Toward a systemic framework for evaluating the European Union's resilience to hybrid threats
Journal: Eastern Journal of European Studies
Year: 2025

Recognizing the rapid advancement and heightened intricacy of hybrid threats, EU and Hybrid CoE experts devised a new framework to address these challenges. Given that non-conventional hazards can affect all aspects of life and society, implementing countermeasures that focus solely on certain areas is inadequate. The present article proposes a systemic framework for evaluating the EU's response to hybrid threats, as resilience is the foundation of the Comprehensive Resilience Ecosystem model. I