Private, Public and Foreign Investment Nexus in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis of Crowding-In/Out Effects
Journal: Forman Journal of Economic Studies
Year: 2019

This study empirically explores the relationship among private domestic, foreign direct and public investments for Pakistan economy using time series data from 1960 to 2015. Simultaneous equations and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) frameworks are employed to examine the inter relationship among the three categories of investments. The study primarily works out crowding-in/out effect. Notably, the crowding-out effect is observed showing substitutability among the three types of investments.