International Conflict
Year: 2025

The undeclared war by Russia on Ukraine has had wide-ranging implications for European security. The security architecture, thought to be unchangeable, has shifted dramatically. Threat perceptions across Europe, generally and specifically in Scandinavia, have transformed. Whereas neutral countries such as Finland and Sweden had steadfastly held the political view that they would refrain from peacetime military alliances, Russia's aggression in Europe forced them to reevaluate and recalculate the