Beyond Western cynicism: American Cognitive Warfare through an anti-hegemonic lens
Journal: InterAção
Year: 2025

Mainstream accounts, both in the West and in parts of the Global South, consistently portray China and Russia as the principal actors behind Cognitive Warfare in contemporary conflicts (Wood and Kania, 2021; Cheravitch, 2020; VIGINUM, 2024a, 2024b; Fagins, Nacht and Chafetz, 2021). This article advances a counter-hegemonic perspective by returning to Paul Linebarger’s seminal Psychological Warfare (1948) to demonstrate that the conceptual and institutional foundations of Cognitive Warfare are no