DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS: TAXONOMY, MECHANISMS, AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Year: 2025

Distributed Denial of Service attacks are among the most critical challenges to the stability of modern computer networks and servers. By exploiting large-scale botnets and amplification techniques, attackers can overwhelm services, causing downtime, financial damage, and reputational loss. This paper reviews the taxonomy of distributed denial of service attacks, realization tools, their underlying mechanisms, and current approaches for detection and defense. A comparative analysis of the result