N. E. Luzon. Luzon (Thomas). Family MOLOSSID. Genus CHAEREPHON Dobson. 1874. Chaerephon Dobson, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 43, pt. 2, 144. Type. — Nyctinomiis johorensis DOBSON. Bats with ears connected by a low band across crown; tragus very small; tail long, free from interfemoral membrane about half its length. Upper lip thick, deeply grooved by vertical wrinkles. Wing membrane from the lower end of tibia. Fur short; color dark blackish-brown above, marbled below. Head and body about 75 millimeters. Chserephon plicatus (Buchanan). 1800. Vespertilio plicatus Buchannan, Trans. Linn. Soc, 5, 261. 1907. Chaerephon plicatus Andersen, Ann. Mus. Civ. di Storia Nat. di Genova, III, 3, 37, April. Type locality. — Puttahaut, Bengal. Philippine Islands (Dobson) ; Luzon (Elera) Order CARNIVORA. Family MUSTELID. Genus MARTES Pinel. 1792. Martes Pinel, Actes Soc. Hist. Nat, Paris, 1, 55, footnote. Type. — Martes domestica Plnelmarfes foina (Erxleben). Martens, the single supposed Philippine species about the size of a domestic cat; head and body of male 458 millimeters; tail, 340. Body long and slender; tail long, but less than length of body. Color somewhat variable, but ordinarily with head brown, shoulders lighter, and rump, legs, feet, and tail black; sides of neck and throat yellowish. Martes henricii (Westerman). 1848. Mustela (Martes) henricii Westerman, Bijdragen tot de Dier-kunde, 1, 13. Type locality. — Java. Sulu (Trouessart). Sanchez, Los Mamiferos de Filipinas, does not allow this species a place in his list on this authority. Possibly it should be dropped from Philippine lists.
MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 29 Epitnys luteiventris (Allen). 1910. Mus hdeiventris Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, 28, 14, January 29. Type locality. — Iwahig, Palawan. Palawan (Allen). Epimys Luzonicus (Thomas). 1S95. Mus luzonicus Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VI, 16, 163. Type locality. — Highlands of northern Luzon. Luzon (Thomas). Epimys magnirostris (Mearns). 1905. Mus magnirostris Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 28, 441. Type locality. — Zamboanga, Mindanao. Mindanao (Mearns). Epimys mindanensis (Mearns). 1905. Mus mindanensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 28, 442. Type locality. — Todaya, Mount Apo, Mindanao; 1,219 meters. Mindanao (Mearns). Epimys mindorensis (Thomas). 1897. Mus mindorensis Thomas, Minutes Proc. Zool. Soc. London for June 15, 1897, June 19. Type locality. — Mount Dulangan, Mindoro. Mindoro (Thomas). Epimys neglectus (Jentink). 1880. Mus neglectus Jentink, Notes from Leyden Mus, 2, 14, January. 1911. Epimys neglectus Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 40, 98, April 25. Type locality. — Borneo. Mindoro (Thomas). Epimys negrinus (Thomas). 1898. Mus ephippium negrinus Thomas, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 14, pt. 6, p. 403, June. 1911. Epimys negrinus Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, 24, 90, May 15. Type locality. — Negros Island; 2,011 meters. Negros (Thomas). Epimys norvegicus (Erxleben). 1777. Mus norvegicus Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim, Class I, Mamm, 381. 1908. Epimys norwegicus Satunin, Mitt. Kaukas. Mus, Tiflis, 4, 59. Type locality. — Norway. Luzon (Thomas) ; Samar (Sanchez) ; Masbate (Sanchez); Mindoro (Sanchez). Epimys pantarensis (Mearns). 1905. Mus pantarensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 28, 448. Type locality. — Pantar, Mindanao; 581 meters. Mindanao (Mearns)
42 HOLLISTER. USSA CHRYSOTRICHOS Heude. 1888. Ussa chrysotrichos Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 39. Type locality. — La Laguna and Batangas, Luzon. Ussa cinereus Heude. 1899. Ussa cinereus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 4, pt. 3, 140. Type locality. — Cebu Island. Ussa corteanus Heude. 1888. Ussa corteanus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 37. Type locality. — Mariveles, Luzon. Ussa crassicornis Heude. 1888. Ussa crassicornis Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 23. Type locality. — Cebu. Ussa dailliardianus Heude. 1888. Ussa dailliardianus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Eittp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 32. Type locality. — Jala-jala, Laguna, Luzon. Melanaxis () elegans Heude. 1888. Melanaxis () elegans, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 49. Type locality. — Philippine Islands. Ussa elorzanus Heude. 1888. Ussa elorzanus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 28. Type locality. — Bataan Province, Luzon. Ussa francianus Heude. 1888. Ussa francianus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 24. Type locality. — Mati, Mindanao. Ussa garcianus Heude. 1888. Ussa garcianus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1,29. Type locality. — Nueva Ecija, Luzon. Ussa gonzalinus Heude. 1888. Ussa gonzalinus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 85. Type locality. — Philippines, probably Luzon. Ussa gorrichanus Heude. 1888. Ussa gorrichanus Heude, Mem. Hist; Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 21. Type locality. — Batangas, Luzon.
46 HOLLISTER. Dugong dugon Muller. 1776. Trichecus dugon Muller, Natursyst, Suppl. und Reg, 21. Type locality. — Cape of Good Hope to Philippine Islands, and further east toward the south pole and Straits of Magellan. Mindanao (Elera). SPECIES ERRONEOUSLY CREDITED TO THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS BY ELERA. In his Catalogo Sistematico de Toda la Fauna de Filipinas, Casto de Elera records from definite islands many species of mammals which simply do not and never have occurred there. These records are probably based on misidentified specimens, as nearly all are listed as represented in the collection of the Colegio-universidad de Santo Tomas de Manila. Some of them obviously represent species since described from the Philippines, which he had confounded with Indian or Chinese forms and are thus accounted for in the present list. The records which I have ignored as quite impossible, or too improbable for serious consideration without better evidence, are listed below. Doubtless a few of these species, or their local representatives, especially certain of the bats, will eventually prove to inhabit the Islands. CHIROPTERA. Phyllorhina larvata (Hipposideros) Luzon. Vesperugo noctula (Nyctalus) Luzon. Vesperugo maurus (Pipistrellus) Luzon. Vesperugo abramus (Pipistrellus) Luzon. Vesperugo tylopus (Glischropus) Palawan. Vespertilio chinensis (Myotis) Luzon. Vespertilio capaccinii (Myotis) Luzon. Vespertilio muricola (Myotis) Sulu. CARNIVORA. Viverra zibetha Negros; Palawan; Panay. Viverricula malacensis Cagayan; Luzon. RODENTIA. Pteromys petaurista, Ft. philippensis, and Pt. innornatus (Petaurista) Palawan. Funambulus vittatus (Sciurus) Samar. Bandicota gigantea (Nesokia) Luzon. PRIMATES. Semnopithecus albipes (Presbytis) Sulu. Macacus speciosus (Pithecus) Sulu. Macacus nemestrinus (Pithecus) Luzon.
FISHERY RESOURCES OP THE PHILIPPINES, I. 519 THE MILKFISHES. Family Chanid^. (PI. X) The five or milkfish Chanos chanos (Forskal), called baitgos, haiigod, kaivag-hawag, and iumulocso by the Filipinos and iangellus by the Moros, is one of the most important commercial fishes in the Islands. It ranges over the entire group, from northern Luzon to Sitanki and is the most abundant fish in the Manila market. Frequently, during protracted rough weather it is the only variety obtainable. It is raised chiefly in the fish ponds at Malabon and at other places near Manila and therefore can be secured at any time regardless of the weather. This fish is particularly adapted to pond culture, being a vegetable feeder of rapid growth. The bangos superficially resembles the mullet, but can easily be distinguished by the fact that the mullet has two fins on the back, while the bangos has but one. The bangos frequently reaches a length of 12 meters and then it is termed Iumulocso. The eggs are deposited in the sea. The young appear during the months of April, Maj, June, and July and are called kawag-kaivag. They are supplied with a yolk-sack which furnishes them with food until they are about 14 millimeters in length. At this age they are to be found in great numbers along the beaches of Zambales, Batangas, Mindoro, Marinduque, and doubtless in numerous other places. Here they are captured by the natives and placed in large earthen jars full of water called palyok. They are then conveyed to the fish ponds, frequently a hundred miles distant. (Fig. 1) One of the jars, palyok, contains about 3, 500 young biiitgos. They sell for from 20 to 25 pesos per isong lacca (10,000) ; about six lacs (60,000) are used to stock one pond of 1 hectare. As the fish grow they are thinned out by transfer to other ponds. Thirty-three per cent should reach marketable size. Four months after the transfer the bangos should each be 25 centimeters in length. This size of fish retails for 9 centavos each; in 8 months the young are each 40 centimeters long and bring 20 centavos, while a yearling should measure half a meter and bring from 50 to 60 centavos. FISH PONDS. Almost any kind of ground other than a sandy soil will do for a fish pond. It should be near salt water and not beyond the influence of the tide, as the bangos thrive best, in brackish water. A complete system should have at least four ponds. These should be so constructed that one equals in area at least that of the other tliiee combined. 'I am indebted to Mr. W. D. Carpenter of Malabon for most of the information regarding fish ponds.
THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Vol. 16 FEBRUARY, 1920 No. 2 PHILIPPINE TURTLES By Edward H. Taylor Of the Bureau of Science, Manila SEVEN PLATES INTRODUCTION As compared with Borneo, Java, Sumatra, or Japan, the Philippine Islands are not rich in either genera or species of terrestrial turtles. In fact only three genera, represented by four species, are positively known; these are Cyclemys, Heosemys, and Pelochelys. Several species representative of other genera have been reported, but there appears to be no specimen to substantiate any of the records. Borneo has representatives of nine genera and about fifteen species ; Java, seven genera and nine species; Sumatra, ten genera and thirteen species; Japan and Formosa, six genera and seven species. On the other hand only two genera and two species are known from Celebes. One new species, Heosemys leytensis, from the southern part of Leyte, is described in this paper. Two specimens were collected there by Gregorio Lopez, together with other turtles to be used for dissecting in the zoological department of the University of the Philippines. He obtained forty specimens belonging to three species; namely, Cyclemys dhor, C. amboinensis, and Heosemys leytensis. It would appear that these land turtles are plentiful in that locality. In most localities they are rare; in collecting during seven years I have found less than a half dozen specimens, all of which belonged to Cyclemys amboinensis. According to Manobo accounts a large turtle with a hard shell occurs in Agusan River. Rewards offered for specimens failed to bring forth this turtle; nevertheless, it is extremely 169667 111
12 2 Dipterocarpaceae. {Doona. Moist low country up to 2500 ft. or more ; rather common. Near Navalapitiya ; Ambagamuwa ; Singhe Raja Forest ; Morowak Korale (Capt. Walker) ; Pelmadulla (F. Lewis). Fl. April. Endemic. Easily recognised by the fine small raised reticulation of the upper surface of the leaf. The name 'Yakahalu' is applied, with different prefixes, to several other species of this family in South of Ceylon. This is called ' BeraliyaYakahalu ' in S. Prov. There appear to be several varieties recognised by the natives, and possibly more than one species are confounded here. The fruit of the Ambagamuwa tree (2200 ft.) is shorter and has smaller fruit-sep. than as above described. The fruits are dried, pounded, and made into flour for food, and are largely consumed when they can be got, but are said to be produced only every seventh year. It was abundant in the S. Prov. in 1887. 6. D. congestiflora, Thw. Enum. 35 (i8i;8). Tiniya, S. [Plate XL] C. P. 341 1. Fl. B. Ind. i. 312. A very large tree, young parts velvety -pubescent ; 1. 3^—4^ in., oval or ovate-oval, rounded at base, rather thick, shortly acuminate, lat. veins 10-12, curved, more conspicuous above than beneath, petioles \ in., rugose ; fl. \ in. diam., very shortly pedicellate, crowded at the ends of branches of short, stout, pubescent, axillary and terminal panicles ; sep. glabrous, oblong, obtuse ; pet truncate, notched ; enlarged fruit-sep. if-2 in., often unequal, wings oblong-linear, nut f in., much exceeding the thickened bases of sep. Moist low countr)'; rare. Hiniduma; Hewesse; Singhe Raja ; Bambarabotuwa ; Gilimale, Sabaragamuwa (F. Lewis). P^l. August, Sept.; pale pink. Endemic. Wood pale reddish -brown, rather light, moderately hard. 7. D. cordifolia, Thw. Eman. 35 (1858). Beraliya, 5. C. P. 3340. Fl. B. Ind. i. 312. A large tree, bark smooth, coming off in large flakes, young parts slightly pubescent ; 1. 4-6 in., ovate or oblongoval, rounded or slightly subcordate at base, tapering to long caudate-acuminate apex, lat. veins about 10, often less, curved, conspicuous beneath only, petioles \^ m., fl. and ripe fruit not seen. Moist low country ; rather rare. Sabaragamuwa; Lihinigala, Hewesse, abundant ; Lunugala ; Uva(.') ; near Matara (^Walker). Fl. Feb. ; said to flower every third year. Endemic. Only seen by me in very young fruit in 1887. Hop-like globular leafy galls are abundantly produced on this species,
62 XXII. DIPTEROCARPEAE. [Monotes Var. /3. hypoleucus ; V. africana, var. hypoleuca Oliv., I.e. ; Welw., I.e., p. 17, t. 5, fig. 12 ; F. hypoleuca Welw., I.e., p. 17. HuiLLA. — Sparingly in the stony shorter woods between Mumpulla and Nene, in flower-bud Oct. 1859, in full flower Dec. 1859. No. 1036. The following is intermediate between a and /3 : — A small tree, 6 to 8 ft. high ; trunk erect ; crown divaricate, lax ; flowers yellowish, HuiLLA, — Sparingly in the higher wooded thickets of Proteaceae between Lopollo and Monino, in flower-bud Nov. 1859, fl. Dec. 1859, in young fruit Jan. 1860. No. 1077. The following belongs to this species : — HuiLLA. — A small tree, with simple leaves and the calyx-segments after flowering expanded into red rather rigid wings. Coll. Carp. 242. XXIII. MALVACEAE. The Malvaceae of Angola form one of the principal constituents of the herbaceous and shrubby vegetation of the country, and are fairly abundant in all regions from the coast up to 6000 ft. (in the highest regions and plateaux), but are most abundant between 1500 and 4000 ft. They contribute both by the beauty and variety of their leaves — and even more by the size and l3right colouration of their striking large blossoms — very greatly to the adorning of the meadows and plains, the jungles, and the margins of the woods and cultivated places, and relieve the somewhat monotonous colour of the vegetation. The species decrease in number from Mossamedes and the high plateau of Huilla southwards. Malvaceae manage to subsist on many kinds of soil ; one and the same species is often seen to occur sometimes in dry hot sandy drifts, or in stony situations divested of other vegetation, and at other times in fertile situations on the margins of primitive forests or in inhabited districts on land previously cultivated ; the difference is that in poor ground the flowers are larger and more brilliant, while in rich ground there is more luxuriant development of stalks and foliage. The varying circumstances of soil and position exercise an important influence on the indumentum and render very difficult the discrimination of species and varieties, especially in the case of the genera Sida, Abutilon, etc. The shape and size of the glands, which occur on the nerves of the leaves and calyx in several species of Urena, Hibiscus, Gossyjnum, etc., are very interesting, but they are too indefinite and variable on the same plants to afford characters for the diagnosis of species. In order to avoid errors, it must be remembered that many species with yellow flowers turn their corollas red in drying, and also that several species, especially of Sida, Abutilon, and Hibiscus, at the time of flowering, lose the long-stalked principal leaves of the main stem and retain only the very different younger leaves of the axillary shoots. The native medical men employ several species as emollients in baths and gargles in the same way as they are used in Europe.
358 Polygala acicularis, Oliv.; F.T.A. i. 132; Chodat, Monogr. Polygalac. 368. Plains between Hepham and Ropp, 4600 ft., 5 July; 2 ft. high, petals cream coloured with fine purple veins, keel blue or purple, No. 373. Distrib. — West Africa from N. Nigeria to Angola, and in Uganda. Hypebicaceae. Haronga paniculata, Lodd. ex Steud. Nom. ed, II. i. 722. Arungana paniculata, Pers. Syn. PL ii. 91 (1807). Haronga madugascariensis, Choisy Prodr. Monog. Hyper. 34 (1821); F.T.A. i. 160; Holland, 62. Naraguta, 5 Aug., robust shrub 5-6 ft., on rocks on stream banks, flowers greenish white, orange coloured sap,. Hausa " Alibiba rafi," No. 493. Distrib. — One of the most widely spread of African shrubs, also in the Mascarene Islands. PORTULACACEAE. Portulaca oleracea, i*W. ; F.T.A. i. 148; Holland, 61. Taura, 6 May; 6-12 ins., leaves fleshy, flowers yellow in clusters. DiPTEROCARPACEAE . Monotes caloneurus, Gilg in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxviii. 136 (1901), Naraguta, on rocks 8 Aug.; flowers green. No. 517. Distrib. — South Eastern Sudan and in Angola. Malvaceae. Sida linifolia, Cav. ; F.T.A. i. 179. Naraguta, 20 June, petals yellow with red basal blotch, 15 ins. high, No. 279. There is evidently colour variation in the flowers, for Dalziel and Parsons describe them as white with purple centre. Distrib. — Throughout West Africa to Angola and also in the West Indies and the north east coast of S. America. Sida spinosa, Linn.; F.T.A. i. 180 Lemme, 2600 ft., 1-2 ft., No. 140 Sida cordifolia, Linn.; F.T.A. i. 181 Panyam, 4500 ft., 17 July, flowers yellow, 1/2 in. diameter, No. 437. Urena lobata, Linn.-, F.T.A. i. 189; Holland 68. Ringim Mukr, 2500 ft., 22 May, flowers bright pink, stream banks, 2-3 ft. high. No. 218.