An ‘improbable Paris-Berlin-Commission triangle’: usages of Europe and the revival of EU defense cooperation after 2016
Journal: Journal of European Integration
Year: 2020

Since mid-2016, several policy initiatives have signaled a move forward in European defense co-operation, with a return to the EU as the vehicle of choice. The change is notable, considering the prior ineffectiveness of the EU’s defense cooperation initiatives, and the trends observed in the past decade where member states opted for co-operation outside EU frameworks. Several crises and strategic changes, including Russia’s annexation of Crimea, Brexit, and US retrenchment from Europe make the c