Evidence for symbolic use of ochre by MicoquianNeanderthals in Crimea
Journal: Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona)
Year: 2025

Ochre use is widely regarded as a potential marker of symbolic behavior in Paleolithic societies. We conducted amultiproxy analysis of 16 ochre pieces from Middle Paleolithic Micoquian sites in Crimea [Zaskalnaya V (ZSKV),ZSKVI, and Prolom II] and mainland Ukraine (Mukhovets), spanning up to 70,000 years. Using portable x-rayfluorescence, scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and technological analysis,we identified deliberate modifications including grinding, s