Supplemental Citizens: The Supply of Dual Citizenship in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
Journal: Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
Year: 2019

This paper examines why Baltic countries supply citizenship to dual nationals. Can dual citizens act as supplementary citizens and provide greater benefits than costs to a country? The Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania provide a natural study for this question because Latvia has a liberal dual citizenship policy, Lithuania has a moderate dual citizenship policy, and Estonia has a conservative dual citizenship policy. One measured benefit is the amount of remittances a country re