European nuclear nationalism: UK and French perspectives on nuclear disarmament
Year: 2015

The UK and France were the first sub-superpowers to develop nuclear 
forces after participating in the US Manhattan Project. Despite critiques in 
the two countries, the British and French decision-making elites never felt 
that a US pledge of extended nuclear deterrence could substitute for what 
they regarded as independent nuclear forces (Pelopidas 2015b). In both 
countries, the development of a nuclear arsenal coincided with the loss of 
a colonial Empire, the brutalizing impact of six year