Transforming the Intelligence Cycle through Adapting to Complex Environments and the Operational Dynamics of Special Warfare
Journal: Applied Cybersecurity & Internet Governance
Year: 2025

In today’s increasingly complex and dynamic international environment, intelligence services are confronted with the phenomenon often referred to as special warfare, understood here as the combination of kinetic and non-kinetic threats such as information manipulation, cyberattacks, political subversion, and the involvement of organised criminal groups. While similar multi-domain challenges have existed in earlier periods, including during the Cold War and the global war on terror – the speed, t