DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
248 Flora Malesiana [ser. I, vol. 9^ Fig. 5. Ground-carpet of seedlings of Shorea multiflora (Burck) Sym., 9 months after flowering. Note the drip-tips. Brunei, Andalau For. Res., lowland dipterocarp forest, 100 m alt. (Photogr. Ashton, Aug. 1959). under controlled humidity conditions and found that species differ in their tolerance of dry conditions at germination: the coastal hill and ridge-top species Shorea curtisii is paradoxically highly sensitive to dry conditions at germination, though apparently more tolerant of water stress than related species at maturity. He estimated that 40"o of 5. curtisii seedlings fail to survive the first month following germination, and another 10°o succumb in the following dry season c. 3 months later. Mortality in the life cycle is consequently greatest during fruit development and the 2-3 years following seedling establishment. General ecology. Following successful establishment carpets of seedlings of a single species are seen around the boles of the parent trees. Fig. 5, 81. At this stage competition is therefore mainly intraspecific, and it is interesting that, though this is the period of maximal mortality, morphological and anatomical differences between allied species are at their least. Knowledge of the ecology of dipterocarp seedlings is almost entirely empirical, derived from silvicultural experience. Sunderland (unpubl.) has demonstrated however that though seedlings of the slow-growing heavy hardwood Shorea maxwelliana and the fast growing light hardwood S. leprosula share compensation points, total daily net photosynthesis and rates of dark respiration are much higher in the latter. Though the former can survive under lower light intensities, neither can survive without the occurrence of sunflecks. If, as seems probable, dipterocarps form complex ectotrophic mycorrhizal associations (^Hong, 1979), then the clumped distribution imposed by their reproductive biology will facilitate and be enhanced by the events leading to the establishment of their rhizosphere associations. Many basidiomycetes are known to produce carpophores in response to drought; under lowland rain forest conditions carpophore formation appears to be, perhaps as a consequence, less frequent. In wetter areas it may be that reproduction is largely vegetative therefore, the mycelia persisting and
FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 199 Light brown, usually little paler below. Back and sides above with pale-blue dark-edged spots, some on head and flanks elongated and bar like. Iris brown, some small blue spots on bases of soft dorsal, anal, and caudal. Paired fins pale brown, unspotted. Red Sea, East Africa, Zanzibar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Seychelles, India, Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, Japan, Queensland, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia. Our series of specimens all show rather large spots variably present on the fins and sometimes as short vertical bars as those on the flanks in the nominal Plectropoma pessuliferum. 5522. Catbalogan, western Samar. April 16, 1908. Length 390 mm. 5521. Catbalogan. April 15, 1908. Length 218 mm. 7608. Endeavor Strait, Palawan. December 24, 1908. Length 385 mm. Figure 6— Plectropomus maculatus (Bloch), variation 6289. Manila market. January 12, 1908. Length 580 mm. 9036. Natabas Point, Samar. July 24, 1909. A. 1352. Great Tobea Island. December 15, 1909. Length 363 mm. PLECTROPOMUS LEOPARDUS (Lacepede) Holocentrus leopardus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss, vol. 4, 1802, pp. 332, 367No locality. Plectropoma leopard inum Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss, vol. 2, 1828, p. 392, pi. 36 (Indian Ocean). — Schlegel, Fauna Japon, Poiss, pt. 1, 1842, p. 12 (Nagasaki). — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus, vol. 1, 1S59, p. 157 (Louisiades). — Karoli, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1882, p. 150 (Ceylon). Plectropoma leopardus Richardson, Ichth. China, Japan, 1846, p. 230 (compiled). 8S 137— 30 14
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 17 great ocean depths are very uniform, and it is in this portion of the ocean basins that universal distribution is to be looked for. Many species found at depths of 1,000 fathoms, for example, are probably to be found in similar depths in any of the great ocean basins. This is even more true of those species which are encountered at the 2,000fathom line. At depths of less than 500 fathoms species occur which in many cases seem to have a rather limited range. Many such species have been found — species, for example, which were recorded by Brady from material from a single Challenger station, and have been found again in the present study on the Albatross material from exactly the same regions and at approximately the same depths. Such species may be considered as marking definite fauna! limits where enough such species occur in any one region. On this basis the North Pacific Ocean may be divided up into several faunal regions, which, while they may have a considerable number of species in common, nevertheless have a distinctive character as a whole. Among the most characteristic of these faunas may be mentioned the coral-reef fauna, as it may be conveniently called. This fauna, characterized by such genera as Orbitolites, Alveolina, Peneroplis, Amphistegina, Polytrema, etc, is found about the coral reefs of the Philippines, the Hawaiian Islands, Guam, and other of the tropical oceanic islands of this area. It is best developed about the first two groups of islands at comparatively shallow depths. In the north this fauna extends, with certain modifications, up to the southern portion of Japan, but so far as made out it is not developed at all on the eastern coast of the North Pacific. The same fauna is found in the Malay Archipelago, in various parts of the East Indies, off the northern coast of Australia, to some extent in various parts of the Mediterranean, and also a modification of it in the West Indies. Off the coast of Central America and Mexico there is developed a peculiar fauna which is seen in a modified form in the deeper waters off the eastern coast of the Philippines. Certain of the species, or at least the genera, are also characteristic of certain parts of the extreme North Atlantic, where they have been described by Brady from the Porcupine and other dredgings. Some of the genera which are characteristic of this region are Crithionina, Bathysiphon, large species of Reophax, Verrucina, etc. Off the coasts of Japan and of the Philippine Islands in green mud at depths of a few hundred fathoms there is another rather definite fauna, which is mainly characterized by many species of the Lagenidse, such as Sagrina bifrons H. B. Brady, and many of the species recorded by Brady from the Hyalonema ground south of Japan in about 300 fathoms. This fauna appears to run northward a considerable distance along or off the Japanese coast and to extend eastward to the 16777— Bull. 7110 2
IN BORNEAN FORESTS [chap, x of a streamlet at about an hour's walk from the village of Senna. The water was clear and left no appreciable deposit, even when allowed to stand for a time in a glass tumbler. It had a sulphurous smell. A thermometer I placed in the spring reached the high temperature of 163° Fahr. On the 24th I returned to Penkalan Ampat, and the next day found me on my journey back to Kuching. On the way I stopped at Sabungo to ascend Gunong Braam, a limestone hill in the vicinity, where I got some interesting botanical novelties. In Borneo the plants which have a predilection for calcareous soil do not appear to be frequent ; on the contrary, the greater number dislike it, leaving the epiphytes out of the question. All herbaceous forest plants, as well as ligneous ones, live in the humus and extend their roots in the superficial stratum formed of vegetable detritus. This is no doubt the reason why most tropical plants cultivated in hothouses require a compost rich in humus, and must have water that is free from lime. I passed the night of the 26th at Koom, and the next day reached my house at Kuching. In December I returned to Mattang, where I found plenty to do in collecting specimens of the fruit of those trees of which I had previously collected the blossom. The Dipterocarpeae formed the special object of my search. The greater part of January was employed in constant excursions around Kuching, where I remained during the whole of February chiefly occupied in arranging and packing my collections. During March I made an excursion to Lobang Angin, one of the caves in the limestone hills along the western branch of the Sarawak river. We started from Kuching on the morning of the 2nd, in my sampan with its usual crew. Close to the banks of the river, a little above the town, I was struck by the very peculiar colour of a herbaceous plant, which caught the eye at once among the rest of the vegetation, and was called by my men daun batik angin, i.e. " the leaf that changes with the wind " — a name probably derived from the very different coloration of the leaves, which are green at the lower part of the plant, and of a brilliant salmon red at the upper part, where the flowering takes place. The plant is a Clerodendron, which I have distinguished as C. discolor (Becc, P.B. No. 35 and 3,584). I passed the night at Busso, and the next day we continued to ascend the river. On a tree on the bank I noticed two squirrels, one brown, the other perfectly white ; they were probably male and female, and this is the only albino mammal which I saw in Borneo. We also met with a crocodile sleeping on the bank, belonging to the species called by the natives "buaya katak." I snatched up my rifle, but it was too quick for me, and disappeared under water before I could fire. We next passed under Gunong Tundong, a small limestone 13
70 XVII. DIPTEROCARPACE^ [Shorea 4. S. Talura, Roxb.— Syn. S. laccifera, Heyne : Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 6; Vatica laccifera, Wight Ic. t. 164. Vern. Talura, talari, Tam ; Jalari, Tel.; Jhalli, Kan. A large tree, perfectly glabrous, only petals pubescent on the outside, and sepals ciliate on edges, wood very hard, heartwood small. Leaves 3-4 in., from a more or less rounded base, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, petiole 1/3-1/4 length of blade. Fl. light pink, 1/2 in. long, in drooping axillary panicles, ramifications slender, almost filiform. Stamens 15, in 3 rows. Anthers of the 5 interior stamens longer than the others, appendage of connective equal to anther, scabrous at the end. Larger wings of fruiting calyx 3 in. long, narrowed above the broad base, which completely encloses the fruit. Hills of the southern Deccan, also on the west side, in evergreen forests, from North Kanara southwards. Fl. C. S. Closely allied and perhaps not specifically distinct is 5. S. floribunda, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 119, Tenasserim ; base of leaves acute. 6. S. assamica, Dyer. Vern. Makai, Assam. A tall tree, shoots, stipules and young leaves softly tomentose, stipules 2/3 in., lanceolate, nearly falcate. Fl. 1/2 in. on very short pedicels, sepals and petals hairy outside. Stamens 15, appendage long, glabrous. Ovary and base of style hairy, style filiform, longer than ovary. Fruiting calyx glabrous, wings coriaceous, the longer 3-5 in., the shorter more than half as long. Upper Assam, forests at the foot of the Naga hills, in Sibsagar and Lakhimpur districts. Fl. September. 7. S. gratissima, Dyer. Tenasserim, Singapore. Glabrous except branches of inflorescence outside, of calyx and petals. Fl. 1/3 in., in unilateral paniculate racemes, stamens 20-25, top of ovary and base of style slightly puberulous. Wings of fruiting calyx thin, membranous. 6. PARASHOREA, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 117. Species 4, 1 in Sumatra, 2 in the Philippine Islands. 1. P. stellata, Kurz ; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 224. — Syn. Shorea stellata, Dyer, Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 304. Vern. Kaunghmu, Burm. A tall evergreen tree, attaining 150 ft. Leaves pale beneath, blade 4-6, petiole 1/2-1 in. long, secondary nerves 8-10 pair, tertiary nerves numerous, parallel, not more conspicuous than the reticulate veins between them. Fl. small, cream-coloured, in large axillary and terminal panicles. Sepals almost valvate in bud, like the petals grey-velvety outside. Stamens 15, anthers hirsute, linear, on short filaments, prolongation, of connective short, obtuse. Ovary hairy, globose, prolonged into a cylindric furrowed style, no stylopodium. Segments of fruiting calyx nearly equal, tube not enlarged, the ovoid acuminate velvety fruit free and exposed. Martaban and Tenasserim, also Malay Peninsula. Scarce in the southern portion of the Pegu Yoma. Fl. March, April. Fig. 31.—Parashorea stellata, Kurz. 1/2. 7. BALANOCARPUS, Beddome, Foresters’ Manual, 237. Trees, glabrous except inflorescence, stipules minute, deciduous. Fl. supported by 2 bracteoles, in unilateral racemes, arranged in compound panicles. Calyx on a flat torus, distinctly imbricate. Stamens 15, in some
88 C M. Osten Sacken: Diptera The Diptera of the Philippine Islands. Tipnlidae. Dicranomyia saltans Dolesch. 2 Bijdr. 14, Tab. II, f. 3 Limnobia saltans; Java). — Remarkable for the unusual shortness of the cells in the apical portion of the wing and the slenderness of the legs. The venation and the absence of spurs and empodia prove it to be a Dicranomyia. Doleschall calls the antennae 16 -jointed; as far as I can discern, the only antenna of my only specimen has the normal number of 14 joints. According to the same author, this species is very numerous during the season of the dry monsoon ; it is often found in dwellings, principally in the corners, in large numbers, dancing up and down in the air; they keep so close together that they seem to hold each other in dancing, and to form a regular chain. Liihnotes Semperi n. sp. . Thorax bright orange; abdomen deep black; wings uniformly brown. — Length: 11 — 12 mm. Head reddish-brown; rostrum, palpi and antennae black. The whole thorax, including coxae, bright orange. Halteres brown, extreme base orange. Abdomen deep velvet black, except the extreme base, which is orange. Legs brown. Wings uniformly brown; bases of the 2 and 3 post. c. on the same line; first vein incurved towards the second. — A single female. Libnotes termitina n. sp. Q. Uniformly yellowish-orange; extreme tip of the abdomen black; wings brown. Length; 1112 mm. Antennae black (reddish at the base in one of the specimens); rostrum brownish; palpi brown; halteres with a brown knob; stem paler; legs brown; femora more or less yellow, but brown towards the tip. In the male, the genitals are deep-black, in the female, the last abdominal segment, although the valves of the ovipositor have the usual, brownish-ferruginous color; they are very short. Wings tinged with brown (less dark than L. Semperi); this color is rather uniformly spread over the whole surface; the apex is slightly darker. First vein incurved towards the second ; bases of second and third post. c. on the same line. — A male and a female.
1874.] of the Burmese Flora. 101 Hab. Tenasserim, Mergui (Griff.) 717/1). Vatica, L. 1. V. lanceaefolia, Bl. Mus. Lugd. Bat. II. 31; DC. Prod. XVI. 618; Hf. Ind. Fl. I. 302. (Vateria lanceafolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. II. 601). Hab. Chittagong (Roxb.); Burma (Griff.). Fl. May; Fr. Jul. Aug. Doubtful species 1. V. trigyna, Griff. Not. Dicot. 514. Hab. Tenasserim, Mergui, on the summit of the hillock Pator, at 600-800 ft. elevation (Griff.). Griffith’s description is a very complete and good one, but still I cannot guess the plant. The ovary-like style would indicate Anisoptera, but the ovary itself is stated to be superior and free. Malvaceae. Conspectus of genera. A. Carpels whorled in a single row, not united into a capsule. Trib. I. Malveae. Staminal column bearing the filaments at the summit. Style-branches as many as cells to the ovary. Mature carpels separating more or less from the axis. * Ovule solitary, ascending. X Stigmas linear. 1. Althaea. Bracteoles 6-9, united at base; fruit-axis not longer than the carpels. 2. Malva. Bracteoles 3, distinct. Carpels not beaked. XX Stigmas capitate or clavate. 3.Malvastrum. Bracteoles 1 to 3, distinct, or none. Carpels usually beaked. ** Ovules suspended, solitary. 4. Anoda. Bracteoles none. Carpels broadly stellate, not beaked. 5. Sida. Carpels converging with their points or beaked. Bracteoles none, or very rarely 1 or 2 and bristle-like. *** Ovules 2 or more, ascending or pendulous or both. 6. Abutilon. Bracteoles none. Carpels 5-20, without spurious partitions. Trib. II. Ureneae. Staminal column truncate or 5-toothed at apex bearing the anthers or filaments on the outside. Style-branches twice as many as ovary-cells. Carpels 1-seeded. 7. Urena. Bracteoles 5, connate at base. Carpels opposite the petals, muricate or glochidiate. 8. Pavonia. Bracteoles 5 or more, usually free, herbaceous or bristle-like. Carpels opposite the sepals, variously armed or smooth. B. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent or rarely indehiscent.
108 G. King -Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula [No. 2, panicles; bracts persistent, caducous, or 0. Sepals ovate or lanceolate, imbricate, 3 being external and 2 internal. Stamens 15 or 20, or 30; anthers ovate of oblong, rarely linear; connective subulate-cuspidate, rarely inappendiculate; valves obtuse, rarely cuspidate, equal, or the outer slightly larger. Ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled; style subulate, stigma entire or 3-totthed. Fruit with leathery, rarely with woody, pericarp, 1-celled, 1-seeded, closely surrounded by the bases of the persistent, usually accrescent, sepals, the 3 outer, or more rarely, all, and sometimes none, of which are developed into 7-to 10-veined reti-culate membranous linear-oblong wings. Cotyledons fleshy, unequal, usually enclosing the superior radicle. Distrib -Tropical Asia and chiefly the Malayan Archipelago: species about 60. Sect. I. Eu-Shorea. Fruit little more than .5 in. long, its pericarp leathery: three of the persistent sepals developed into membra-nous wings many times longer than the fruit. Anthers without apical appendages. Lower surface of adult leaves minutely stel-late-tomentose, not scaberulous ... 1. S. leprosula. Lower surface of adult leaves glabrescent, the axils of the nerves scaly ... 2. S. scutulata. Lower surface of adult leaves quite glabrous, of young leaves glaucous ... 3. S. Curtisii. Anthers mostly inappendiculate, a few with a minute apical appendage from the connective. Stamens 30 ... ... ... 4. S. sericea. Anthers with very short apical appendages from the connextive; flowers sessile. Leaves 2.5 to 4 in. long, the lower surfaces mi-nutely pubescent: flower .25 in. long; fruit ovoid-globose, its largest wings 2.5 in. long 5. S. parvifolia. Leaves 3 to 4.5 in. long, glabrous beneath: flower .3 in. long: fruit turbinate, its largest wings 3.5 in. long ... ... 6. S. acuminata. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, glabrescent or glabr-our beneath; fruit narrowly ovoid, its longest wings 3.5 to 4.5 in. long. ... 7. S. macroptera. Apical appendage from the connective much longer than the anther. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces, the lower not pale. Stamens 10 (?) ... ... 8. S. Maxwelliana. Stamens 20 ... ... ... 9. S. gratissima.
124 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, 1. Hopea nervosa, King, n. sp. A tree 50 to 70 feet high: young branches dark-coloured, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, oblong to elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, the base rounded or very slightly cuneate; both surfaces glabrous; main nerves 16 to 18 pairs, spreading, bold and prominent on the lower; length 3.5 to 5 in., breadth 1.5 to 2.25 in.; petiole .5 to .75 in., transversely wrinkled when dry. Flowers unknown. Ripe fruit ovoid-rotund, apiculate, glabrous, .5 in. long; the two outer sepals much enlarged, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, slightly narrowed to the concave thickened smooth base, 10-nerved, 4 to 4 -5 in. long, and .6 to .75 in. wide; the three inner sepals not quite so long as the fruit, broadly ovate, obtuse, thickened, smooth, closely embracing but not adherent to the fruit. Perak: King.s Collector, No. 3690. This is a very distinct species, belonging to the group of Hopea with the nerves of the leaves bold. It is so distinct that, contrary to my general practice, I venture to name it without having seen the flower. 2. Hopea Curtisii, King, n. sp. A tree 50 to 60 feet high: young branches slender, dark-coloured, lenticellate, almost glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, broadly ovate to ovatc-oblong, shortly acuminate or acute, the base slightly unequal-sided, rounded, rarely sub-cuneate; both surfaces glabrous, the upper slightly puberulous on the midrib near the base, the lower with several hairy glands at the base, the midrib sparsely and minutely stellate-puberulous; main nerves 10 to 13 pairs, curving, ascending, prominent beneath; length 35 to 4.5 in., breadth 1.75 to 2.5 in.; petiole .4 in., puberulous when young. Pani-cles axillary and terminal, lax, few-liowered. Flowers about .2 in. long, pedicelled. Sepals broadly ovate, blunt, concave, tomentose out-side, glabrous inside; the inner two rather smaller and more glabrous than the others. Petals oblong, oblique, falcate, obtuse, partially tomen-tose outside, glabrous inside. Stamens 10, the filaments short, dilated; anthers ovate, short, the connective with an apical awn longer than the anther. Ovary broadly ovate, puberulous at the truncate apex, otherwise glabrous: style short. Ripe fruit ovoid, apiculate, pale striate, .3 in. long; outer two sepals accrescent, narrowly-oblong, reti-culate, membranous, obscurely 5-nerved, obtuse, slightly narrowed to the concave smooth base, 175 to 2.5 in. long and from .35 to .6 in. broad; the three inner non-accrescent sepals about as long as the fruit. Penang: Curtis No. 1562. Perak: King.s Collector, 8161. 3. Hopea miceantha, Hook. fil. in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxiii, 160. A tree 60 to 80 feet high: young branches slender with dark-coloured, lenticellate bark and minute brownish pubescence. Leaves coriaceous,
MAI RANG 15 such parts where no streams and rivers run and means of communication are wanting. The trees grow very straight and are admirably suited for building, for Railway sleepers, Telegraph poles, Bridge-timber, Tool-handles and Canoes. Straight trees for Bridge poles 14 m. in length have occasionally been met, but are rare. They can attain a height of 30 m. Mai Teng is rather hard to saw. If perfectly dry the wood weighs 950 kg. per cbm. P=574. The resin is white and is used with the oil of the Yang tree for overhauling boats and painting all sorts of vessels, roofs of boats, etc., to prevent leakage. The resin is superior to Mai Rang resin which is generally mixed with the same. Resin (vernacular "Chan") is collected during the dry seasin in February and March. MAI RANG (Pentacme Siamensis) is a tree of the Dipterocarpeae. The flowers, which appear in March, are white or red with a fine odour; the bark is somewhat thicker than Mai Teng, and is a little darker but with vertical fissure. It is also more broken and irregular
20 MAI TAKIEN. MAI TAKIEN, (Hopea Odorata) is a tree of the natural order of Dipterocarpeae. Mai Takien is a handsome and beautiful evergreen tree of the siamese jungle. Calyx five-leaved two of them increasing with the capsule into wings. Corol one petalled, contorted. Filaments ten, inserted on the tube of the corol, alter-nately two cleft. Anthers fifteen. Germ superior, three celled, two seeded, attachment superior. Capsule one celled, one valved. Seed solitary. Embryo inverse, without perisperm. Leaves ovate-oblong, a hallow gland on the axills of the large veins, alternate, short-petioled. The largest specimen found is 7 m. in girth and 80 m. high. According to Siamese folklore, very big specimens are inhabited by ghosts who can cause death of any one felling the tree. This tree has white flowers in March. The seed ripens in May and June. The bark is dark, it has deep, long furrows and is 2 1/2-4cm. thick. The wood is hard of yellowish brown colour but is lighter in tone when newly sawn. The pores are of a moderate size and ringed. The medullary rays are prominent on a radial