Cyber-Enabled Subversion
Journal: Oxford University Press eBooks
Year: 2024

Abstract This chapter provides the first systematic examination of the role subversion has played in Russia’s “hybrid war” strategy short of war against Ukraine between 2013 and 2022. It evaluates and compares the use of both traditional means and cyber operations to achieve Moscow’s strategic goals. Traditional subversion produced some key successes, culminating in the annexation of Crimea. These successes provide further evidence of the importance of enabling conditions, foremost the extent of