Unraveling the mechanisms of nicotine-induced osteoporosis via network toxicology, bioinformatics, and molecular docking
Journal: Tobacco Induced Diseases
Year: 2026

This study suggests nicotine exacerbates OP by regulating key targets, such as CASP3 and ESR1, and pathways like apoptosis and estrogen signaling. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying nicotine's role in OP and potential therapeutic targets.