Russian Full Spectrum Conflicts and information warfare as Complex Adaptive Systems: The 2014 Crimean case study
Journal: Comparative Strategy
Year: 2023

With the illegal Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, there has been increasing talk of hybrid warfare. However, due to its wide use, this term has been emptied of its meaning. Because of this, the Full Spectrum Conflict (FLC) concept will be adopted. Operations that employ asymmetrical tactics are not extraneous to Russian strategic thinking and have various characteristics that allow them to be traced back to complexity theory and in particular to Complex Adaptive Systems. A similar argument