No Turning Back: Trust and European-Russian Energy Relations after War
Journal: Connections The Quarterly Journal
Year: 2025

This article examines the impact that Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has had on European-Russian relations in terms of trade in oil and natural gas and the level of dependence on Russian energy supplies across Europe. In addition to trade and dependence indicators, it addresses the impact on trust between European and Russian energy actors through changes in national and EU policies (sanctions), public opinion survey data, and announcements from company and government officials. Russia’s invasion