Misinformed: Implications of Foreign Influence on the Information Environment that Launched Operation Iraqi Freedom
Journal: Expeditions with MCUP
Year: 2023

This article examines the means through which disinformation made its way into major media outlets and the U.S. intelligence community in the months preceding the 2003 United States-led invasion of Iraq. Most of the relevant literature tends to frame this period in terms of failure, directed at either intelligence producers or consumers. Instead, this study approaches the issue from a perspective of success—namely that of a foreign disinformation campaign—which may reveal instructive lessons ove