Russian and Cossack Remembrance of Refugee Life in the 1920s
Journal: Balkanistic Forum
Year: 2025

Defeated by the Reds/Bolsheviks on multiple fronts, the Whites, who aimed to restore the old regime and were supported by some Western powers, began to leave Russia. Following their evacuation from Black Sea ports such as Crimea, Kerch, Feodosia, Yalta, and Evpatoria, a large number of refugees arrived in Istanbul. In November 1920, in Moda Bay in Istanbul, there were 126 ships carrying approximately 146,000 people. Around 60,000 of these refugees were military personnel from the White/Wrangel A