DFKI-SLT/copious huggingface dataset:
MAMMALS OP THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. (53 Idem. On the Mammals obtained by Mr. John Whitehead during hia recent Expedition to the Philippines. Trans. Zool. Soc. London (1898), 14, pt. 6, 377-412, pi. 30-36, June. Original descriptions of Celsenomys, Crunomys, and Epimys negrinus. Idem. On Mammals collected in Mindanao, Philippines, by Mr. M. P. Anderson for the Duke of Bedford's Exploration of Eastern Asia. Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1907), No. 39, 5, February, 12. Original description of Crunomys melanius. Idem. The Duke of Bedford's Zoological Exploration in Eastern Asia. III. On Mammals obtained by Mr. M. P. Anderson in the Philippine Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1907), 140-142, June, 1907. Notes on seven species from Mt. Apo. Idem. The Nomenclature of the Flying-lemurs. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hiat. (1908), VIII, 1, 252-255, March. Cynocephalus volans the proper name for the Philippine flying-lemur. Idem. The Nomenclature of Certain Lorises. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1908), VIII, 1, 467-469, June. Considers Nycticebus philippinus a synonym of N. menagensis. Idem. The Squirrels described as Sciurus steeri from Balabac and Palawan. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, (1908), VIII, 2, 498, December. Restricts S. steeri to Balabac and names the Palawan form Sciurus juvencus. Idem. New Species of Paradoxurus, of the P. philippinensis Group, and a New Paguma. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1909), VIII, 3, 374-377, April. Original description of Paradoxurus minax and P. torvus. Idem. The Mammals of the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus; an Attempt to fix the Types of the Genera and the Exact Bases and Localities of the Species. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1911), 120-158, March. Fixes types of Linnsean genera, and type-localities of most Linnaean species. Revives the name syrichta for the Luzon macaque. Tomes, Robert F. Descriptions of Four Undescribed Species of Bats. Proc. Zool Soc. London (1857), 25, 52-54. Original description of Vespertilio chinensis. Idem. A Monograph of the Genus Miniopterus. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1858), 115-128. Original description of Miniopterus tibialis and M. australis. Trouessart, E. L. Description dune Espece Nouvelle de Musaraigne de la Collection du Musee de Paris. Le Naturaliste (1880), No. 42, 330, December 15. Original description of Pachyura edwardsiana. Idem. Catalogus Mammalium tarn Viventium quam Fossilium. Quinquennale Supplementum, 1904. Fasciculus I. Primates, Prosimiae, Chiroptera, Insectivora, Carnivora, Pinnipedia. Berolini (1904). Records from Philippine Islands: Primates, 2; Prosimiae, 2; Chiroptera, 34; Dermoptera, 1; Insectivora, 6; Carnivora, 7.
ON "HABU" VENOM AND ITS SERUM THERAPY. By T. Kitajima. 1 (From the Institute for Infections Diseases, Tokyo, Japan) INTRODUCTION. Few species of venomous snakes are native to Japan, the main island, Nippon or Hondo, being inhabited only by the relatively harmless Trigonocephalies Bromlioffi. But the islands Eiukiu (Loo Choo) and Amami (Oshima) are scourged by the fierce snake termed "habu' This species inflicts no little damage upon the population, either killing its victims outright or at least debilitating them seriously. The following table gives the number of eases occurring annually. Table 1. — Number of cases bitten by the venomous serpent "habu" from I89S to 1906. Year. Number of cases. Recovered. Deaths. Infirmities. c 1 & I I H H I 1 H S a 1 1 Eh 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 190-1 . 1905 1906 Total 158 149 150 148 133 172 138 182 197 53 64 71 83 48 71 53 79 79 211 213 221 231 181 243 191 261 276 133 121 131 130 114 140 123 153 164 46 53 54 68 39 57 46 63 60 179 174 185 198 153 197 169 216 224 18 22 17 18 14 24 12 27 24 6 10 14 14 6 4 5 11 17 24 32 31 32 20 28 17 38 41 3 2 5 11 3 5 9 1 1 3 1 3 7 2 2 8 4 5 1 8 18 5 7 11 1,427 601 2,028 1,209 486 1,695 176 87 263 45 22 67 This table shows that 2,028 persons were bitten by this serpent during the past nine years ; of this number 263 died, an average of 225 cases with 29 deaths for each year, the death rate being 129 per cent. About the same number of cases has been reported from the Riukiu Islands; that is, about 200 a year. 1 Read at the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Philippine Islands Medical Association, February 2S, 1908. 151
204 GARRISON. Therefore, the conclusion would appear to be warranted that infection with lung flukes is not evenly distributed throughout the Philippines, as appears to be the case with the parasites above considered, but that it is to be found chiefly in the southern portions of the Archipelago. It is quite within the bounds of probability that the distribution of this parasite may be found to be even more strictly localized. To the best of our knowledge, all cases of paragonimiasis reported for the Philippines, in which the history of previous residence was known, have originated in the southern part of the Islands, and further investigation may show the infection to be confined to this region. The possibility can not be excluded that the infection is limited more or less strictly to certain of these southern islands. Some indication of this was found in our own figures. For instance, 239 prisoners from the Island of Leyte were examined and 6 had paragonimiasis; 127 prisoners from the Island of Samar gave four infections with lung flukes ; on the other hand, while 248 prisoners from Panay were examined, no fluke infections occurred. However, until the matter has been further investigated, we believe that the only generalization justified by our results is as already stated namely, that paragonimiasis prevails in the southern rather than in the northern parts of the Philippines. INFECTIONS WITH SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM. (06 per cent) The use of the specific name seems desirable in the present case in order to differentiate Schistosoma japonicum from S. haematobium, all of our infections being with the former species. Geographical distribution. — As in the case of Paragonimus, the apparently uneven geographical distribution of Schistosoma infections appears to be of greater interest and importance than the actual percentage of infection found among the prisoners examined. The cases of schistosomiasis were distributed geographically as follows Manila, 1 ; Samar, 6; Leyte, 5; and Mindanao, 4. Therefore, excepting the one case from Manila, all infections with Schistosoma appear to have originated on the three southern islands, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao. INFECTIONS WITH OPISTHORCHIS. (03 per cent) Racial and geographical distribution. — In only five of the eleven cases of opisthorchiasis could a definite history of previous residence be obtained. Three of these came from the Island of Mindanao, one from
ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN. 207 effects of infections with intestinal worms upon the health of a population is that carried on by Dr. Shattuck of the Bureau of Health at Bilibid Prison during the time our own investigation was in progress, the results of the same examinations being used as far as practicable in both investigations. These results have been placed at our disposal by Dr. Heiser, Director of Health, from the manuscript of his Annual Report for 1906-7, and are briefly as follows: The annual death rate in the prison when it came in charge of the Bureau of Health was 238 per one thousand. The institution of general measures of sanitation reduced this rate to 75 per one thousand where it remained stationary, resisting further reduction. Up to this time little attention had been paid to infection with intestinal worms. In the latter part of 1906, systematic treatment of the prisoners for intestinal worms was begun and vigorously carried out until practically the entire population of the prison had been treated. Following, and, in Dr. Heiser's opinion, largely as the result of this antihelminthic campaign among the prisoners, the death rate dropped to 13 per one thousand per annum. Whether or not this apparent relationship between intestinal worms and the death rate at Bilibid will be substantiated by future records at the Prison, or would be confirmed by the institution of a similar campaign throughout the Islands, its significance can scarcely be overestimated even though ultimately the results should prove to be but a fraction of what was apparently accomplished among the Bilibid prisoners. It moreover sharply emphasizes the fact that the absence of direct, acute manifestations of intestinal helminthiasis should not blind us to the vital importance of these infections as factors in determining the hygienic condition of a people. Applying the rates of infection obtained from the 4,106 prisoners examined at Bilibid to the total population of the Islands (about 7,000,000), it would appear that about 5,000,000 persons in the Philippines are infected with intestinal worms and that the inhabitants of "the Islands harbor over 9,000,000 infections. The magnitude of these figures indicates in part the tremendous proportions of the problems involved in any radical movement toward improvement of existing conditions, especially when we consider that the situation does not appear to be simplified by any marked confinement of the infections to limited areas. Even a casual knowledge of sanitary conditions prevailing throughout the Islands throws additional light upon the difficulties to be encountered and leads to the question whether it is practicable at the present time to institute special prophylactic measures directed toward the eradication of intestinal worms, or whether we must content ourselves with the gradual sanitary improvement of the country.
208 GARRISON. In this connection; one practical suggestion would seem to offer itself. The source of all infections with intestinal worms, followed back to its origin, is necessarily the fasces of persons already infected. 10 With this fact in mind, we have carefully inquired into the different methods of the disposal of excreta customary among the Filipino people and it would appear that it would scarcely be possible to establish more ideal conditions for the spreading of intestinal parasites throughout the Islands. The native, if living near a stream, defecates along its banks, either in, or at varying distances from the water; in the rainy season, the streams overflow their banks and naturally scatter any infection they carry over the adjacent country. Another manner of disposing of the fasces, equally or perhaps more prevalent, is simply through a hole in the floor of the bamboo house, the excreta falling to the ground to be partly devoured and partly scattered about by the universally present hogs and chickens. Such conditions go together with the extremely high prevalence of intestinal worms among the people, and we can scarcely escape the conclusion that the one sanitary measure prominently demanded for the prevention of infection with intestinal worms in the Philippines is a proper disposal of human excreta. In fact it would appear scarcely too strong a statement to say that the spread of infections with intestinal worms could be in time satisfactorily controlled by the proper establishment of this measure alone. The urgency of the demand for a proper disposal of human excreta is further emphasized by the effect which it might reasonably be expected to bear directly upon the prevalence of other diseases, in that it would lessen the distribution of pathogenic organisms other than animal parasites which escape in the fasces. To devise a working system, practical, economical, and adapted to Philippine conditions, is a special problem which requires special and, perhaps, experimental study. That a radical sanitary measure can be effectively and promptly enforced in the Philippines has been strikingly exemplified by the campaign of vaccination against smallpox so successfully carried out by the Bureau of Health. In conclusion, we believe that the most valuable practical lesson to be drawn from the results of the examination of the Bilibid prisoners is the imperative need of establishing throughout the Philippines a system for the proper disposal of human excreta. Moreover, it does not seem unreasonable to expect, in the light of the striking results apparently accomplished at Bilibid by treating infections with intestinal worms, that with the reduction in the present exceedingly high prevalence of 10 Those cases in which the parasite may infect other animals as well as man would, of course, constitute rare exceptions to this statement; for example, Bymenolepsis in rats, Tccnia solium in hogs.
ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN. 209 intestinal worms in the population, the general hygienic condition of the people would be improved to such a degree that there would follow a material reduction in the present high rates of morbidity and of mortality from tuberculosis and other prevailing diseases. 17 17 The following resolution was unanimously adopted at the recent annual meeting of the Philippine Islands Medical Association, held at Manila, February, 1908: "Whereas, it would appear that the rate of infection with intestinal worms is higher among the Filipinos than has ever been definitely reported for any other people; and "Whereas, it would appear further that the death rate at Bilibid Prison has been materially reduced following the treatment of the prisoners for these infections; and "Whereas the spread of infection with intestinal worms can be controlled almost absolutely by the proper disposal of human excreta ; and "Whereas, the proper disposal of human excreta would, at the same time, remove one of the most dangerous channels for the dissemination of other infectious diseases; Therefore, be it "Resolved, That the Philippine Islands Medical Association does petition the Government of the Philippine Islands, through the honorable the Secretary of the Interior, that a commission of five properly qualified members be appointed to decide upon the most practical and efficient methods for the disposal of human excreta that can be established in these Islands and that such appropriation be made and which means provided in accordance with the report of this commission as may be necessary to put into effect a practical and expedient working system for the disposal of human excreta"
A REPORT ON THE FIRST ONE HUNDRED AUTOPSIES AT THE PHILIPPINE MEDICAL SCHOOL. By Philip K. Gilman. From the Department of Pathology and Bacteriology, Philippine Medical School. There have been a large number of autopsies performed by the Bureau of Government Laboratories and its successor, the Bureau of Science since the American occupation of these Islands. While in the cases of acute infectious diseases the diagnoses have been carefully made and recorded, and in other special cases full protocols have been preserved, in general the records are not adapted to furnish the basis for a complete statistical study of the relative frequency with which the different chronic diseases occur. A systematic study has been made, by gross and histology methods, of the pathology material, and complete records of the findings have been kept since the opening of the Philippine Medical School, in the department of pathology and bacteriology organized by Dr. H. T. Marshall. The examinations are made according to the usual Virchow routine, and are designed especially to furnish material and records for a general statistical inquiry. The routine includes the preservation of pieces of the organs in Zenker's fluid and subsequent histologic examinations. No unusual efforts have been made to discover remote foci of tuberculosis or syphilis, and the examination for the presence of intestinal parasites has not been altogether complete. Cultures were made in only a few instances. The nerves were examined for degenerations in only one or two cases in which a clinical report rendered the diagnosis of beriberi probable. The following report is based upon the findings in the first one hundred autopsies performed at the Philippine Medical School between August, 1907, and January, 1908. Although the number of cases is comparatively small, these findings should give a good conception of the relative frequency among the lower classes of Filipinos of the commoner diseases, with the exception of the acute epidemic ones, for the bodies came from the free wards of the large hospitals and from the poorer quarters of the city of Manila. Cholera, smallpox, leprosy, etc, are treated only in the special hospital for these diseases, and such conditions would not enter into our records except on rare occasions. 211.
AUTOPSIES AT THE PHILIPPINE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 213 condition was found to a greater or less degree twenty-seven times, or in about 90 per cent of the cases of pulmonary involvement. Histologically, the irregular, ragged walls of these cavities were in the majority of instances not definitely limited by any marked reaction on the part of the surrounding lung tissue. A definite formation of new fibrous tissue was found in but one-third of the eases and this zone was nearly always lined with a layer of newly formed tuberculous tissue. Extensive areas of consolidation were frequently found associated with the cavity formation, and in a contiguous portion or adjoining lobe great showers of military and conglomerate tubercles were encountered. The pleura was involved in all cases, the involvement consisting in a chronic, fibrous thickening and obliteration of the cavity which varied from a localized area to complete union of the surfaces. In addition to the cases of tuberculosis, pleural lesions were found very frequently, 50 per cent of the cases included in this report showing some pleural involvement. Tuberculous peritonitis was the cause of death in four cases. One of these showed a small, active focus of the disease in the lungs, one an apparently healed apical lesion, and after a prolonged search the other two revealed no pulmonary involvement. Tuberculosis of the vertebras occurred but once and of the bladder three times; psoas abscess was also present once. Latent tubercular lesions were found in the lungs in but 2 of the 100 cases, and healed foci occurred in but 6. In connection with this evidence of the virulence of the tubercle bacillus, it is interesting to note that cultures of the organism obtained by subcutaneous inoculation of guinea pigs and subsequent transference from their glands, to suitable media, were kept alive with considerable difficulty and soon died out after a very sparse growth. pneumonia. Pneumonia was the cause of, death in 27 cases, 11 of these being croupous or lobar, and 16 broncho-pneumonia, the majority of the cases occurring in j r young adults and three-fourths coming from the city proper. A summary of the cases of lobar pneumonia shows that all lobes of both lungs were involved in 1 ease, the entire right lung in 1, the left lower lobe in 5, the remaining 4 cases showing involvement of but one lobe. All were accompanied by an exudation of a fibrinous nature upon the pleural surface of the involved lung. Death in this series of 11 cases occurred early in the disease in four instances, and during the stage of red hepatization in two instances. In the former, the tissue involved was in an early stage of engorgement with greatly distended capillaries and swollen epithelium surrounding but a small number of red corpuscles. The remaining five cases showed typical, gray hepatization.
AUTOPSIES AT THE PHILIPPINE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 221 A summary of the findings in these cases brings out certain points, some of which at least are of particular interest. Some idea of the importance of tuberculosis as a cause of death in these Islands is shown by the number of cases in this series, 35 per cent, and an idea of the virulence of the disease when once established may be drawn by comparing these figures with the number of cases showing healed tuberculous foci, 6 per cent, and latent foci, 2 per cent. The disease as encountered here is a rapidly progressing one, and the amount of tissue destroyed and thrown out of function is marked. The frequency of chronic degenerative change of the myocardium and of nephritis is more noticeable when compared with the relatively small number of cases of arterial degeneration. The number of ulcerations of the large bowel, 32 per cent, and scarring, 22 per cent, while large, is smaller than the percentage of cases found b) r Musgrave in his series of examinations. A feature by no means the least interesting is the absence of syphilitic lesion in all but one case.
GEOLOGIC EECOXNAISSANOK OF MINDANAO AND SULU. 477 its nine or ten lakes and its high mountains. One of the latter. Mount Apo, 2,928 meters, is supposed to be the highest peak in the Archipelago A glance at the map of Mindanao prepared by the Jesuits "will reveal the presence of four main tectonic lines, three of which run approximately north and south, and the fourth east and west. The first is the line following the crest of the range which extends jjaiallel to the long axis of the Zamboanga Peninsula; its direction is I. 20° E. The second seems most nearly to mark the eastward trend of this range; its direction is approximately . 85° W. Along this line are to be found Mount Sugarloaf, just north of Dumankilis Bay, Mount Dapan, a short distance southwest of Lake Lanao, Mounts Kalatungan and Latukan east of the lake, and Mount Agtunganon east of the Agusan River. The next line is that which follows the Apo Range. This is very pronounced from Apo southward, but is not especially marked to the north. On this line are to be found Mount Apo, 2,928 meters, and Mount Matutun, which is doubtless somewhat lower. The fourth, which is not as straight as the others, extends along the backbone of the country east of the Agusan River; its general direction is about K. 8° "W. No very important peaks exist along its extent. The first of these four lines, which -follows the backbone of the Zamboanga Peninsula, is the most marked in that it extends northward through the Island of Istegros, coinciding exactly with the tectonic ILAE of that island and cuts across the lower part of the prong of Masbate, again coinciding with the long axis of Sorsogon and the Catanduanes. The Agusan line, by curving a little to the west, would fit closely with the tectonic lines of Leyte, Masbate, and Tayabas. There is no question but that there is a definite and fairly uniform system of folding and fracturing tlirougliout the Archijjelago, tlie various islands representing the irregular crests of the anticlines while the intervening straits mark the synclines. There are no erj large rivers in the western part of Mindanao, although a fair-sized river follows along the central line of the Zamboanga Peninsula, and two short, swift streams also exist, one of them, the Agus, draining Lake Lanao and emptying into Iligan Bay after a run of about 30 kilometers, and the other, the Mataling River, drawing part of its water from Dapan Lake and part from the northern slopes of the Kulingtang Range. A different condition exists in other parts of Mindanao. The Rio Grande cle Mindanao, over 300 kilometers long, is the second largest river in the Philippine Archipelago. Its course is from north to south until within a short distance of Lake Liguasan where it turns sharply to the west, emptying into Illana Bay. Tliis river is navigable 78322 — — 5