Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals: From the Peak of Glory to the Political Fragmentation of the 18th Century
Journal: ANWARUL
Year: 2025

This study investigates the decline of three major Islamic empires in the 18th century—the Ottoman Sultanate, the Safavid Dynasty, and the Mughal Dynasty—which had previously attained prominence in political, military, and cultural spheres. The research aims to analyze the internal and external factors that led to the political fragmentation of these empires. Adopting a qualitative approach with a historical-comparative method, the study relies on literature-based data, which were analyzed throu