Managing Black Swan Event Risks in the Construction Supply Chain: A Literature Review
Journal: Intelligent infrastructure and construction
Year: 2026

Disruptive global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic have exposed critical vulnerabilities in the construction industry’s reliance on lean principles and Just-In-Time (JIT) methodologies. These disruptions, categorized as Black Swan Events (BSEs), challenged conventional supply chain management (SCM) and risk management (RM) strategies, resulting in delayed projects and increased costs. This paper explores how BSEs affect construction supply chains and evaluates the industry’s evolving respons