The linkage between foreign direct investment and trade openness in the Russian economy: an ARDL bound testing approach
Journal: Baltic Region
Year: 2025

This study examines the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), trade openness, and economic growth in Russia using annual time series data from 1993 to 2022. Utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, the findings reveal that FDI and trade have positive short-term effects on economic growth but no significant long-term impact. Supporting variables such as the real effective exchange rate positively influence growth in both the short and long term, while youth un