Spatial resilience and population replacement in Europe during MIS 3: a comparative study of Neanderthals and H. sapiens
Journal: Quaternary Science Reviews
Year: 2026

Homo sapiens dispersed out of Africa several times during the Late Pleistocene. The most recent dispersal event, which began around 60,000 years ago, resulted in the permanent establishment of Sapiens populations in Europe, followed by the disappearance of Neanderthals from the archaeological record. Various hypotheses suggest that the process of population replacement in Europe was influenced by climate change, habitat dynamics, demographic processes, and/or competitive exclusion. To test these