A Multidimensional Comparative Analysis of Black Sea Coastal Cities: An Urban Planning Perspective
Journal: Land
Year: 2026

Coastal cities are complex spatial systems shaped by intertwined economic, environmental, demographic, and governance pressures. This study develops a multidimensional comparative framework to analyze coastal cities in the Black Sea basin across five dimensions: physical–morphological structure, demographic scale, economic–functional profile, transportation and accessibility, and urban quality–governance. To address cross-country data heterogeneity, an ordinal (0–1–2) indicator system is employe