Nationalism, paramilitarism, and radicalization: a sociological examination of BMU ‘Vasil Levski’ and the BNM ‘Shipka’
Journal: ARPHA proceedings
Year: 2026

This paper investigates the rise of right-wing radicalization in Bulgaria, focusing on two influential nationalist organizations: the Bulgarian Military Union ‘Vasil Levski’ and the ‘Shipka’ Bulgarian National Movement. Both groups, rooted in historical symbolism and ultra-nationalism, advocate for the protection of Bulgaria’s sovereignty and traditional values, often through paramilitary activities and anti-establishment rhetoric. Utilizing sociological frameworks such as socialization, resourc