Northern horizon: Strengthening security in the Baltic Sea region
Journal: Econstor (Econstor)
Year: 2025

As a part of a two-volume series, this report provides a strategic assessment of Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Germany in the context of escalating geopolitical threats in the Baltic Sea region. It analyses how each country has recalibrated its defence posture - through adjustments to military spending, modernisation, enhanced civil preparedness, and NATO integration - while leveraging distinct strategic advantages. Finland and Sweden, anchored in their 'total defence' traditions, have significan