Hybrid threats as challenges for the protection of critical information infrastructure in cyberspace
Year: 2025

Hybrid threats have increasingly shaped Europe’s security landscape, particularly following Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 and its 2022 invasion of Ukraine. While often perceived as a novel challenge, hybrid threats represent an evolved form of age-old conflict, enabled by advancements in technology and dynamic security environments. Hybrid threats exploit vulnerabilities across multiple domains, including sphere of terrorism, cybersecurity, organised crime, and geopolitical disputes, thr