Toward Cleaner and Smarter Ports: Systematic Review of Water Monitoring and Pollution Alert Technologies from Global Patents (TRL4–5) and Scientific Analyses (TRL 3)
Journal: Environments
Year: 2026

This systematic review evaluates recent scientific and technological advances in water quality monitoring and pollution alarms for ports, based on records retrieved from seven databases following the PRISMA protocol. A total of 414 documents were screened, resulting in 141 articles (TRL 3) and 56 patents (TRL 4–5). Bibliometric, patentometric, and thematic analyses were conducted using Bibliometrix and ORBIT®. Results show sustained growth in both academic and technological outputs, with a paten