DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
MYSORE AND C00RG, 23 41 Shorea robusta, Gaertn. Fig-Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 4. The Sal or Saul tree of the tropical Himalaya. Cultivated in the Lal-Bagh, but not found in the State forests. Being, next to teak, the most valuable timber tree of India, its cultivation is desirable. Beddome remarks that seedlings are abundant in the Gumsoor forests. 42 Shorea Tumbuggaia, Roxb. Tig— Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t 5. Wight Ic. t. 27. An immense timber tree of the Cuddapah district, and possibly indigenous to the north-east boundary of Mysore. It should be searched for along the course of the North Pennar river. A kind of dammar is obtained from the trunk, and Beddome speaks well of the timber. Forest officials of the Kolar and Chitaldoorg districts should be on the look out for this tree. 43 Hopea parviflora, Bedd. Kan. Kiral boghi, Bogi, Tirpul, Tirpu. 'Fig.— Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 6. References. — Did. of Econ. Prod, of Fad.; Gamb. Man. Timb. A lofty tree of the evergreen sholas. On the plains of South Canara it is preferably used to build Hindu temples. Lovery writes, that in Shimoga the wood is prized for building carts and boats. Weight 62 — 63 lb. per cubic foot. Being so heavy and durable, Beddome thinks it is well suited for sleepers and gun-carriage work. For ornamental purposes this is a grand subject, but it is not likely to succeed on the plains under 2500 feet. It possesses the characteristic winged fruit of Diptero-carpeae, by which trees of that Order are easily distinguished.
STEMONOPORUS GARDNER! (Nat. ord. Dipterocarpeae.) STEMONOPORUS. Thw.— GEN. CHAR. Calyx 5 parted, divisions equal riot enlarging in fruit, petals 5 equal, aestivation convolute, sta-mens 15 in 2 series, 5 interior and exterior, monadelphous on a short ring round the base of the ovary, anthers oblong introrse dehiscing by a pore at the apex, connective not produced beyond the anther, ovary 3 celled, cells 2 ovuled, ovules pendulous from the apex of the axis anatropical, style filiform, stigma simple, fruit spherical 3/4-1 inch in diameter with the calyx reflexed beneath it, 1 celled by abortion, irregularly dehiscing, testa membranaceous, embryo exalbuminous, cotyledons thich plicato-convolute. Trees like Vateria, but differing in their fewers anthers arranged only in 2 series. Thw. Hook. Journ. of Bot. Vol. vi. p. 3. Vateria (in part) Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. p. 194. Vatica (in part) D.C. Proc. xvi. p.620. STEMONOPORUS GARDNERI (Thw.), A large forest tree, leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate acuminate, rounded at the base or subcordate, prominently veined beneath, 3J-6 inches long by 1 J-2£ broad, petioles about 1 inch long, panicles slightly hoary numerous at the apex of the branchlets, more or less elongate 4-12 flowered, pedicels 34 lines long, flowers about f inch across in expansion. Thw. I. c. and En. PI. Zey. p. 38. Ceylon, in the Central Provinces at about 5,000 feet elevation. 99
80 FORESTRY BUREAU with one or two very small ones intermediate. Corolla fixed on the receptacle, bellshaped almost as long as the calyx, deeply divided in five parts. Stamens, more than twenty, fixed on the receptacle. Filaments very short. Anthers long, awlshaped and without bristles. Ovary issues from receptacle. Style same length as statiiens. Stigma apparently divided into two parts. Nut globular (like a filbert) not joined to the calyx, but covered and very close to it and crowned with the parts of the same calyx, well developed, of which two are very large, and the other two alternate ones, short and rounded at the extremities. See General Appendix — Dipterocarpeas. Well-known tree, wood hard. It produces the resinous and odorous fluid known as Malapaho and Balao, which is used as a varnish. It is common in Visayas and in many Tagal districts. The resin flows very abundantly. The parts of the calyx which have the appearance of big wings arc five inches long. The tree called Hagachac in Leyte produces an odorous, resinous fluid similar to this but it is not the same. Where the trees are plentiful the natives use this fluid for illuminating purposes. They pour this fluid into a joint of cane and light it, the resin and the cane being consumed at the same time. Flowers in June. Blanco, p. 314, 2d ed. SUPA, Sindora Wallichii, Benth. Fam. Leguminosae. SYNONYM— Supa, Tagalog. WHERE FOUND— Islands of Luzon, Leyte, Mindoro. DESCRIPTION— Second Group. "Tree of the First Order. Color. — Dirty ochre yellow, which in time changes to a yellowish gray; there are also specimens of a reddish tint. Very similar to Ipil; it substitutes the Ipil in ordinary and naval construction but is less esteemed. It deserves special attention, for the engineer should know it well to distinguish it from Ipil and thus prevent frauds, which unfortunately are of frequent occurrence. In the two species which I have before me, I note that in the Ipil the pores are distributed over the entire surface of the rings, while in the Supa they are numerous at their termination and scarce in the other parts; the medullary radii line and more marked than in the other species. The color varies in both, but generally is more uniform in the Ipil. The Supa may sometimes have narrow grains of a dark gray color which extend along its entire length. It is abundant in the center and south of Luzon and in the Visayas. I do not know of any experiments made to determine its elasticity, maximum resistance, weight in the air and specific gravity. I cannot make this experiment for want of appropriate specimens. S. Vidal."
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 85 Bataan, etc.). But it is not brought to market in large quantities, as there is not much of a demand for it. S. Vidal.." " Branches scattered. Leaves alternate, ovate, cradle-shaped, serrated. Can not describe flowers or fruit for want of data. R. Garcia." TANGUILE. Shorea Talura, Roxb. (Dipterocarpus polyspermus, Blanco.) Fam. Dipterocarpeae SYNONYMS— Tanguile, Taugile, Tangili, Tagalog. WHERE FOUND— Islands of Luzon and Mindoro. DESCRIPTION— Second Group. "Tree of First Order. Color — Brownish red. Texture. — Very fine with large numerous pores; breaks as if brittle. Is plentiful in most of the islands, especially in the center and south of Luzon. It is used in the construction of baucas and is also sawed into lumber. Elasticity 0.004 m.; weight at which it broke 29.676 kilograms; weight in the air 7.59 grams; specific gravity 0.603. S. Vidal.." "Leaves alternate, ovate, elongated, membranous and smooth. Petioles very short. Flowers small, terminal growing in panicled racemes. Peduncles very short. Calyx free, in five ovate parts, the two inside covered with the three outside, very long at maturity, especially the three. Corolla, hairy, thrice longer than the calyx, in five sharp parts and hairy on the outside. Stamens less than twenty, inserted between the ovary and the base of the corolla and shorter than the petals; some are inserted higher up than others. Anthers somewhat fourangled, terminating in a long hair. Ovary, globular, with angles and situated within the flower. Style awl-shaped. Stigma simple. Berry, two compartments; each contains seed. Tree of the First Order. — Canoes are made of it, and it is well known in Pampauga and Balanga. The calyx remains permanently free, even at maturity, and is never adherent. Unlike most of its congeners the fruit has several seeds. Blanco, p. 312., 2d ed." "Tree of the First Order.— Found in the Philippine Islands, especially in Luzon. Color. — Light brown red. Texture. — Very fine with large and numerous pores; breaks as if brittle. It is used for canoes and sawed into lumber. Salvador Ceron, p. 308."
504 SPHINGIDAE. Gaertn., Premna integrifolia Linn., Vitex negundo Linn. (Verbenaceae), Anacardium occidentale Linn., the cashew-nut tree (Anacardiaceae), Calophyllum inophyllum. Linn., locally known as Undi (Guttiferae), and the convolvulaceous goat'sfoot creeper Ipomaea biloba Forsk. ; Cassytha filiformis Linn., of the Laurineae, is also common, a leafless, yellowish, thin-stemmed parasite infesting Premna and Ipomsea, &c. The vegetation in Kanara is mainly of the Malayan type. Below the Ghats on the coast, on the Ghats themselves, and for some distance eastward it is altogether so. On the eastern boundaries it is of the Deccan type, passing gradually into the Malayan westwards. The Malayan type is largely evergreen and semi-evergreen, the trees being often very large both in height and circumference. The Deccan vegetation is composed of deciduous species, and the trees are much smaller. The main characteristics of the Malayan forest area are a heavy rainfall and laterite soil with a strong admixture of granite. The evergreen forest is generally found above 1,000 feet elevation, all below that is semi -evergreen or deciduous. The evergreen type is more extensive in the southern half of the district than in the northern ; in the lower foot-hills along the coast the forest is deciduous, though there maybe a slight mixture of evergreen species along the streams and in the moister valleys. The crest of the Ghats is all evergreen, and this type of vegetation reaches well to the east as long as the hills, valleys and streams continue. The evergreen forests are characterized by very large trees, many reaching 200 feet in height, dense undergrowth, canes, ferns and various species of palms. Among the timber-trees we get Dipterocarpus turbinates Gaertn., several species of Calophyllum (Guttiferae), Cedrela toona Roxb., the toon, of the Meliaceae ; many members of the families Myrtaceae, Ebenaceae (ebony) and Laurineae (laurels) ; various figs and jackfruit-trees (Urticaceae) ; these are the most conspicuous. The underwood is largely composed of Murray a Linn., Glycosmis Corr. (Rutaceae) ; cinnamon, Litssea Lamk., Actinodaphne Nees (Laurineae), and gregarious Psychotria Linn, of various species ; Chasalia curviflora Thw. and many species oilxora (Rubiaceae). Herbaceous and semi-herbaceous species are represented by various Acanthaceae, climbing peppers, orchids, arums, Zinziberaceae and ferns. In the Malayan type of deciduous forests there are very large trees of the families Meliaceae (Amoora Roxb., Chikrassia tabularis (Adr. Jussieu) ; Sapindaceae (Schleichera Willd. and Sapindis Linn.) ; Anacardiaceae (the wild mango and Spondias Linn., the hog-plum, Holigarna Ham., &c.) ; Leguminosae (Dalbergia Linn., Bauhinia Linn., Xylia Benth., Albizzia Durazz) ; Datiscaceae (Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br.) ;
Plentiful around coral reefs, they are mostly-taken by emgllng. Some of the 5I1 attain a very large site. 5 There are a number of poisonous species in this family which are often eaten by mistake because of the large number of species irtiich resemble than. 1. Ohagurohata (Plate 14 Figure 40) Scientific name Cephalopholis argus Schneider Local name kaleaej (Marshallese) p6f9. (Saipan Okinawan) Distribution Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Australia, South Seas, Hawaii area Morphology Body comparatively flat laterally. Coloration is characteristic, th dark blackish sides having scattered small bright indigo spots with black borders The posterior half of the body also has black stripes which, although indistinct in life, show clearly in preserved specimens. To xicity Experiments at Saipan with three fresh specimens produced no poisoning, the only effects noted being caused by the cooked flesh of fish which had been left for 16 hours and which had developed a stench of putrefaction. It was noted that in the latter case most of the experimental animals developed diarrhoea. At Jaluit two specimens were tested, one of which produced symptoms of poisoning. On the whole, few experiments indicated strong toxicity and only one animal died. This species should be considered mildly poisonous. This species is abundant in coral reef areas and is easily hooked. There have been many cases of poisoning in human beings, page 70] Tables 62, 63, 64] Page 71] Tables 65, 66] Page 72] Tables 67, 68, 69] page 73] Treble 70] In rare oases, when large quantities have been eaten, the poisoning has been c severe that the victim could not stand up, but the majority of cases are of a mild degree. One person reported a case of poisoning as a result of eating the head, viscera, and flesh of a specimen of this species weighing 250 monme 9375 gr. Those who ate the flesh sliced raw were mildly poisonech IFKEIR hands and feet stung when placed in water. they also ate the stomach, which contained some crabs which they thought caused the poisoning. Numbness spread gradually, beginning in the extremities. After this experience one victim was cured of nervous trouble and rheumatism. According to fishermen from Okinawa, this fish is also found there and has been responsible for cases of poisoning. 2. Akajin (Plate 15 Figure 41) Scientific name Plectropomus truncatus Fowler Local name akajin, kurobanlakajln Salpan Okinawan) 42
NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS. 275 The wood of Vatica and Pachynocarpus seems to be very much alike. The sapwood of Vatica Wallichii is white or pale yellow and the heartwood is brownish yellow, becoming much darker after exposure to the air. There is less of resin in the wood than is usually found in most memlbers of the order. A pale damar runs out of injuries and glazes over the stem. The tree attains no great height, reaching say 60 feet and the spread of its branches is narrow, say 10 feet from the trunk. If grown in the open it keeps its lower branches and is then leafy nearly to the ground; but in high forest its trunk is straight and branchless to 30 feet or more. A tree 50' feet high may possess a diameter at breast height of 20-30 inches. The bark is light grey and smooth. Its times of flowering in Singapore are uncertain doubtless in response to the uncertainty of the weather. All trees flower together. Flowering however in the Peninsula seems to be most common in April or May. Individual trees differ from each other in small points. The leaves of some dry darker than the leaves of others. The flowers vary from a pale cream to milk-white; in some there is a touch of red upon the outside of the bud; examined at sun-down the petals may be bent just to a right angle on their claw, in others more. These variations characterise whole trees. It may be that the trees whose flowers are most pigmented, are the trees whose leaves dry darkest; but this has not been proved. A flower whose petals are bent through a right angle is figured below. The small eye is noteworthy. Fig. 5 on the left, a flower of Vatica Wallichii in face view: Fig. 6 on the right, a flower of Vatica Ridleyana, also in face view. Both nat. size. Below each is the stigma and style enlarged. The flowers have a strong and pleasant scent. By their multitude the}^ make the tree conspicuous at flowering. They open about dawn, and fall about the next dawn. The stamens number 15; — if 10 in such plants as that upon which Vatica Kelsalli was founded, then so by reduction, accidental probably. The flowers face downwards and outwards chiefly. Three or four distinct patches of glandular tissue occur in a row upon the underside of the leaves where the lateral veins break into loops. These leaves last for about 3 years. Six months pass before the fruit is ripe. The fruit is dry and water-distributed chiefly by means of floods. We have seen this process in operation in the Tasek Gelugor Forest Reserve in Province Wellesley, where heavy rain had flooded the R. A. Soc, No. 86 1922.
NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 269 Symphoricarpos parishii, see Symphoricarpos oreophilus. Symphoricarpos parvifolius, see Symplioricarpos rotundifolius. Symphoricarpos paucifiorus, see Symphoricarpos alhus. Symphoricarpos racemosus, see Symphoricarpos albus. Symphoricarpos rotundifolius, Gray. Soundleaf snowberry. S. glaucus Eastw., S. parvlfolius Bastw., 8. vaccinioides Rydb., ;S. tetonensis Nels. Range: 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small, straggling shrub ; flowers May-June. Stotiiach ?'ecords: Varied thrush, California quail. Observations: Chipmunli, California mule deer. Fair to good sheep and goat browse. Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos, see SymphmHcarpos orbiculatus. Symphoricarpos tetonensis, see Symphoricarpos rotundifolius, Symphoricarpos utahensis Rydb. Utah snowberry. Range: 9, 12, 13. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub. Symphoricarpos vaccinioides, see Symphoricarpos rotundifoliiis. Symphoricarpos vulgaris, see Symphoricarpos orhiculatus. Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L'Her. Sweetleaf. Hopea tinctoria L. Range : 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree ; semievergreen ; flowers March-May, the two forms occurring along the coast and in the mountains respectively are by some considered specifically distinct. Stomach records: Phoebe. Relished by cattle. Talinopsis frntescens Gray. Range : 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Tamala borbonia, see Persea horbonia. Tamala humilis, see Persea hiimilis. Tamala pubescens, see Persea. pulescens. Tamarix g'allica L. Tamarisk. Range : 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; foliage comparatively sparse; Introduced from Europe but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; withstands continued drought well ; not easily hurt by alkali in the soil ; generally free from insects and disease; thicket forming; grows rapidly from cuttings. Taxodinm spp. Baldcypress. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Eleven species of birds, including wild turkey. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Texas fox squirrel. Taxodinm ascendens Brongn. Pondcypress. T. imbricarium (Nutt.) Harp. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Cone. A large tree. Stomach records: Little brown crane.
Leguminosae. 5 (Merrill no. 2158; May 1903); Pola (Merrill no. 2212, 2376, 2474; in fruit); Mindanao Isl, Davao (Warburg no. 14685). 5. Pitliecolobium montanum Benth. Culion Isl. (Merrill no. 579; in flower in December 1902). 6. Pithecolobium Saman Benth. Luzon, Manila (Merrill no. 11; in flower in April 1902). 7. Pithecolobium subacutum Benth. North Luzon, Cagayan (Warburg no. 11514); Pr. Isabela, Malunu (Warburg no. 12 091); Pr. Rizal, Antipolo (Merrill no. 1622; in flower in March 1903); Tanay (Merrill no. 2330; in fruit in May 1903). 8. Pitliecolobium sp. (affinis P. lohata Benth). Luzon, Pr. Rizal, Antipolo (Merrill no. 1306; in fruit in February 1903). Wallaceodendron Koorders 1. Wallaceodeiidrou celebica Koorders. Luzon, Pr. Tayabas, Guinayangan (Merrill no. 2026, in fruit 1903). From a geographical standpoint, it is interesting to observe that some plants first described as coming from Celebes are now recorded as indigenous members of the flora of the Philippine Islands. The genus Wallaceodendron was first collected by Koorders, on his trip through Minahassa, and described by him in Mededeel. van's Lands Plantentuin XV, (1898) 446 et 630. We have in the family of the Anacardiaceae a similar case, the genus Koo7dersiodendron being first discovered in Celebes, and now observed in our colony by Ahern (cf. the enumeration of the Anacardiaceae). Albizzia Durazz. 1. Albizzia julibrissin Durazz. Luzon, Pr. Rizal, Bosoboso (Merrill no. 1865; in fruit in April 1903). 2. Albizzia procera Teysm. et Binn. Luzon, Pr. Camarines Sur, Pasacao (Ahern no. 69; 1902); Pr. Principe, Baler (Merrill no. 1024; a. 1903); Mindoro Isl, Baco (Merrill no. 1213; Jan. 1903).
18 The Philippine Journal of Science i9i6 floribus ignotis, racemis axillaribus, solitariis, usque ad 10 cm longis; leguminibus 1-spermis, oblongo-ellipticis, 6 cm longis, 3 cm latis, 1 cm crassis, utrinque angustatis, basi acutis, apice rostrato-acuminatis, valvis lignosis. A tree about 7 m high, glabrous except the inflorescence. Branches terete, lenticellate, grayish or reddish-brown. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, the petiole and rachis 10 to 12 cm long; leaflets usually 7, subcoriaceous, ovate to oblong-ovate, up to 13 cm long and 45 cm wide, the apex shortly and obtusely acuminate, the base usually rounded, equilateral or somewhat inequilateral, the upper surface brownish-olivaceous when dry, shining, the lower paler; lateral nerves about 9 on each side of the midrib, prominent; petiolules 5 to 8 mm long. Flowers not known, the persistent rachises of the racemes axillary, solitary, thickened, somewhat pubescent, with numerous thickened protuberances. Pods brown when dry, oblong-elliptic, 1-seeded, woody, about 6 cm long, 3 cm wide, and at least 1 cm thick, narrowed below to the acute base and above to the rostrate-acuminate apex, glabrous, the corners rounded, not angled, the valves woody, shining, smooth. Seed solitary, subelliptic, somewhat narrowed to the rounded ends, about 35 cm long, 23 wn wide, and nearly 1 cm thick. Palawan, Silanga, in deserted clearings on slopes, Merrill 9578, May 24, 1913. A species well characterized by its very thick, woody, 1-seeded pods. CROTALARIA Linnaeus CROTALARIA ORIXENSIS Willd in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue Schr. 4 (1803) 217; Baker in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2 (1876) 83. Luzon, Manila, Bur. Sci. 191 s Guerrero, December, 1912, in waste places, certainly of recent introduction. For the identification of the above specimen I am indebted to Sit D. Prain, director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England, to whom a specimen was sent. The species is of wide distribution in British India (Western Peninsula), in Abyssinia, and is reported from tropical Africa. It is undoubtedly a recent introduction in the Philippines. SIMARUBACEAE BRUCEA J. S. Miller BRUCEA AMARISSIMA (Lour) comb. nov. Genus amarissimus Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 668. Brucea sumatrana Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 12, Fl. Ind, ed. Carey, 1 (1832) 449; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 1 (1875) 621; Lecomte Fl. G6n. Indo-chine 1 (1911) 698. This widely distributed Indo-malayan species is apparently quite common in the southern Philippines, and is represented in our collections by specimens from Negros, Leyte, Camiguin, Cebu, Palawan, Basilan, and Min