EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF “SMART CITY”: FROM TECHNOCRATIC TO HUMAN-CENTERED APPROACH
Journal: EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE PROBLEMY RESHENIYA
Year: 2025

The article examines the evolution of the “smart city” concept in the context of shifting governance paradigms — from the technocratic model of Smart City 1.0, focused on process automation, digital control, and infrastructure efficiency, to the human-centered model of Smart City 3.0, which emphasizes citizen participation, the development of social capital, and the prioritization of quality of life. The aim of the study is to provide a theoretical justification for the paradigm shift in digital