diff --git "a/AnhWiki_512_train.jsonl" "b/AnhWiki_512_train.jsonl"
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+{"text": "Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng (1 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1906 \u2013 29 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2000) l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1976 (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1981 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u n\u0103m 1987. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng t\u1eebng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1955 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1976. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t (1955\u20131987). \u00d4ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u00e2n m\u1eadt l\u00e0 T\u00f4, \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eebng l\u00e0 b\u00ed danh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u00e2m B\u00e1 Ki\u1ec7t khi l\u00e0m Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m c\u01a1 quan Bi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 x\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m (Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 H\u1ecdc L\u00e3m)."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1954, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Gen\u00e8ve v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam do \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0a H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Tr\u1ea3i qua 8 phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 23 phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp r\u1ea5t c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ng\u00e0y 20/7/1954, b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Campuchia v\u00e0 L\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Campuchia."}
+{"text": "Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb C\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai duy nh\u1ea5t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m S\u01a1n D\u01b0\u01a1ng, hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u00f3 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Sau khi l\u1ea5y b\u00e0 C\u00fac (th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1946) Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c trong li\u00ean khu 5. M\u1ea5y n\u0103m sau b\u00e0 C\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o Nam s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i th\u00ec Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh ra B\u1eafc. Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 C\u00fac b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \"n\u1eeda qu\u00ean n\u1eeda nh\u1edb\" (theo l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng l\u00e0m th\u01b0 k\u00fd cho Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng trong 53 n\u0103m) k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0a b\u00e0 C\u00fac sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi. Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng m\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0 C\u00fac."}
+{"text": "\u00d4ng Vi\u1ec7t Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nguy\u00ean th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng, trong bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng khi \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Geneva (1954), do \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0i n\u00ean B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafc m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m khi nh\u1edd Trung Qu\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, do v\u1eady Trung Qu\u1ed1c bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e9p Vi\u1ec7t Nam k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh theo l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u00ean n\u1ed9i dung li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n. \u00d4ng Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam khi \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tin \u0111o\u00e0n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111o\u00e0n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, trong khi Anh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng tranh th\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Anh."}
+{"text": "Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao), c\u00f4ng h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \"c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn\" ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 trong s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 9 b\u00e1o Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \"\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 L\u00e3nh h\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh l\u00e3nh h\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n hai qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00e2y Sa v\u00e0 Nam Sa tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng\". C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng khai cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Trung \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n \"tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng h\u1ea3i ph\u1eadn 12 h\u1ea3i l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c\"."}
+{"text": "Theo Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao n\u01b0\u1edbc CHXHCN Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Ho\u00e0ng Sa v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1979 th\u00ec: S\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1958 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda Trung qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n khi tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n 12 h\u1ea3i l\u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh h\u1ea3i Trung qu\u1ed1c. (T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 22 km, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n 12 h\u1ea3i l\u00fd c\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n hai qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng). V\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn hai qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o (ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u00ednh h\u1ea3i ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea3i ph\u1eadn). Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 2 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y, nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 2 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh theo tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00ean l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng qu\u00e1, tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ea1y theo ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n, ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 danh l\u1ee3i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111ang l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea3ng ta, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nguy k\u1ecbch, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \"b\u1ed1n nguy c\u01a1\" t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ta, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta."}
+{"text": "Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn l\u00e0 \"Angiosperm\", c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ee9a) v\u00e0 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 (h\u1ea1t), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Paul Hermann t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Angiospermae v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1690, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh trong gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c bao v\u1ecf (qu\u1ea3 nang), ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Gymnospermae c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, hay th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 b\u1ebf hay qu\u1ea3 n\u1ee9t - to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3 hay m\u1ed7i mi\u1ebfng ri\u00eang r\u1ebd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Carolus Linnaeus duy tr\u00ec v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 trong t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 trong l\u1edbp Didynamia c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sau khi Robert Brown thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1827 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c no\u00e3n tr\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong Cycadeae (Tu\u1ebf) v\u00e0 Coniferae (Th\u00f4ng), cho ph\u00e9p g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf \u0111i, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Gymnosperm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n th\u00ec thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Angiosperm \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00ean nh\u00f3m cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Hofmeister n\u0103m 1851 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Gymnosperm nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Angiosperm sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Gymnosperm, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ef1c t\u1edbi x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o, khi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lo\u00e0i trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n hay trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn th\u1ee7y sinh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean trung gian tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n. G\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i chung v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u00e8o t\u1ea5m quen thu\u1ed9c che ph\u1ee7 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c ao h\u1ed3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i nh\u1ecf m\u00e0u xanh l\u1ee5c d\u1ea1ng \"t\u1ea3n\", g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n - th\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e1, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t r\u1ec5 \u0111\u01a1n m\u1ecdc theo chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9ng xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7 l\u1edbn trong r\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u00e2n c\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 sau h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nh\u00e1nh, mang theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0nh con hay nh\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi h\u1eb1ng h\u00e0 sa s\u1ed1 l\u00e1, trong khi d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ec5 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. Gi\u1eefa hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y th\u00e2n th\u1ea3o tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y th\u00e2n b\u00f2, m\u1ecdc th\u1eb3ng hay d\u00e2y leo v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e2y b\u1ee5i hay c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u1ea1t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c m\u1eabu h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 140 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a k\u1ef7 Jura (203-135 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc). D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh D\u00e2y g\u1eafm (Gnetophyta) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi nhau v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef7 Trias (220-202 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc). C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong k\u1ef7 Jura v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n tr\u1eafng (k\u1ef7 Creta) (135-65 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u00f4 s\u01a1. H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn, Archaefructus liaoningensis, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 125 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u1ea5n hoa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a hoa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ed5 t\u1edbi 130 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. S\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn (khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn trong c\u00e1c m\u1eabu h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch) \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n tr\u1eafng (kho\u1ea3ng 100 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc). Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong n\u0103m 2007 \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a 5 trong s\u1ed1 8 nh\u00f3m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t (chi Ceratophyllum, h\u1ecd Chloranthaceae, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, magnoliids, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m) \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra kho\u1ea3ng 140 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n tr\u1eafng, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecd ng\u00e0y nay (bao g\u1ed3m d\u1ebb gai, s\u1ed3i, th\u00edch, m\u1ed9c lan) \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi mang t\u00ednh mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Angiospermae (Angiospermae), v\u1edbi Anthophyta (\"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa\") l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u1ee9 hai. C\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Wettstein v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Engler s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Angiospermae v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ng\u00e0nh. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Reveal coi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ng\u00e0nh Magnoliophytina, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1ch n\u00f3 ra th\u00e0nh Magnoliopsida, Liliopsida v\u00e0 Rosopsida. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Takhtadjan v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Cronquist coi nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u1edf c\u1ea5p ng\u00e0nh, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Magnoliophyta (t\u1eeb t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Magnoliaceae). H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Dahlgren v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Thorne (1992) coi nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Magnoliopsida. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng APG n\u0103m 1998 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng APG II n\u0103m 2003, kh\u00f4ng coi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi angiosperms cho nh\u00e1nh n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 qua nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Cronquist, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Arthur Cronquist \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1968 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103m 1981, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed chung v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa c\u1ea7n s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n cho th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998. S\u1ef1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 APG II (2003)."}
+{"text": "Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh, trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Cronquist \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Magnoliopsida (\u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Magnolia) v\u00e0 Liliopsida (\u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Lilium). Ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 (theo \u0111i\u1ec1u 16 c\u1ee7a ICBN): Dicotyledones (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a d\u00f9ng Dicotyledoneae) v\u00e0 Monocotyledones (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a d\u00f9ng Monocotyledoneae), l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u. Trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 \"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m\" hay \"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m\", t\u00f9y theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n) c\u00f3 hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m trong m\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t, trong khi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \"t\u1ed1t\" (nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01a1n ng\u00e0nh hay to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n), trong khi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady (nh\u00f3m \u0111a ng\u00e0nh). Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m \"t\u1ed1t\", n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m. Nh\u00f3m m\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00e1n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1\" (eudicots) hay \"ba l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng\" (tricolpate). T\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"tricolpate\" c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea5n hoa t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi eudicots \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1eafn \"dicots\" v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 \"eu-\" (ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p 'eu'= \"th\u1eadt s\u1ef1\"), do m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c cho nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Rosopsida (\u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean chi Rosa). T\u00e1ch nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m (c\u0169) ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m c\u1ed5\" (palaeodicot v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 \"palaeo-\" trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ed5). Do nh\u00f3m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \"t\u1ed1t\" n\u00ean thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i trong ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i."}
+{"text": "Trong nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch trong c\u00e1c th\u00e2n c\u00e2y non \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp trong v\u00f2ng g\u1ed7 m\u1edf, chia t\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n l\u00f5i x\u1ed1p trung t\u00e2m v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i. Trong m\u1ed7i b\u00f3, chia t\u00e1ch b\u1edfi ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n li be, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u00f4 ph\u00e2n sinh hay m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng ph\u00e1t sinh g\u1ed7; b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u00e1t sinh g\u1ed7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00f3 (t\u1ea7ng ph\u00e1t sinh g\u1ed7 trong b\u00f3) th\u00ec v\u00f2ng g\u1ed7 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y h\u00e0ng n\u0103m do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed7 \u1edf b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 l\u1edbp li be \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Li be m\u1ec1m nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eau tan, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed7 c\u1ee9ng th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n c\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7 l\u00e2u n\u0103m. Do c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n theo m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m, m\u1ed7i v\u00f2ng cho m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng - c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng g\u1ed7 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00ec th\u00e2n c\u00e2y ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e0nh v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 hoa, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf lo\u00e0i hoa tulip (u\u1ea5t kim h\u01b0\u01a1ng), trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u00e1 b\u1eafc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00ean th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c l\u00e1 xanh l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e1 d\u1ea1ng hoa m\u00e0u m\u00e8 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c. N\u00f3i chung, c\u00e1c hoa ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e0nh, nh\u00e1nh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00e0nh cao nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y. Nh\u00e1nh ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng (ch\u1ed3i), ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed3i l\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed3i hoa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf n\u00e1ch l\u00e1; \u0111\u00f4i khi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3i m\u1ecdc ra, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e2y \u00f3c ch\u00f3, trong \u0111\u00f3 2-3 ch\u1ed3i m\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh chu\u1ed7i theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc ph\u00eda tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u00e1. Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed3i ch\u1ec9 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng ng\u1ee7 hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n sau khi c\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb7t hay x\u00e9n t\u1ec9a c\u00e0nh s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i ng\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c d\u1eady. C\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i l\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ecdc ra t\u1eeb r\u1ec5, khi ch\u00fang b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y \u0103n qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111u v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i non tr\u1ed5 ra t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t xung quanh c\u00e2y \u0111u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e2y non m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i r\u1ec5. \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u00ec r\u1ec5 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y non t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh (th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00e2y hai n\u0103m) m\u1ed9t r\u1ec5 c\u00e1i to, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e0 r\u1ed1t, hay \u1edf c\u00e2y l\u00e2u n\u0103m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ec5 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh.Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m kh\u00e1c th\u00ec r\u1ec5 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y s\u1ebd t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i \u0111i nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u1ec5 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u1ecdc t\u1eeb th\u00e2n c\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn l\u00e0 hoa, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a hoa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a no\u00e3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t. Hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ecdn hay \u1edf n\u00e1ch l\u00e1. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1edf hoa vi \u00f4 let, hoa m\u1ecdc ra \u1edf n\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a l\u00e1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n mang hoa c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 n\u00e9t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n sinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng hay ph\u1ea7n mang l\u00e1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e1nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ee5m hoa."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hoa t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: ti\u1ec3u b\u00e0o t\u1eed hay ph\u1ea5n hoa, sinh s\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c nh\u1ecb hoa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0o t\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ee9a trong no\u00e3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 trong l\u00e1 no\u00e3n. Hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n mang b\u00e0o t\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e2y li\u1ec5u, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i hoa ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u1ecb hoa hay hai l\u00e1 no\u00e3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m hai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecf bao h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac xung quanh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i hoa v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh hoa (hay bao hoa trong hoa c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i chi nh\u01b0 Michelia). Ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (\u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i hoa) th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh l\u1ee5c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e1, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a hoa, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong n\u1ee5. Ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong (tr\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh hoa) n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng hay c\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c chim ch\u00f3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 m\u00f9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1eadt hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a hoa. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a hoa v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Hoa l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \"\u0111\u1ef1c\" l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u1ecb hoa hay b\u1ed9 nh\u1ecb, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea5n hoa (c\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed \u0111\u1ef1c) trong c\u00e1c bao ph\u1ea5n. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \"c\u00e1i\" l\u00e0 l\u00e1 no\u00e3n hay b\u1ed9 nh\u1ee5y, n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c giao t\u1eed c\u00e1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n di\u1ec5n ra. Trong khi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c hoa l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o hay l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh (c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t hoa) th\u00ec th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hay l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n. C\u00e1c hoa kh\u00e1c h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u00e1 no\u00e3n ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u1ecb d\u00e0i, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n ph\u1ea5n hoa t\u1edbi nh\u1ee5y hoa (ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a l\u00e1 no\u00e3n). C\u00e1c hoa \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a sinh (sinh l\u00fd) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ph\u1ea5n hoa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u1ede c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c hoa kh\u00e1c nhau."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n th\u00ec t\u00fai ph\u00f4i n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng bao ph\u1ee7 no\u00e3n, sao cho \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea5n hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o, l\u1edbp t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ng\u0103n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1c (ph\u1ea5n hoa) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01a1m v\u00e0o trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1c s\u1ebd chui \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o no\u00e3n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi n\u00f3, hai nh\u00e2n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i, trong khi m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n n\u1ed9i nh\u0169. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd th\u00fa v\u1ecb n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ea3n sau kho\u1ea3ng l\u1eb7ng ti\u1ebfp theo sau qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i ti\u1ebfp sinh l\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n sinh s\u1ea3n hay th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a giao t\u1eed \u0111\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi kia. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00f4i th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt sinh \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i - m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ph\u00f4i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn v\u00e0 hai l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169, c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 s\u1ed1ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, n\u01a1i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 trong th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i tr\u1ed9i"}
+{"text": "\u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd khi cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh, ch\u1ecb em c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c \u1edf g\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 hai v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o ra cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00f4i \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 (xem T\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt) trong nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hai b\u00e0o t\u1eed, h\u1ea1t ph\u1ea5n v\u00e0 t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng; v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u00fang. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "\u1ede m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 chi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng ra kh\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Trong b\u1ed9 Rosaceae, lo\u1ea1t Querciflorae, chi Casuarina r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi kh\u00e1c, thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0o t\u1eed th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4 d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0o t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00e1i sinh s\u1ea3n. Trong c\u00e1c chi Casuarina, Juglans v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Corylaceae, \u1ed1ng ph\u1ea5n hoa kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp theo m\u00e0ng bao no\u00e3n, m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u00e0nh bao b\u1ea7u nh\u1ee5y v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ef1c gi\u00e1 no\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a no\u00e3n. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ee3p, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp m\u00e0ng bao hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0ng bao no\u00e3n."}
+{"text": "K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a no\u00e3n th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1t. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 trong m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, th\u00ec th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt-ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \"b\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh\" ph\u00e2n chia theo chi\u1ec1u ngang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh m\u1ea7m ph\u00f4i - m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u00e0ng bao no\u00e3n s\u1ebd g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00f3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, trong khi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a trong khoang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u1ede th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea7m ph\u00f4i, t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd sinh ra r\u1ec5, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra cu\u1ed1ng no\u00e3n. \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u00ec t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ph\u00f4i, ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1eadn k\u1ec1; nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y - m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u00ec l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. R\u1ec5 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u00e0ng bao no\u00e3n. Ph\u00f4i \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1ng no\u00e3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0o trong n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, t\u1eeb trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1edd h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00f3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ed1t cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed1ng no\u00e3n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, khi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i nh\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, c\u00e1c \"r\u1ec5 cu\u1ed1ng no\u00e3n\" h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t bao l\u1ea5y ph\u00f4i \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay chui v\u00e0o trong th\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u1ecf bao no\u00e3n, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u00e0o trong th\u1ef1c gi\u00e1 no\u00e3n. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u00f4i hay t\u00fai ph\u00f4i g\u1eedi c\u00e1c v\u00f2i h\u00fat v\u00e0o trong ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc no\u00e3n"}
+{"text": "V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i so v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 \u1edf b\u00ean trong nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n n\u1ed9i nh\u0169. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac cho s\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00f4i non. N\u1ebfu t\u00fai ph\u00f4i h\u1eb9p th\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n chia t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1c t\u00fai ph\u00f4i r\u1ed9ng th\u00ec n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i xung quanh t\u01b0\u1eddng bao c\u1ee7a t\u00fai, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a \u0111a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00fai ph\u00f4i. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00f4i, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp sao cho n\u00f3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a no\u00e3n. Th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1edbm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i ngay t\u1eeb trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t. Khi n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t th\u00ec ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, n\u00f3 t\u00edch l\u0169y trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00e1c th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tinh b\u1ed9t, d\u1ea7u hay xenluloza, ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ea7y v\u00e0 protein. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ec n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sai bi\u1ec7t khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn. Sinh s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n t\u00ednh, hay s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi Thalictrum, Antennaria v\u00e0 Alchemilla. \u0110a ph\u00f4i n\u00f3i chung g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c chi Erythronium v\u00e0 Limnocharis th\u00ec t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00f4 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0o trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00f4i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chi Mimosa, Iris v\u00e0 Allium, v\u00e0 trong chi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Trong chi Coelebogyne (h\u1ecd Euphorbiaceae) v\u00e0 Funkia (h\u1ecd Liliaceae) \u0111a ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m xung quanh \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a t\u00fai ph\u00f4i. \u1ede c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chi Allium, c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m. \u1ede hai lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chi Balanophora sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Malaya, ph\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i nh\u0169, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u1ef1c ph\u00eda tr\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u1ee9ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 giao c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 b\u00e0o t\u1eed t\u1eeb th\u1ec3 giao t\u1eed khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 giao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9. S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra trong c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa."}
+{"text": "Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 di\u1ec5n ra trong t\u00fai ph\u00f4i, th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u00ecnh to l\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t; ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u00ec ph\u00f4i t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i t\u00edch l\u0169y th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef t\u1ea1o ra ngo\u1ea1i nh\u0169 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i nh\u0169, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1edf b\u1ed9 hoa S\u00fang, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef cho ph\u00f4i, nh\u01b0 \u1edf chi Canna. Ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i nh\u0169, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, ch\u1ec9 \u1edf v\u00e0i lo\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 hay ngo\u1ea1i nh\u0169 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i nh\u0169 hay c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i nh\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i nh\u0169 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i) ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef th\u1ee9c \u0103n; nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i nh\u0169 nh\u01b0ng khi quan s\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi l\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i nh\u0169 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. S\u1ef1 c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i nh\u0169, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i trong n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m b\u1ed9. Trong khi \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u nh\u1ee5y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 hay v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t. N\u00f3i chung \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o b\u1ea7u nh\u1ee5y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a hoa c\u0169ng tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebf hoa \u1edf t\u00e1o, d\u00e2u t\u00e2y v.v. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u00f4i v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n; ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m"}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, qu\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng n\u1ee9t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00f4i v\u00e0 v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp qua th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho gia s\u00fac, gia c\u1ea7m. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa th\u00ec h\u1ecd H\u00f2a th\u1ea3o (Poaceae) l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 l\u00faa, ng\u00f4, l\u00faa m\u00ec, l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch, k\u00ea, y\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ch, l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch \u0111en, m\u00eda, l\u00faa mi\u1ebfn, trong khi h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu (Fabaceae) \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai. C\u00e1c h\u1ecd quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd C\u00e0 (Solanaceae) v\u1edbi khoai t\u00e2y, c\u00e0 chua v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t ti\u00eau, hay h\u1ecd B\u1ea7u b\u00ed (Cucurbitaceae) v\u1edbi b\u1ea7u, b\u00ed, d\u01b0a h\u1ea5u, d\u01b0a chu\u1ed9t, hay h\u1ecd C\u1ea3i (Brassicaceae), v\u1edbi m\u00f9 t\u1ea1c, c\u1ea3i b\u1eafp, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd Hoa t\u00e1n (Apiaceae). Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb h\u1ecd Cam (Rutaceae), h\u1ecd Hoa h\u1ed3ng (Rosaceae) nh\u01b0 t\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e0o, m\u01a1, m\u1eadn v.v."}
+{"text": "Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u M\u1ef9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1eadp bay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh analog \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 the type19 synthetic radar trainer \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1943. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi II \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa 1970, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u1edbn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 PLATO (1960) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Illinois v\u00e0 TICCIT (1969). C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean 10.000, ch\u00fang v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t BASIC (1963) v\u00e0 LOGO (1967), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y cho sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Plato IV, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o 1972, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n cho ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u1ea1y \u1edf m\u00e1y t\u00ednh trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda, t\u1ea1o ra \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng qua b\u00e0n ph\u00edm (nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh)."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u1edbi altair 8800 n\u0103m 1975, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i chia s\u1ebb th\u1eddi gian s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u1edf nh\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. Gi\u00e1 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi $2000. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1980, v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 Commodore PET v\u00e0 Apple II cho ph\u00e9p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Broderbund v\u00e0 Learning Company l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty then ch\u1ed1t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, MECC (Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho Apple II."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 1000s \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa 1990 \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 cho tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1eafn k\u1ebft n\u1ed9i dung gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc trong nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng (nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Anh). Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u2013 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec c\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 (nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh bay \u1edf sau). C\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ebb em. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u00ednh s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tr\u1eafng l\u1edbn \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c trong ph\u00f2ng. Trong khi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecdn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng IT, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ebd tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 do r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. The schoolzone.co.uk Guide to Digital Resources, 5th ed. (2005) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 500 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng UK."}
+{"text": "Theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed mang t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i m\u00e1y t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u1ea1y tr\u1ebb em). Trong ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang mang t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ec9\u1ec3u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00eam c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tham kh\u1ea3o cho d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990. \u0110\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ec1n tham kh\u1ea3o, h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1n, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Microsoft. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tham kh\u1ea3o th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf d\u1ea1ng CD-ROM, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung multimedia, ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng file n\u00e9n \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 internet, b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam cho c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m CD-ROM, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ch\u00fang thay th\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n CD-ROM. Wikipedia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Wiktionary) \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tham kh\u1ea3o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i dung d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Wiki cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o qua vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng. Ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 laptop c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho tr\u1ebb em. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m Leapfrog. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ea7m tay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang di l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tay. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (cao \u0111\u1eb3ng) v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n (ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m tay). L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong SCORM 2004 2nd edition Overview (ph\u1ea7n 1.3), kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau 2000, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean sever v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean sever, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t xa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf trong module d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m tra, th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u00ean sever quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ecb qu\u00e1 trinh \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng nhanh ch\u00f3ng sang c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "M\u00e3 m\u00e1y nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n (kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00e3 h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch hay h\u1ee3p d\u1ecbch, hay l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng (ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng m\u00e3 nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1eebng bit \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c c\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u v\u00e0 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t, ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n nay, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1eadc cao hay (\u0111\u00f4i khi) h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh m\u00e3 m\u00e1y th\u1ef1c thi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch, tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p d\u1ecbch hay tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang m\u00e3 m\u00e1y nh\u1edd tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c thi hay tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd). C\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c m\u00e3 m\u00e1y th\u1ef1c thi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef hay c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1eadc cao)."}
+{"text": "M\u1ecdi vi x\u1eed l\u00fd hay h\u1ecd vi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb m\u00e3 m\u00e1y ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu bit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp vi x\u1eed l\u00fd thu\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf vi x\u1eed l\u00fd k\u1ebf th\u1eeba th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi x\u1eed l\u00fd ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f4i khi, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb (v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u1edbi), g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, c\u00e1c vi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 c\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh hay thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i vi. V\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hay ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 m\u00e1y, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i vi x\u1eed l\u00fd."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t t\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t hay bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1ch c\u00e1c bit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau hay c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng m\u00e3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf (nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n hay nh\u1ea3y) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb th\u1ef1c (nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9ng hay so s\u00e1nh), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n lo\u1ea1i to\u00e1n h\u1ea1ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 hay c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c (c\u00e1c to\u00e1n h\u1ea1ng h\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a trong ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi)."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hay ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 to\u00e1n h\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n (r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng). M\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh thanh ch\u1ee9a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa to\u00e1n h\u1ea1ng tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u01b0u trong m\u1ed9t thanh ch\u1ee9a \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c (nh\u01b0 8086 hay x86) c\u00f3 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thanh ch\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 thanh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng thanh ghi t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb d\u00e0i. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ng\u0103n x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i l\u01b0u h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c to\u00e1n h\u1ea1ng trong m\u1ed9t ng\u0103n x\u1ebfp \u1ea9n. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebfu to\u00e1n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, vi x\u1eed l\u00fd ID trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac x86 ghi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n thanh ghi \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea9n). S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa to\u00e1n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u1ea9n cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng, 'u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn' c\u00e1c thanh ghi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (l\u01b0u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a thanh ghi) v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u01a1n \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00f3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh (microprogram). Vi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau, trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng hay h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e3 m\u00e1y qua c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. H\u1ecd m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 vi x\u1eed l\u00fd IBM System/360 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 d\u00f2ng x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb 8 bits \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 16 bits, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh thu\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y."}
+{"text": "Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Harvard l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u cho m\u00e3 (ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb) v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn vi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng (th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Modified Harvard), nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 t\u1ea3i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb \u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi n\u00f3. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Harvard tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n so v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Von Neumann: d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, v\u00e0 vi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fang gi\u00fap m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh."}
+{"text": "Edward I (17/18 th\u00e1ng 6 1239 \u2013 7 th\u00e1ng 7 1307), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi lav Edward Longshanks v\u00e0 K\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots (Latin: Malleus Scotorum), l\u00e0 Vua c\u1ee7a Anh t\u1eeb 1272 \u0111\u1ebfn 1307. L\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Henry III, Edward c\u00f3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 ho\u00e0ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m 1259, \u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n Oxford. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau khi h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ho\u00e0ng gia trong cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai. Sau tr\u1eadn Lewes, Edward b\u1ecb c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n b\u1eaft l\u00e0m con tin, song \u00f4ng tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t sau v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Simon de Montfort. Montfort b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn Evesham n\u0103m 1265, v\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng hai n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady b\u1ecb d\u1eb9p tan. N\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh t\u00e1i l\u1eadp \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, Edward l\u1ea1i tham gia Cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh. Cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh k\u1ebft th\u00fac sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, v\u00e0 Edward \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1272 khi \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin ph\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0. Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n t\u1edbi Anh qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1274 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 gia mi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Westminster ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 8."}
+{"text": "Trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra ph\u00e1p l\u00fd quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, Edward \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c phong ki\u1ebfn, trong khi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed h\u1eefu. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Edward l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Sau khi \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf \u1edf Wales n\u0103m 1276\u201377, Edward \u0111\u00e1o l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai n\u0103m 1282\u201383 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Sau th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch, Edward \u0111\u1eaft x\u1ee9 Wales d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Anh, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Scotland. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tranh ch\u1ea5p th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, Edward tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y. Trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh di\u1ec5n ra sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots v\u1eabn ki\u00ean tr\u00ec chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, d\u00f9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1290, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf, v\u00e0 Edward ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi phe ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. Khi nh\u00e0 vua b\u0103ng h\u00e0 n\u0103m 1307, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i con trai \u00f4ng, Edward II, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Scotland v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "Edward I l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao l\u1edbn trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh \"Longshanks\". T\u00ednh kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 Edward I chia ra hai lu\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn: trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khen ng\u1ee3i \u00f4ng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. Hi\u1ec7n nay, Edward I \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 trung h\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ho\u00e0ng gia sau th\u1eddi Henry III, thi\u1ebft l\u1ea1p Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots, v\u00e0 ban h\u00e0nh S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1290, \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh v\u1eabn c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c su\u1ed1t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 350 n\u0103m cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf b\u1edfi Oliver Cromwell n\u0103m 1656."}
+{"text": "Edward ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Westminster v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam ng\u00e0y 17\u201318 th\u00e1ng 6, 1239, l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a Henry III v\u00e0 Eleanor x\u1ee9 Provence.[a] Edward l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean Anglo-Saxon, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c sau Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norman, nh\u01b0ng Henry r\u1ea5t t\u00f4n k\u00ednh Edward the Confessor, v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng t\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0m t\u00ean th\u00e1nh cho con trai tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.[b] Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n h\u1ed3i nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 Henry x\u1ee9 Almain, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh trai c\u1ee7a Henry l\u00e0 Richard x\u1ee9 Cornwall. Henry x\u1ee9 Almain v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh trong cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh. Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u1edfi Hugh Giffard \u2013 ph\u1ee5t h\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Quan Th\u1ee7 qu\u1ef9 sau n\u00e0y Godfrey Giffard \u2013 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Bartholomew Pecche l\u00ean thay khi Giffard ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 1246."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a Edward trong th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, \u00f4ng ng\u00e3 b\u1ec7nh n\u0103m 1246, 1247 v\u00e0 1251. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u00e1ng ki\u1ec7n; cao 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh \"Longshanks\", c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"ch\u00e2n d\u00e0i\" hay \"c\u1eb3ng ch\u00e2n d\u00e0i\". S\u1eed gia Michael Prestwich n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng \"c\u00e1nh tay d\u00e0i mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfm v\u1ecb, \u0111\u00f9i d\u00e0i c\u1ea7n cho m\u1ed9t k\u1ecb s\u0129. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e1i t\u00f3c xo\u0103n v\u00e0ng; \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u00e0u t\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 khi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0 n\u00f3 ng\u1ea3 sang m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng. [Nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng b\u1edfi m\u00ed m\u1eaft tr\u00e1i v\u1ecb c\u1ee5p.] C\u00e1ch \u0103n n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i ng\u1ecdng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c.\""}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1254, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Castile v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh Gascony n\u00ean cha c\u1ee7a Edward \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9a con trai 14 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Eleanor 13 tu\u1ed5i, em g\u00e1i kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Alfonso X c\u1ee7a Castile. Eleanor v\u00e0 Edward k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0o 1 th\u00e1ng 11 1254 \u1edf Nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n Santa Mar\u00eda la Real de Las Huelgas thu\u1ed9c Castile. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 15,000 marks m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vua Henry \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n b\u1ed9ng l\u1ed9c kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn, ch\u00fang cho Edward m\u1ed9t \u00edt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong \u0111\u1ea5t Gascony \u0111\u1ea7u 1249, nh\u01b0ng Simon de Montfort, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Leicester th\u1ee9 6, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m Trung \u00fay ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0o n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, do v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y h\u1ebft l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, cho n\u00ean trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf Edward kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n thu trong t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y. Ph\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m 1254 bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn Ireland, nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Wales v\u00e0 Anh, bao g\u1ed3m L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Chester, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 vua v\u1eabn gi\u1eefa l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Ireland, n\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Edward b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb 1254 \u0111\u1ebfn 1257, Edward n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 con b\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Savoyards, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1ee7 \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Peter x\u1ee9 Savoy, c\u1eadu c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu. Sau 1257, Edward ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i Poitevin v\u00e0 Lusignan \u2013 em trai kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua Henry III \u2013 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 William de Valence.[c] S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, b\u1edfi v\u00ec hai nh\u00f3m qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c g\u1ed1c ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c n\u1eafm nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111ang b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Anh, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee9ng trung t\u00e2m trong phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ngang ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c b\u1edfi Edward v\u00e0 phe c\u00e1nh Lusignan c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ho\u00e0ng gia. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Edward."}
+{"text": "Edward th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u 1255, khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda gia t\u1ed9c Soler \u1edf Gascony, trong cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t dai d\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00e0 Soler v\u00e0 Colomb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n \u00f4ng. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1258, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t y\u00eau s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua - n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n Oxford \u2013 n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Lusignans. Edward \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n. Phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Lusignan, tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Edward b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1259, \u00f4ng tham gia li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, Richard de Clare, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Gloucester. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o 15 th\u00e1ng 10 1259, \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Simon de Montfort."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Edward c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng; Montfort s\u1ebd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Gascony. Khi nh\u00e0 vua sang Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a Edward tr\u1edf n\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c h\u1eb9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch, khi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh. Khi nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p, ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i g\u1eb7p con trai, nh\u01b0ng qua s\u1ef1 trung gian h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Cornwall v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Canterbury, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi nhau. Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1260 \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Lusignans, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y sang Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1262, Edward b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng minh Lusignan do v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. N\u0103m sau, vua Henry c\u1eed \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u1edf Wales ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, Simon de Montfort, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1261, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh v\u00e0 kh\u01a1i l\u1ea1i phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nam t\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 vua d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 Edward b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 phe n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ebfn nay Edward ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng li\u00ean minh l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 xa l\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, Henry x\u1ee9 Almain, v\u00e0 John de Warenne, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Surrey \u2013 v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Windsor t\u1eeb tay qu\u00e2n phi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n. Qua s\u1ef1 trung gian c\u1ee7a Vua Louis IX c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mise of Amiens v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho phe ho\u00e0ng gia, v\u00e0 gieo m\u1ea7m cho cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1264 - 1267 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai, gi\u1eefa l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Simon de Montfort ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua. Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Gloucester, m\u00e0 Edward kh\u01a1i ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eb1m chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y t\u1eeb tay qu\u00e2n th\u00f9. Khi Robert de Ferrers, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Derby, \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng phi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n, Edward \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ng\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u00f4ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. Sau Edward l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Northampton t\u1eeb con trai c\u1ee7a Montfort l\u00e0 Simon, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Derby. Phe nam t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng gia l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p nhau \u1edf Tr\u1eadn Lewes, ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 5, 1264. Edward, ch\u1ec9 huy h\u1eefu qu\u00e2n, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 s\u1edbm t\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Montfort \u1edf London. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1i d\u1ed9t, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea3i m\u00ea \u0111u\u1ed5i theo qu\u00e2n th\u00f9, v\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00ec l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng gia c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. Theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn Mise of Lewes, Edward v\u00e0 Henry x\u1ee9 Almain b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m con tin c\u1ee7a Montfort."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 d\u00e0nh cho Montfort ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 Edward gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i Worcester v\u00e0 Gloucester m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Montfort l\u1eadp li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Llywelyn v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi con trai Simon. Edward l\u1eadp k\u1ebf m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0o L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Kenilworth, n\u01a1i Montfort con b\u1ecb phanh th\u00e2y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Leiceiter. Hai b\u00ean g\u1eb7p nhau tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 Tr\u1eadn Evesham, ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 8 1265. Montfort kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hi v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ho\u00e0ng gia, v\u00e0 sau khi thua tr\u1eadn \u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 phanh th\u00e2y tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "Qua nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Derby t\u1ea1i Gloucester, Edward b\u1ecb mang ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. Trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch m\u00f9a h\u00e8, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Montfort, v\u00e0 Edward ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. V\u00e0o Gi\u00e1ng sinh, \u00f4ng k\u00fd m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Simon de Montfort con v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea3o Axholme thu\u1ed9c Lincolnshire, v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 3 \u00f4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf Cinque Ports. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m phi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n c\u1ed1 bthur \u1edfLaau \u0111\u00e0i Kenilworth v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Kenilworth.[e] V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 Gloucester s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Kenilworth, hai b\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn.[f] Edward, tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng tham gia nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n sau chi\u1ebfn tranh; m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh s\u1eafp s\u1eeda di\u1ec5n ra."}
+{"text": "Edward b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 trang tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 6 1268, v\u1edbi em trai \u00f4ng Edmund v\u00e0 em h\u1ecd Henry x\u1ee9 Almain. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh th\u1ee9 9 l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Edward - nh\u01b0 B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Gloucester, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 de Clare cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng tham gia. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Vua Louis IX c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n th\u1eadp t\u1ef1, \u0111\u00e3 trao cho m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n vay \u00a317,500. S\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7; ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c thu thu\u1ebf l\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, v\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb 1237. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1270, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf 1/20,[g] \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd t\u00e1i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Magna Carta, v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf cho vay ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 8 Edward giong bu\u1ed3m t\u1eeb Dover sang Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau, nh\u01b0ng Edward c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mang theo kho\u1ea3ng 225 hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 1000 qu\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3i v\u00e2y cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n l\u0169y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c \u1edf Acre, nh\u01b0ng Louis l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sau Tunis. Nh\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 em trai \u00f4ng ta Charles x\u1ee9 Anjou, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m Vua c\u1ee7a Sicily, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ea5y b\u1ea1i khi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u00e1p g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 8, b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a vua Louis. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Edward \u0111\u1ebfn Tunis, Charles \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u00eam vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec n\u1eefa tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Sicily. Cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh b\u1ecb ho\u00e3n l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m sau, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o \u1eadp t\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Sicily khi\u1ebfn cho Charles x\u1ee9 Anjou v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Louis l\u00e0 Philippe III t\u1eeb b\u1ecf chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. Edward quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 5 1271 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean Acre.."}
+{"text": "Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n. Jerusalem th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 n\u0103m 1244, v\u00e0 Acre b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Kito gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111ang \u1edf th\u1ebf t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Mamluk x\u1ee9 Baibars, v\u00e0 nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn Acre. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Edward l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung l\u1edbn cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Baibars, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n St Georges-de-Lebeyne v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec. M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 Ilkhan Abaqa (1234\u20131282) c\u1ee7a Mongols gi\u00fap \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Aleppo \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Baibars. Th\u00e1ng 11, Edward d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o Qaqun, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i t\u1edbi Jerusalem, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Mongol v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Qaqun \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1272 Hugh III c\u1ee7a Cyprus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vua c\u1ee7a Jerusalem, k\u00fd th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn 10 n\u0103m v\u1edbi Baibars. Edward b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t th\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean s\u00e1t th\u1ee7, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf c\u00e1nh tay do b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e2m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t con dao g\u0103m t\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng sau.[h]"}
+{"text": "M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1nh 9 Edward m\u1edbi r\u1eddi Acre. \u0110\u1ebfn Sicily, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin ph\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 11, 1272. Edward r\u1ea5t \u0111au bu\u1ed3n b\u1edfi tin n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00ec ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c du ngo\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft l\u1eafm. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh sau nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 qua, v\u00e0 Edward \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ngay sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n, thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng, theo nh\u01b0 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7.[i] B\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Edward, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi Robert Burnell. V\u1ecb t\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng gh\u00e9 th\u0103m Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gregory X[j] \u1edf Rome, Vua Philippe III \u1edf Paris, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf Gascony. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 8 1274 \u00f4ng m\u1edbi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Anh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 gia mi\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 8."}
+{"text": "Llywelyn ap Gruffudd th\u1ea5y m\u1eebng v\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n b\u1edfi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1267 v\u1edbi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Montgomery, \u00f4ng ta nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c trong Four Cantrefs of Perfeddwlad v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn danh hi\u1ec7u Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed x\u1ee9 Wales. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c L\u00e3nh ch\u00faa Marcher, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Gilbert de Clare, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Gloucester, Roger Mortimer v\u00e0 Humphrey de Bohun, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Hereford. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n khi em trai c\u1ee7a Llywelyn, Dafydd v\u00e0Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn x\u1ee9 Powys, sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong n\u1ed7i l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Llywelyn, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t sang Anh n\u0103m 1274.. L\u1ea5y l\u00fd do l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5p k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Llywelyn t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 phi\u00ean th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Edward. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Edward, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khi\u00eau kh\u00edch l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Llywelyn nh\u1eb1m k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Eleanor, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Simon de Montfort."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1276, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fay c\u1ee7a Mortimer, Lancaster (em trai c\u1ee7a Edward, Edmund) v\u00e0 William de Beauchamp, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Warwick.[k] S\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Llywelyn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1277 Edward ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 15,500, trong \u0111\u00f3 9,000 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba Wales. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 Llywelyn s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng. V\u1edbi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Aberconwy th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1277, \u00f4ng ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Gwynedd, d\u00f9 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed x\u1ee9 Wales."}
+{"text": "Khi chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1i b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t n\u0103m 1282, n\u00f3 mang m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Anh l\u00ean th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n Wales. V\u1edbi Edward, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh mang t\u00ednh tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Dafydd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Edward n\u0103m 1277."}
+{"text": "Llywelyn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales kh\u00e1c s\u1edbm tham gia v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Wales gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Th\u00e1ng 6, Gloucester b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn Llandeilo Fawr. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 11, trong l\u00fac John Peckham, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Canterbury, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Edward \u1edf Anglesey, Luke de Tany, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u phao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng ngay sau khi Tany v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 trong Tr\u1eadn Moel-y-don. Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 12, khi khi Llywelyn b\u1ecb d\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u1ed5 ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn c\u1ea7u Orewin. Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t Gwynedd k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef Dafydd th\u00e0ng 6 n\u0103m 1283, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb d\u1eabn t\u1edbi Shrewsbury v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i v\u00e0o m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m sau."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1284 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Rhuddlan, L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n x\u1ee9 Wales \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Anh, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi qu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ee5c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tranh ch\u1ea5p t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Sau 1277, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau 1283, Edward b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 quy m\u00f4 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Wales, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Flint, Aberystwyth v\u00e0 Rhuddlan. Nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Anh, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Master James x\u1ee9 Saint George, m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 l\u00e3o luy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 Edward \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p t\u1ea1i Savoy trong chuy\u1ebfn h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng sau cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh th\u1eadp t\u1ef1. \u0110\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i nh\u01b0 Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Conwy v\u00e0 Harlech, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia d\u00e0nh cho Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u1edf Wales c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2u mai trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh kh\u1eafp l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n trong t\u00e1m l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i m\u00e0 Edward l\u1eadp ra \u1edf Wales \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Edward l\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Wales m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Vua Arthur trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1284, Vua Edward s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp cho con trai \u00f4ng Edward (v\u1ec1 sau l\u00e0 Edward II) ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Caernarfon, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi \u1edf x\u1ee9 Wales. David Powel, m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI, \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng \"sinh ra \u1edf Wales v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Anh n\u00e0o\", nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u0103m 1301 t\u1ea1i Lincoln, Edward con tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Anh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao t\u1eb7ng danh hi\u1ec7u Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed x\u1ee9 Wales, khi Vua Edward c\u1ea5p cho \u00f4ng L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Chester v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc x\u1ee9 Wales. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 vua hi v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho vi\u1ec7c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh trong khu v\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p cho con trai \u00f4ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh.[l]"}
+{"text": "Edward kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tham gia cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh n\u00e0o n\u1eefa sau khi v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1274, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng duy tr\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y th\u1eadp gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa n\u0103m 1287. D\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1291. \u0110\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh th\u1eadp t\u1ef1, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. M\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 Anjou g\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p cai tr\u1ecb mi\u1ec1n nam Italia, v\u1edbi V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Aragon \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha. N\u0103m 1282, c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n x\u1ee9 Palermo n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Carlo I c\u1ee7a Naples v\u00e0 quay sang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eeb Pedro de Arag\u00f3n, trong c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sicilian Vespers. Trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ra sau \u0111\u00f3, con trai c\u1ee7a Carlo d'Angi\u00f2, Carlo x\u1ee9 Salerno, b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aragon b\u1eaft l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Aragon, th\u1eafp m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Edward, \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh di\u1ec5n ra, v\u00e0 \u1edf Paris n\u0103m 1286 \u00f4ng l\u00e0m trung gian h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Aragon v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o gi\u00fap ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch Carlo. V\u00ec cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn, tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Edward t\u1ecf ra thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1291, khi Mamluks chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y Acre, th\u00e0nh l\u0169y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Arce th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7, vai tr\u00f2 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Edward thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ph\u1ea3n di\u1ec7n. T\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tham gia c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Gascon. N\u0103m 1278 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban \u0111i\u1ec1u tra g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 Otto de Grandson v\u00e0 t\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Robert Burnell, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean thay th\u1ebf cho Luke de Tany. N\u0103m 1286, Edward \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 trong v\u00f2ng ba n\u0103m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Gascon thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 Edward tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a vua Ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1286, Edward l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 phi\u00ean th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua m\u1edbi, Philip IV, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o 1294 Philippe tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 thu h\u1ed3i Gascon khi Edward t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng ra \u1edf Paris \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 Anh, Gascon, v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda c\u1ea3ng La Rochelle c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p)."}
+{"text": "Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Eleanor x\u1ee9 Castile b\u0103ng h\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 11 1290. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ho\u00e0ng gia th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n, Edward r\u1ea5t t\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u1edbi chung th\u1ee7y v\u1edbi b\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n - m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean 12 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Eleanor cross, \u1edf m\u1ed7i n\u01a1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0a tang c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 gh\u00e9 l\u1ea1i ngh\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1294, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa Edward v\u1edbi em g\u00e1i kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Philippe IV l\u00e0 Marguerite, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n v\u00ec chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "Edward thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi vua \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Flanders v\u00e0 Guelders, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Burgundy, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. Li\u00ean minh t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, v\u00e0 Edward l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3 \u1edf Wales v\u00e0 Scotland. M\u00e3i cho t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m \u01b0 \u00f4ng mmoiws c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn Flanders, v\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 Edward bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Marguerite (Margaret) n\u0103m 1299 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh, nh\u01b0ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh.[m]"}
+{"text": "Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 Scotland tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1280 kh\u00e1 \u00eam d\u1ecbu. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u xung \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u01b0 trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf Wales; n\u0103m 1278 Vua Alexander III c\u1ee7a Scotland x\u01b0ng th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Edward I, nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u00f4ng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef c\u1ee7a Edward \u1edf England. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Scotland \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1290. T\u1eeb 1281 \u0111\u1ebfn 1284, hai con trai v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Alexander \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u. Sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 1286, ch\u00ednh Alexander c\u0169ng b\u0103ng h\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ngai v\u00e0ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u g\u00e1i m\u1edbi l\u00ean ba tu\u1ed5i, Margaret. V\u1edbi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Birgham, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng Margaret s\u1ebd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi c\u1eadu con trai m\u1edbi l\u00ean 1 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Edward l\u00e0 Edward x\u1ee9 Carnarvon, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Scotland v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 14 phe ph\u00e1i tranh ch\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngai v\u00e0ng, cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed5 ra gi\u1eefa John Balliol v\u00e0 Robert de Brus. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa Scotland \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Edward ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n x\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean tranh ch\u1ea5p. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi 104 ng\u01b0\u1eddi - 40 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m b\u1edfi BBalliol, 40 b\u1edfi Bruce v\u00e0 24 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi Edward I t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cao c\u1ea5p trong H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Scotland. T\u1ea1i Birgham, v\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa hai v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Edward. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh ch\u1ea5p, \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a Scotland. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng khi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Th\u1ebf c\u1edd n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n giao cho Edward cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00ecm ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf. Sau cu\u1ed9c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ngai v\u00e0ng trao cho John Balliol ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 11, 1292.[o]"}
+{"text": "Ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi Balliol l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, Edward v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 \u1edf Scotland. Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1eddi vua Scotland. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khi\u00eau kh\u00edch xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi Macduff, con trai c\u1ee7a Malcolm, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Fife, v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3 Edward b\u1eaft Balliol ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Anh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c. Vua Scotland \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m theo, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng l\u00e0m tr\u00e0n li khi Edward b\u1eaft b\u1ecdn qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Scotland cung c\u1ea5p cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i gi\u00fap \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn; thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o Carlisle. Edward \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Scotland n\u0103m 1296 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Berwick b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn Dunbar, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t. Edward t\u1ecbch thu H\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh \u2013 v\u1eadt b\u00e1u \u0111\u0103ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a vua Scotland \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111em n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 Westminster r\u1ed3i \u0111\u0103th l\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 King Edward's Chair; \u00f4ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Balliol v\u00e0 t\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1 \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0o Th\u00e1p London, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh cai qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Edward n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3; m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Tu vi\u1ec7n St Paul's, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Edward khi \u00f4ng t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf l\u00ean cao n\u0103m 1295, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u00e3 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean cao v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft khi nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Khi Edward x\u1ee9 Caernarfon \u0111\u00f2i \u00f4ng phong cho s\u1ee7ng nam c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn Gaveston m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u00e0 vua n\u1ed5i c\u01a1n th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9 v\u00e0 r\u1ee9t t\u1eebng n\u1eafm t\u00f3c c\u1ee7a con trai \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi coi Edward l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. B\u00e0i h\u00e1t Lewes n\u0103m 1264 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i b\u00e1o, lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Edward coi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. D\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi k\u00ec v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n s\u1ef1 k\u00ec v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3: \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng."}
+{"text": "Edward th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u00edch v\u1ec1 Vua Arthur, ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong su\u1ed1t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1278 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Glastonbury Abbey \u0111\u1ec3 khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Arthur v\u00e0 Guinevere, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \"Arthur's crown\" t\u1eeb Llywelyn sau cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t B\u1eafc Wales, trong khi, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Arthur. \u00d4ng m\u1edf c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \"B\u00e0n tr\u00f2n\" v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1284 v\u00e0 1302, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thi \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i ti\u1ec7c t\u00f9ng ph\u00e8 ph\u1ee1n, v\u00e0 bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed so s\u00e1nh \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng v\u1edbi l\u1ea1i Arthur. Trong v\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Edward d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m d\u00e0nh cho th\u1eddi Arthur c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang \u00f4ng, bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1edf Wales v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales cho r\u1eb1ng Arthur c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb c\u1ee9u tinh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, Edward \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n sau m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Robert Burnell l\u00e0m t\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng, \u00f4ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1292 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. Edward sau \u0111\u00f3 thay th\u1ebf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean sung c\u00f4ng (escheator) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafng nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh l\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hundred Rolls, \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n khu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t.[p]"}
+{"text": "M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i vua \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1eddi Henry III.. The Hundred Rolls \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho c\u00e1i m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n Quo warranto. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh (ti\u1ebfng Latinh: Quo warranto) thay cho v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do.[q] N\u1ebfu b\u1ecb c\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p t\u1eeb ho\u00e0ng gia ch\u1ee9ng minh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00ec quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do s\u1ebd b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 vua thu h\u1ed3i."}
+{"text": "\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, h\u1ecd kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p. M\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m 1290, theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang c\u1ee7a Richard Tr\u00e1i tim Siw t\u1eed n\u0103m 1189. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ho\u00e0ng gia thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb Quo warranto kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3; ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u00edt quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 vua thu h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i. Edward v\u1eabn gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng quan tr\u1ecdng, trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i vua."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Quo warranto n\u0103m 1290 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Edward I. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nam t\u01b0\u1edbc; \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Marlborough (1267) ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n Oxford v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Kenilworth. Vi\u1ec7c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n Hundred Rolls \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ngay sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Westminster I (1275), trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do. Trong Mortmain (1279), v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t cho nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Westminster II (1285), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 De donis conditionalibus, d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Merchants (1285) thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quy \u0111\u1ecbnh thu h\u1ed3i c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3, trong khi Winchester (1285) gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Quia emptores (1290) \u2013 ban h\u00e0nh k\u00e8m v\u1edbi Quo warranto \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai do chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt l\u1edbn k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Robert Burnell n\u0103m 1292."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Edward I \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n trang tr\u1ea3i cho chi\u1ebfn tranh, bao g\u1ed3m thu\u1ebf h\u1ea3i quan, cho vay ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 b\u1eaft tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p. N\u0103m 1275, Edward I \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 vay m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n vay l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. N\u0103m 1303, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thu t\u1eeb thu\u1ebf h\u1ea3i quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi Riccardi, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Lucca c\u1ee7a \u00dd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 cho qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng vay ti\u1ec1n, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Wales. Khi chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5 ra, nh\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p t\u1ecbch thu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n trong Riccardi, v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n. Sau v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3, Frescobaldi x\u1ee9 Florence \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho vay ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp kh\u00e1c cho ng\u00f4i vua \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n nh\u00e0 vua, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf h\u1ecd theo \u00fd th\u00edch. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1280, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i vua, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd cho vay n\u1eb7ng l\u00e3i \u2013 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00edn h\u1eefu Kito gi\u00e1o \u2013 khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc n\u1ee3 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. N\u0103m 1275, Edward ban h\u00e0nh Quy ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, c\u1ea5m cho vay n\u1eb7ng l\u00e3i v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n qua ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c; n\u0103m 1279, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t x\u1ebft n\u1ee9t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng xu, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft gi\u1eef t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gia ch\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf An v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 1280, \u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh, v\u1edbi hi v\u1ecdng h\u1ecd thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u00f4 h\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n theo. \u0110\u00f2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf Anh \u0111\u1ebfn trong S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1290, kh \u0111\u00f3 Edward tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ra kh\u1ecfi Anh qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho ho\u00e0ng gia th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho Edward c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1290. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 sau b\u1ecb d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf n\u0103m 1656, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ti\u1ebfp b\u01b0\u1edbc: Philipoe II c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p had \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i trong l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1181; Johann I, C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Brittany, \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ecd ra kh\u1ecfi C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1239; v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1240 Louis IX c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Edward t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u0103m 1295, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra. Trong Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tu s\u0129 trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, hai hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i qu\u1eadn v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed7i qu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang trong Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec m\u1edbi, c\u00e1i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 uy quy\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u. Trong khi Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 (plena potestas) c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. Nh\u00e0 Vua b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 thu tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. Trong khi Henry III ch\u1ec9 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Edward I thu t\u1edbi ch\u00edn. Khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i sau n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia g\u1ecdi t\u00ean l\u00e0 \"M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i\".[r]"}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh dai d\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1290 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Edward. Trong khi Nh\u00e0 Vua ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1nh ba l\u1ea7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1294, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1edbi b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1294\u201397, s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n l\u00ean t\u1edbi \u00a3200,000. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00ean th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, h\u00e0ng len v\u00e0 da, v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf len kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 maltolt. Vi\u1ec7c v\u1eaft ki\u1ec7t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf, tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 do kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1294, Edward y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda doanh thu gi\u00e1o s\u0129. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng Nh\u00e0 Vua tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Canterbury b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Robert Winchelsey \u0111\u1ebfn Italia ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n phong. Winchelsey tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1295 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u0103m 1296, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Clericis laicos t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. S\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Khi \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef, vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf, Edward h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eafc d\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3. Winchelsey g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 x\u1eed khi ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo \u00fd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi Etsi de statu c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3o d\u00e2n m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f4ng khai. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o hai \u0111i\u1ec1u: quy\u1ec1n tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n thu thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Salisbury v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1297, Roger Bigod, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Norfolk, tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb l\u00e0 Th\u1ed1ng so\u00e1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1ea5y tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia. Bigod l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua; n\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 vua giong bu\u1ed3m t\u1edbi Flanders, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1edbi Gascony. Th\u00e1ng 7, Bigod v\u00e0 Humphrey de Bohun, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Hereford v\u00e0 Quan \u0110\u1ea1i Nguy\u00ean so\u00e1i, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1eddi Can gi\u00e1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng, Edward l\u1ea1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khi\u00eau kh\u00edch, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u00e0 vua ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. Trong khi Edward \u0111ang \u1edf Winchelsea, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Flanders, Bigod v\u00e0 Bohun \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 quan Th\u1ee7 qu\u1ef9 ng\u0103n vi\u1ec7c thu thu\u1ebf. V\u00ec Nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf b\u1edd v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u1edf Tr\u1eadn c\u1ea7u Stirling, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f2a ngh\u1ecb. Edward k\u00fd v\u00e0o Confirmatio cartarum \u2013 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn Magna Carta v\u00e0 k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Charter of the Forest \u2013 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vua trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Scotland."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Edward v\u00e0 phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Falkirk. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh Charter of the Forest.[s] Trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1301, nh\u00e0 vua bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ra l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng ho\u00e0ng gia, nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m 1305, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng mi\u1ec5n cho s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 d\u00e0nh cho phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Edward I. Bohun ch\u1ebft v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1298, sau khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Falkirk. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Bigod, n\u0103m 1302 \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua: Bigod, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con, coi Edward l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng. Edward cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 Winchelsey n\u0103m 1305, khi Clement V \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Clement ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gascon c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n \u00e1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Edward Winchelsey b\u1ecb l\u1ed9t h\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Scotland t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft khi Edward r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y n\u0103m 1296, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o William Wallace. Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9 1297, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a John de Warenne, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Surrey, v\u00e0 Hugh de Cressingham b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Scotland v\u1ed1n \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Wallace v\u00e0 Andrew Moray t\u1ea1i c\u1ea7u Stirling. Tin th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i bay v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Anh, ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c sau \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi Edward tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb Flanders, \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t. Ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 7 1298, trong tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1edbn duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau tr\u1eadn Evesham n\u0103m 1265, Edward \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Wallace \u1edf tr\u1eadn Falkirk. Tuy nhi\u00ean Edward, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 sang n\u0103m sau ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t C\u1ea7u Stirling. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Edward tham gia chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i Scotland su\u1ed1t n\u0103m 1300, khi \u00f4ng bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Caerlaverock v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1301, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn n\u1eefa, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots thua tr\u1eadn, b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p b\u00ed m\u1eadt th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 Scotland kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. S\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. g\u1eedi cho vua Edward \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i trong Barons' Letter n\u0103m 1301. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u0103m 1303, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 li\u00ean minh Ph\u00e1p-Scotland. Robert the Bruce, ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i ng\u00f4i vua n\u0103m 1291, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1301\u201302. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1304, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Scotland tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Edward, v\u00e0 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i C\u1ea7u Stirling. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1305 khi Wallace b\u1ecb Sir John de Menteith ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1eaft n\u1ed9p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn London v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng khai. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd Scotland ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m trong tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, Edward b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "T\u00ecnh th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed5i thay v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1306, khi Robert the Bruce gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn ta, John Comyn v\u00e0 v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 3, \u00f4ng ta l\u00ean ng\u00f4i vua Scotland b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Isobel, ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Buchan. Bruce gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho Scotland, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. Edward l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111ang l\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 thay v\u00ec \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh, \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1eed m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Aymer de Valence v\u00e0 Henry Percy, trong khi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed x\u1ee9 Wales. Qu\u00e2n Anh gi\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng; ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 6, Aymer de Valence \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Bruce \u1edf Tr\u1eadn Methven. Bruce ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed1 tr\u1ed1n trong khi qu\u00e2n Anh l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Edward tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 Bruce. Ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Bruce, Mary, b\u1ecb giam trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u1ed3ng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i Roxburgh trong b\u1ed1n n\u0103m. Isabella MacDuff, N\u1eef B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Buchan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gia mi\u1ec7n cho Bruce, b\u1ecb giam ngo\u00e0i L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Berwick trong b\u1ed1n n\u0103m. Em trai nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Bruce l\u00e0 Neil b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c treo c\u1ed5, r\u00fat ru\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 phanh th\u00e2y; \u00f4ng ta b\u1ecb b\u1eaft sau khi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc Edward, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Bruce(Elizabeth), con g\u00e1i Marjorie, ch\u1ecb em g\u00e1i Mary v\u00e0 Christina, v\u00e0 Isabella."}
+{"text": "R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi di ch\u00fac l\u00fac l\u00e2m chung c\u1ee7a Edward; theo nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 tim c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn V\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang theo trong cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 khung c\u1ea3nh gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n; theo nh\u01b0 bi\u00ean s\u1eed, Edward tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn quanh \u00f4ng c\u00e1c b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Lincoln v\u00e0 Warwick, Aymer de Valence, v\u00e0 Robert Clifford, v\u00e0 c\u0103n d\u1eb7n h\u1ecd tr\u00f4ng nom con trai \u00f4ng Edward. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng Piers Gaveston kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u1eddi d\u1eb7n n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb con trai \u00f4ng g\u1ea1c \u0111i, v\u00e0 anh ta ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 tri\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i s\u1ee7ng nam c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1ecb t\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, Edward II, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t chi\u1ebfm d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 r\u00fat v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam. Anh ta \u0111\u0103ng c\u01a1 ng\u00f4i vua ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 2 1308."}
+{"text": "Di th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Edward I \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, qu\u00e0n t\u1ea1i Waltham Abbey, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an t\u00e1ng \u1edf Tu vi\u1ec7n Westminster v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 10. C\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 tang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, n\u00f3 ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n \u00a3473. M\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Edward c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch Purbeck, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9m ho\u00e0ng gia, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch ho\u00e0ng gia sau khi nh\u00e0 vua gi\u00e1 b\u0103ng. Quan t\u00e0i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi b\u1ee9c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc b\u00e1n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c. H\u1ed9i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 Antiquaries khai qu\u1eadt ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 n\u0103m 1774, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y di th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n t\u1ed1t qua 467 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u cao th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng.B\u1ea3n m\u1eabu:Eff D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Latin Edwardus Primus Scottorum Malleus hic est, 1308. Pactum Serva (\"\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 Edward I, K\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots, 1308. Y theo l\u1eddi th\u1ec1\"), v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u0103ng m\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Robert the Bruce. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Edward c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh \"K\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots\" b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi Cha x\u1ee9 John Feckenham v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng s\u1eed gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Edward v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI v\u00e0 XVII ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed, v\u00e0 \u00edt s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Edward tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi khen c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII, lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Edward Coke vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt th\u1eddi Edward, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi nh\u00e0 Vua l\u00e0 the \"Justinian c\u1ee7a Anh\", theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, Justinian I. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 sau, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n s\u1eed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Edward, l\u00e0m ra m\u1ed9t so s\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Edward l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "S\u1eed gia c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn th\u1eddi Victoria William Stubbs l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng Edward \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecbch h\u00ecnh cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia, l\u1eadp ra lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00fap cho Anh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. H\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Stubbs, Thomas Tout, ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Edward, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m. Tout coi Edward nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \"c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 vua chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ee9 k\u00ecm h\u00e3m nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch truy\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn.\""}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX v\u00e0 XXI \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 Edward v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i xa h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Edward l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua l\u1edbn th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u00edt th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n.[t] Ba c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Frederick Powicke, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1947 v\u00e0 1953, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 Edward trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ec9, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1988, Michael Prestwich xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e0 vua, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u1eabn mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Marc Morris theo sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m 2008, \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Edward, v\u00e0 xem \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt di\u1ec5n ra quanh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt vua Edward, nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c hay \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p t\u00f9y theo t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 6.852 \u0111\u1ea3o, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m trong khu v\u1ef1c \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t d\u1ecdc theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1ed1n h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu v\u00e0 Shikoku chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 97% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 r\u1eebng v\u00e0 n\u00fai v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 47 t\u1ec9nh thu\u1ed9c 8 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 126 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p ven bi\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 98,5% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. G\u1ea7n 9,1 tri\u1ec7u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m Tokyo,(th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc), c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m trong kh\u1ed1i OECD v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00f9ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Tokyo, bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u1ec9nh xung quanh n\u00f3, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 35 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh tinh."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169. Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Hoa c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean. Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch ly, v\u1ec1 sau tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1868, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n phong ki\u1ebfn shogun nh\u00e2n danh Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4 l\u1eadp k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1853 khi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c bu\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. G\u1ea7n hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng Minh Tr\u1ecb t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong vai tr\u00f2 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1868 v\u00e0 khai sinh \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i sau chi\u1ebfn tranh Thanh-Nh\u1eadt, chi\u1ebfn tranh Nga-Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Trung-Nh\u1eadt n\u0103m 1937 \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1941, m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945 sau v\u1ee5 n\u00e9m bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed xu\u1ed1ng Hiroshima v\u00e0 Nagasaki. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1947, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p d\u00e2n c\u1eed l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c, kh\u1ed1i APEC, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m G7, G8 v\u00e0 G20, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u1ea1ng ba th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo GDP danh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo s\u1ee9c mua t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kim ng\u1ea1ch nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u l\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1eabn s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch cao th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t cao, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u1ea1ng ba trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong \u1edf tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 vinh d\u1ef1 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ed1c gia, h\u1ea1ng s\u00e1u trong B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ea1nh tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u 2015\u20132016 v\u00e0 gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u1ec1 Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u0103ng cai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i M\u00f9a h\u00e8 v\u00e0 M\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cao, n\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t, ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb - n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thanh ni\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 sinh \u0111\u1ebb gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh khi\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e3o h\u00f3a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ef9 danh trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \"X\u1ee9 s\u1edf hoa anh \u0111\u00e0o\", v\u00ec c\u00e2y hoa anh \u0111\u00e0o (\u685c (\u685c) (Anh Hoa)/ \u3055\u304f\u3089/ \uff7b\uff78\uff97, sakura?) m\u1ecdc tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt t\u1eeb b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nam. Lo\u00e0i hoa \"tho\u1eaft n\u1edf tho\u1eaft t\u00e0n\" n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t y\u00eau th\u00edch, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, y\u00eau c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t m\u1ef9 danh kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa c\u00fac\" v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3a hoa c\u00fac 16 c\u00e1nh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u1ecfa chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c huy Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Tang (\u6276\u6851, Ph\u00f9 Tang?), \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2y ph\u00f9 tang. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y r\u1ed7ng l\u00f2ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Tang hay Kh\u1ed5ng Tang, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi du h\u00e0nh ngang qua b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng sang T\u00e2y, do \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u00f9 Tang h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 n\u01a1i M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 Yamato, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 Oa qu\u1ed1c (\u502d\u56fd, Oa qu\u1ed1c? n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00f9n), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 Oa nh\u00e2n (\u502d\u4eba, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00f9n?), g\u1ecdi c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt tr\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n Hoa \u0110\u00f4ng th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Minh l\u00e0 Oa kh\u1ea5u (\u502d\u5bc7, gi\u1eb7c l\u00f9n?). Trong H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t, ch\u1eef \"oa\" (\u502d, \"oa\"?) v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1ea7m l\u00e0 \"n\u1ee5y\". Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Heian, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ri\u00eang v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n n\u00ean Yamato \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 wa (\u502d (oa), wa?). V\u1ec1 sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt d\u00f9ng hai ch\u1eef kanji \u5927\u548c (\u0110\u1ea1i H\u00f2a) \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00fd \u00e2m ch\u1eef Yamato, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. N\u0103m 670, Yamato g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fac m\u1eebng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp v\u1eeba b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (\u65e5\u672c/ \u306b\u3063\u307d\u3093, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n?). K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau cu\u1ed9c Duy t\u00e2n Minh Tr\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 Dai Nippon Teikoku (\u5927\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u570b (\u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c), Dai Nippon Teikoku?), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n\". Ng\u00e0y nay qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u Nippon-koku hay Nihon-koku (\u65e5\u672c\u56fd (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Qu\u1ed1c), Nippon-koku hay Nihon-koku?) c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nghi th\u1ee9c, v\u1edbi ch\u1eef koku (\u56fd, koku?) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"qu\u1ed1c gia\", \"n\u01b0\u1edbc\" hay \"nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\" thay th\u1ebf cho m\u1ed9t mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Japan ( /d\u0292\u0259\u02c8p\u00e6n/), t\u1eeb n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch Nanban. Ph\u00e1t \u00e2m t\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng Ti\u1ebfng Quan Tho\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ng\u00f4 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Marco Polo ghi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Cipangu. Trong ti\u1ebfng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Ng\u00f4, c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u65e5\u672c 'Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n' l\u00e0 Zeppen [z\u0259\u0294p\u0259n]. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong Ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3 Lai c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Jepang, vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ven bi\u1ec3n mi\u1ec1n nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c Ninh Ba, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb M\u00e3 Lai n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Malacca \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean mang t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi nay. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ed5 v\u1eadt, x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn sau \"th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n\" Ainu v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o. Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m mang t\u00ean Jomon. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb n\u0103m 5000 TCN, sau \u0111\u00f3 theo th\u1eddi gian, pha tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y nay."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc l\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam. D\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Altai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u00eda b\u1eafc l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c1, song trong t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nam. Trong c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 nghi g\u1eafn v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf ph\u00eda nam; c\u00f2n huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n - \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng - t\u1eeb thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1 gi\u1edbi th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc l\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed v\u00e0 qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e0 tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ba ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef: ch\u1eef H\u00e1n hay Kanji v\u00e0 hai ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n \u00e2m m\u1ec1m Hiragana (B\u00ecnh Gi\u00e1 Danh) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n \u00e2m c\u1ee9ng Katakana (Phi\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1 Danh). Kanji d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1eeb H\u00e1n (m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a. Hiragana d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi c\u00e1c t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb, tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, \u0111u\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb,\u2026 Katakana d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, tr\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Trung v\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n kh\u00e1c. B\u1ea3ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 Latinh R\u014dmaji c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf t\u00ean v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty, qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o, nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, khi nh\u1eadp ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u1edf c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m. S\u1ed1 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp theo ki\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi s\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft s\u1ed1 theo ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 H\u00e1n-Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5p 1 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n, c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 1 \u0111\u00f4, 1 \u0111\u1ea1o, 2 ph\u1ee7, 43 huy\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn t\u00f9y theo s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4n, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 qu\u1eadn, chi s\u1ea3nh, khu, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khu,\u2026 C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng kinh t\u1ebf, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 8 khu v\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, bao g\u1ed3m: v\u00f9ng Hokkaid\u014d, v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, v\u00f9ng Kant\u014d, v\u00f9ng Trung B\u1ed9, v\u00f9ng Kinki (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Kansai), v\u00f9ng Ch\u016bgoku, v\u00f9ng Shikoku v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Kyushu-Okinawa."}
+{"text": "M\u1ea5y n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp th\u1ecb \u0111inh th\u00f4n, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111inh th\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec1u. Hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a T\u014dky\u014d v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n, chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00e2u (th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00e2u Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n). N\u0103m 1968, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ban h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb \u0111inh th\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u00e3 s\u1ed1 b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ISO 31166-2:JP."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1n m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 m\u1ea3ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u1ea3ng \u00c2u-\u00c1 v\u00e0 ch\u00fai xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y \u00eam \u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Khi m\u1ea3ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1ee1 ra v\u00e0 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u1edbp v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tan ch\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh dung nham d\u00e2ng l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, phun tr\u00e0o v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda. S\u1ef1 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai \u2013 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o h\u00ecnh cung."}
+{"text": "Ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 n\u00fai N\u00fai Ph\u00fa S\u0129, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Fuji-san, cao 3776 m. S\u1ef1 d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef3 th\u00fa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb Tokyo. N\u00fai Ph\u00fa S\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi leo l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai n\u00e0y. Ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00e0y phun tr\u00e0o l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1707 v\u00e0 ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2000, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb9 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00fai Ph\u00fa S\u0129. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "V\u1ecb tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n khi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u thi\u00ean tai nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Hai m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu 7500 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9, ri\u00eang Tokyo c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 150 tr\u1eadn. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 nh\u1eb9, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. T\u1eeb tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Kanto ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c n\u0103m 1923, t\u1edbi nay Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua 16 v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n. V\u1ee5 s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2011 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1ea7m ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i Tohoku c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1ea1nh 9 \u0111\u1ed9 richte, s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 39m, \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o ven b\u1edd Sendai l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, l\u00e0m g\u1ea7n 16.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, h\u01a1n 6.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 2.600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t t\u00edch."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u00f3 phong c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 10 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (n\u0103m 2010) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00e2u \u00c1 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t: m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n v\u1edbi hoa anh \u0111\u00e0o n\u1edf d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb nam l\u00ean b\u1eafc, m\u00f9a h\u00e8 c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i xanh m\u01b0\u1edbt, m\u00f9a thu l\u00e1 phong (momiji) \u0111\u1ecf th\u1eafm t\u1eeb b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nam, m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng tuy\u1ebft tr\u1eafng tinh kh\u00f4i. N\u00fai Ph\u00fa S\u0129 (Fujisan) l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebft bao ph\u1ee7 n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n s\u0129 v\u00e0 thi s\u0129 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia v\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u0129 kh\u1eafp b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "V\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean v\u00e0nh \u0111ai n\u00fai l\u1eeda Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ba v\u00f9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c d\u01b0 tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda. C\u00e1c c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n, di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Ch\u016betsu n\u0103m 2004 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Hanshin n\u0103m 1995. V\u00ec c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda di\u1ec5n ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean n\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 su\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c su\u1ed1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 ch\u00edn v\u00f9ng sinh th\u00e1i r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh r\u00f5 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea3o.Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb r\u1eebng \u1ea9m l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf Ry\u016bky\u016b v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Ogasawara \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi trong n\u1ec1n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nh\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c r\u1eebng l\u00e1 kim \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi \u1edf nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 90.000 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 g\u1ea5u n\u00e2u, kh\u1ec9 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, l\u1eedng ch\u00f3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 gi\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 37 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eadp Ramsar. B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00ec c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean."}
+{"text": "C\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p d\u00e2n c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i (\u56fd\u4f1a, Kokkai?), \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Chiyoda, Tokyo. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdat \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n, trong \u0111\u00f3 H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n (\u8846\u8b70\u9662 (Ch\u00fang Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n), Sh\u016bgiin?) c\u00f3 480 gh\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed tri b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn sau m\u1ed7i b\u1ed1n n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c sau khi gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n, v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n (\u53c2\u8b70\u9662 (Tham Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n), Sangiin?) c\u00f3 242 gh\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed tri b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn cho nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 s\u00e1u n\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i ba n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u00ean 18 tu\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nam-n\u1eef, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn t\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 do x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1955, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1993 \u0111\u1ebfn 1994 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2009 \u0111\u1ebfn 2012. \u0110\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm 294 gh\u1ebf trong Ch\u00fang Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 83 gh\u1ebf trong Tham Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (\u5185\u95a3\u7dcf\u7406\u5927\u81e3 (N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c T\u1ed5ng l\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n), Naikaku s\u014dri daijin?) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ch\u1ecdn ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng s\u1eafc phong. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh hay b\u00e3i nhi\u1ec7m B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ee5. Sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do trong cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed n\u0103m 2012, Abe Shinz\u014d thay th\u1ebf Noda Yoshihiko gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2012 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c trong v\u00f2ng s\u00e1u n\u0103m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i theo s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Trung Qu\u1ed1c, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong th\u1eddi Edo qua c\u00e1c th\u01b0 li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 Kujikata Osadamegaki. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1896, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1a theo b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o B\u00fcrgerliches Gesetzbuch \u0110\u1ee9c; b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay qua nh\u1eefng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1eddi h\u1eadu Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. Lu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh v\u0103n do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p quy \u0111\u1ecbnh Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng trao cho v\u1ecb vua quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc: T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao (\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240 (T\u1ed1i cao T\u00e0i ph\u00e1n S\u1edf), Saik\u014d-Saibansho?) v\u00e0 ba c\u1ea5p t\u00f2a \u00e1n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Ch\u00e1nh Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao do Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng s\u1eafc phong theo ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, trong khi c\u00e1c Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao do n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m. Tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ee5c ph\u00e1p (\u516d\u6cd5, Ropp\u014d?, S\u00e1u b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt)."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n, trong khi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u00ec qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nguy\u00ean nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c Minh Tr\u1ecb duy t\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 Hai, quy m\u00f4 kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. N\u0103m 1940, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf (GDP) c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n (quy \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 USD n\u0103m 1990) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t 192 t\u1ef7 USD, so v\u1edbi Anh l\u00e0 316 t\u1ef7 USD, Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 164 t\u1ef7 USD, Italy l\u00e0 147 t\u1ef7 USD, \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 387 t\u1ef7 USD, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 l\u00e0 417 t\u1ef7 USD"}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111ang x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn 6 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf, gi\u1ea3m th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch khu v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7,... C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2001. D\u00f9 di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111ang \u0111i d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh xu th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00edch l\u1ec7, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, tuy nhi\u00ean trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2001-2015, kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm, trung b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1edbi 1% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb 1974 \u0111\u1ebfn nay t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tuy ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i, song Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c). Trong 20 n\u0103m (t\u1eeb 1990 t\u1edbi 2010), Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n lu\u00f4n gi\u00e0nh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2010. T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba (GDP) t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2016 l\u00e0 4.730 t\u1ef7 USD, GDP tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 40,090 USD (2017), \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (sau Trung Qu\u1ed1c). C\u00e1n c\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cho vay, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 l\u00e0: \u0111\u1ed3ng y\u00ean Nh\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, b\u00e1n l\u1ebb, giao th\u00f4ng, vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m xe c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, th\u00e9p, phi kim lo\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, d\u1ec7t may, th\u1ee9c \u0103n ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Mitsubishi UFJ (Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group) v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 3.500 t\u1ec9 Y\u00ean (2013). Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi - th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Tokyo v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 549.7 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ec9 y\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12/2006. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n kinh doanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n kinh doanh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Sony, Sumitomo, Mitsubishi v\u00e0 Toyota s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Sumitomo, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Fuji, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Mitsubishi, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Toyota v\u00e0 Sony. C\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n bao g\u1ed3m Toyota, Honda, Canon, Nissan, Sony, Mitsubishi UFJ (MUFG), Panasonic, Uniqlo, Lexus, Subaru, Nintendo, Bridgestone, Mazda v\u00e0 Suzuki."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 22.9%, Trung Qu\u1ed1c 13.4%, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c 7.8%, \u0110\u00e0i Loan 7.3% v\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng 6.1% (2005). Nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i, xe c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi, h\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t. Do h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u00e1c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c 21%, Hoa K\u1ef3 12.7%, A R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat 5.5%, UAE 4.9%, Australia 4.7%, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c 4.7% v\u00e0 Indonesia 4% (s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u 2005). Nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1t, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u1ecbt b\u00f2), h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u d\u1ec7t may v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u00ecn chung, \u0110\u1ed1i t\u00e1c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1eefng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 th\u00ec l\u00e2m v\u00e0o tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trung b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t 1.7%, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 do d\u01b0 ch\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a bong b\u00f3ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kinh doanh m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i t\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 n\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 h\u1ea1n, v\u1ed1n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Th\u00e1ng 11/2007, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c 69 th\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2001 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008 khi GDP gi\u1ea3m 3%, m\u1ee9c l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c 0% v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2009. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a 10 n\u0103m ng\u00e0nh b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n Nh\u1eadt v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10/2007, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, khu v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Nh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng cho vay th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p nh\u01b0ng do \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhu c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2008, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng suy tho\u00e1i nhanh h\u01a1n. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn (chi\u1ebfm 229% GDP theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 2015) v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 cao l\u00e0 hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i xung quanh vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ef1c d\u1eady n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u1eabn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Nh\u00ecn chung, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2005-2015, kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm, trung b\u00ecnh 1% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eadm nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec trong 10 n\u0103m t\u1edbi, Indonesia v\u00e0 Nga s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Nh\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng GDP theo s\u1ee9c mua t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f2n H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan c\u0169ng s\u1ebd s\u1edbm v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Nh\u1eadt v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Giao th\u00f4ng \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao. Ng\u00e0nh giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u00ec hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: n\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00edt n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cao c\u1ee7a giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i l\u1ea1i trung b\u00ecnh ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n.. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao th\u00f4ng b\u00ean tr\u00e1i. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1.177.278 km (731.683 miles) \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, 173 s\u00e2n bay, 23.577 km (14.653 miles) \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi All Nippon Airways (ANA) v\u00e0 Japan Airlines (JAL). \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi Japan Railways. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c Shinkansen c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd. C\u00f3 176 s\u00e2n bay t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt, v\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Tokyo, l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c1. C\u1ed5ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Narita (khu v\u1ef1c Tokyo), s\u00e2n bay Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Kansai (khu v\u1ef1c Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto), v\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Ch\u016bbu (khu v\u1ef1c Nagoya). C\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3ng Nagoya."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, \u00f4 t\u00f4, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, robot c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, quang h\u1ecdc, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc robot, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u01a1n n\u1eeda (402.200 trong t\u1ed5ng 742.500) s\u1ed1 robot cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (n\u0103m 2000). Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra QRIO, ASIMO v\u00e0 Aibo. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (sau Trung Qu\u1ed1c, n\u0103m 2012) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a 6 trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 15 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 7 trong s\u1ed1 20 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh qua c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel. Hideki Yukawa m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u01b0u t\u00fa xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kyoto gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m 1949. Sin-Itiro Tomonaga c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn vinh d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u0103m 1965. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn Leo Esaki sau n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh quang \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m 1973. Kenichi Fukui c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kyoto l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng chia gi\u1ea3i Nobel h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 1981. Susumu Tonegawa, c\u0169ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kyoto tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb 2007 nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u1ec1 sinh h\u00f3a k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103m 1987. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu k\u00e9m khi l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000, 2001: Hideki Shirakawa (Vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Tokyo) v\u00e0 Ryoji Noyori (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kyoto). N\u0103m 2002 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Masatoshi Koshiba (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo) v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gia Koichi Tanaka (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tohoku). N\u0103m 2008, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa v\u00e0 Osamu Shimomura. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u khoa h\u1ecdc gia \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 hi\u1ec7n nay. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Fields nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c1, gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 Nobel To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi 3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u0103ng quang: Kunihiko Kodaira (1954), Hironaka Heisuke (1970), Mori Shigefumi (1990)."}
+{"text": "B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c cho h\u1ecdc sinh t\u00e0n t\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 quan t\u00e2m, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 ri\u00eang C\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Trung h\u1ecdc ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh t\u00e0n t\u1eadt, ngo\u00e0i ra C\u1ee5c n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch c\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ebb em Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ki\u00eam nhi\u1ec7m th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbp, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean cho m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh li\u00ean quan."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u0103m 2005 l\u00e0 5.733,3 t\u1ec9 y\u00ean (59 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4-la), chi\u1ebfm 7% ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia (82.182,9 t\u1ec9 y\u00ean) v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm 11.8% ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00f4ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (161.3 t\u1ec9 y\u00ean). Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch d\u00e0nh cho MEXT ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi d\u00f9ng cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap kinh ph\u00ed cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0, cho vay h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc-c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 thao v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a-m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u1edf Nh\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Chi ph\u00ed cho c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y, v\u1ed1n do m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng qua, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u01a1i h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe qu\u1ed1c gia do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1973, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e0i th\u1ecd, trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 11/9, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua ba d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 g\u1ed3m: Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, Lu\u1eadt s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i C\u1ee5c b\u1ea3o an tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, cho ph\u00e9p Nh\u1eadt l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1eed qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi M\u1ef9 ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a 600 binh s\u0129 sang Iraq th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n m\u1edbi trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7."}
+{"text": "D\u00e2n c\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. D\u00e2n c\u01b0 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf V\u00e0nh \u0111ai Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd do gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 15% \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1c khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng thi\u1ebfu, do \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e1c t\u1eadp trung \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ven bi\u1ec3n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0, v\u00ec mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea5m \u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. C\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i cho quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c trong v\u00f9ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng."}
+{"text": "Thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gia t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed cho ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0u. Do c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c sinh con khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, khi\u1ebfn t\u1ec9 su\u1ea5t sinh \u0111\u1ebb \u0111ang gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 100 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2050 v\u00e0 64 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2100. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111ang \u0111au \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "99% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u1ebft d\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef l\u1ec5 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00f4n ti v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe. Ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng trong ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Anh (t\u1eeb sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai). H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef kana (b\u1ea3ng \u00e2m ti\u1ebft d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1eef ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 k\u00fd t\u1ef1 Latinh) v\u00e0 ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. Ti\u1ebfng Ry\u016bky\u016ban, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u1edf Okinawa, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y. Ti\u1ebfng Ainu ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Hokkaid\u014d. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh."}
+{"text": "X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng cha m\u1eb9 gi\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, c\u00f2n con c\u00e1i sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p trung h\u1ecdc, li\u1ec1n b\u1ecf ra th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y chia r\u1ebd n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m tan r\u00e3 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n gia \u0111\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. D\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e0 nua, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ki\u00eam th\u00eam ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, do n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a cao \u0111\u1ed9, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ea1t nh\u00f2a. D\u00e2n c\u01b0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb Nh\u1eadt b\u1ecb v\u00ed l\u00e0 \"\u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kinh t\u1ebf\", ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hy sinh m\u1ecdi ni\u1ec1m vui th\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c, v\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n."}
+{"text": "Do c\u00e1c \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n thu\u1ed9c m\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t cao tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t qu\u1ed1c gia, ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed trong n\u0103m 2007 l\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 60% l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, trong khi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed \u1edf c\u1ea5p cao t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cho bi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 81 v\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed trong n\u0103m 2007 l\u00e0 do l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed vong do l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 do t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1eeba lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn trong n\u0103m 2007 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 2.200 v\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t x\u1ea3y ra do v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. Trong n\u0103m 2009, 6.949 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 t\u1eed v\u00ec tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m (21%), 1.731 ng\u01b0\u1eddi do nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y (5%) v\u00e0 1.071 ng\u01b0\u1eddi do m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (3%)."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd cao, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e3o h\u00f3a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2007, trong khi s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean chi\u1ebfm 1/4 t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. T\u1edbi ng\u00e0y 1-10-2013, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m 0,17% (kho\u1ea3ng 217.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 127.298.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa l\u00e2u d\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i (t\u1eeb 65 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean) t\u0103ng th\u00eam 1,1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean 31,9 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chi\u1ebfm 25,1% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 2013, s\u1ed1 ca sinh m\u1edbi \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m kho\u1ea3ng 6.000 ca so v\u1edbi 1 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m 2014, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 tr\u00ean 65 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 cao g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ebb em d\u01b0\u1edbi 14 tu\u1ed5i."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd qua th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 J\u014dmon cho t\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e, \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed7 s\u01a1n m\u00e0i v\u00e0 g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9; c\u00e1c m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 bunraku, nh\u1ea3y, kabuki, n\u014d, rakugo, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 tr\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, Bud\u014d, Kimono, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, v\u01b0\u1eddn Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 g\u01b0\u01a1m Nh\u1eadt. \u1ea8m th\u1ef1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "\u00c2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam c\u00e1c n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0n Koto \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IX v\u00e0 X, hay nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i k\u1ecbch N\u014d t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n gian \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e0n nh\u01b0 shamisen, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. N\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 b\u1edfi \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 J-pop."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n bao g\u1ed3m hai cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Kojiki v\u00e0 Nihon Shoki c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eadp th\u01a1 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII Man'y\u014dsh\u016b, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng H\u00e1n t\u1ef1. V\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Heian, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 kana (Hiragana v\u00e0 Katakana) ra \u0111\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m k\u00fd s\u1ef1 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t h\u1ed3i k\u00fd v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi trong cung c\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong cu\u1ed1n The Pillow Book, vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi Sei Sh\u014dnagon, trong khi Truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 Genji c\u1ee7a Murasaki Shikibu th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Edo, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong gi\u1edbi Samurai nh\u01b0 trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u014dnin. Yomihon, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u k\u00edn n\u00e0y trong gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Minh Tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y th\u00ec v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Natsume S\u014dseki v\u00e0 Mori \u014cgai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n h\u00e0o ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \"hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\" \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Akutagawa Ry\u016bnosuke, Tanizaki Jun'ichir\u014d, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Haruki Murakami. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 hai nh\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel l\u00e0 Yasunari Kawabata(1968) v\u00e0 Kenzaburo Oe (1994)."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ea3y sinh trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb thu\u1edf b\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qu\u1ed1c gia Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ng\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh v\u0103n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u1eeb khi n\u00e0o, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh qua nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 V\u1ea1n di\u1ec7p t\u1eadp th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII, thi tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p 3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 thi ca tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u1eed C\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 k\u00fd v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u01b0 k\u1ef7 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u01a1 khai \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1. Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"kami\" c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ban ph\u00fac l\u00e0nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 VI, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i B\u1eafc T\u00f4ng du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n qua Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 kh\u1eafp Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng (Zen). Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o do ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1549 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt tin theo. Ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf Nh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt c\u00f9ng l\u00fac tin theo nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 90 tri\u1ec7u t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "K\u1eb9o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 wagashi . C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eadu \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 mochi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. M\u00f3n \u0103n ng\u00e0y nay hi\u1ec7n nay bao g\u1ed3m kem tr\u00e0 xanh , m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Kakigori l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n tr\u00e1ng mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u00e1 cay c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb xi r\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c s\u1eefa \u0111\u1eb7c. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0103n \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i m\u00f9a h\u00e8. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Nh\u1eadt nh\u01b0 sake , \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 g\u1ea1o n\u00e2u m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a 15% ~ 17% c\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean men g\u1ea1o. Bia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1800 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty bao g\u1ed3m Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y bia Asahi , Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y bia Kirin v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y bia Sapporo - nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u bia l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c 16 ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 l\u1ec5 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo lu\u1eadt ngh\u1ec9 l\u1ec5 n\u0103m 1948 the Public Holiday Law (\u56fd\u6c11\u306e\u795d\u65e5\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u5f8b Kokumin no Shukujitsu ni Kansuru H\u014dritsu). T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000 Nh\u1eadt B\u00e3n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Happy Monday System, \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n l\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 d\u00e0i. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam ng\u00e0y Shouwa, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi, thay cho ng\u00e0y Greenery Day v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29/04 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y Greenery Day \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 04/05. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007. N\u0103m 2014, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u00eam ng\u00e0y Mountain Day (\u5c71\u306e\u65e5 Yama no Hi) v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11/08, sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 leo n\u00fai Nh\u1eadt Japanese Alpine Club."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 New Year's Day v\u00e0o 01/01, Coming of Age Day v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y hai ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng 1, National Foundation Day v\u00e0o 11/02, Vernal Equinox Day v\u00e0o 20 ho\u1eb7c 21 th\u00e1ng 3, Sh\u014dwa Day v\u00e0o 29/04, Constitution Memorial Day v\u00e0o 03/05, Greenery Day v\u00e0o 04/05, Children's Day v\u00e0o 05/05, Marine Day v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 hai tu\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng 7, Mountain Day v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11/08, Respect for the Aged Day v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 hai tu\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng 9, Autumnal Equinox v\u00e0o 23 ho\u1eb7c 24 th\u00e1ng 9, Health and Sports Day v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng 10, Culture Day v\u00e0o 03/11, Labour Thanksgiving Day v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23/11, and The Emperor's Birthday v\u00e0o 23/12."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Gi\u1ea3i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1992, m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c C\u00fap b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 li\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1981 t\u1edbi 2004 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 World Cup 2002 c\u00f9ng H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c gia Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u00fap b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c 1 k\u1ef3 Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ef3 Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i M\u00f9a h\u00e8 1964 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Tokyo."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 tranh ch\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng: v\u1edbi Nga v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Nam Kuril, v\u1edbi H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Liancourt, v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Senkaku, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ri\u00eang Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi EEZ quanh Okino Tori-shima. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean b\u1eaft c\u00f3c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng xung quanh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00ean l\u1eeda tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean (xem th\u00eam: \u0110\u00e0m ph\u00e1n S\u00e1u b\u00ean)."}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7) b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi \u0110i\u1ec1u 9 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, trong \u0111\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 (JSDF) l\u00e0 binh l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed5 s\u00fang b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y do B\u1ed9 Ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, v\u00e0 g\u1ed3m ba binh ch\u1ee7ng ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t (JGSDF), L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 Bi\u1ec3n (JMSDF) v\u00e0 L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 Tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng (JASDF). L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng d\u1ea7n ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh; vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a binh s\u0129 sang Iraq \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. Hi\u1ec7n nay Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc duy tr\u00ec ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. V\u1eadt ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 clepsydra hay \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Theo H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 New York, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh \u1edf Alexandria n\u0103m 150 TCN. Theo T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Anh Qu\u1ed1c' \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi th\u00e1nh Jerome (335 SCN), v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i qu\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 350 SCN, di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Peleus v\u00e0 Thetis, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Rome v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 18, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1edfi Winckelmann trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t tr\u00ean tay Morpheus."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t \u1edf bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ghi ch\u00e9p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eadt k\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong c\u00f9ng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y n\u00f3 c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1345, trong bi\u00ean lai c\u1ee7a Thomas de Stetesham, th\u01b0 k\u00fd t\u00e0u La George c\u1ee7a vua, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Edward III c\u1ee7a Anh; sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Latinh n\u0103m 1345, bi\u00ean lai c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung:"}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t \u0111i bi\u1ec3n t\u1eebng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean t\u00e0u, v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t khi \u0111i bi\u1ec3n. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t thay v\u00ec dung d\u1ecbch gi\u00fap \u0111o th\u1eddi gian ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i bi\u1ec3n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh \u0111\u1ed9, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c t\u00e2y t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 \u00edt t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi ch\u00e9p gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ph\u1ea7n \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. Trong khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u00ednh lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng ampun, c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng hai \u1ed1ng r\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y b\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 gi\u00fap c\u00e1t ch\u1ea3y \u1edf gi\u1eefa. M\u00e3i cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1760 hai ph\u1ea7n \u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o nhau \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y."}
+{"text": "Trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t c\u1ed5 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1t l\u00e0m h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o th\u1eddi gian, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat c\u00e1t n\u00e0o. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \"b\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch, ox\u00edt thi\u1ebfc/ch\u00ec, v\u00e0 v\u1ecf tr\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y\". Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t. Sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t l\u00e0 1/12 ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 1/2 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t."}
+{"text": "Trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ferdinand Magellan v\u00f2ng quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 18 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t t\u1eeb Barcelona trong kho t\u00e0u, sau khi chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n b\u1edfi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Charles V. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tr\u00ean t\u00e0u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u1eddi gian cho nh\u1eadt k\u00fd t\u00e0u. Gi\u1eefa tr\u01b0a l\u00e0 m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian tham kh\u1ea3o cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n k\u00ednh, v\u00ec m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111ang \u1edf thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o khung chung, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t b\u1ed1n-ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u00dd c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, trong b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Khoa h\u1ecdc, \u1edf South Kensington, London, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o c\u00e1c qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 v\u00e0 1 gi\u1edd (v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, \u0111\u1ec3 linh m\u1ee5c \u0111o th\u1eddi gian b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o)."}
+{"text": "V\u00ec t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda gi\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t. C\u1eb7p tam gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ecdc n\u1ed1i nhau t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec9nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9; c\u1ea3 \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, n\u01a1i n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 chim s\u00e9t ho\u1eb7c (\u1edf d\u1ea1ng d\u00e0i h\u01a1n) m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh da \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin l\u00e0 n\u00f3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eebng Chuncho. Trong d\u1ec7t may c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Zulu h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u1eb7p tam gi\u00e1c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau \u1edf \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf tranh hang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \"m\u00f4 t\u00edp d\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t\" cho nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u nh\u00e2n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Solomon. C\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Tic Toc, t\u1eeb phim truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 Challengers of the Unknown s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua."}
+{"text": "Albert Einstein (ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c: [\u02c8alb\u0250t \u02c8a\u026an\u0283ta\u026an] ( nghe), phi\u00ean \u00e2m: Anh-xtanh; 14 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1879 \u2013 18 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1955) l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, m\u1ed9t trong hai tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t kia l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng E = mc2 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \"ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\"), \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao Gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m 1921 \"cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n\". C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t khai sinh ra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc Newton kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u0103ng trong n\u0103m 1905. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn trong n\u0103m 1916, n\u0103m \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t. \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. N\u0103m 1917, Einstein s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Satyendra Nath Bose, n\u0103m 1924-1925 \u00f4ng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 Bose-Einstein c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Tuy c\u0169ng l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ecf ra kh\u1eaft khe v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Niels Bohr v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd EPR v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Khi \u00f4ng \u0111ang th\u0103m Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00ec Adolf Hitler l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1933, do v\u1eady \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Berlin. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1940. V\u00e0o l\u00fac s\u1eafp di\u1ec5n ra Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n hai, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Franklin D. Roosevelt r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \"m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i bom m\u1edbi c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nguy hi\u1ec3m\" v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 n\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Manhattan sau n\u00e0y. Einstein \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ed3ng minh, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i chung ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m v\u0169 kh\u00ed. Sau n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Bertrand Russell, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Russell\u2013Einstein, n\u00eau b\u1eadt s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Einstein l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Cao c\u1ea5p \u1edf Princeton, New Jersey cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1955."}
+{"text": "D\u00f9 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i, gia \u0111\u00ecnh Einstein kh\u00f4ng theo Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o. Albert h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fac 5 tu\u1ed5i trong v\u00f2ng 3 n\u0103m. Sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u00ean 8 tu\u1ed5i, Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng Luitpold Gymnasium n\u01a1i c\u1eadu h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc trong v\u00f2ng 7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi r\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00fac c\u00f2n b\u00e9 Einstein n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng c\u1eadu v\u1eabn h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft tay ph\u1ea3i; v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft tay tr\u00e1i."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed1 Einstein c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 cho c\u1eadu c\u00e1i la b\u00e0n b\u1ecf t\u00fai, v\u00e0 Einstein nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho kim chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \"kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng\" quanh c\u00e1i kim. Khi l\u1edbn l\u00ean, Einstein t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u1ecbch v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 1889, Max Talmud (sau \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Max Talmey) ch\u1ec9 cho c\u1eadu b\u00e9 10 tu\u1ed5i Einstein nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, bao g\u1ed3m Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u1ee7a Immanuel Kant v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Euclid (sau n\u00e0y Einstein g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"s\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc nh\u1ecf th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh\"). Talmud l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean y khoa Do th\u00e1i ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Ba Lan. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp cho Talmud \u0103n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Einstein v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 N\u0103m trong tu\u1ea7n trong v\u00f2ng s\u00e1u n\u0103m. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y Talmud \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn t\u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Einstein \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00fa v\u1ecb.[fn 1]"}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1894, c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 c\u1eadu b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n do ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n thay th\u1ebf d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (DC) b\u1eb1ng d\u00f2ng xoay chi\u1ec1u (AC). \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh doanh m\u1edbi, gia \u0111\u00ecnh Einstein chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u00dd, ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn Milan v\u00e0 v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Pavia. Khi gia \u0111\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Pavia, Einstein \u1edf l\u1ea1i M\u00fcnchen \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Luitpold Gymnasium. B\u1ed1 Einstein d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh mu\u1ed1n anh theo h\u1ecdc k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng Einstein tranh c\u00e3i v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. Sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i trong s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1894, anh t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf Pavia, v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho anh ngh\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a anh. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u1edf \u00dd, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u1eafn v\u1edbi nhan \u0111\u1ec1, \"Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Ether trong t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\"."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i h\u00e8 1895, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 16, Einstein tham gia thi tuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa li\u00ean bang Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 \u1edf Zurich (t\u00ean Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 sau n\u00e0y Eidgen\u00f6ssische Polytechnische Schule). \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fang tuy\u1ec3n do kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u1ea9n \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m cao \u1edf m\u00f4n V\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ETH, anh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh bang Aargau \u1edf Aarau, Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, n\u0103m 1895-96 \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1eadc h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. Trong khi \u1edf tr\u1ecd v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Jost Winteler, anh \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u00ean l\u00e0 Marie. (Em g\u00e1i Maja Einstein sau n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai c\u1ee7a Wintelet, Paul) Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1896, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 anh, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c W\u00fcrttemberg \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. (\u00d4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 5 n\u0103m sau, th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1901.) Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1896, \u00f4ng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eadc h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 cao (bao g\u1ed3m \u0111i\u1ec3m 6 trong hai m\u00f4n V\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, theo thang \u0111i\u1ec3m 1-6), v\u00e0 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 17, anh \u0111\u1ed7 v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1eed nh\u00e2n s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m V\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ETH Z\u00fcrich. Marie Winteler chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u1edf Olsberg, Th\u1ee5y S\u0129."}
+{"text": "Trong c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, Mileva Mari\u0107, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Einstein, c\u0169ng v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng ETH \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean To\u00e1n v\u00e0 V\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef duy nh\u1ea5t trong 6 sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. T\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch V\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e0 Einstein \u0111ang quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn. N\u0103m 1900, Einstein t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1eed nh\u00e2n s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m ETH Zurich, nh\u01b0ng Mari\u0107 l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u00e0i thi do c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u00e9m trong chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u00e0m. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng Mileva Mari\u0107 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f9ng Einstein trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 n\u0103m 1905, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed V\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 n\u00e0o cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a b\u00e0."}
+{"text": "Sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n hai n\u0103m kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Marcel Grossmann nh\u1edd quen bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee5c s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Bern, \u1edf C\u1ee5c li\u00ean bang v\u1ec1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, c\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf, v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. N\u0103m 1903, \u00f4ng v\u00e0o bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf l\u00e2u n\u0103m c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng \"n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c\"."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1901, \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \"Folgerungen aus den Kapillarit\u00e4t Erscheinungen\" (\"C\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mao d\u1eabn\") tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 Annalen der Physik. Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1905, Einstein ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m Alfred Kleiner. Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Zurich. Lu\u1eadn \u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \"M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed\". Trong c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 N\u0103m k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Einstein, \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1ed1n b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1, v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng Brown, thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (E=mc2), khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi trong gi\u1edbi h\u00e0n l\u00e2m tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1908, gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc coi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bern m\u1eddi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c n\u0103m sau, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n th\u00f4i vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u00f4i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c danh Privatdozent v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Zurich. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Karl-Ferdinand (nay l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Charles) \u1edf Praha n\u0103m 1911. N\u0103m 1914, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Kaiser Wilhelm v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd (1914\u20131932) v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt, Berlin, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong b\u1ea3n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u1ed5. N\u0103m 1916, Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i V\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c (1916\u20131918)."}
+{"text": "Trong n\u0103m 1911, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng suy lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1907 v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecf do h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a tia s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i sao \u1edf xa s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch b\u1edfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Tuy v\u1eady gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c sau khi \u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh trung t\u00e2m cho thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t (1915). Ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi Sir Arthur Eddington trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh theo d\u00f5i nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1919. C\u00e1c t\u1edd b\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 Einstein tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1919, t\u1edd b\u00e1o tin t\u1ee9c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Anh The Times in m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean trang nh\u1ea5t vi\u1ebft l\u00e0: \"C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong Khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u2013 C\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Newton \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt nh\u00e0o\". Sau \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Eddington l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Einstein."}
+{"text": "Einstein \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1921, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ba tu\u1ea7n thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Columbia v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton, v\u00e0 \u1edf Washington \u00f4ng \u0111i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Viscount Haldane \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi \u00f4ng t\u1edbi Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc King."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1922, \u00f4ng \u0111i du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u trong chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh 6 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 Palestine. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m Singapore, Ceylon, v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu t\u1ea1i Ho\u00e0ng cung. Einstein sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m m\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 \u00f4ng g\u1eedi cho con trai m\u00ecnh: \"Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p, b\u1ed1 th\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, th\u00f4ng minh, chu \u0111\u00e1o, v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.\" Tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng gh\u00e9 th\u0103m H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nghe tin m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd."}
+{"text": "Khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng gh\u00e9 qua Palestine, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh, trong 12 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m v\u00f9ng Trung \u0110\u00f4ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Walter Isaacson vi\u1ebft \"\u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 long tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch cao c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft\", bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ph\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u ch\u00e0o m\u1eebng khi \u0111\u1ebfn dinh th\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Anh, Sir Herbert Samuel. Trong bu\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfp, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e2y quanh dinh th\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 nghe Einstein n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n. Khi n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3, \u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh:"}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1933 khi \u0111ang th\u0103m Hoa K\u1ef3, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c do \u0110\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 l\u00ean n\u1eafm ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1933 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba k\u00e9o d\u00e0i hai th\u00e1ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 California \u1edf Pasadena. \u00d4ng v\u00e0 b\u00e0 Elsa tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i B\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 3. Trong chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Berlin \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 t\u1ecbch thu. Khi \u0111\u1ebfn Antwerp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1933 \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng b\u00e0 Elsa quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cao c\u1ea5p Princeton t\u1ea1i Princeton, New Jersey. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t n\u0103m r\u01b0\u1ee1i. \u00d4ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u m\u1eddi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, bao g\u1ed3m Oxford), nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1935 \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf l\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. \u00d4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n Princeton cho t\u1edbi khi qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1955. T\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 John von Neumann v\u00e0 Kurt G\u00f6del), \u00f4ng c\u0169ng s\u1edbm h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi G\u00f6del. H\u1ecd hay \u0111i d\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nhau. Tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Bruria Kaufman. \u1ede vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp trung ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Einstein c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef v\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \"Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng ch\u01a1i x\u00fac x\u1eafc\"."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1939, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Hungari bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o Washington r\u1eb1ng phe Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. Tuy v\u1eady c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Einstein v\u00e0 Szil\u00e1rd, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m Edward Teller v\u00e0 Eugene Wigner, \"coi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng Hitler r\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0169 kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\" H\u00e8 1939, v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u1ed5 ra chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Szil\u00e1rd khuy\u00ean m\u1eddi Einstein k\u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Franklin D. Roosevelt \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y. B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi v\u00e0 tham gia tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u uranium c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chu\u1ed7i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n."}
+{"text": "B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \"th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cho ph\u00e9p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n\". T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roosevelt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00e1nh r\u1ee7i ro khi Hitler s\u1edf h\u1eefu bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u00e1 th\u01b0 v\u00e0 bu\u1ed5i g\u1eb7p c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1edbi Roosevelt, Hoa K\u1ef3 tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \"ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua\" ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bom, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Manhattan. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc duy nh\u1ea5t s\u1edf h\u1eefu bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n II."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Einstein, \"chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh... [v\u00e0] \u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn tranh.\" Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m 1933, sau khi Hitler tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed1i cao \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, \"\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c.\":110 N\u0103m 1954, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, Einstein k\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n gi\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Linus Pauling, \"T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u2014 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi t\u00f4i k\u00fd v\u00e0o b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roosevelt khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb n\u00ean ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed; v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 \u2014 s\u1ebd nguy hi\u1ec3m hi\u1ec3m n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3...\""}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \"Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u\" (NAACP) t\u1ea1i Princeton \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi, Einstein c\u00f3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 W. E. B. Du Bois, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1946 Einstein g\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 \"th\u1ee9 b\u1ec7nh t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t\". \u00d4ng n\u00f3i, \"\u0110\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng may \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1edf M\u1ef9 lan truy\u1ec1n qua t\u1eebng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9\"."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1955, Albert Einstein b\u1ecb ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u trong do v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt b\u1edfi ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Rudolph Nissen n\u0103m 1948. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nh\u00e1p chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Israel khi tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u00f3. Einstein \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: \"T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111i khi t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n. Th\u1eadt v\u00f4 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh chia s\u1ebb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i \u0111i. T\u00f4i s\u1ebd ra \u0111i trong thanh th\u1ea3n.\" \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t trong b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Princeton v\u00e0o s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm h\u00f4m sau \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 76, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1i th\u1edf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Thi th\u1ec3 Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfa t\u00e1ng v\u00e0 tro \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea3i kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i quanh v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cao c\u1ea5p, Princeton, New Jersey. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eed thi, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Princeton, Thomas Stoltz Harvey \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed5 l\u1ea5y n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng, v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m Einstein tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng minh."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Einstein b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1902, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Antoine Lavoisier tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. L\u00fd do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1eabn nghi ng\u1edd v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Ludwig Boltzmann l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Boltzmann \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc, g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u0103ng entropy c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. Theo c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a Boltzmann, entropy l\u00e0 logarit c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh b\u00ean trong. L\u00fd do entropy t\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi v\u00ec x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh b\u00ean trong chuy\u1ec3n sang h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u1edbn. Trong khi c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a Boltzmann v\u1ec1 entropy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i ng\u00e0y nay, v\u00e0 Einstein \u0111\u00e3 tin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX n\u00f3 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed. James Clerk Maxwell, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u1edbt c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, ma s\u00e1t trong ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng khi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed tr\u1edf l\u00ean r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p. Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp sau c\u1ee7a Maxwell v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n k\u00ec l\u1ea1 n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t tr\u1ed1ng quay t\u00e1ch, cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Maxwell."}
+{"text": "B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. Maxwell ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn. Trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, m\u1ecdi dao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n (chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ec3u l\u00f2 xo) c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng kBT \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh T, do v\u1eady nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi l\u00f2 xo l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 BoltzmannkB. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn \u0111\u01a1n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u1edbi Nnguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 N qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u nh\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi N nguy\u00ean t\u1eed g\u1eafn v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi 3N l\u00f2 xo, do v\u1eady nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn l\u00e0 3NkB, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Dulong\u2013Petit. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. T\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n 0K, nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh v\u1eadt l\u00fd, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0i nghi l\u00e0 Ernst Mach, ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn nhu c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Mach tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng, m\u00e0 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, do v\u1eady s\u1ed1 Avogadro l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, ho\u1eb7c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 kB l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 th\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ma s\u00e1t cho qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u nh\u1ecf trong ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng nh\u1edbt gi\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi George Stokes. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf, l\u1ef1c ma s\u00e1t t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t. Quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bao nhi\u00eau trong n\u01b0\u1edbc do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec7t ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 Einstein ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t micron, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c v\u00e0i micron trong m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Robert Brown d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi, hay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng Brown. Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra. T\u1eeb th\u0103ng gi\u00e1ng g\u00e2y ra chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng Brown c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u0103ng gi\u00e1ng v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c \u0111o ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng Brown s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Boltzmann l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 Avogadro."}
+{"text": "L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng Brown l\u00e0 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. N\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u0103ng gi\u00e1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau t\u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein ch\u1ec9 ra l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u0103ng gi\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0ng trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng Brown \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc (dynamical relaxation rates) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1eeb c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec9 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (statistical relaxation rates) \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ra \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Einstein trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u00fang n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m vi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng hay ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn quay (hay t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng quay, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta quay to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng gian ch\u1ee9a h\u1ec7 theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c). N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn quay m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i suy x\u00e9t. Einstein \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecm c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd m\u1edbi theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u1edbi. Khi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7, th\u00ec v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u1edbi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean do Einstein t\u00ecm ra l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, theo \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee9ng im. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hermann Minkowski m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn quay t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft b\u1edfi Einstein v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. M\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Einstein, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Mach, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1905 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u ra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p, cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 co \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i (theo h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng) c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y c\u0169ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00eate (v\u1eadt l\u00fd) - m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Eiinstein ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1906, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Planck v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, c\u00f9ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. Einstein \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn b\u1ecb l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng khi ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i."}
+{"text": "Einstein t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y b\u1ecb l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a, tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Planck, do v\u1eady m\u1ed7i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 xo c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean l\u1ea7n hf, trong \u0111\u00f3 f l\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a Boltzmann \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i l\u00f2 xo trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Planck cho \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng: t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 kBT nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n hf, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i (\u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng), v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 0."}
+{"text": "Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Wilhelm Wien n\u0103m 1898. Wien \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \"b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t\" c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt \u0111en t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn ra t\u1eeb '\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n Wien. Einstein n\u0103m 1911 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t. Arnold Sommerfeld \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecb l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb 1900 \u0111\u1ebfn 1925. (hay l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n)"}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ee5c c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Einstein l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ea1ng hai n\u0103m 1906, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 1908, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean th\u1ec9nh gi\u1ea3ng (privatdozent) t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bern. Trong \"\u00fcber die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen \u00fcber das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung\" (\"The Development of Our Views on the Composition and Essence of Radiation\"), v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1909, Einstein ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Planck ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u01b0 x\u1eed nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m photon (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Gilbert N. Lewis \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi photon m\u00e3i t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1926) v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng-h\u1ea1t trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Planck v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1ec1 s\u00f3ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea1t, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Louis de Broglie \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 khai sinh ra nguy\u00ean l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Einstein \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 trong ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0m b\u1eadc hai c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do theo m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9. T\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n l\u1edbn. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 khi \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng nh\u00ecn tr\u1eafng nh\u01b0 s\u1eefa. Einstein li\u00ean h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 Raleigh, m\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra khi \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1907, khi c\u00f2n \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i cuc b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nh\u1ea5t\" trong \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn ra l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. \u00d4ng suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p thang m\u00e1y chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi gia t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p thang m\u00e1y im trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec9nh thang m\u00e1y gia t\u1ed1c l\u00ean tr\u00ean s\u1ebd nhanh h\u01a1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u1edf s\u00e0n thang m\u00e1y. \u00d4ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa hai t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn theo x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c du s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u00f4, n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a tia s\u00e1ng do h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi Gunnar Nordstr\u00f6m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c cho \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch m\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u00ednh ra nh\u1ecf \u0111i 2 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c, do x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 \u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n g\u1ea7n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Khi Einstein ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch tia s\u00e1ng \u0111i g\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Einstein \u0111\u00e3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1909-1912, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u0129a quay. Einstein t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra m\u1ed9t quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00e0n quay. \u00d4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u1eb1ng quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c cho h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc pi so v\u1edbi trong h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 v\u00ec b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb co \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng theo thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p chu vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n do c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o chu vi b\u1ecb co ng\u1eafn l\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1912, Einstein tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c danh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u00f4ng t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ETH. Khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Zurich, ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ETH l\u00e0 Marcel Grossmann, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Einstein \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi Grossmann c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gian cong kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cho \u00f4ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Riemann v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc vi ph\u00e2n. Theo \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd Tullio Levi-Civita, Einstein b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu \u00edch c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd hi\u1ec7p bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t (c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tenx\u01a1) cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00f3 l\u00fac Einstein ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sai l\u1ea7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1915, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng theo d\u1ea1ng ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 cong c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng th\u1eddi gian do v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean minh trung t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh n\u00e0y, v\u00ec l\u00fd do an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng qua n\u1ed7 l\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o Paul Ehrenfest v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Nobel gia Hendrik Lorentz v\u00e0 Willem de Sitter c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Leiden. Sau khi chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac, Einstein v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Leiden, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y trong m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m, t\u1eeb 1920 \u0111\u1ebfn 1930, Einstein th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1919, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc do Arthur Stanley Eddington d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ebb cong c\u1ee7a tia s\u00e1ng do h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi trong khi ch\u1ee5p c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i Pr\u00edncipe, m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda t\u00e2y ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u1edf Sobral, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Brasil. Nobel gia Max Born t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\"; v\u00e0 Nobel gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Paul Dirac n\u00f3i \"n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n\". C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf lan truy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn Einstein tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Eddington cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn sai s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 Eddington \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh n\u0103m 1962 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 tin c\u1eady. S\u1ef1 b\u1ebb cong c\u1ee7a tia s\u00e1ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n sau \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ec1 sau, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Einstein, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Einstein c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1916, Einstein d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9 cong c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 lan truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng, ch\u00fang mang theo n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn theo khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u00e0 do b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn Lorentz \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c lan truy\u1ec1n h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn tham gia. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Newton, khi cho r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn lan truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ee9c th\u00ec hay v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c l\u1edbn v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 v\u1ec1 c\u1eb7p sao neutron quay tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1eb9p quanh nhau, PSR B1913+16. Quan s\u00e1t cho th\u1ea5y chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf h\u1ec7 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t ra s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng. D\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2016, khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m LIGO c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2015, g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau ng\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1917, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9. Theo d\u00f2ng suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng trong thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00fat v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 nhau d\u1eabn t\u1edbi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 co l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi, h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u t\u0129nh v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng"}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1917, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, Einstein xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o trong ''Physikalische Zeitschrift \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 k\u00edch th\u00edch, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd gi\u00fap hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c maser v\u00e0 laser. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 Planck khi s\u1ef1 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi n photon s\u1ebd g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 photon. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ec9 ra t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Einstein \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Louis de Broglie, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, khi Einstein l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00f3ng cho c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng de Broglie, trong \u0111\u00f3 Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Hamilton\u2013Jacobi c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Schr\u00f6dinger n\u0103m 1926."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1924, Einstein nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Satyendra Nath Bose, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfm v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Einstein ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi r\u1eb1ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a Bose c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1eedi b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Bose t\u1edbi t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Physik. Einstein c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, bao g\u1ed3m hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 Bose-Einstein m\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p.. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u0103m 1995, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m b\u1edfi Eric Allin Cornell v\u00e0 Carl Wieman nh\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i NIST\u2013ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m JILA t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Colorado \u1edf Boulder. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Bose-Einstein b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 spin nguy\u00ean, c\u00e1c boson. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Einstein cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem t\u1ea1i \"Einstein Archive\" trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Leiden."}
+{"text": "Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c, do v\u1eady n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Noether cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb h\u00e0m Lagrangian v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7p bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng gauge. Tenx\u01a1 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t - n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Einstein kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, b\u1edfi v\u00ec theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft m\u1ea5t. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn ra t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng theo \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Noether kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tenx\u01a1 th\u1ef1c v\u00ec l\u00fd do nh\u01b0 v\u1eady."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfp theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, Einstein b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, cho ph\u00e9p k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. N\u0103m 1950, \u00f4ng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \"thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t\" c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Scientific American v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \"V\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\". M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c trong con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Trong vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n y\u1ebfu, ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t; v\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4i th\u00fac m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y, trong \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed hay h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Einstein v\u00e0 De Haas \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb h\u00f3a l\u00e0 do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c electron m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 spin. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb h\u00f3a trong m\u1ed9t thanh th\u00e9p treo tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t con l\u1eafc xo\u1eafn. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng thanh th\u00e9p b\u1ecb quay \u0111i m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u00f4 men \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a electron b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb h\u00f3a. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u00f4 men \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi electron l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a electron v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb h\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u01b0\u1edbc sang tu\u1ed5i 13, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n sonata v\u0129 c\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Mozart. \"Einstein tr\u1edf n\u00ean y\u00eau th\u00edch\" \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Mozart, Botstein vi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ch\u01a1i v\u0129 c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n h\u01a1n. Theo Einstein, \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \"th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\", v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"say m\u00ea l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m.\" Khi 17 tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1ea3n sonata v\u0129 c\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Beethoven trong m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 ki\u1ec3m tra \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u1edf Aarau, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t khi \u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac l\u00e0 \"xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i dung tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi.\" \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean l\u00e0, theo Botstein, Einstein \"th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y.\""}
+{"text": "Botstein l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Einstein. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tham gia ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c th\u00ednh ph\u00f2ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n cho nh\u00f3m v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c th\u00ednh ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng khi c\u00f2n \u1edf Bern, Zurich, v\u00e0 Berlin, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c c\u00f9ng Max Planck v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m 1931, trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 California, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m gia \u0111\u00ecnh Zoellner \u1edf Los Angeles v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Beethoven v\u00e0 Mozart c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m t\u1ee9 t\u1ea5u Zoellner. Einstein sau \u0111\u00f3 trao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh l\u01b0u ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ee5p \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1eef k\u00fd. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui th\u00edch m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap \u00f4ng trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. B\u00e0 Elsa n\u00f3i \"\u00e2m nh\u1ea1c gi\u00fap \u00f4ng khi \u0111ang suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. \u00d4ng m\u1ea3i m\u00ea nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, quay tr\u1edf ra gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0i \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ee3p \u00e2m piano, r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c\"."}
+{"text": "Einstein l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. \u00d4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i phong tr\u00e0o Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 \u0111ang t\u0103ng l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc Israel. Fred Jerome trong quy\u1ec3n Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Israel v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i cho r\u1eb1ng Einstein l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf Palestine \"v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang.\" Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean bang g\u1ed3m 2 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi \"c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.\""}
+{"text": "Trong cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng 11 \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ng ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u1edf t\u1edd tin t\u1ee9c Berliner Tageblatt v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1918 v\u00e0 \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c. Sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 II, khi s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 h\u1eb1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u0169 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, Einstein vi\u1ebft, \"T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 III ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed g\u00ec \u1edf Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 IV - \u0111\u00e1! Einstein 1949 C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi With Albert Schweitzer v\u00e0 Bertrand Russell, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 bom trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac m\u1ea5t, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Russell\u2013Einstein, m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Pugwash v\u1ec1 Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean nghi v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m khoa h\u1ecdc (quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn) d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1ec1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, li\u1ec7u \u00f4ng c\u00f3 tin v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa, hay v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1929, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Do Th\u00e1i Herbert S. Goldstein r\u1eb1ng \"T\u00f4i tin v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a Spinoza, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh trong nguy\u00ean l\u00fd h\u00e0i h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ch\u00faa c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \" Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 n\u0103m 1954, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, \"T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t Ch\u00faa nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.\" Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi tri\u1ebft gia Erik Gutkind, Einstein n\u00f3i r\u00f5, \"Danh t\u1eeb Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Kinh th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean s\u01a1, huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00e1 l\u00e0 ng\u00e2y ng\u00f4.\""}
+{"text": "T\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Voyager 1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0u th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 r\u00f4b\u1ed1t n\u1eb7ng 722-kil\u00f4gam (1,592 lb) ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf ngo\u00e0i H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng \u0111i ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1977. N\u00f3 v\u1eabn nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 \u0111ang theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 v\u00e0nh \u0111ai Kuiper v\u00e0 ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1edbi th\u0103m Sao M\u1ed9c v\u00e0 Sao Th\u1ed5; l\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng c\u1ee7a hai h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y. Con t\u00e0u n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. Ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 Plutonium (Pu). Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t."}
+{"text": "Voyager 1 c\u00f3 ba m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 (RTG) g\u1eafn tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t x\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i. M\u1ed7i c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a 24 vi\u00ean n\u00e9n plutoni-238 \u00f4x\u00edt h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n silic-germani s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a plutoni-238 th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t RTG t\u1ea1o ra kho\u1ea3ng 470 watt \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00f3ng, ph\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1ecfa v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t RTG gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n theo th\u1eddi gian (do chu k\u00ec b\u00e1n r\u00e3 87.7 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a plutoni-238 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n), nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t RTG s\u1ebd v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2025."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m 2 camera. M\u1ed9t camera g\u00f3c r\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh 200mm v\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 f/3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t camera g\u00f3c h\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh 1500mm v\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 f/8.5. C\u1ea3 hai camera \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb 8 b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc m\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh quay v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn vidicon s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong camera c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0u Mariner \u0111\u1ec3 thu nh\u1eadn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. C\u1ea3 hai camera \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh FDS. Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u trong b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00f3ng tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Sao M\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 hai t\u00e0u Voyager th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 hai t\u00e0u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1edbi th\u0103m Sao Th\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 v\u00e0nh \u0111ai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Chuy\u1ebfn bay v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 Sao Th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Voyager 1 di\u1ec5n ra th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1980, v\u1edbi l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1980, khi t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o trong kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 124000 km t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Sao Th\u1ed5. C\u00e1c camera tr\u00ean t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong c\u00e1c v\u00e0nh \u0111ai c\u1ee7a Sao Th\u1ed5, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn xa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Sao Th\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng v\u1ec7 tinh Titan l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay ngang qua Titan \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c th\u1eeba khi\u1ebfn Voyager 1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng Ecliptic, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t phi v\u1ee5 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Voyager 1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00f3ng kh\u00e1c, theo \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng s\u00fang cao su tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Sao Th\u1ed5 s\u1ebd l\u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng Voyager 1 ra ngo\u00e0i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay qua Sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, b\u1edfi qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00f3ng kh\u00e1c bay qua Titan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt nguy c\u01a1."}
+{"text": "\u1ede kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00ean, s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hay radio, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf d\u1ea1ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 299.792,5 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t tr\u00ean gi\u00e2y (t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng), m\u1ea5t 15,5 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1eeb Voyager 1 t\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kho\u1ea3ng 1,4 gi\u00e2y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t; M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u1edf x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 8,5 ph\u00fat \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng; Sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 4,5 gi\u1edd \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng; C\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ngo\u00e0i Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng 2006 SQ372 \u1edf vi\u1ec5n nh\u1eadt c\u00e1ch kho\u1ea3ng 12,3 ng\u00e0y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng; v\u00e0 ng\u00f4i sao g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch 4,22 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng."}
+{"text": "\u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2008, Voyager 1 \u1edf g\u00f3c nghi\u00eang 12.45\u00b0 v\u00e0 17.125 gi\u1edd l\u00ean th\u1eb3ng, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u1edf trong ch\u00f2m sao Ophiuchus khi quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. NASA ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1m s\u00e1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi Voyager 1 b\u1eb1ng Deep Space Network c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 g\u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng radio t\u1edbi t\u1eeb Voyager 1, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1edbi Voyager 1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ec5 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tin hi\u1ec7u radio t\u1eeb v\u00e0 t\u1edbi Voyager 1. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ec5 \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u.."}
+{"text": "C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c (ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR; th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 1949 \u0111\u1ebfn 1990 theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay. C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i X\u00f4-vi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1949, sau khi Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c (T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c) ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y trong khu v\u1ef1c do Ph\u00e1p, Anh v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1949, tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1955, \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1edbi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. D\u1ea7u v\u1eady, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3ng tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y theo Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Potsdam gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1n c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, Anh, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4. V\u00ec qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u1ed1i NATO c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Berlin, \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Berlin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Warszawa, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ee3 Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4."}
+{"text": "Sau g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i XHCN, khi s\u1eafp s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c, \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m 1989, GDP c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1t 159,5 t\u1ef7 USD (th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 1989) so v\u1edbi 945,7 t\u1ef7 USD c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c, trong khi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 1/4 so v\u1edbi T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c (16 tri\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi 63 tri\u1ec7u), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00ednh theo thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 64% so v\u1edbi T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c (9.679 USD so v\u1edbi 15.300 USD, th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 1989). Ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1989, \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1990. Ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 8 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1990. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp n\u00e0y, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II k\u1ebft th\u00fac, v\u00f9ng sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Mitteldeutschland\" (Trung hay Trung \u0110\u1ee9c). \u1ede ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng Oder v\u00e0 Neisse l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Ph\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn: Pomerania, \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u1ed5, T\u00e2y Ph\u1ed5, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Silesia v\u00e0 H\u1ea1 Silesia, v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Neumark c\u1ee7a Brandenburg. Trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Yalta r\u1eb1ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Ba Lan th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn Oder-Neisse, v\u00e0 \"Trung \u0110\u1ee9c\" c\u0169 khi \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "L\u00e4nder (c\u00e1c bang) Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, thu\u1ed9c V\u00f9ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c (trong ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c: Sowjetische Besatzungszone, hay SBZ). Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng ph\u00eda t\u00e2y (Hoa K\u1ef3, Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p) d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi ACC n\u0103m 1948 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 SBZ ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c Berlin do Li\u00ean X\u00f4 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c (hay C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c, FRG)."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ed3ng minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u cam k\u1ebft duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn Potsdam n\u0103m 1945, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd. B\u1ea3n Ghi ch\u00fa Stalin n\u0103m 1952 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00fat lui c\u1ee7a si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ecfi Trung \u00c2u, nh\u01b0ng Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. Stalin ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1953. D\u00f9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 Lavrenty Beria trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn c\u00f3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Stalin, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c sau m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh h\u1ed3i gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1953. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng, Nikita Khrushchev, b\u00e1c b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00e0n giao \u0111\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 xem x\u00e9t nghi\u00eam t\u00fac n\u00e0o v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cho t\u1edbi khi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1989."}
+{"text": "Khi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, Berlin, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, b\u1ecb chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n khu v\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u coi \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1ecb tranh c\u00e3i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1edfi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1edfi thi\u1ebft qu\u00e2n lu\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0 khi cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin s\u1ebd li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "\u1ede cu\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ea3ng Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a (SED), \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1946 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a \u00e1p l\u1ef1c X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1t x\u00edt. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu ho\u00e1, v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1949, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 cao ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 trao cho SED quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i b\u00ean tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi \"c\u00e1c danh s\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c SED \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Wilhelm Pieck, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t) c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau n\u0103m 1950 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u1eb1m trong tay Walter Ulbricht, th\u01b0 k\u00fd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a SED c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n."}
+{"text": "Cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1952, C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c bang Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Saxony v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bang (L\u00e4nder) v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh (Provinzen) th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c do Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd theo c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn Potsdam h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn. Hai ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Ba Lan s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn (Pomerania v\u00e0 H\u1ea1 Silesia) v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh. Trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh n\u0103m 1952, c\u00e1c bang b\u1ecb xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi 14 qu\u1eadn nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c qu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang: Rostock, Neubrandenburg, Schwerin, Potsdam, Frankfurt (Oder), Magdeburg, Cottbus, Halle, Leipzig, Erfurt, Dresden, Karl-Marx-Stadt (\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean Chemnitz cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1953 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u00ean n\u00e0y t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1990), Gera, v\u00e0 Suhl. \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1eadn n\u0103m 1961."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfn tranh cho X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, g\u00e2y m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c. Trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u0103m 1945 v\u00e0 1946), H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 Li\u00ean X\u00f4, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng $10 t\u1ef7 n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1950 d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhanh c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y sang ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 50, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi v\u00f9ng X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 di c\u01b0 sang ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. Cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7. Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ed3i gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 (xem Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ee9c). V\u00ec vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 (nh\u01b0 b\u00e1c s\u0129) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf sang ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c 'ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m' \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1961, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Berlin v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin, ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Berlin. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. B\u1ed9 an ninh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (hay Stasi), m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng an ninh c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1953, sau m\u1ed9t quota s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u0103ng 10% c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 m\u1edbi \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin, Stalinallee (ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Karl-Marx-Allee), nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh n\u1ed5 ra \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng lan kh\u1eafp \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1edbi h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh trong 700 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Lo s\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u00e0 v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 18 xe t\u0103ng c\u00f9ng binh s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eabn n\u1ed5 ra, l\u00e0m kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng b\u1eaft gi\u1eef, b\u1ecf t\u00f9 l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u01a1n 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 t\u1ef1 do \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ghi nh\u1eadn."}
+{"text": "T\u1edbi th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c coi \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 theo H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Hallstein t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft) c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, Ostpolitik do Willy Brandt ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Moscow (th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1970), Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Warsaw (th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1970), Tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a B\u1ed1n C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 Berlin (th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1971), Tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn Qu\u00e1 c\u1ea3nh (th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1972), v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc C\u0103n b\u1ea3n (th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1972) gi\u00fap b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng gia nh\u1eadp Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c. C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1972 cho t\u1edbi khi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1989, sau s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 gian l\u1eadn, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n xin visa \u0111i ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, hay r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1989 Hungary b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 m\u1edf c\u1eeda bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 13.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i qua bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \"xanh\" qua Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o Hungary v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o \u00c1o v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Leipzig. Kurt Masur, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c Erich Honecker ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u00f4n ho\u00e0 h\u01a1n, Egon Krenz."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1989, v\u00e0i \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o T\u00e2y Berlin v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c r\u00fat lui. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, ch\u00fang nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb v\u00f9i l\u1ea5p b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c. Sau m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n (nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n 2+4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi hai nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh (Hoa K\u1ef3, Ph\u00e1p, Anh, v\u00e0 Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft) d\u1eabn t\u1edbi tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. N\u0103m bang c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1eebng b\u1ecb xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf n\u0103m 1952 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c. Ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1990, n\u0103m bang ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c gia nh\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c, trong khi \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Berlin th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh bang th\u1ee9 ba (theo c\u00f9ng ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 Bremen v\u00e0 Hamburg)."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thanh ni\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i gia nh\u1eadp NVA. Th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 18 th\u00e1ng, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00fd do y t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u1eadp ng\u0169 v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Baueinheiten (c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1964 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Tin l\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong Baueinheiten kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 sau khi h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y - v\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i hay g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi theo h\u1ecdc cao h\u1ecdc, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] Ri\u00eang \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u1eadp ng\u0169 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1952, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong tay B\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a SED, n\u0103m L\u00e4nder c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecb xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m Bezirke (t\u1ec9nh), m\u1ed7i qu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea5t ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Mecklenburg-Vorpommern \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia gi\u1eefa Bezirke Rostock, Schwerin v\u00e0 Neubrandenburg; Brandenburg (bao quanh Berlin) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh Bezirke Potsdam, Frankfurt v\u00e0 Cottbus; Saxony-Anhalt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh Bezirke Halle v\u00e0 Magdeburg; v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea5t t\u00e2y nam Thuringia th\u00e0nh Bezirke Erfurt, Gera v\u00e0 Suhl; cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng nam Sachsen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia gi\u1eefa Leipzig, Dresden v\u00e0 Karl-Marx-Stadt (tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia v\u00e0 sau khi C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chemnitz). Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Bezirk th\u1ee9 15, d\u00f9 n\u00f3 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef v\u1ecb th\u1ebf lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1968, khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin c\u00f9ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p V\u1ecb th\u1ebf B\u1ed1n C\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Bezirk nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1eeb 19 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1948 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 16 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m 1990. Kho\u1ea3ng 4 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1948 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn Oder-Neisse. Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 di c\u01b0 \u2013 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1961, v\u00e0 sau th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Ba Lan, c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 24 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m 1950 (h\u01a1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c) l\u00ean 38 tri\u1ec7u (g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c)."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u kh\u00e1c, \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eadp trung k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ho\u00e1, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Li\u00ean X\u00f4, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hay kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia T\u00e2y \u00c2u. C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c gia nh\u1eadp kh\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i COMECON n\u0103m 1950. C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed cung c\u1ea5p v\u1eadt t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1 ra, chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch hay c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u0103m 1985, c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm 96.7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m t\u1ed5ng thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 lu\u00f4n thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t. T\u1edbi t\u1eadn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u1eabn thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t; trong khi gi\u00e1 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u1eaft (x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 1US$ cho 200g), b\u00e1nh m\u00ec gi\u00e1 ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi 1 cent. N\u0103m 1989, th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe Wartburg m\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 13 n\u0103m.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng \u1edf T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c (hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh), v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 Staatsbank c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Intershop. C\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng hi\u1ebfm l\u00e0 qua c\u00f4ng ty Jauerfood c\u1ee7a \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, hay qua c\u00f4ng ty qu\u00e1 t\u1eb7ng qua th\u01b0 Genex."}
+{"text": "L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 1985 kho\u1ea3ng 2.8 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn; c\u00e1c ng\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n bu\u00f4n, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n l\u1ebb; v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do (ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, t\u00e1c gia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c). D\u00f9 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 kinh doanh, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o h\u1ecd trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao h\u01a1n 90%. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u0103ng ch\u1eadm. Theo c\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u0103m 1985 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 176.800 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m t\u01b0, t\u0103ng th\u00eam 500 so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1984. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng hi\u1ebfm, vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u TV v\u00e0 radio t\u1eeb Klassenfeind (t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \"k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n\") c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, (m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 Dresden, v\u00ec v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong thung l\u0169ng Elbe, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t danh hi\u1ec7u \"Thung l\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u\" -d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf radio ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3). \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m \"b\u00ed m\u1eadt\" v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u0103ng nh\u00f3m trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Die Skeptiker, Die Art v\u00e0 Feeling B. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 hip hop c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh ni\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u0103ng video nh\u01b0 Beat Street v\u00e0 Wild Style, thanh ni\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 hip hop c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hip hop v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 rap \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 xung quanh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o trong v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t cho nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ng\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1t."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u01a1 quan ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m phim l\u00e0 DEFA, Deutsche Film AG, c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, Gruppe Berlin, Gruppe Babelsberg hay Gruppe Johannisthal, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng quay v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t phim. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim cho \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim d\u00e0nh cho tr\u1ebb em (\"Das kalte Herz\", c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n phim c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 Grimm v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \"Das Schulgespenst\")."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra Ostern, hay nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim ki\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n da \u0111\u1ecf trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phim v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb man r\u1ee3, hung \u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam T\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng vai ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. Gojko Miti\u0107 r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u vai n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng vai th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh ngay th\u1eb3ng, t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 (\"Die S\u00f6hne der gro\u00dfen B\u00e4rin\" \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n b\u1edfi Josef Mach). \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Sioux huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i khi t\u1edbi th\u0103m Hoa K\u1ef3 h\u1ed3i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n l\u00e0m phim \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1p t\u00f9ng \u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 ca s\u0129 M\u1ef9 Dean Reed, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 phim. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ho\u00e1 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Xem th\u00eam Spaghetti Western v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c Winnetou (chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Karl May)."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 th\u1ec3 thao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i uy t\u00edn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u hockey tr\u00ean b\u0103ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 m\u1ed7i gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m hai \u0111\u1ed9i (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb th\u1ec3 thao tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc). B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 nh\u01b0 Dynamo Dresden, 1. FC Magdeburg, FC Carl Zeiss Jena, 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig v\u00e0 BFC Dynamo \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng qu\u1ed1c gia sau th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 Matthias Sammer v\u00e0 Ulf Kirsten. C\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u0103ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Katharina Witt."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thi \u0111\u1ea5u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thao tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf s\u1ebd qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 n\u1eeda nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecb chia r\u1ebd b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 cho C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t."}
+{"text": "Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, quay s\u1ed1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. D\u00f9 m\u00e3 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n l\u1edbn, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e0i vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 danh s\u00e1ch m\u00e3 g\u1ecdi ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh - v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e3 ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0 m\u00e3 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n cho g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n theo m\u1ea1ng nh\u00e1nh. Sau s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, m\u1ea1ng s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e3 v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch quay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1."}
+{"text": "Karl Heinrich Marx (ph\u00e1t \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c: [ka\u02d0\u0250\u032fl \u02c8ha\u026an\u0280\u026a\u00e7 \u02c8ma\u02d0\u0250\u032fks], th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 C\u00e1c M\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 M\u00e3 Kh\u1eafc T\u01b0; sinh 5 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1818 t\u1ea1i Trier, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u1ed5 \u2013 m\u1ea5t 14 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1883 t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh) l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ed1c Do th\u00e1i, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Indiana t\u1ea1i Bloomington, Marx l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1840 - gi\u1eefa l\u00fac ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111ang trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Marx \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (Das Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei): \"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p.\" \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng Friedrich Engels. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, bao g\u1ed3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ee9c, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Anh hay ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p. Karl Marx v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Friedrich Engels, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft \"Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\" v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1848, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u00e1n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. V\u1edbi Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Marx trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Hegel v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Marx l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, hay khoa h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sang t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c. Theo \u00f4ng \"C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\"."}
+{"text": "Karl Marx sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh g\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i t\u1ea1i Trier (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00e8ves) thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Rh\u00e9nanie c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u1ed5. \u00d4ng ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Marx l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u0129 rabi H\u00e0 Lan, trong khi h\u1ecd n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m rabi \u1edf Trier k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1772. Cha c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Heinrich Marx, h\u1ed3i nh\u1ecf t\u00ean l\u00e0 Herschel Mordechai, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trung l\u01b0u kh\u00e1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 khi gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u v\u01b0\u1eddn nho Moselle. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi con trai m\u00ecnh ra \u0111\u1eddi, Herschel \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o sang Lutheran \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i. Tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Marx \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, h\u1ecda s\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean lui t\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1830, Karl Marx l\u00ean 12 tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc Trier. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ecfi, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t m\u00f4n To\u00e1n."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, cha c\u1ee7a Marx bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Friedrich-Wilhelms \u1edf Berlin. Khi \u0111\u00f3, Marx vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u th\u01a1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha th\u1ea7n lu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \"Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf\". Trong su\u1ed1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp thu tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hegel c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 (hay Hegel tr\u1ebb). Marx \u0111\u1ea1t h\u1ecdc v\u1ecb Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 n\u0103m 1841 v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn \u00e1n mang ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1: \"S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Epicurus v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Democritus\"."}
+{"text": "\u1ede Berlin, Marx ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng tham gia m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 tr\u1ebb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hegel tr\u1ebb\". \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Aristote v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hegel. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hegel tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, Max Stirner, \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh Hegel v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \"ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o\" (trong cu\u1ed1n Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum). Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh b\u1edfi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1; nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Stirner l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 Marx t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Marx l\u00e0 Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc Westphalen, cha c\u1ee7a Jenny von Westphalen, v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Marx sau n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "V\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Ph\u1ed5, Marx r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi ban bi\u00ean t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a t\u1edd Rheinische Zeitung, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Arnold Ruge, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, Deutsch-Franz\u00f6sische Jahrb\u00fccher, (Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c-Ph\u00e1p) v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Paris, v\u00e0 t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1843. Paris \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ee9c, Anh, Ba Lan v\u00e0 Italia. \u1ede Paris, ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1844, t\u1ea1i Caf\u00e9 de la R\u00e9gence \u1edf Place du Palais \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p Friedrich Engels, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng. Engels m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 g\u1eb7p Marx m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 (v\u00e0 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i) t\u1ea1i v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Rheinische Zeitung n\u0103m 1842; \u00f4ng t\u1edbi Paris \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi Marx cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1844. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Marx r\u1eb1ng giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Marx \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hegel tr\u1ebb, v\u00e0 trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Bauer vi\u1ebft V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Do Th\u00e1i. Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; n\u00f3 c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Engels, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Marx v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a Marx v\u00e0o kinh t\u1ebf. Marx tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 1844, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930s. Trong B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o, Marx v\u1ea1ch ra m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ludwig Feuerbach v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t xa l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n trong \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3."}
+{"text": "Marx ch\u00fa t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Engels \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi H\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ee9c), ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1eb1ng \"b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\". Marx \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t khi \u0111\u00f3 - ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u2013 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 coi l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi Feuerbach trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "Sau \u0111\u00f3, Marx vi\u1ebft S\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc (1847), n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i cho Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Marx v\u00e0 Engels, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1848 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Marx v\u00e0 Engels. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u1ea5y, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng, n\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u0103m 1848. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n B\u1ec9 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t Marx kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1848 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Vua Louis-Philippe t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1eddi Marx quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Paris, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng 6. Khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1849, Marx quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Cologne v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Neue Rheinische Zeitung (\"New Rhenish Newspaper\"). Trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u00f4ng hai l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra x\u00e9t x\u1eed, ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1849 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i danh x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u0169 trang. C\u1ea3 hai l\u1ea7n \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eafng \u00e1n. T\u1edd b\u00e1o nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 Marx quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Paris, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u00f4ng sang t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i London."}
+{"text": "Marx chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi London th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1849 v\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 trong ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5. \u00d4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean cho t\u1edd New York Tribune n\u0103m 1851. \u00d4ng xin nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Anh nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf t\u1ea1i b\u00e1c b\u1ecf v\u00ec coi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean x\u00fai b\u1ea9y\", v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u00ean \"kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 Vua\", v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb Friedrich Engels. Marx c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u1ed5 cho t\u00e1i nh\u1eadp t\u1ecbch. T\u1ea1i London Marx ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o hai ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng: t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Engels v\u1ec1 giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Marx t\u1ea1m ng\u1eebng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n I. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o T\u1ed5ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u0103m 1864. \u00d4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i phe v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Mikhail Bakunin (1814\u20131876). D\u00f9 Marx chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eeb London sang New York n\u0103m 1872, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Marx \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, khi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n suy t\u00e0n. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Paris n\u0103m 1871 khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Paris n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong hai th\u00e1ng. V\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady n\u00e0y, Marx \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 C\u00f4ng x\u00e3."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tan r\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, Marx c\u0169ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian trong Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Anh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kinh t\u1ebf. T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1857 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 800 trang ghi ch\u00fa v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn ng\u1eafn v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, l\u01b0\u01a1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u00e3i t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1941 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Grundrisse. N\u0103m 1859, Marx xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh t\u1ebf nghi\u00eam t\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1860 \u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n ra ba t\u1eadp l\u1edbn, C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0, b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Adam Smith v\u00e0 David Ricardo. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Karl Kautsky v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. N\u0103m 1867, kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u sau d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, Marx tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m trong t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c T\u1eadp II v\u00e0 III v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 Marx ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang trong su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Engels xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a Marx suy s\u1ee5p v\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Nga. Cu\u1ed1n Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh Gotha c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Wilhelm Liebknecht (1826\u20131900) v\u00e0 August Bebel (1840\u20131913) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Ferdinand Lassalle v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 1880, v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Jenny von Westphalen-Marx ch\u1ebft v\u00ec ung th\u01b0 gan. N\u0103m 1883, Marx qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam ph\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t \u1edf khu cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n trong ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba Highgate, London."}
+{"text": "Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee3t c\u00f4ng k\u00edch t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c. Nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 Marx ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Hal Draper t\u1eebng l\u01b0u \u00fd, \"c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m tai h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Marxist v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng Marxist.\" Di s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Marx \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tranh c\u00e3i d\u1eef d\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 Marx, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi) Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Lenin, Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Trotsky, Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Mao, Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Luxemburg, v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx t\u1ef1 do."}
+{"text": "Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Marx v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (b\u1ecb s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i theo c\u00e1ch g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i nh\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi Engels v\u00e0 Lenin) r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Hegel r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i quan s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed) theo c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng. Hegel tin r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 t\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n). S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (the Absolute) li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u2014nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n theo t\u00ednh chu k\u1ef3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Hegel ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 trong th\u1eddi gian cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf n\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a Marx v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy t\u00e2m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Anh, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Feuerbach v\u00e0 Engels. Hegel \u0111\u00e3 suy ngh\u0129 trong c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m duy t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 Marx t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng theo c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m duy v\u1eadt. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Hegel \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Marx v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng duy v\u1eadt n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Hegel b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb Ludwig Feuerbach. Trong B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o, Feuerbach cho r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00faa th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e1n cho Ch\u00faa th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Marx cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 Hegel v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, Marx ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u kh\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \"th\u1ef1c\" c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "Marx tin r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Marx, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Marx \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong ph\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n Theses on Feuerbach c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng \"c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch; tuy nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3\", v\u00e0 \u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Marx kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00edch c\u1ef1c: h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhau ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 Marx ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed theo c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t phong ki\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Marx tin r\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh h\u01a1n c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 Internet, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3). Marx coi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa (kinh t\u1ebf) n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng v\u00e0 (x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i) si\u00eau c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh cho s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Marx c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ednh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, Marx b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Hegel v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m duy v\u1eadt h\u01a1n. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 hay gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n) th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0 b\u00e1n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u1edbi Marx, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c s\u1edf h\u1eefu s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u2014kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u2014l\u00e0 ngang v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n. Marx \u0111\u00e3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra, h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Engels g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"sai l\u1ea7m \u00fd th\u1ee9c\", li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7. B\u1eb1ng \"\u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7\", Marx v\u00e0 Engels cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00f4ng coi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung v\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Marx v\u00e0 Engels kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec3m tin nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u1eeda s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt; ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng. Theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c hay h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o; n\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, tuy c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c quy t\u1eafc m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, d\u00f9 ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3 theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 l\u00fd, n\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh (theo Marx v\u00e0 Engels) r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Marx v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1edf l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u0103m 1843 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o Ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00e1nh H\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Hegel:"}
+{"text": "Trong khi lu\u1eadn c\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u1ecdc Gymnasium cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y Marx xem x\u00e9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o theo c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt/b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o: \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t l\u1ed9 \"m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfp: \"N\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 trong khi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 gh\u1ebb l\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c phi th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 gh\u1ebb l\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9\". V\u1edbi Marx, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 gh\u1ebb l\u1ea1nh phi th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y, \"s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\", ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khi giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n nh\u1eadn ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft trong s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u1eebng s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n b\u1edfi giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "Marx cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (v\u00e0 commodity fetishism) ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n mua v\u00e0 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1. Theo Marx, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u khi ch\u00ednh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 - khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1n s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh - kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1edfi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh - kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng khi h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 thanh to\u00e1n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o h\u1ecd l\u00e0m trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc (n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 b\u00e1n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c). \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng - kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec1n, cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1n s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng - kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \"nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n\". Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\" hay \"t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n\". Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n do v\u1eady s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "Marx ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n mua h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u00e1n ch\u00fang t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt cung c\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3. Theo Marx, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, \u1edf m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u00e0o nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Marx quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Marx g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0\" v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng cao b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n, t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi. Marx coi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, b\u1edfi h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1edfng xuy\u00ean c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng Marx cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng theo \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u00e0o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. B\u1edfi Marx tin r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u1eeb lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, \u00f4ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m th\u1eadm ch\u00ed khi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Khi t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3m d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t hay kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Marx cho r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady gi\u00e1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Marx tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ebd x\u00e9 r\u00e1ch chu k\u1ef3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0y. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u0103ng cao v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00edt b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n - m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n khi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp lao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t - t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed1n \"Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh Gotha\" c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \"gi\u1eefa x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y t\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kia. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n.\" Tuy \u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh (nh\u01b0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan), \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, \"\u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c.\""}
+{"text": "Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi Vera Zasulich ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1881, Marx th\u1eadm ch\u00ed d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga b\u1ecf qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung v\u1ec1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng mir. Tuy ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Nga \"l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Nga \", Marx c\u0169ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 mir ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i th\u1eb3ng l\u00ean giai \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ecf qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, n\u00f3 \"\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i \u0111ang t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u00f3 (l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n) t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi ph\u00eda\". V\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, Marx cho ph\u00e9p, r\u1eb1ng \"c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 sinh\" c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng trong l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1eedi Vera Zaulich, Marx ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \"\u1edf c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a...c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t\". Marx c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha th\u1ee9 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1881, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi \"s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\" b\u00ean trong l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Nga v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea7n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00ean trong l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 kh\u1ecfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf quan s\u00e1t k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Nga, V. I. Lenin \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf Nga, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Nga t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang b\u1ecb chia t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. B\u00ean trong l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Nga, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai l\u00e0 \"ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t\". Theo c\u00e1ch l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u1ecdi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n s\u1ebd s\u1edf h\u1eefu hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai ngang nhau trong l\u00e0ng. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a Lenin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00ean trong l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u01b0 nhau v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Lenin vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (1899), \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kulak gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o b\u00ean trong l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00ean trong l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra. Ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ecf b\u00ean trong l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec cho m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u00ean trong l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \"kulak\" gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n b\u00ean trong l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd r\u1eddi b\u1ecf l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 v\u00e0 gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. D\u00f9 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, Lenin ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy s\u1ee5p v\u00e0 \"v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n ho\u00e1\" t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ecf, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ecf \"kh\u00f4ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t\" kh\u1ecfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "\u201c Vi\u1ec7c M\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 cho ta ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u2013 theo M\u00e1c \u2013 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i sau th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, sau khi th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u201d"}
+{"text": "T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Marx v\u00e0 Engels \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 giai c\u1ea5p. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Marx v\u00e0 Engels \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx\". Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Marxist th\u01b0\u1eddng tranh lu\u1eadn l\u1eabn nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Marx v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Sinh th\u1eddi, Marx cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \"Marxist\" khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Marx, m\u00e0 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \"n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n, h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfm ho\u1ea1\". T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa To\u00e0n th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn \"H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e1c l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c, danh v\u1ecb \u1edf c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i, t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Marxist\". H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \"Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx\" v\u00e0 \"c\u00e1i Marx tin t\u01b0\u1edfng\"; v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1883, Marx \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 cho nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p Jules Guesde, v\u00e0 cho con r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Paul Lafargue, bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i h\u1ecd \"revolutionary phrase-mongering\" v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ni\u1ec1m tin \u1edf giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Sau khi \u0111\u1ea3ng Ph\u00e1p chia r\u1ebd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i Guesde (l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng) \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb Marx; Marx \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd Lafargue, \"n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx, th\u00ec t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Marxist\" (trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi Engels, Marx sau n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i Guesde l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"Bakuninist\")."}
+{"text": "S\u00e1u n\u0103m sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Marx, Engels v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \"Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n hai\" nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t: n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1edbn v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh Marxist. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n hai s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1914, tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 quay sang v\u1edbi \"ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\" c\u1ee7a Eduard Bernstein, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd do Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I g\u00e2y ra."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I c\u0169ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Nga n\u0103m 1917, trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ly khai c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n hai, nh\u00f3m Bolshevik, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Vladimir Lenin, l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Nga \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1eadp ra \"Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ba\" Bolshevik. Lenin hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Marx, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Lenin\" hay \"Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Bolshevik\", k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec1n phong \"\u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\"."}
+{"text": "Marx tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u1edf nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Anh, nh\u01b0ng Lenin cho r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi \"quy lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u\", theo \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \"d\u00e2y x\u00edch\" c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9t \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \"l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu\", v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, n\u01a1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Nga."}
+{"text": "\u201c Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0: li\u1ec7u obshchina Nga, d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n? Hay, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00f9ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tan r\u00e3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: N\u1ebfu C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Nga tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u1ea3 hai s\u1ebd b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf Nga c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. \u201d"}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Marx, nh\u01b0ng cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n - kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n - c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u1edbi. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx-Lenin nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Mao\"."}
+{"text": "D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Joseph Stalin, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ec7 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn (xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i \u0110\u1ea1i thanh tr\u1eebng v\u00e0 V\u1ec1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 do ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi Marx\u2014nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n hai c\u0169, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 chia r\u1ebd kh\u1ecfi Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ba ngay sau s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Leon Trotsky v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t \"Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n b\u1ed1n\" n\u0103m 1938 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Stalin, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Bolshevik \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n hai trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920 v\u00e0 1930, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Erich Fromm, v\u00e0 Herbert Marcuse. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Frankfurt. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Marxist c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh b\u1edfi Hegel, Freud, Nietzsche, v\u00e0 Max Weber."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Frankfurt chia r\u1ebd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Lenin v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, th\u1eddi \u1ea5y vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng uy th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Stalin, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Marxist v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n. Th\u1ee9 hai, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Marxist th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Lenin, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh kinh t\u1ebf. D\u00f9 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Frankfurt tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tham gia v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 chia r\u1ebd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Marxist kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia sau \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u00edt nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx (c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in \u0111\u1eadm v\u1eabn \u0111ang c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103m 2009): Albania, Afghanistan, Angola, Bulgaria, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Cuba, S\u00edp, Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc, \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, Ethiopia, Hungary, L\u00e0o, Moldova, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, Nepal, Mozambique, Nicaragua, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, Ba Lan, Rom\u00e2nia, Nga, Nam T\u01b0, Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c bang Kerala, Tripura v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Bengal t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0169ng t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o Marxist \u0111\u00e3 suy gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Nepal. Ngo\u00e0i ra, sau khi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 do m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Venezuela tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI. T\u1ea1i Bolivia, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u00f3a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, trong kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc trong h\u01a1n 1 tri\u1ec7u b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2016, \u201cTuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\u201d c\u1ee7a Karl Marx \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf xa c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ph\u00eda sau \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean M\u1ef9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng l\u1eabn t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. \u201cTuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong khi t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u01b0a th\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cu\u1ed1n \u201cCapital\u201d (T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n - b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Marx ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a)"}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 coi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n so v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, hay \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 chia t\u00e1ch gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 lo ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Marx v\u00e0 Engels ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u00c1o v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch vi\u1ec7c Marx s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Marx \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft. John Maynard Keynes coi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft phi l\u00f4 g\u00edc v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi cu\u1ed1n Das Kapital l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.\""}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Marx t\u1eeb kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tri\u1ebft l\u00fd khoa h\u1ecdc. Karl Popper ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Marx l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Marx; ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a Popper, d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i. Popper c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Marx v\u1ec1 'ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed'; ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Murray Rothbard cho r\u1eb1ng \"...Marx kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3, b\u1edfi n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng g\u1eafn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hay s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. V\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec khi \u1ea5y m\u1edbi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c theo h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n.\" Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh Kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Marx ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \"Trong s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng quanh h\u1ec7 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, n\u00f3i r\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\" Marx \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhu c\u1ea7u, nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \"\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\", nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i t\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 Peter Singer, trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Darwin c\u00e1nh T\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t nghi v\u1ea5n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Marxist v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Lionel Tiger c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u00fd l\u1ebd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Marxist v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Lionel Tiger cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Marxist \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 trao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Marxist kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean th\u1eddi nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \"ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng\" v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0 Bernard Lewis, Edward H. Flannery v\u00e0 Hyam Maccoby, \u0111\u00e3 coi V\u1ec1 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Marx nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ed1ng x\u00ea m\u00edt, v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng x\u00ea m\u00edt trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Theo h\u1ecd, Marx coi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ma qu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Do Th\u00e1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Marx, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1edbi c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Theo nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m V\u1ec1 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Marx \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Ph\u00e1t x\u00edt, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ch\u1ed1ng x\u00ea m\u00edt c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. Albert Lindemann v\u00e0 Hyam Maccoby \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng Marx c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i v\u00ec l\u00fd l\u1ecbch Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Iain Hamphsher-Monk cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch tr\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Marx. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \"T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y [V\u1ec1 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Do Th\u00e1i] \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ch\u1ed1ng x\u00ea m\u00edt c\u1ee7a Marx, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\" T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, McLellan v\u00e0 Francis Wheen cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u V\u1ec1 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Do Th\u00e1i trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a Marx v\u1edbi Bruno Bauer, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Do Th\u00e1i, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c. Francis Wheen n\u00f3i: Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111\u00f3, ai coi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a 'Mein Kampf', b\u1ecf s\u00f3t m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng: b\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 trong c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n in, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Bruno Bauer, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do tr\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa."}
+{"text": "L\u01b0u v\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a khi r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tho\u00e1t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng, v\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y m\u01b0a, tuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea1y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t chung, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao th\u1ea5p theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t khe th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "L\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3o n\u1ed9i l\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i l\u1ee5c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Kho\u1ea3ng 18% \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ed3, bi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed3n r\u1eeda \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1ed9i l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3n Caspian, bi\u1ec3n Aral v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i vi kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ed3n \u0110\u1ecba \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng sa m\u1ea1c Sahara, l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Okavango (l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Kalahari), v\u00f9ng cao g\u1ea7n H\u1ed3 L\u1edbn ch\u00e2u Phi, n\u1ed9i l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u00dac v\u00e0 B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u1edf M\u00e9xico V\u00e0 Andes. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc duy nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c k\u00edn li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 nhau."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 cho C\u00f4ng ty V\u1ecbnh Hudson m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u00f4ng th\u00fa trong l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ecbnh Hudson, khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Rupert's Land. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb sinh h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0, n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang li\u00ean k\u1ebft) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c trong l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u1ed1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 Great Lakes Commission v\u00e0 Tahoe Regional Planning Agency."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ee7y v\u0103n, l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc trong chu tr\u00ecnh thu\u1ef7 v\u0103n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i ra t\u1eeb l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c v\u00ec h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean. \u0110o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ea3 ra t\u1eeb l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y \u0111o d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111o m\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p trung b\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t. Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111a th\u1ee9c Thiessen, l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh \u0111a gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o m\u01b0a \u1edf gi\u1eefa m\u1ed7i \u0111a gi\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m trong \u0111a gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng \u0111a gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n gi\u00e1c vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u0111a gi\u00e1c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p isohyetal li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3. T\u00ednh di\u1ec7n t\u00edch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian."}
+{"text": "Do c\u00e1c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd theo ngh\u0129a h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 hydro, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. \u1ede ti\u1ec3u bang Minnesota c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ngu\u1ed3n\". T\u1ea1i New Zealand, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ban qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Ontario, Canada, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n. \u1ede B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea7u ngu\u1ed3n\". T\u1ea1i Braxin, Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 9.433 n\u0103m 1997, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Braxin."}
+{"text": "Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1t th\u00ec d\u1ec5 tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111i v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho l\u0169 l\u1ee5t. Sau khi m\u01b0a k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u00e3o h\u00f2a, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a n\u00e0o s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5m th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nguy c\u01a1 l\u0169 l\u1ee5t cao h\u01a1n; n\u1ebfu m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a s\u1ebd x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman hay \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Osman (ti\u1ebfng Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3: \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647 Devlet-i \u00c2liye-i Osm\u00e2niyye, d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a \"Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ottoman T\u1ed1i cao\"; ti\u1ebfng Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu), c\u0169ng th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1299 \u0111\u1ebfn 1923. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi, v\u00e0 \u0111a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng nam ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Kavkaz. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 5,6 tri\u1ec7u km\u00b2, nh\u01b0ng v\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn do c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c du m\u1ee5c cai qu\u1ea3n, n\u01a1i quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed 624 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Ottoman l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ed9t Quy\u1ebft (Gokturk) mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 di c\u01b0 t\u1eeb Trung \u00c1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X. \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Ba T\u01b0 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y t\u1edbi Armenia v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t di chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Byzantine, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy tho\u00e1i d\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Seljuk \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn t\u1ea1i Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn Manzikert n\u0103m 1071, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00e0 Seljuk \u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1. Sau s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 t\u1edbi Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c beylik."}
+{"text": "D\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Seljuk \u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Kay\u0131 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 O\u011fuz \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ottoman t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1. Th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kay\u0131 l\u00e0 Ertu\u011frul Gazi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y sau l\u01b0ng Seljuk trong cu\u1ed9c va ch\u1ea1m bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi nh\u1ecf. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Seljuk t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Kay\u0131 tr\u00ean ven r\u00eca ph\u00eda vi\u1ec5n t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Seljuk cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Sau s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Seljuk, Kay\u0131 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a H\u00e3n qu\u1ed1c Y Nhi c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "T\u00ean g\u1ecdi Ottoman c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Osman I (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Osman Bey) (ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp: Uthman) (1299-1326), con trai c\u1ee7a Ertu\u011frul Gazi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ottoman n\u0103m 1299. Trong khi c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, Osman \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 Ottoman v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda r\u00eca c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Byzantine. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 t\u1edbi Bursa, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \"Kara\" v\u00ec s\u1ef1 can \u0111\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Osman \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \"\u00d4ng/anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Osman\". Danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1eddi Trung \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"Gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Osman\", m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00e0ng trai tr\u1ebb Osman l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Ottoman ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh ra n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn g\u00ec trong g\u1ea7n 4 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb theo ki\u1ec3u qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 millet (ki\u1ec3u l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb), m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a trung \u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau khi Osman qua \u0111\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n khu v\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 Balkan. Thessaloniki, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Venezia b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm n\u0103m 1387, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn Kosovo n\u0103m 1389 l\u00e0m cho Serbia m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ee7a sultan. Tr\u1eadn Nicopolis n\u0103m 1396 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, trong tr\u1eadn n\u00e0y qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n Ottoman. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng Balkan, th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o Constantinople \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Byzantine ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn Constantinople, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi Tamerlane x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft giam sultan Bayezid I sau tr\u1eadn Ankara n\u0103m 1402. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ottoman \u1edf v\u00f9ng Balkan (\u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 Thessaloniki, Macedonia v\u00e0 Kosovo) \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1402, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Murad I chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1430 - 1450."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c Bayezid b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u01a1i v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1402 \u0111\u1ebfn 1413, n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c con c\u1ee7a Bayezit. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y k\u1ebft th\u00fac khi vua Mehmed I l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, k\u1ebft th\u00fac Th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9t qu\u00e3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman. Ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i \u00f4ng, Mehmed II \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eabn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Constantinople v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1453, khi m\u1edbi 21 tu\u1ed5i. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kinh \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman, v\u00e0 Mehmed II x\u01b0ng l\u00e0m Kayser-i Rum (Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3). D\u00f9 v\u1eady, ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a sultan Ottoman kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Nga ho\u00e0ng c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 phong cho m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3, Mehmed II khao kh\u00e1t chi\u1ebfm Roma, v\u00e0 cho qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u00dd, chi\u1ebfm Otranto v\u00e0 Apulia ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 7, 1480. Nh\u01b0ng sau khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 3, 1481, chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u1edf \u00dd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Ottoman r\u00fat lui v\u1ec1."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u1eddi l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4ng-nam ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1edd b\u1eafc \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, c\u1ea3 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n b\u1eafc ch\u00e2u Phi cho \u0111\u1ebfn Maroc ph\u00eda nam \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 25 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n \u2013 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p. G\u1ea7n 30 qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman: Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, Hy L\u1ea1p, Bulgaria, Rom\u00e2nia, Nam T\u01b0 (sau n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m 5 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp), Hungary, Albania, Syria, Liban, Jordan, Israel, Aden, Kuwait, Ai C\u1eadp, Sudan, Libya, Iraq, Yemen, Tunisia, Alg\u00e9rie, S\u00edp, Armenia, Gruzia, Ukraina v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u \u00f4ng vua ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t l\u00ean cai tr\u1ecb Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3: \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 Selim I (1512-1520), ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u00f9ng Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Ottoman. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1514 trong tr\u1eadn Chaldiran, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i vua Ismail I (1501-1524) nh\u00e0 Safavid (Ba T\u01b0). \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u00e0 Mamluk \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1517 r\u1ed3i gi\u00e0nh danh hi\u1ec7u khalip t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 Abbasid \u1edf Cairo (c\u00e1c sultan Ottoman ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1924), b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u00ec Ai C\u1eadp thu\u1ed9c Ottoman."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Selim I m\u1ea5t, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Suleiman I (1520-1566) ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1edf mang \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Sau khi th\u00f4n t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Beograd n\u0103m 1521, Suleyman chinh ph\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Hungary v\u00e0 sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong tr\u1eadn Moh\u00e1cs n\u0103m 1526, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Osmanli chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hungary v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Trung \u00c2u. Sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 1529 \u00f4ng bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh Wien, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t n\u00ean qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u00f4ng r\u00fat lui. N\u0103m 1532, 25.000 qu\u00e2n Ottoman m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Wien, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y lui c\u00e1ch Wien 97 km t\u1ea1i ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Guns. Sau cu\u1ed9c m\u1edf mang xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ottoman n\u0103m 1543, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Habsburg l\u00e0 Ferdinand c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ottoman tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Hungary n\u0103m 1547. D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u vua Suleyman I, Transilvania, Wallachia v\u00e0 Moldavia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. \u1ede ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, Ottoman chi\u1ebfm Bagdad t\u1eeb tay Ba T\u01b0 n\u0103m 1535, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 v\u00e0 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ottoman ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o V\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0. Khi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Suleyman I qua \u0111\u1eddi, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Ottoman l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 15.000.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Xerxes I c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0 n\u0103m x\u01b0a."}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ed3i v\u00e0 thung l\u0169ng v\u00f9ng Balkan. N\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn v\u00ec nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c theo \u0111\u1ea1o C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc d\u00e2n theo C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i. Sultan ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o khu c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 th\u00edch cai tr\u1ecb qua \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i cho ti\u1ec1n tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI v\u00e0 XVII, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 qua Balkan v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang Ba Lan-Litva. H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh \u1edf \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Trung \u00c2u, bao v\u00e2y Vi\u00ean n\u0103m 1529 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa n\u0103m 1683 trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chinh ph\u1ee5c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Habsburg, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y lui b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1656, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Mehmed IV (1648-1687), trong khi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5,[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] h\u1eadu cung \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i c\u1eed m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Albania 71 tu\u1ed5i, K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed Pasha l\u00e0m t\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng (1656-1661). \u00d4ng n\u00e0y ra l\u1ec7nh x\u1eed t\u1eed 50.000-60.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0i tr\u1eeb tham nh\u0169ng. N\u0103m n\u0103m sau, l\u00fac \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. D\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n T\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a con trai \u00f4ng, K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Faz\u0131l Ahmed Pasha (1661-1676), v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 em r\u1ec3 \u00f4ng, Kara Mustafa Pasha (1676-1683), uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ottoman \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Venezia, Ba Lan, \u00c1o v\u00e0 Nga b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y lui. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Ukraina v\u00e0 Podolia. N\u0103m 1680, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c (11.5 tri\u1ec7u km\u00b2)."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1683, \u0111\u00e1p l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Hungary ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Leopold I nh\u00e0 Habsburg, sultan Mehmed IV \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh cho t\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Kara Mustafa ph\u00e1i 200.000 qu\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng s\u00f4ng Donau, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, qu\u00e2n Ottoman ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Wien, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u (Li\u00ean minh Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh), do vua Ba Lan Jan III Sobieski ch\u1ec9 huy, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 1683, t\u1ea1i Beograd, sultan Mehmed IV ra l\u1ec7nh th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 t\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Kara Mustafa. Tr\u1eadn Wien \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 (1683-1699) \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Istanbul; khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao \u1edf th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ottoman k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1edbi Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang v\u00e0 la b\u00e0n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. H\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf cho r\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n l\u00e0 \"s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef7 d\u1eef\" khi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 in, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gutenberg Johannes ph\u00e1t minh \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u0103m 1450, ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 43 n\u0103m sau m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i Constantinople nh\u1edd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i Sephardic. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Sephardic, v\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha, di c\u01b0 t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y cu\u1ed9c thanh gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1492 v\u00e0 mang theo k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 in t\u1edbi Ottoman."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Tulip, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean v\u00ec t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Sultan Ahmed III (1703-1730) v\u1edbi hoa tulip v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i thanh b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Sau khi qu\u00e2n Nga \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n trong tr\u1eadn Poltava v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1709, vua Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 Karl XII c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n sang xin ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 cho t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc thanh b\u00ecnh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1718 \u0111\u1ebfn 1730, sau khi Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Th\u1ed5 Ottoman \u0111\u1eadp tan t\u00e1c qu\u00e2n Nga trong tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1ea1i s\u00f4ng Pruth n\u0103m 1712, V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng Eug\u00e8ne x\u1ee9 Savoie k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n \u00c1o \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Beograd, v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Passarowits \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft sau \u0111\u00f3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman c\u0169ng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh l\u0169y \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Balkan, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh: gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf; c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bang Ottoman; h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1736, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u00c1o, v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1o th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. L\u00fac n\u00e0y danh t\u01b0\u1edbng Eug\u00e8ne x\u1ee9 Savoie \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi, do \u0111\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n qu\u00e2n \u00c1o suy s\u1ee5p, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Nga \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf h\u01a1n trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y. Sau n\u00e0y, cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1ea3y n\u0103m (1756 - 1763) b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 l\u00e0 Fryedrich II \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi v\u1edbi li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Nga - \u00c1o - Ph\u00e1p - Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n. N\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ph\u1ed5 b\u1ecb suy s\u1ee5y nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay \u0111\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n. Vua Friedrich II \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf trong v\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tartar, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y qu\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 - Tartar \u0111\u00e2u. Tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, nh\u00e0 vua quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1edd qu\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 - Tartar k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1762, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft anh d\u0169ng c\u1ee7a Cato Tr\u1ebb. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i li\u00ean qu\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 tan r\u00e3 v\u00e0 vua Friedrich II \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. Sau n\u0103m 1768, khi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ba Lan v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Litva b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i ba n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u1ed5, \u00c1o v\u00e0 Nga \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c chia c\u1eaft Ba Lan l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u1eafm 1772."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Ottoman \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Sultan Selim III (1789-1807), v\u1ecb vua ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i g\u1ea7n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf b\u1edfi phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb to\u00e1n Ng\u1ef1 L\u00e2m qu\u00e2n Janissary - to\u00e1n ki\u00eau binh n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t uy quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ee3 vua. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 lo s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n, h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n Janissary. Do ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, Sultan Selim III b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed c\u1ed5 h\u1ee7 Mustafa l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua - t\u1ee9c Sultan Mustafa IV, v\u00e0 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n ph\u00f2 vua Selim III n\u0103m x\u01b0a. D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u vua Mustafa IV, Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Nga \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1808, hai b\u00ean ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c binh bi\u1ebfn n\u1ed5 ra. Alemdar Mustafa Pasha - m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ef1u ho\u00e0ng Selim III, k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o kinh th\u00e0nh Constantinopolis \u0111\u00e1nh Sultan Mustafa VI. Nh\u00e0 vua b\u00e8n truy\u1ec1n l\u1ec7nh cho h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft c\u1ef1u ho\u00e0ng Selim III v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec7 Mahmud, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng may Mahmud tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t. \u00d4ng l\u00ean l\u00e0m Sultan Mahmud II (1808 - 1839) v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft c\u1ef1u ho\u00e0ng Mustafa IV. \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u to\u00e1n Ng\u1ef1 L\u00e2m Qu\u00e2n Janissary, r\u1ed3i gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n lu\u00f4n to\u00e1n Ng\u1ef1 L\u00e2m Qu\u00e2n n\u00e0y va\u00f2 n\u0103m 1826."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, khi phe Entente \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i phe Li\u00ean minh Trung t\u00e2m \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ottoman t\u1ea1i M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. \u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1918, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ottoman s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb Anh, Hy L\u1ea1p, Ph\u00e1p, \u00dd, Armenia v\u00e0 Gruzia chinh ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb Ottoman tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1919, Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. N\u0103m 1923, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u1ed5 th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman c\u00e1o chung, sultan Mehmed VI Vahdettin tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh Osmanl\u0131 cai tr\u1ecb sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1923-1924. N\u0103m 1924, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khalip b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf, khalip Abdul Mejid II nh\u00e0 Ottoman c\u0169ng tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb. N\u0103m 1974, sau 50 n\u0103m, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 trao quy\u1ec1n t\u00e1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 cho nh\u1eefng con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp sau trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Ertu\u011frul Osman V \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u0103m 2004."}
+{"text": "V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i linh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo. Sultan tr\u1ecb v\u00ec t\u1eeb th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Constantinople (nay l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Istanbul c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m trong tay c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n, h\u00e3n v\u01b0\u01a1ng,..., c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1i t\u00ean. C\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u00f9ng Balkan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sultan ch\u1ecdn, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9p tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng cho c\u00e1c sultan. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m, t\u1eebng \u0111o\u00e0n xe go\u00f2ng t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn Constantinople v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ebf. H\u00e3n v\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tatar c\u1ee7a H\u00e3n qu\u1ed1c Krym cai tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 Bakhchisarai nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cung \u1ee9ng 20.000-30.000 k\u1ef5 binh m\u1ed7i khi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Ottoman c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u00e1ch g\u1ea7n 2.000 k\u00edl\u00f4m\u00e9t, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Tripoli, Tunis v\u00e0 Alg\u00e9rie ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn (b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u nh\u1edd ngh\u1ec1 h\u1ea3i t\u1eb7c c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc) \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n theo C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 Venezia v\u00e0 Genova."}
+{"text": "Xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh. Khi v\u1ecb sultan c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00ed m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh l\u00ean. Trong khi \u00f4ng y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu. \u0110i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi trong c\u1ea5m th\u00e0nh, chung quanh l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7y sinh l\u1ef1c n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n v\u00e0 th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ea7y m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3, d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 hai trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn cho sultan tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi. \u0110i\u1ec1u o\u00e1i o\u0103m l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1edf Ottoman l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i k\u1ebf v\u1ecb s\u1ebd ra l\u1ec7nh th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 anh em trai c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 m\u1ecdi \u00e2m m\u01b0u so\u00e1n ng\u00f4i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a sultan Mehmed II - ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i n\u0103m 1451 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a em kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong n\u00f4i. N\u0103m 1595, sultan Mehmed III (1595-1603) khi m\u1edbi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 19 em trai v\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n, h\u1ea1 s\u00e1t lu\u00f4n b\u1ea3y v\u01b0\u01a1ng phi c\u1ee7a vua cha l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang mang thai. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1603, \u1ea5u ch\u00faa Ahmed I (1603-1617) m\u1edbi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp n\u00e0y khi kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi em n\u00e0o. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u00e1ch ly h\u1ecd trong m\u1ed9t khu ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi em c\u1ee7a Ahmed ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 sultan Mustafa I (1617-1618, 1622-1623) trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, Mustafa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00e0y tr\u1edf \u0111i, m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Ottoman \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng m\u1ecfi m\u00f2n trong khu bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m v\u00e0 cung phi \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 tu\u1ed5i sinh n\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba h\u1ecd c\u00f3 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 h\u00f2ng l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e9 trai ra \u0111\u1eddi do s\u01a1 su\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4i, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, khi m\u1ed9t sultan qua \u0111\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb tru\u1ea5t ph\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed s\u1ed1ng trong khu bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5n phong - b\u1edfi v\u00ec theo lu\u1eadt Ottoman, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a sultan l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng cao tu\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t trong ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed ngu d\u1ed1t v\u00e0 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, hi\u1ebfm khi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c v\u1ecb sultan c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 Mustafa I hay Ibrahim I (1640-1648)."}
+{"text": "Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p (Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France) l\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0u chi\u1ec3u xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. V\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y nay bao g\u1ed3m 5 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 2 trung t\u00e2m b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh mang t\u00ean Fran\u00e7ois-Mitterrand n\u1eb1m \u1edf Qu\u1eadn 13, Paris, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Richelieu v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. N\u0103m 2008, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 280,6 tri\u1ec7u euro v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 2.500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1368, khi vua Charles V cho th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7t trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Louvre. N\u0103m 1537, Fran\u00e7ois I ghi m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n khi ban h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfu d\u1ee5 Montpellier, b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia \u1edf l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Blois. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, nh\u1edd Jean-Baptiste Colbert, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e0ng kim trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18. Tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp Paris v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ti\u1ebfp theo v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. N\u0103m 1988, sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi. Tr\u1ea3i qua 5 n\u0103m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Fran\u00e7ois-Mitterrand \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1996, mang c\u00e1i t\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb t\u1edbi v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 khai sinh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y nay, Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u01b0u gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi 13 tri\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, 250 ngh\u00ecn t\u1eadp b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o, 350 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef1a b\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, 12 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n in c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Trong nh\u1eefng kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n danh ti\u1ebfng, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p tay qu\u00fd gi\u00e1, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh c\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u2014nh\u01b0 Jikji, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch in kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1377, hay b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t do Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce ch\u1ee5p n\u0103m 1825. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n s\u1ed1 Gallica."}
+{"text": "Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 6 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1368, vua Charles V\u2014c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111am m\u00ea s\u00e1ch\u2014cho th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ri\u00eang v\u1edbi 917 b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p tay, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong t\u00f2a th\u00e1p Fauconnerie c\u1ee7a cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Louvre. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Charles, b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m n\u0103m, ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 60 cu\u1ed1n. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Louis XI, v\u1ecb vua tr\u1ecb v\u00ec t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1461 t\u1edbi 1483, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u sau \u0111\u00f3. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb vua Charles VIII v\u00e0 Louis XII trong cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd, b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean phong ph\u00fa."}
+{"text": "Sau khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Amboise r\u1ed3i Blois, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Fran\u00e7ois I, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Fontainebleau t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1522, do h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Guillaume Bud\u00e9 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p tay ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p qu\u00fd gi\u00e1, vua Fran\u00e7ois I c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u1edbi chi\u1ebfu d\u1ee5 Montpellier ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1537, Fran\u00e7ois I y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Blois. Quy ch\u1ebf l\u01b0u chi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y, r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 Paris v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong khu ph\u1ed1 La Tinh b\u00ean t\u1ea3 ng\u1ea1n. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1666, nh\u1edd Jean-Baptiste Colbert, v\u1ecb b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vua Louis XIV, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Colbert \u0111\u00e3 cho mua l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng \u00edt nh\u1eefng t\u1eb7ng v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng. R\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi khu ph\u1ed1 La Tinh, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf m\u1edbi tr\u00ean ph\u1ed1 Vienne, kh\u00f4ng xa \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Richelieu ng\u00e0y nay. Khi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ch d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 th\u01b0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y Nicolas Cl\u00e9ment, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1691, \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e0ng kim trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1720, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf m\u1edbi tr\u00ean ph\u1ed1 Richelieu. Tu s\u0129 Jean-Paul Bignon, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1719, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh n\u0103m khu l\u01b0u tr\u1eef: s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft tay, s\u00e1ch in, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7, b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n r\u1eadp, huy hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1. C\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a tu s\u0129 Bignon, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m tri th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t, n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Diderot, Voltaire, Rousseau... th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t trang m\u1edbi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ho\u00e0ng gia kh\u00e1c, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quy ch\u1ebf l\u01b0u chi\u1ec3u b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf trong v\u00f2ng ba n\u0103m, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi t\u1eeb th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0o vong. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh, kho\u1ea3ng 250 ngh\u00ecn cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, 14 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft tay v\u00e0 25 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n in \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i, r\u1ed3i \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i. M\u1eb7c cho nh\u1eefng s\u00f3ng gi\u00f3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb Paris hay c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a B\u1ec9, H\u00e0 Lan, \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c c\u0169ng g\u00e2y n\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi k\u00eau ca. N\u0103m 1858, m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban do Prosper M\u00e9rim\u00e9e ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o nh\u1eb1m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Napol\u00e9on III ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y v\u00e0 giao cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Henri Labrouste ch\u1ec9 huy vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. V\u1eabn tr\u00ean khu \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00ean con ph\u1ed1 Richelieu, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 m\u1edbi m\u1ecdc l\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1874, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1edbi L\u00e9opold Delisle, danh m\u1ee5c s\u00e1ch in b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 sau h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1981 m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thu th\u1eadp b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n danh ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb sau khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng di c\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Victor Hugo v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1881."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a. T\u1ea1i Versailles, ba chi nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1934, 1954 v\u00e0 1971. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930, c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. N\u0103m 1946, b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n khu\u00f4n r\u1eadp c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i dinh th\u1ef1 Tubeuf tr\u00ean ph\u1ed1 Vivienne, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1954, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3, b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2y. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c con ph\u1ed1 Louvois, Richelieu, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1edbi, d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9, \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. T\u1eeb khi lu\u1eadt l\u01b0u chi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1925, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 t\u1edbi th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng\u2014m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\u2014khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u0169 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1eadt tr\u1ed9i. T\u1ea1i Paris, tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi b\u1ed1n con ph\u1ed1 Richelieu, Colbert, Vivienne v\u00e0 Petits-Champs n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng chi nh\u00e1nh \u1edf Versailles c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i s\u00e1ch \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ee7 nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. Sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1988, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "M\u00f9a thu n\u0103m 1988, Patrice Cahart, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 Michel Melot, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n. Sau nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eafn \u0111o, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi c\u0169ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Seine, trong khu ph\u1ed1 c\u0169 thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1eadn 13, ng\u00e0y nay mang t\u00ean Paris Rive Gauche. N\u0103m 1989, C\u01a1 quan Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Dominique Jamet \u0111\u1ee9ng ra t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 Ieoh Ming Pei, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Grand Louvre tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ban gi\u00e1m kh\u1ea3o. Trong b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c thi, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 tr\u1ebb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Dominique Perrault. Ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1989, \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1991, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Bouygues kh\u1edfi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed l\u00ean t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 8 t\u1ef7 franc, t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a \"v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u01b0\" Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1994, khi ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 thi c\u00f4ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh, B\u1ed9 V\u0103n h\u00f3a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 C\u01a1 quan Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c khai sinh Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi r\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00c9lys\u00e9e, ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1995, Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand kh\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, khi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1996, ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 12, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi mang t\u00ean Fran\u00e7ois-Mitterrand m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf c\u1eeda."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan nh\u1eadn l\u01b0u chi\u1ec3u, Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n hay ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, \u00e2m thanh... t\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eadp tin, huy hi\u1ec7u... Quy ch\u1ebf l\u01b0u chi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 danh m\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch cho vi\u1ec7c mua l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, song song v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n g\u1ed3m hai nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u0169, c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ee5c ch\u1ebf, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp. Trong vai tr\u00f2 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1edbn, Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebfp l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c ri\u00eang, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhu c\u1ea7u tra c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3."}
+{"text": "Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh g\u1ed3m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gi\u1eef c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c. Tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3, B\u1ed9 V\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 Kinh t\u1ebf T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, Ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tham gia. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1eady, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u01a1 quan v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 3 n\u0103m v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3. T\u1eeb 2 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2007, gi\u1eef c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Bruno Racine, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1eebng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a Georges-Pompidou. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc trong vai tr\u00f2 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f2ng ban nh\u1ecf, chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u... N\u0103m 2007, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p l\u00ean t\u1edbi 2.662 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng hai ph\u1ea7n ba l\u00e0 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c. S\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean k\u00fd h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng theo gi\u1edd, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0m th\u00eam. \u0110\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, chi\u1ebfm 64% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai, chi\u1ebfm 12% l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1... Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, tin h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan v\u0103n h\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng, Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 doanh thu t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1ecf. Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch n\u0103m 2008 c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 280,6 tri\u1ec7u euro, trong \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 90% do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng qua B\u1ed9 V\u0103n h\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 (600 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la) nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea5p h\u01a1n hai l\u1ea7n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Anh (100 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3ng) v\u00e0 s\u00e1u l\u1ea7n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c (43 tri\u1ec7u euro)."}
+{"text": "Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u0103m 2008, Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ea7n 125 tri\u1ec7u euro \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed d\u00e0nh cho c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng l\u00ean g\u1ea7n 105 tri\u1ec7u euro. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Francois-Mitterrand, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n h\u1ebft 35 tri\u1ec7u euro trong n\u0103m 2007. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng chi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n d\u00e0nh t\u1eeb 15 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 tri\u1ec7u euro \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch."}
+{"text": "Richelieu-Louvois \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p, n\u1eb1m \u1edf Qu\u1eadn 2, trung t\u00e2m Paris. Bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi b\u1ed1n con ph\u1ed1 Louvois, Richelieu, Petits-Champs v\u00e0 Vivienne, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Richelieu mang v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i \"trung b\u00ecnh\" nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, khi Jean-Baptiste Colbert cho chuy\u1ec3n th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia v\u1ec1 ph\u1ed1 Vivienne v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1666, b\u00ean ph\u1ed1 Richelieu l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Mazarin, dinh th\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb H\u1ed3ng y Mazarin n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a cung \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia mua l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Robert de Cotte, Louis Visconti ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, nh\u1edd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Henri Labrouste, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i b\u1edfi Jean-Louis Pascal, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia m\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \"canh t\u00e2n\" l\u1edbn. Tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Richelieu b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f9ng tu v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb khi kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Fran\u00e7ois-Mitterrand, d\u00f9 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kho s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi, Richelieu-Louvois v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. V\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 58.500 m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Richelieu c\u00f2n s\u1edf h\u1eefu 9 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng ba kh\u00f4ng gian tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m. Ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mang t\u00ean Labrouste, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Henri Labrouste, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u th\u00e9p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. T\u1eebng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, ph\u00f2ng Labrouste ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1edf c\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. Ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai mang t\u00ean Ph\u00f2ng Ovale, d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Jean-Louis Pascal. Tuy nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n ph\u00f2ng Labrouste, ph\u00f2ng Ovale c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 200 ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3."}
+{"text": "Richelieu-Louvois hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef: Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n, B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3, Tranh in v\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c, B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o, Huy hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ed5, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Colbert, Balzac, Hugo, Flaubert, Proust... hay c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Nadar, Robert Doisneau... Ph\u00f2ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef Huy hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ed5, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi Cabinet des M\u00e9dailles, c\u00f2n mang ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, m\u1edf c\u1eeda mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang t\u1edbi th\u0103m v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u trong tu\u1ea7n."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Fran\u00e7ois-Mitterrand, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi \u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Tolbiac, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Seine, thu\u1ed9c khu ph\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Paris Rive Gauche. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh mang d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1eafc n\u00e9t, \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a Dominique Perrault v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Perrault n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n t\u00f2a th\u00e1p l\u1edbn cao 79 m\u00e9t, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111ang m\u1edf, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ee7y tinh trong su\u1ed1t. T\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n t\u00f2a th\u00e1p c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0ng cho nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef: Th\u00e1p Th\u1eddi Gian d\u00e0nh cho tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Th\u00e1p Ph\u00e1p Lu\u1eadt d\u00e0nh cho lu\u1eadt, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Th\u00e1p S\u1ed1 d\u00e0nh cho khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, Th\u00e1p V\u0103n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e0nh cho v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. \u1ede ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00f2a th\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t khu v\u01b0\u1eddn l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed ch\u00ecm s\u00e2u xu\u1ed1ng, r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 11 ngh\u00ecn m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng, \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u1ebb y\u00ean t\u0129nh, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ed3n \u00e3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Fran\u00e7ois-Mitterrand n\u1eb1m \u1edf hai t\u1ea7ng ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi, c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh lang ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc theo khu v\u01b0\u1eddn. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh lang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111an b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee3i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng r\u1ec9 gi\u00fap c\u00e1ch \u00e2m. T\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean, Haut-de-jardin d\u00e0nh cho Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang tr\u00ean 16 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0o l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u g\u1ed3m s\u00e1ch, \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u00ednh th\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng d\u1ecdc khu v\u01b0\u1eddn. Hai kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian hai ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ea7u, d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n c\u00e1c t\u00f2a th\u00e1p, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Haut-de-jardin c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian d\u00e0nh cho tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng Rez-de-jardin, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn s\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i gi\u00e1. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n cho l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 d\u00e0i 8 km d\u1eabn t\u1edbi 150 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea5y s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. Rez-de-jardin c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng hai t\u1ea7ng Haut-de-jardin v\u00e0 Rez-de-jardin bao g\u1ed3m 23 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecdc, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 40 ngh\u00ecn m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp 3.314 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Fran\u00e7ois-Mitterrand hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p. V\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 159.855 m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n d\u00e0nh 55.220 m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, 57.560 m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng cho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 16.240 m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng. Ngo\u00e0i hai t\u1ea7ng Haut-de-jardin v\u00e0 Rez-de-jardin, c\u00e1c t\u00f2a th\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00e0nh 11 t\u1ea7ng cho ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Fran\u00e7ois-Mitterrand c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m 2 kh\u00f4ng gian tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m, 2 ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng, qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch... ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Arsenal n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ed1 1 ph\u1ed1 Sully, thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1eadn 4, Paris. \u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0u\u2014arsenal trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p\u2014do vua Louis II x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1512, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Sully s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a H\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc Paulmy, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao danh ti\u1ebfng, b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a vua Louis XV. Say m\u00ea s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, H\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc Paulmy \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 60 ngh\u00ecn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, chia th\u00e0nh n\u0103m l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n sau khi m\u00ecnh qua \u0111\u1eddi, n\u0103m 1785, H\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc Paulmy b\u00e1n l\u1ea1i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n cho B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Artois, em trai vua Louis XVI. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb xem nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0o vong, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1797. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 th\u01b0 nh\u01b0 Charles Nodier v\u00e0 Jos\u00e9-Maria de Heredia, b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n d\u1ea7n thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u. T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1934, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Arsenal \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi nh\u00e1nh chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Arsenal hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch s\u00e0n kho\u1ea3ng 10 ngh\u00ecn m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 7.484 m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 119 m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng cho ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1edbi 48 ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i. C\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Arsenal ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 10% l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u01b0u tr\u00ed. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 18 \u0111\u1ebfn 19 ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 hai l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn s\u00e1ch in, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n chia th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau n\u0103m 1880, kho\u1ea3ng 12 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft tay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, kho\u1ea3ng 100 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n in g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n dung, tranh bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ch\u00e9p nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00f4m (b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: aluminium, phi\u00ean \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: a-luy-mi-nh\u00f4m) l\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Al v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng 13. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng 27 \u0111vC. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang l\u00e0 2,7 g/cm3. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 660oC. Nh\u00f4m l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 3 (sau \u00f4xy v\u00e0 silic), v\u00e0 l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Nh\u00f4m chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 8% kh\u1ed1i l\u1edbp r\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f4m hi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu qu\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eed c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh. Tuy v\u1eady, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf d\u1ea1ng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t trong h\u01a1n 270 lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau. Qu\u1eb7ng ch\u00ednh ch\u1ee9a nh\u00f4m l\u00e0 b\u00f4 x\u00edt."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 v\u00e0ng \u1edf Roma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Tiberius xem m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u0129a \u0103n l\u00e0m t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kim lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. Chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u0129a r\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 v\u00e0ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t th\u00f4. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng cam \u0111oan v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf r\u1ea5t th\u00edch th\u00fa, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ngay ra l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kim lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, thay v\u00ec c\u1ea3m \u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 v\u00e0ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng ta."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf nh\u00f4m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u1ebf th\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p luy\u1ec7n nh\u00f4m. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y kim lo\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb qu\u1eb7ng. Vi\u1ec7c tinh ch\u1ebf nh\u00f4m ti\u00eau hao nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng; vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau hao kho\u1ea3ng 5% n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra n\u00f3 tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1900, vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf nh\u00f4m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ea7m l\u1eafng cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 khi s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u00f4m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1ecf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf nh\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong t\u1ea7m ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf nh\u00f4m bao g\u1ed3m \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u0169, c\u1eeda v\u00e0 c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 nh\u00f4m c\u0169, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169, conten\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "\u0110i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n nh\u00f4m b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Hall-H\u00e9roult ti\u00eau hao nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf hay m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ti\u00eau hao n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 14,5-15,5 kWh/kg nh\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c l\u00f2 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng 12,8 kWh/kg. D\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u0169 l\u00e0 100.000-200.000 A. C\u00e1c l\u00f2 hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng 350.000 A. C\u00e1c l\u00f2 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng 500.000 A."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00f4m c\u00f3 ch\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb, s\u1ed1 Z c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u1eeb 23 \u0111\u1ebfn 30. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Al-27 (\u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh) v\u00e0 Al-26 (\u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, t1/2 = 7,2 \u00d7 105 n\u0103m) t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, tuy nhi\u00ean Al-27 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 100%. Al-26 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb agon trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n do va ch\u1ea1m sinh ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tia v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 proton. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00f4m c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c v\u1ebft mangan, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng, th\u1ea1ch anh trong \u0111\u00e1 l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Al-26 tr\u00ean beryli-10 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a, l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch, th\u1eddi gian ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n trong thang \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eddi gian 105 \u0111\u1ebfn 106 n\u0103m (v\u1ec1 sai s\u1ed1)."}
+{"text": "Al-26 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch, sau khi tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, trong khi chu du trong kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tia v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, sinh ra c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Al-26. Sau khi r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng sinh ra th\u00eam Al-26, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch cho th\u1ea5y Al-26 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong th\u1eddi gian h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 Al-26 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh sau khi ch\u00fang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 4,55 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Science ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2005 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m 13 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u00f4m (Al13) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed i\u1ed1t; v\u00e0 14 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u00f4m (Al14) c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m th\u1ed5. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft 12 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed i\u1ed1t v\u1edbi c\u1ee5m Al13 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a p\u00f4lyi\u1ed1tua. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1edf ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1: \"c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u1ee5m\". Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi Shiv N. Khanna (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Virginia Commonwealth) v\u00e0 A. Welford Castleman Jr (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u bang Penn)."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00f4m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong \u00edt c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 \u00edch n\u00e0o cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb d\u1ecb \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3 \u2014 h\u1ecd b\u1ecb c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng vi\u00eam da do ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nh\u00f4m: c\u00e1c v\u1ebft ng\u1ee9a do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m se da hay h\u00fat m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i (ph\u1ea5n r\u00f4m), c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ti\u00eau h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m hay m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb th\u1ee9c \u0103n n\u1ea5u trong c\u00e1c n\u1ed3i nh\u00f4m, n\u00f4n m\u1eeda hay c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u00f4m do \u0103n (u\u1ed1ng) c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 Kaopectate\u00ae (thu\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1ng ti\u00eau ch\u1ea3y), Amphojel\u00ae v\u00e0 Maalox\u00ae (thu\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1ng chua). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u00f4m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u00e0 b\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng nh\u00f4m (ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn do kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t) n\u00f3i chung ch\u01b0a cho th\u1ea5y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u00f4m. Vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 qua nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1ng chua ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00fat m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i ch\u1ee9a nh\u00f4m c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n duy nh\u1ea5t sinh ra s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u00f4m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u00f4m c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh Alzheimer, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 piano c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e0n clavico clavecin (harpsichord) t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 v\u00e0 17. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1700, Bartolomeo Cristofori \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e0n harpsichord m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00faa g\u00f5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u00e2y, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n harpsichord l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng quill (d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 g\u1ea3y \u0111\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng \u1ed1ng l\u00f4ng) \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ea3y. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e0n piano th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u b\u00faa tho\u00e1t, n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho b\u00faa t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ph\u00edm m\u1ed9t khi c\u00e1c n\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00ean, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i ch\u01a1i l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1eb3n s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c note \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc piano \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Critofori v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e0n clavecin, c\u00f2n \u00e2m thanh th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5n v\u00e0o b\u00e0n ph\u00edm."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Cristofori kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a 1700, khi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf piano c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 Gottfried Silbermann ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Christian Friederici v\u00e0 Johannes Zumpe b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n piano v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi clavecin. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho l\u1eafm nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c J.S.Bach \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u0103m 1747. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ri\u00eang cho piano t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1732 v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 d\u00e0nh cho bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "Khi piano c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u00f3 d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho \u00e2m thanh to h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u00e2m, c\u00e1c d\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0y h\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 khung ph\u1ea3i kho\u1ebb h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. B\u1ed9 khung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n piano th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7, tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u00e0y h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 thanh ch\u1eb1ng ch\u00e9o gi\u00fap n\u00f3 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1820, Thomas Allen th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef c\u0103ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2y, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh l\u00e0 John Broadwood b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103ng l\u00ean, m\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7. N\u0103m 1825, Alpheus Babcock s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra khung b\u1eb1ng gang v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m 1843, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 Jonas Chickering b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m piano v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u0129a tr\u00f2n v\u00e0nh, m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c piano c\u00e1nh ng\u00e0y nay. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi Henri Pape v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1828 v\u00e0 Steinway c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf n\u0103m 1859, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c d\u00e2y bass d\u00e0i h\u01a1n l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1c d\u00e2y kim, gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2y d\u00e0i h\u01a1n \u1edf trong h\u1ed9p ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c d\u00e2y bass \u1edf gi\u1eefa qua m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng (soundboard) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i \u00e2m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Clavichord l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 ph\u00edm \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t ra b\u1eb1ng d\u00e2y. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd v\u00e0 ghi gh\u00e9p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng clavichord, v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eabu hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 15. Clavichord \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i ch\u1ee9 \u00edt khi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i b\u1ea5m v\u00e0o ph\u00edm, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1eadt l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o d\u00e2y \u0111\u00e0n. M\u1ea3nh kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t thanh ch\u1eb7n d\u00e2y, v\u00e0 n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e2n l\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ph\u00edm \u0111\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 ra. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00e0y gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00e2m thanh."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1709, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o harpsichord ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd Bartolomeo Cristofori ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfc d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 piano et forte (nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh). Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc pianoforte v\u1edbi b\u00faa. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, pianoforte thay th\u1ebf harpsichord v\u00e0 clavichord b\u1edfi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 ph\u00edm kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Fortepiano l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 d\u00e2y-b\u00faa c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e2m thanh nh\u1ecf th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5m ph\u00edm m\u1ea1nh hay nh\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i. \u0110\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1850, t\u1eeb \"fortepiano\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi t\u1eeb \"piano\". V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 18, d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. J.S. Bach c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u00edch clavichord, nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quen ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 ch\u01a1i d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 1760, Johannes Zumpe ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfc d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m vu\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3u Anh l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i London (sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean \"piano vu\u00f4ng l\u1edbn\"). Sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u, Broadwood \u1edf London v\u00e0 Erard \u1edf Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Johann Behrend \u1edf Philadelphia tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e0n vu\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1775. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e0n vu\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng h\u01a1i y\u1ebfu y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc pianoforte l\u1edbn (ki\u1ec3u c\u00f3 n\u1eafp r\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3n). Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m vu\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u nh\u1ea5c v\u00e0 b\u00faa c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00f5 v\u00e0o d\u00e2y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, b\u00faa \u0111\u00e0n, l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp da m\u1ecfng, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i g\u00f5 l\u00ean nh\u1eefng d\u00e2y bass l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a M\u0129 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m vu\u00f4ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebdo nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch trang tr\u00ed trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1800, bao g\u1ed3m Chickering, Knabe, Steinway v\u00e0 Mathushek. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong su\u1ed1t 75 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e0n d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m, chi\u1ebfc d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m vu\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf M\u0129."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu trong nh\u1eefng nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 ph\u00edm \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m vu\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu \u1edbt trong \u00e2m thanh. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng d\u00e2y n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khung \u00e2m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. C\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi khung g\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u1ed5i s\u1ee9c c\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00e2y n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1825, Alpheus Babcock \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t khung s\u1eaft ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn 1837 Jonas Chickering m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng khung s\u1eaft \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m thanh, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng khung s\u1eaft v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1855, Steinway tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y chi\u1ebfc d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m vu\u00f4ng theo ki\u1ec3u d\u00e2y \u0111an t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1eddm c\u1ee7a v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Chickering. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u1eafc d\u00e2y n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1975, t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ra\u0111\u00ea (Rhade). Theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ng\u00e0y 01/04/2009 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 331.194 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 11 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u00fd th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c-t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 90% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Tin L\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca\u0111\u00ea k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng: M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh (Krung) t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Kudaya (\u0110\u00ea) \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa m\u1eb9 X\u1ee9 S\u1edf t\u00ean l\u00e0 Nagar (Gar). Kudaya \u0111\u00e3 chinh phuc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Nagar sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng Ch\u00faa m\u1eb9 X\u1ee9 s\u1edf Nagar \u0111\u1ef1oc phong l\u00e0m Krung. Con ch\u00e1u h\u00e2u du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Anak Kudaya Nagar sau n\u00e0y r\u00fat g\u1ecdn \u00e2m l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Anak \u0110\u00ea-Gar c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Kudaya(\u0110\u00ea) v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng Ch\u00faa x\u1ee9 s\u1edf Nagar (Gar). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hai v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Malayo - Polynesia l\u1edbn tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u00d0\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng: Ph\u00f9 Nam v\u00e0 Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ph\u00f9 Nam r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb V\u1ecbnh Th\u00e1i Lan \u0111\u1ebfn Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3 nh\u01b0ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ecfa l\u00ean Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e0o v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n. Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau d\u1ecdc c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng eo h\u1eb9p mi\u1ec1n Trung \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n d\u00e3y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y: L\u00e2m \u1ea4p hay Indrapura (B\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean), Amaravati (Qu\u1ea3ng Nam), Vijaya (B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh), Aryaru (Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean), Kauthara (Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a) v\u00e0 Panduranga (Phan Rang). Sinh ho\u1ea1t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Malayo - Polynesia l\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. \u00d0\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u00eam ngu\u1ed3n h\u00e0ng qu\u00ed hi\u1ebfm trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Malayo - Polynesia m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c lu\u00f4n c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u00f3m Bih ven krong A-na m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00ca \u0110\u00ea Bih v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng d\u1ec7t, trang s\u1ee9c, l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m, tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u00f3m Bih l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m Malayo - Polynesia \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y n\u1ea1n s\u1edbm v\u00e0o s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, h\u1ecd \u0111em theo k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc ven s\u00f4ng,d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i th\u00f4, trang s\u1ee9c h\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m th\u00f4. Theo chi\u1ec1u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, danh t\u1ef1 \u00ca \u0110\u00ea c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Champa, bia k\u00fd Champa c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i th\u00e1p Po Nagar v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9c danh Rang \u0110\u00ea v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng Nha Trang, s\u00f4ng Jing, s\u00f4ng Hing. Nh\u1eefng bia k\u00fd s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Champa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII - \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00f3m Rangde ven s\u00f4ng Ea trang (Nha Trang). Trong Bia Po Nagar \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u0103m 965 t\u1ea1i th\u00e1p Po Nagar (Nha Trang, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a): N\u1ed9i dung bia nh\u01b0 sau:V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 703 - 706 l\u1ecbch saka (781 - 784 C\u00f4ng l\u1ecbch), vua Satyavarman cho d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t linga (linh v\u1eadt) th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Siva v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ch\u00e1u m\u00ecnh l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua Vikrantavarman(v\u00ec theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eabu h\u1ec7 n\u00ean c\u1eadu truy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4i cho ch\u00e1u theo d\u00f2ng m\u1eb9)... v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Vua c\u00f3 thu ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Randaya (Rang \u0110\u00ea).R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Rang \u0110\u00ea sau n\u00e0y b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m th\u00e0nh Ra \u0111\u00ea, Ra\u0111\u00eay hay \u00ca \u0111\u00ea"}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00eagar l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 srakrit Deccan, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923, \u0110\u00eak\u1e63ar\u1e47a, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"cao nguy\u00ean ph\u00eda nam\"."}
+{"text": "D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00ca \u0110\u00ea bao g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u (~490.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Campuchia, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Th\u00e1i Lan, Hoa K\u1ef3, Canada, Ph\u00e1p, Ph\u1ea7n Lan, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n... Trong \u0111\u00f3 mi\u1ec1n trung cao nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb nh\u00f3m t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3 Lai t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng; truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1eabn mang \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t m\u1eabu h\u1ec7 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Malay-Polynesia. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m:"}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c: Blo, Dongmak, Hwing... Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ebft l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia th\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Anak \u0110\u00ea \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u00e1nh t\u1eeb Anak A\u00ea-Di\u00ea, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a Y\u00e0ng (Th\u1ea7n Linh). Theo T\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u1edf n\u0103m 2009, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 331.194 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i 59 tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 63 t\u1ec9nh, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh:"}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea l\u00e0m r\u1eaby l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, ri\u00eang nh\u00f3m B\u00edh l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc theo l\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 s\u01a1, d\u00f9ng tr\u00e2u d\u1eabm \u0111\u1ea5t thay vi\u1ec7c c\u00e0y, cu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea5t. Ngo\u00e0i tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt c\u00f2n ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i, s\u0103n b\u1eafn, h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m, \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1, \u0111an l\u00e1t, d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i. Tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00faa c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ng\u00f4, khoai, b\u1ea7u, thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, b\u00ed, h\u00e0nh, \u1edbt, b\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0m r\u1eaby c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u00e2n kho\u1ea3nh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng khu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ang canh t\u00e1c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 hoang \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i s\u1ef1 m\u00e0u m\u1ee1. Ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea g\u1eafn m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n c\u00e2y c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p: c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, cao su, h\u1ed3 ti\u00eau, ca cao,... Ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 nu\u00f4i tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2, voi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111an l\u00e1t, b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed7, \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m."}
+{"text": "Trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea, ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb m\u1eb9 sang con g\u00e1i, theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eabu h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eabu h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minangkabau \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o Sumatra c\u1ee7a Indonesia, con c\u00e1i mang h\u1ecd m\u1eb9,tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y con trai kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eeba k\u1ebf,b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong nh\u00e0. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gia \u0111\u00ecnh,ch\u0103m s\u00f3c con c\u00e1i, m\u1ed3 m\u1ea3 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean,c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i th\u1eeba k\u1ebf cho con c\u00e1i... \u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c ngo\u1ea1i giao, giao l\u01b0u bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. Cho n\u00ean vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u00ca \u0111\u00ea b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. \u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong nh\u00e0 v\u1ee3. N\u1ebfu v\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u00ean nh\u00e0 v\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ai thay th\u1ebf theo t\u1ee5c n\u1ed1i d\u00e2y th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ch\u1ecb em g\u00e1i m\u00ecnh. Khi ch\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t b\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb.Ch\u1ec9 con g\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i \u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u00f4ng b\u00e0 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cha m\u1eb9 gi\u00e0. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u00e9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn Ch\u0103mpa m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 d\u00e0i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea chi\u1ebfm 17 % d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u0103k L\u0103k. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Malay-Polynesia, s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. \u0110a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Tin L\u00e0nh - m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o du nh\u1eadp h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ee5c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, tr\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o Indonesia, Philippin v\u00e0 Malaysia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7ng, b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 pha tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 xa x\u01b0a, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M'n\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef M\u00f4n-Khmer, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea v\u1ed1n thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Malay-Polynesia, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n c\u01b0 v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n trung Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 di c\u01b0 l\u00ean T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV nh\u01b0ng trong s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea, b\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 con thuy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 phai nh\u1ea1t. Nh\u00e0 s\u00e0n \u00ca \u0110\u00ea c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh con thuy\u1ec1n d\u00e0i, c\u1eeda ch\u00ednh m\u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00e1i nh\u00e0, c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 m\u1edf ra ph\u00eda h\u00f4ng. B\u00ean trong nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u1ea7n g\u1ed7 h\u00ecnh v\u00f2m gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t mui thuy\u1ec1n. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u bu\u00f4n \u00ca \u0110\u00ea tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 d\u00e0i tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i thuy\u1ec1n Nam \u0110\u1ea3o \u0111ang r\u1ebd s\u00f3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea3o, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3 Lai. Nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 d\u00e0i s\u00e0n th\u1ea5p, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 15 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 100 m t\u00f9y theo gia \u0111\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u00e0 \u00ca \u0110\u00ea c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c \u1edf T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean. L\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u1edbn theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eabu h\u1ec7. B\u1ed9 khung k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. C\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u00ca \u0110\u00ea l\u00e0: h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7u thang, c\u1ed9t s\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng sinh ho\u1ea1t. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf hai ph\u1ea7n. N\u1eeda \u0111\u1eb1ng c\u1eeda ch\u00ednh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gah l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1ch, sinh ho\u1ea1t chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 d\u00e0i, b\u1ebfp ch\u1ee7, gh\u1ebf kh\u00e1ch, gh\u1ebf ch\u1ee7, gh\u1ebf d\u00e0i (Kpan) (t\u1edbi 20 m), chi\u00eang ch\u00e9,... n\u1eeda c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d4k l\u00e0 b\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ed7 n\u1ea5u \u0103n chung v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, chia \u0111\u00f4i theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc, ph\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 b\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \"tr\u00ean\" chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u gian nh\u1ecf. Ph\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ebfp. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n s\u00e0n. S\u00e2n s\u00e0n \u1edf ph\u00eda c\u1eeda ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00e2n kh\u00e1ch. Mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i qua s\u00e2n s\u00e0n. Nh\u00e0 c\u00e0ng kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 th\u00ec s\u00e2n kh\u00e1ch c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng, khang trang."}
+{"text": "Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea theo \u0111\u1ea1o Tin L\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. \u0110\u0103k L\u0103k n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Tin L\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o Tin L\u00e0nh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecdc kinh c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c s\u01b0, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Tin l\u00e0nh v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p.T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea theo C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, do y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ea5m l\u00fd v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Sau Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve, Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m cho h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf quy ch\u1ebf Ho\u00e0ng tri\u1ec1u C\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ed5, t\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng Cao nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 gom v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 chung c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai canh t\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c khu dinh \u0111i\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc di c\u01b0 v\u00e0o Nam. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c khu dinh \u0111i\u1ebfn, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u1ebft \u0111au trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea, tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c, th\u00ec h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111a ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ecdn Tin L\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea theo C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u1edd t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. S\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn theo n\u00e9t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n, th\u1edd c\u00fang c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ed9 th\u00e2n cho m\u00ecnh. L\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca-\u0111\u00ea c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng l\u1ecbch,th\u1ee9 l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfm ng\u00e0y ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y so v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng l\u1ecbch. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi E\u0111\u00ea s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p Moise c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o"}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi E\u0111\u00ea ph\u1ea3i ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y (Hru\u00ea Kjuh) hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hrue Sabbath (shab-bawth') t\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y Ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt (Sunday) trong C\u00f4ng L\u1ecbch."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea coi s\u1ed1 7 l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 linh thi\u00eang, v\u00e0 cons\u1ed1 t\u1eadn trong h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfng \u00ca-\u0110\u00ea c\u00f9ng sau con s\u1ed1 7 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 gh\u00e9p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca-\u0111\u00ea theo Tin L\u00e0nh th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y Th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 (Hrue Sabbath): Ng\u00e0y Ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i - Tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y Ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt (Sunday) trong C\u00f4ng L\u1ecbch. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y \u0111a s\u1ed1 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u00eang kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby hay lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea1o Tin L\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca-\u0111\u00ea h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u quy t\u1eafc ki\u00eang c\u1ef1 kh\u00e1 ng\u1eb7t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t: C\u1ea5m h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng \u0103n th\u1ecbt \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ebft hay th\u00fa v\u1eadt c\u1eafn, kh\u00f4ng \u0103n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m li\u00ean quan c\u00fang t\u1ebf ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o, c\u1ea5m th\u1edd \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng,kh\u00f4ng \u0103n huy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9c \u0103n ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb huy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, c\u1ea5m d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 men nh\u01b0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u, bia v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, \u0111\u01b0a tang ma v\u00e0o l\u00fac 9 gi\u1edd bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng theo quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi (\u00e1nh b\u00ecnh minh) chi\u1ebfu xu\u1ed1ng huy\u1ec7t g\u00f3c 60 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y(?)..."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ri\u00eang theo l\u1ed1i v\u0103n t\u1ef1 Pali- Sancrit c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \" Boh h'r\u0103\", c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea1ng ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft cong c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Champa, lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef Sancrit n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y da \" m'ar klit\", hay tr\u00ean l\u00e1 c\u1ecd kh\u00f4 \"Hla gu\u00f4l\", lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n sau n\u0103m 1954 b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m d\u1eady ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00f4ng H\u00f2a, nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef \u00ca \u0111\u00ea c\u1ed5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u00eam thi\u00eau hu\u1ef7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Trong th\u1eddi gian cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft theo m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 Latin do 2 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o Y-Ut v\u00e0 Y-Jut s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Tin L\u00e0nh d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 Gia Ph\u1ea3. So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea l\u00e0 s\u1eafc d\u00e2n c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft theo b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i La tinh kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Tin L\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc M\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch Kinh Th\u00e1nh cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y. N\u0103m 1971, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean n\u00e0y ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng \u00ca \u0110\u00ea. N\u0103m 1979, s\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y ng\u1eef v\u1ef1ng \u00ca \u0110\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. Kinh Th\u00e1nh T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc song ng\u1eef \u00ca \u0110\u00ea-Vi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 2001. N\u0103m 2006, Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a United Bible Societies, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh 20 ng\u00e0n cu\u1ed1n Kinh Th\u00e1nh T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc song ng\u1eef \u00ca \u0110\u00ea-Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong ti\u1ebfng \u00ca \u0110\u00ea t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gia Rai v\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Orang \u0110\u00ea c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c bia k\u00fd Champa, Khmer,...Orang \u0110\u00ea c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea v\u00e0 Gia Rai g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mdhur, trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Mdhur c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 trung gian gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea v\u00e0 Gia Rai. Trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Mdhur tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ee5c h\u1ecfa t\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1ecf tro trong chum, ch\u00e9 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi mang ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t trong nh\u00e0 m\u1ed3, \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Hin-\u0111u t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mdhur l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea v\u00e0 Gia Rai hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Orang \u0110\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c s\u01a1 khai, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Mtao, P\u01a1 Tao c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf v\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gia Rai v\u00e0 \u00ca \u0111\u00ea. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00e1:"}
+{"text": "Adham hay Dham, ho\u1eb7c Atham, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Adham c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc \u0110\u0103k L\u0103k, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf v\u00f9ng Bu\u00f4n H\u1ed3, C\u01b0 Mgar, Kr\u00f4ng Buk v\u00e0 Ea Hleo. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea. Kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea Adham \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng di c\u01b0 \u1ed3 \u1ea1t xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam c\u1ee7a \u0110\u0103k L\u0103k v\u00e0 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng c\u01b0 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea Kp\u0103 v\u00f9ng Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c Mtao Ea- Mtao Pui c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c Jarai. Nh\u1edd con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e0o, Xi\u00eam, Khmer t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng B\u1ea3n \u0110on ng\u00e0y nay, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII - XIX \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u00ca \u0111\u00ea Adham v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u1eef th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Y\u0103 Wam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi E \u0111\u00ea g\u1ecdi Mtao Mni\u00ea (Vua B\u00e0), Yawam cai tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb Kr\u00f4ng N\u0103ng, Bu\u00f4n H\u1ed3, Ea Sup, C\u01b0 Mgar, Bu\u00f4n \u0110\u00f4n. Do v\u1eady, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xi\u00eam k\u00ednh n\u1ec3 v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh ngang v\u1edbi th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c Mtao Pui, Mtao \u00caa. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Adham l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u00ca \u0111\u00ea kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kp\u0103. \u0110\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Adham g\u1ed3m '\"...Nam ph\u1ea7n \u0110\u0103k L\u0103k cho t\u1edbi l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Ya Liau, ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u00f4ng Krong Bouk v\u00e0 lan t\u1edbi t\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n s\u00f4ng Nang\". Vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0 Yawam c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea5t Bu\u00f4n \u0110\u00f4n cho Y-Thu Knul \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c L\u00e0o, Th\u00e1i Lan l\u1eadp ra B\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4n, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c nam ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e0o theo d\u1ecdc c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh s\u1ed1ng Mekong, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh \u00e1i gi\u1eefa N\u1eef th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh danh ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh s\u0103n voi t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u00ca \u0111\u00ea Adham suy t\u00e0n sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ea3n \u0110on. L\u00fac n\u00e0y th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u00ca \u0111\u00ea Kp\u0103 v\u00f9ng Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh nh\u1edd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf h\u1eb3n vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0111\u00ea Adham."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i Rhade \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 sinh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i trong \u0111\u00eam th\u00e1ng ba (\u00e2m l\u1ecbch) l\u00fac tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng kh\u1eafc chuy\u1ec3n m\u00f9a t\u1eeb m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 sang m\u00f9a m\u01b0a \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac n\u0103m m\u1edbi \u1edf c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 L\u00e0o, Khmer, Xi\u00eam La (Th\u00e1i Lan), c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m m\u1edbi trong th\u00e1ng l\u1ecbch n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi E \u0111\u00ea, Drah jan sinh ra khi tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n s\u1ea5m \u1ea7m \u1ea7m trong \u0111\u00eam v\u00e0 gi\u1ecdt m\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a t\u00ed t\u00e1ch tr\u00fat xu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t m\u00e1u v\u00ec sau th\u00e1ng m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 \u1ea7y b\u1ee5i \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a ng\u01b0\u1eddi E\u0111\u00ea g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \" Drah Hjan \" ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \" m\u01b0a m\u00e1u \" l\u00e0 gi\u1ecdt m\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean (atau) kh\u00f3c cho con cha\u00fa d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1ea7n gian. M\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Drah jan qua \u0111\u1eddi sau khi b\u00e0 h\u1ea1 sinh Drah jan trong \u0111\u00eam l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3. Cho n\u00ean t\u1edbi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi E\u0111\u00ea v\u1eabn c\u00f2n phong t\u1ee5c \" K\u0103m Mah\" khi c\u00f3 gi\u1ecdt m\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a k\u00e8m theo nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng s\u1ea5m th\u1ea5t kinh \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, K\u0103m mah ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \" ki\u00eang c\u1eef \u0111eo trang s\u1ee9c v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c \" t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef E\u0111\u00ea kh\u00f4ng \u0111uoc ra ngo\u00e0i trong m\u01b0a, kh\u00f4ng \u0111eo v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c trang s\u1ee9c v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef E\u0111e quy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd qua \u0111\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y h\u1ea1 sinh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Drah jan huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t V\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c (H\u01a1 Bia). Ri\u00eang ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Vua Po r\u00ea m\u00ea th\u00ec h\u1ea1t m\u1ea7m n\u1ea3y l\u1ed9c l\u00e0m v\u1ef1c d\u1eady v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u0103m pa l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Rhade, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thu\u1eadt chi\u00eam tinh c\u1ee7a Poerme tin r\u1eb1ng Drah jan ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i sinh n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n P\u00f4 R\u00ea m\u00ea sang v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Rhade \u0111\u1ec3 r\u01b0\u1edbc Drah jan v\u1ec1, P\u00f4 r\u00ea m\u00ea v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0u thu\u1eadt b\u00f3i kh\u00f3a, chi\u00eam tinh, D\u00f9 \u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 nh\u01b0ng duy nh\u1ea5t Drah jan l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1 sinh nhi\u1ec1u con c\u00e1i cho ho\u00e0ng tri\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00faa nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac T\u1ea7n sai cai c\u01a1 H\u00f9ng L\u1ed9c mang 3000 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Champa t\u1eeb Nha Trang \u0111\u1ebfn S\u00f4ng Phan Rang. Po Rom\u00ea b\u1ecb b\u1eaft trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, ng\u00e0i b\u1ecb nh\u1ed1t v\u00e0o R\u1ecd, b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3i b\u1ecf kh\u00e1t tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 Hu\u1ebf, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed (L\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ch\u00e0m Dohamide g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ba B\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed)"}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ca r\u1eb1ng: Ba ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Drah Jan, Drah Jih, Drah yang,L\u00e0m n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2n \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec th\u1ea7n Po Rame \u0111\u1eb9p trai.Ba ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Drah jan, drah Jih, drah Yang, S\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p to\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc l\u00ean.(Drah Jan: ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea, Drah Jih: ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o b\u00e0ni, Drahyang: c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 P\u00f4 Reme theo H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o g\u1ed1c Kelantan (B\u1eafc Malaysia)''"}
+{"text": "Th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c: T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1471, khi th\u00e2n chinh c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t Champa,vua L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng d\u1eebng t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n n\u00fai, cho qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh tr\u00e8o l\u00ean kh\u1eafc t\u00ean, ghi r\u00f5 c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t (Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay) t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i n\u00e0y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u00fai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u00fai \u0110\u00e1 Bia.Tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 1 t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 cao 76m, t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n n\u0103m 1471, vua L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 cho kh\u1eafc l\u00ean m\u1eb7t kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 b\u00e0i v\u0103n (n\u00ean sau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0110\u00e1 Bia) d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t.V\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung v\u0103n bia, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ef1u trung c\u00f3 ba n\u1ed9i dung nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cChi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 th\u1eed, binh b\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c vong, An Nam qu\u00e1 th\u1eed, t\u01b0\u1edbng tru binh chi\u1ebft\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, binh thua n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea5t, An Nam v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ebft qu\u00e2n tan\"; ho\u1eb7c \"D\u0129 Nam Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, d\u0129 B\u1eafc d\u00e2n tri\u1ec1u m\u1ec7nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam\" ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cT\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 Nam l\u00e0 Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc d\u00e2n ch\u1ecbu m\u1ec7nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam\"; c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n bia ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hai ch\u1eef \"H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d, l\u00e0 ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a vua L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng. Theo try\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi E\u0111\u00ea Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca \u0110\u00ea, n\u00fai \u0110\u00e1 Bia l\u00e0 Kut Hbia Bhi (m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 H\u01a1Bh\u00ed). Hbia Bh\u00ed l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a H\u01a1bia Drah Jan l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00ca \u0110\u00ea, v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a vua P\u00f4r\u00f4m\u00ea l\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Champa x\u01b0a kia,sau khi H\u01a1Bia Bh\u00ed (m\u1ed9t trong 3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a vua P\u00f4r\u00f4m\u00ea) m\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafp cho b\u00e0 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 th\u1eadt to l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00fai \u0110\u00e1 Bia ng\u00e0y nay."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 (ti\u1ebfng Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3: T\u00fcrkiye [tyrkije]), t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 (ti\u1ebfng Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3: T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti [tyrkije d\u0361\u0292umhurijeti] ( nghe)), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia xuy\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u00c1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c2u. Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi 8 qu\u1ed1c gia: Bulgaria \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc; Hy L\u1ea1p \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y; Gruzia \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc; Armenia, Iran v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi Nakhchivan c\u1ee7a Azerbaijan \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng; v\u00e0 Iraq c\u00f9ng Syria \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam. \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i \u1edf ph\u00eda nam; bi\u1ec3n Aegea \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y; v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n \u0110en \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. Bi\u1ec3n Marmara, c\u00e1c eo bi\u1ec3n Bosphorus v\u00e0 Dardanelles ph\u00e2n ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa Thrace v\u00e0 Anatolia, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n chia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i giao c\u1eaft gi\u1eefa ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 khi\u1ebfn Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecba chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169, Sau khi b\u1ecb Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf chinh ph\u1ee5c, khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ecb Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Seljuk b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 h\u00f3a. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Anatolia v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c2u, T\u00e2y Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Phi, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i \u00c2u-\u00c1 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV-XVII. C\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Tanzimat trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX nh\u1eb1m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a Ottoman l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c tan r\u00e3. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman tham gia Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong Li\u00ean minh Trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i. Chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 do Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1i Anatolia, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1923, v\u1edbi Atat\u00fcrk l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 85% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n. 70-80% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3; ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, NATO, OECD, OSCE, OIC v\u00e0 G-20. Sau khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1949, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a EEC v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1963, gia nh\u1eadp Li\u00ean minh Thu\u1ebf quan EU v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1995 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1edbi Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005. Kinh t\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 khi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c khu v\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Anatolia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Anatolia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf. Nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Anatolia, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 \u1ea4n-\u00c2u. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ednh c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Hittite v\u00e0 Luwia, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t Anatolia l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1ea4n-\u00c2u t\u1ecfa ra. Ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Thrace, khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1eeb \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 6000 TCN khi c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Anatolia theo ghi ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hatti v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hurria, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c phi \u1ea4n-\u00c2u l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n trung v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng Anatolia, t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 2300 TCN. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hittite \u1ea4n-\u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn Anatolia v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n h\u1ea5p thu ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hattia v\u00e0 Hurria v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 2000-1700 TCN. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong khu v\u1ef1c do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hittite th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII TCN. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Assyria chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng nam Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb 1950 TCN cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 612 TCN. Urartu t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e2u kh\u1eafc Assyria v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IX TCN nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Assyria."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Achaemenes Ba T\u01b0 chinh ph\u1ee5c Anatolia trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI v\u00e0 V TCN, r\u1ed3i th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 334 TCN, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a trong khu v\u1ef1c. Sau khi Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 323 TCN, Anatolia b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a nh\u1ecf, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I TCN. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a v\u1ed1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Alexandros \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u CN th\u00ec ng\u1eef t\u1ed9c Anatolia v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1514, Sultan Selim I (1512-1520) b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Shah Ismail I c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Safavid trong tr\u1eadn Chaldiran. N\u0103m 1517, Selim I b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ottoman \u0111\u1ebfn Alg\u00e9rie v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecf. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ottoman v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c h\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng chi ph\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ottoman tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u. \u0110\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i v\u00f2ng qua ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1488, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf Ottoman."}
+{"text": "Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 thanh th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ottoman \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI v\u00e0 XVII, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Suleiman I. Ottoman th\u01b0\u1eddng xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Trung \u00c2u qua Balkan v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung Ba Lan v\u00e0 Litva. Tr\u00ean h\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ottoman \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi v\u00e0i li\u00ean minh C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. T\u1ea1i ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Safavid Ba T\u01b0 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI \u0111\u1ebfn XVIII do tranh ch\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "Ottoman tham gia Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u00ean phe Li\u00ean minh Trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Armenia trong \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng Anatolia \u0111\u1ebfn Syria nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Armenia. Theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 1,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Armenia b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Armenia ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. Sau Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn Mudros v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1918, \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia Ottoman th\u00f4ng qua H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc S\u00e8vres 1923."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1922, c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Ankara b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a chuy\u1ec3n giao t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb Ottoman sang h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 11, ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Lausanne ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1923 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \"C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3\" m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman, v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1923 t\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi Ankara. Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Lausanne quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01b0 d\u00e2n gi\u1eefa Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, do \u0111\u00f3 1,1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p r\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 trong khi 380 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p sang Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. Mustafa Kemal tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ed1c gia Ottoman-Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u0169 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c m\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 duy tr\u00ec trung l\u1eadp trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, tuy nhi\u00ean tham gia trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u00ean phe \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1945. Ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1945, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c. Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p sau chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u1ec1 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c eo bi\u1ec3n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Truman v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1947. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an ninh cho Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Hai qu\u1ed1c gia tham d\u1ef1 K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Marshall v\u00e0 OEEC v\u1ec1 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1948, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a OECD v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1961."}
+{"text": "Sau khi tham gia c\u00f9ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 gia nh\u1eadp NATO v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1952, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i S\u00edp, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i S\u00edp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1974, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Makarios v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 Nikos Sampson l\u00ean c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm S\u00edp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1974. Ch\u00edn n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 B\u1eafc S\u00edp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng sang d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n do \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1960, 1971, v\u00e0 1980, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ecb vong l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997. N\u0103m 1984, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ly khai ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd mang t\u00ean PKK b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Trong th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2016, ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thanh tr\u1eebng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd n\u0103m 2017 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf. T\u1eeb khi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1923, n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 5 n\u0103m th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Atat\u00fcrk v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho hai c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a phe th\u00e2n Atat\u00fcrk v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a, trong khi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong kinh t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c. T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, gia t\u0103ng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p khi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u00fay H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o m\u00e0 theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p do c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp thi h\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n danh qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 vi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u1ea5p cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trung t\u00e2m trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1949, th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a EEC v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1959 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1963. Sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a EEC v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1987, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992, gia nh\u1eadp Li\u00ean minh Thu\u1ebf quan EU v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1995 v\u00e0 tham gia \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n gia nh\u1eadp ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi EU t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2005. Hi\u1ec7n nay, quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean EU \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. S\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 cho B\u1eafc S\u00edp l\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u1edbi EU v\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn ng\u0103n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gia nh\u1eadp EU c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 li\u00ean minh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3. M\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda chung t\u1eeb Li\u00ean X\u00f4 trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh khi\u1ebfn Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a NATO v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1952, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quan h\u1ec7 song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Washington. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, bao g\u1ed3m trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed gia nh\u1eadp EU. Trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh h\u1eadu Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh, t\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecba chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n l\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, Kavkaz v\u00e0 Balkan."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 chia s\u1ebb di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Turk \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 kho\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb s\u00e2u v\u00e0o Trung \u00c1, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3-Armenia b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda do Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Azerbaijan trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nagorno-Karabakh v\u00e0 nay v\u1eabn b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec trong NATO, sau Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u1edbi 495.000 binh s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a NATO v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011. Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean NATO l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch chia s\u1ebb h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi B\u1ec9, \u0110\u1ee9c, \u00dd v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 90 bom h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n B61 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong c\u0103n c\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Incirlik, 40 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n cho Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t xung \u0111\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, song vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c NATO ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c1-\u00c2u. Ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 chi\u1ebfm 97% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u qua eo bi\u1ec3n Bosphorus, bi\u1ec3n Marmara v\u00e0 eo bi\u1ec3n Dardanelles. Ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u chi\u1ebfm 3% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 d\u00e0i tr\u00ean 1.600 km v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean 800 km, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt. Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 35\u00b0 v\u00e0 43\u00b0 B\u1eafc, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kinh \u0111\u1ed9 25\u00b0 v\u00e0 45\u00b0 \u0110\u00f4ng. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3, l\u00e0 783.562 km\u00b2, trong \u0111\u00f3 755.688 km\u00b2 n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 23.764 km\u00b2 n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 37 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e9t theo di\u1ec7n t\u00edch. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3n bao quanh t\u1ea1i ba m\u1eb7t: bi\u1ec3n Aegea t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, bi\u1ec3n \u0110en t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam. Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3n Marmara t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "Ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Thrace, c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Bulgaria. Ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 Anatolia, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t cao nguy\u00ean trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u1edbn c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i h\u1eb9p, n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai K\u00f6ro\u011flu v\u00e0 Pontic t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 Taurus t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam. Mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh quan \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Euphrates, Tigris v\u00e0 Aras, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 N\u00fai Ararat v\u1edbi cao \u0111\u1ed9 5.137 m, v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 h\u1ed3 Van."}
+{"text": "R\u1eebng h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 r\u1ee5ng l\u00e1 B\u1eafc Anatolia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i bao tr\u00f9m h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft D\u00e3y n\u00fai Pontic t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, trong khi r\u1eebng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p Kavkaz tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y n\u00fai. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 \u00c2u-\u00c1 nh\u01b0 c\u1eaft h\u1ecfa mai, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e2u, Clanga pomarina, g\u00e0 g\u00f4 Kavkaz, b\u1ea1ch y\u1ebfn tr\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecf, v\u00e0 Tichodroma muraria. D\u1ea3i duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i h\u1eb9p gi\u1eefa d\u00e3y n\u00fai Pontic v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n \u0110en c\u00f3 r\u1eebng r\u1ee5ng l\u00e1 Euxine-Colchic, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt khu r\u1eebng m\u01b0a \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n Aegea v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i \u00f4n h\u00f2a, v\u1edbi m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u00f3ng kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e1t \u1ea9m. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u0110en c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00f4n h\u00f2a v\u1edbi m\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u1ea5m \u1ea9m v\u00e0 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh \u1ea9m. Duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i bi\u1ec3n \u0110en c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 nh\u1eadn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c duy nh\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y cao su\u1ed1t n\u0103m. Ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0 2.200 milim\u00e9t (87 in), cao nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai g\u1ea7n b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ng\u0103n c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i l\u1ee5c, khi\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n trung cao nguy\u00ean Anatolia c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f9a t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n m\u1ea1nh. M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a cao nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u221230 \u0111\u1ebfn \u221240 \u00b0C (\u221222 \u0111\u1ebfn \u221240 \u00b0F) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng Anatolia. T\u1ea1i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 1 \u00b0C (34 \u00b0F). M\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F) v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 400 mm, thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo \u0111\u1ed9 cao. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Konya v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Malatya, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a h\u00e0ng n\u0103m th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1edbi 300 mm (12 in). Th\u00e1ng 5 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n th\u00e1ng 7 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 8 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng kh\u00f4 nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Li\u00ean minh thu\u1ebf quan EU-Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1995 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. Kim ng\u1ea1ch xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1t $143,5 t\u1ef7 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t $163 t\u1ef7 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012 (c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012: \u0110\u1ee9c 8,6%, Iraq 7,1%, Iran 6,5%, Anh Qu\u1ed1c 5,7%, CTVQARTN 5,4%). Nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012 l\u00e0 $229 t\u1ef7 (c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012: Nga 11,3%, \u0110\u1ee9c 9%, Trung Qu\u1ed1c 9%, Hoa K\u1ef3 6%, \u00dd 5,6%)."}
+{"text": "Trong s\u00e1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, t\u1eeb 1923 \u0111\u1ebfn 1983, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u00f2ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1983, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Turgut \u00d6zal kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb1m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ly sang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ed1n vay n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng; song s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n do c\u00e1c suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994, 1999, v\u00e0 2001; k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP trung b\u00ecnh 4% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1981 \u0111\u1ebfn 2003. Thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh b\u1ed5 sung, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng c\u00f9ng tham nh\u0169ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t cao, m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u0103m 2001 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch do B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi Kemal Dervi\u015f kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1, ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP th\u1ef1c t\u1eeb 2002 \u0111\u1ebfn 2007 trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t 6,8% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, bi\u1ebfn Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3m c\u00f2n 1% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2009 th\u00ec kinh t\u1ebf Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u1edbi GDP suy gi\u1ea3m 5%. Kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 8% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010. Theo d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Eurostat, GDP/ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ee9c mua \u0111\u1ea1t 52% trung b\u00ecnh EU v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011."}
+{"text": "D\u1ef1a theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ghi ch\u00e9p d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1a theo \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 74,7 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011, g\u1ea7n ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. Theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh n\u0103m 2011, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 1,35%/n\u0103m. Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 97 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/km\u00b2. N\u0103m 2009, ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00f3m tu\u1ed5i 15-64 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh 67,4% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1; nh\u00f3m tu\u1ed5i 0-14 chi\u1ebfm 25,3%; trong khi nh\u00f3m tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 65 tr\u1edf l\u00ean chi\u1ebfm 7,3%. N\u0103m 1927, khi \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 13,6 tri\u1ec7u. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 Istanbul, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u x\u00e9t theo d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u theo k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "\u0110i\u1ec1u 66 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 \"b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai r\u1eb1ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng qua quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\"; do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd th\u00ec thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfm 70-75% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c do \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u t\u1ea1i Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Ba nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn theo Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Lausanne l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Armenia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Albania, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Azeri, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bosnia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Circassia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gruzia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Laz, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba T\u01b0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Pomak (Bulgaria), v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Di-gan. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00f4ng nam c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 18% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm 7-12% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ngo\u00e0i ba d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \"thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1\" v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m t\u1ea1i Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, trong khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00ec c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, song nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng ty Ph\u00e1t thanh v\u00e0 Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t thanh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c; Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m. V\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tranh lu\u1eadn trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c m\u1eb7c hijab b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 do n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011, v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013, v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u1edbi 99,8% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 96,4%, trong \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i Hanafi c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Sunni. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ed1i cao thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (ti\u1ebfng Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3: Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131); ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng 80.000 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c imam \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1ed1 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e1i Alevi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 15 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 tri\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 theo t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Aksiyon th\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e1i Imamiyyah (bao g\u1ed3m Alevi) thu\u1ed9c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Shia l\u00e0 3 tri\u1ec7u (4,2%). Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e1i Sufi c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Kho\u1ea3ng 2% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o phi gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i."}
+{"text": "T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n phi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 19% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1914 xu\u1ed1ng 2,5% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1927, do c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u01b0 di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Armenia, trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01b0 d\u00e2n gi\u1eefa Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o ra ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u00e0 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 120.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau, chi\u1ebfm d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,2% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 80.000 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o C\u1ed5 \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, 35.000 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, 18.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p Antioch, 5.000 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Tin L\u00e0nh. Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Istanbul t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV. Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 26.000 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e1nh Sephardi."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong 12 n\u0103m: b\u1ed1n n\u0103m cho m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, s\u01a1 trung v\u00e0 cao trung. C\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 25-34 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc trung h\u1ecdc, so v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 trung b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean 80% c\u1ee7a OECD. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia OECD kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh t\u00edch trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5p s\u01a1 trung, do v\u1eady m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc gia s\u01b0 t\u1eeb khi 10 tu\u1ed5i. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011 l\u00e0 94,1%; 97,9% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 90,3% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1eef gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2011, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 166 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3o th\u00ed tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn \u00d6SS. N\u0103m 2008, h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0 600.000, trong khi c\u00f3 1.700.000 tham d\u1ef1 thi \u00d6SS v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb khoa gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anadolu, nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh theo kh\u1ea3o th\u00ed \u00d6SS qu\u1ed1c gia, sau khi thi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p cao trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc theo th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Theo X\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 2012-2013 c\u1ee7a Times Higher Education, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, ti\u1ebfp sau l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bilkent v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ko\u00e7, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Istanbul v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Th\u1ed5 O\u011fuz, Anatolia, Ottoman (ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy-La v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o) v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y- b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi Ottoman T\u00e2y h\u00f3a v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd di c\u01b0 t\u1eeb Trung \u00c1 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \"hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\", trong khi duy tr\u00ec t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 theo quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 nay l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Istanbul v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1793, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi Osman Hamdi Bey. N\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi Halil Pa\u015fa. C\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1926 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 d\u00e3 th\u00fa, l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n. \"Nh\u00f3m D\" g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Abidin Dino, Cemal Tollu, Fikret Mualla, Fahr\u00fcnnisa Zeid, Bedri Rahmi Ey\u00fcbo\u011flu, Adnan \u00c7oker v\u00e0 Burhan Do\u011fan\u00e7ay gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong h\u01a1n ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean. C\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 \"Yeniler Grubu\" v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930; \"On'lar Grubu\" trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940; \"Yeni Dal Grubu\" trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950; \"Siyah Kalem Grubu\" trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa Ottoman v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Th\u1ed5, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n nay. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ba T\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ottoman. C\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Tanzimat \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gia trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Tanzimat \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi vi\u1ebft trong v\u00e0i th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i: nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 N\u00e2m\u0131k Kemal c\u0169ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu mang t\u00ean \u0130ntib\u00e2h v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1876. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1896 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1923. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 ba phong tr\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y: Phong tr\u00e0o Edebiyy\u00e2t-\u0131 Ced\u00eede (t\u00e2n v\u0103n); Fecr-i \u00c2t\u00ee (b\u00ecnh minh t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai); v\u00e0 Mill\u00ee Edebiyy\u00e2t (qu\u1ed1c v\u0103n). B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n trong thi \u0111\u00e0n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a N\u00e2z\u0131m Hikmet, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o phong c\u00e1ch th\u01a1 t\u1ef1 do. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c trong thi \u0111\u00e0n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1941 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Phong tr\u00e0o Garip. Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 Orhan Pamuk nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 2006."}
+{"text": "Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Seljuk k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Th\u1ed5 Trung \u00c1 v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ba T\u01b0, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, Armenia, v\u00e0 Byzantine. Chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Seljuk sang ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ottoman d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Bursa, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Ottoman t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1335 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1413. Sau khi Ottoman chinh ph\u1ee5c Constantinopolis (Istanbul) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1453, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ottoman ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Byzantine. Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Topkap\u0131 t\u1ea1i Istanbul l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ottoman c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 dinh th\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Sultan trong kho\u1ea3ng 400 n\u0103m. Mimar Sinan l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ottoman. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 374 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Tanzimat c\u1ee7a Istanbul nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Dolmabah\u00e7e, \u00c7\u0131ra\u011fan, Feriye, Beylerbeyi, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcksu, Ihlamur v\u00e0 Y\u0131ld\u0131z. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n (yal\u0131) t\u1ea1i eo bi\u1ec3n Bosphorus c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh pha tr\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch Ottoman c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3. Phong tr\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u1edbi, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c motif t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Seljuk v\u00e0 Ottoman. Phong tr\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho t\u00ean T\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 hay Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Vedat Tek, Mimar Kemaleddin Bey, Arif Hikmet Koyuno\u011flu v\u00e0 Giulio Mongeri. C\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n L\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Istanbul (1905-1909), Chung c\u01b0 Tayyare (1919-1922), hay tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 t\u1ea1i Ankara (1926-1929), Bebek Mosque,"}
+{"text": "V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u1ea8m th\u1ef1c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1400, l\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u Ottoman. Salad s\u1eefa chua, c\u00e1 ng\u00e2m d\u1ea7u \u00f4 liu, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i rau nh\u1ed3i v\u00e0 bao tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u00c1o \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc Phi, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ngo\u1ea1i lai t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1500, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Ottoman c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 1.400 \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. T\u1eeb khi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u00ec K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 x\u1ed1t hollandaise Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0103n nhanh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00f9ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 sinh l\u1ee3i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a internet b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. N\u0103m 2003, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 257 \u0111\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 1.100 \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i kh\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p, c\u00f3 16 \u0111\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 36 \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. \u0110a s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e0i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng TRT v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u00eanh ki\u1ec3u m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Kanal D, Show TV, ATV v\u00e0 Star TV. Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp r\u1ea5t cao do c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u1ed1i cao Ph\u00e1t thanh v\u00e0 Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1. T\u00ednh theo l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Zaman, Posta, H\u00fcrriyet, S\u00f6zc\u00fc, Sabah v\u00e0 Habert\u00fcrk. Phim truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Freedom House x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 (danh ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc: Amphibia) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng m\u00e1u l\u1ea1nh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh Lissamphibia c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn Amphibia n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i t\u1eeb \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 ph\u1ed5i th\u1edf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ec5 g\u1eb7p nguy hi\u1ec3m. Da \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 quan h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i k\u1ef3 gi\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u1ebfch thi\u1ebfu ph\u1ed5i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o da. \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi chim v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u00e0ng \u1ed1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n. Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "Ba b\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 l\u00e0 Anura (\u1ebfch v\u00e0 c\u00f3c), Caudata / Urodela (k\u1ef3 gi\u00f4ng), v\u00e0 Gymnophiona / Apoda (b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n). S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 7.000, trong \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 90% l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u1ebfch nh\u00e1i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t (v\u00e0 c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng) tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u1ebfch \u1edf New Guinea (Paedophryne amauensis) v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 7,7 mm (0,30 inch). C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 gi\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Andrias davidianus), d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn 1,8 m (5 ft 11 inch), nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng Prionosuchus \u1edf k\u1ef7 Permi t\u1ea1i Brazil, d\u00e0i 9 m (30 ft). C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 batrachology, trong khi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 herpetology."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 Devon, c\u00e1ch nay kho\u1ea3ng 370 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, t\u1eeb Sarcopterygii t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 v\u00e2y tay v\u00e0 c\u00e1 ph\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00e1c v\u00e2y th\u00f9y gi\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang l\u00ea d\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ed5i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang h\u00edt th\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 t\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y k\u1ef7 Devon c\u00f3 \u00f4xy th\u1ea5p. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u00e2y th\u00f9y m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \"\u0111i\" tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e2y x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chi v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n, bao g\u1ed3m l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, chim, v\u00e0 th\u00fa. Thay v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1eddn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed n\u00e0y v\u1eabn m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn th\u1edf qua mang l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu."}
+{"text": "Ichthyostega l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 hai l\u1ed7 m\u0169i v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 4 chi, c\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t \u0111u\u00f4i c\u00f3 v\u00e2y v\u00e0 h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m c\u00e1 v\u00e2y th\u00f9y Eusthenopteron. \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. Ph\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 khung x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \"tay\" v\u00e0 \"ch\u00e2n\" v\u1edbi 4 ho\u1eb7c 5 ng\u00f3n; da c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4. X\u01b0\u01a1ng hyomandibula c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 \u1edf v\u00f9ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f3ng n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda sau mang \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee1 cho tai \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00edch nghi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1 teleost l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111a n\u1ebfp g\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a r\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ea9m \u1edf ph\u00eda sau \u0111\u1ea7u, ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u trong gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef7 Devon (c\u00e1ch nay 360 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m), bi\u1ec3n, s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt trong khi \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 Ichthyostega, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng ra kh\u1ecfi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1eddn b\u1eb1ng 2 chi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o ph\u1ea7n sau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 voi bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0m. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ef7 Cacbon (c\u00e1ch nay 360 \u0111\u1ebfn 345 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m), kh\u00ed h\u1eadu tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u01b0\u1edbt v\u00e0 n\u00f3ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a r\u00eau, d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9, horsetail v\u00e0 calamites. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u00e2n kh\u1edbp th\u1edf b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 \u0103n th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1eafc x\u00edch cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i th\u1ee9c \u0103n, n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed sinh th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c chi v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00edt th\u1edf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 thon d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i kh\u1ecfe. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i s\u0103n m\u1ed3i h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00f4i khi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i m\u00e9t, ch\u00fang s\u0103n c\u00e1c c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecf, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi mang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0ng \u1ed1i, l\u00e0 m\u00e0ng ch\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4, cho ph\u00e9p b\u00f2 s\u00e1t sinh s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t k\u1ef7 Trias (c\u00e1ch nay 250 \u0111\u1ebfn 200 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m), b\u00f2 s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0, l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 trong sinh quy\u1ec3n. Theo d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch, Lissamphibia, l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e1nh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n sinh t\u1ed3n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ebd nh\u00e1nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng l\u00e0 Temnospondyli v\u00e0 Lepospondyli v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1eefa Cacbon mu\u1ed9n v\u00e0 Trias s\u1edbm. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ebd nh\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean multilocus sequence typing, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb Cacbon mu\u1ed9n/Pecmi s\u1edbm."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa 3 nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tranh c\u00e3i. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u0103m 2005 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch rDNA \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng k\u1ef3 gi\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u1ebfch giun c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i trong b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111u\u00f4i. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a 3 nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1ed5 sinh (Paleozoi) ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ea1i Trung sinh (Mesozoi) (c\u00e1ch nay kho\u1ea3ng 250 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m), tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi si\u00eau l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Pangaea tan r\u00e3 v\u00e0 ngay sau khi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00e2y th\u00f9y. S\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ra ng\u1eafn trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 khan hi\u1ebfm t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u1ebfch nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u00e0o Permi s\u1edbm \u1edf Texas n\u0103m 2008 \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u1ebfch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh \u1ebfch-k\u1ef3 gi\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra s\u1edbm h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "Do ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb c\u00e1 ph\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111u\u00f4i theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngang gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. C\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c chi, gen ch\u00e2n tay v\u00e0 co b\u1eafp ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u1ebf n\u00e2ng ch\u00fang l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0103n. Con tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi h\u1ec7 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch qua m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. Ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u00f3i quen th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi sinh s\u1ea3n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n. Da c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u00e1c tia n\u00e0y b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5] trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Do v\u1eady, da \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb \"Amphibia\" xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03af\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 (amph\u00edbios), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"hai ki\u1ec3u s\u1ed1ng\", \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03af ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"hai ki\u1ec3u\" v\u00e0 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng\". Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh t\u1eeb chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u v\u00e0 r\u00e1i c\u00e1. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, l\u1edbp l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0ng \u1ed1i. Amphibia theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t (sensu lato) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp, hai trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng:"}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Labyrinthodontia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1eadn ng\u00e0nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o r\u00f5 n\u00e9t ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb chung. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u01b0a th\u00edch v\u00e0 cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean chia n\u00fat. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng, trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 c\u00f2n \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i (\u1ebfch, k\u1ef3 gi\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n) v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lissamphibia. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 Paleozoi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, v\u00e0 Lissamphibia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, nh\u01b0 Temnospondyli (theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong l\u1edbp con Labyrinthodontia) ho\u1eb7c Lepospondyli. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho danh ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 tetrapod trong k\u1ef7 Devon v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 Cacbon tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Linnaeus, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c trong ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u00e0ng \u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong Amphibia, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1eadn ng\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 trong ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp Lissamphibia, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung. Ba lo\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Anura (\u1ebfch v\u00e0 c\u00f3c), Caudata (ho\u1eb7c Urodela, k\u1ef3 gi\u00f4ng), v\u00e0 Gymnophiona (ho\u1eb7c Apoda, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng lo\u00e0i k\u1ef3 gi\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng Temnospondyli, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m g\u1ea7n g\u0169i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u00e0ng \u1ed1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ebfch nh\u00e1i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, lo\u00e0i \u1ebfch nh\u00e1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Prosalirus bitis, t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 Kayenta k\u1ef7 Jura \u1edf Arizona. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i \u1ebfch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ef7 Jura, Eocaecilia micropodia v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1eeb Arizona. Sa gi\u00f4ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Beiyanerpeton jianpingensis t\u1eeb k\u1ef7 Jura \u1edf \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Li\u00ean l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n (Tetrapoda) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 4 l\u1edbp g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 4 chi. B\u00f2 s\u00e1t, chim v\u00e0 th\u00fa l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u00e0ng \u1ed1i, tr\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebb ra ngo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c mang trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con c\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc xung quanh b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c m\u00e0ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf bi\u1ec3n tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c 2 lo\u00e0i \u1ebfch s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y ng\u1eadp m\u1eb7n. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 s\u1ed1ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt do ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef cho da c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u1ea9m."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 (v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng) nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i Paedophryne amauensis trong h\u1ecd microhylidae \u1edf New Guinea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 2012. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i trung b\u00ecnh 7,7 mm (0,30 in) v\u00e0 n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c chi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 4 trong s\u1ed1 10 lo\u00e0i \u1ebfch nh\u1ecf nh\u00e1t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n sinh t\u1ed3n l\u00e0 Andrias davidianus, v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 1,8 m (5 ft 11 in) nh\u01b0ng lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng trong chi Prionosuchus v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 9 m (30 ft). Lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch nay 270 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m t\u1eeb Permi gi\u1eefa \u1edf Brazil. Lo\u00e0i \u1ebfch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1ebfch Goliath ch\u00e2u Phi (Conraua goliath), v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 32 cm (13 in) v\u00e0 c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng 3 kg (6,6 lb)."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng m\u00e1u l\u1ea1nh, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t qua c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i sinh l\u00fd. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u00e1u v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u0169ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. \u1ede con tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 m\u00ed m\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3ns, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 tai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e1y bay ho\u1eb7c rung \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. L\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u01a1, m\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00f4 ra ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1t s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f3a x\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec7m n\u1ed1i kh\u1edbp. X\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1t s\u1ed1ng. H\u1ed9p s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ng\u1eafn, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f3a x\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Da c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a \u00edt keratin v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea3y, ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u1ea3y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 \u1edf c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i Gymnophiona nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Da c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u tuy\u1ebfn nh\u1eddn v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c. Tim c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 c\u00f3 3 ng\u0103n, 2 t\u00e2m nh\u0129 v\u00e0 1 t\u00e2m th\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 b\u00e0ng quang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i g\u1ed1c nit\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf d\u1ea1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 th\u1edf b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u01a1m, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y xu\u1ed1ng khu v\u1ef1c h\u1ea7u h\u1ecdng qua l\u1ed7 m\u0169i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng h\u1eadu h\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o ph\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng. M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed qua da."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed9 Anura (t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i a(n)- ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"thi\u1ebfu\" v\u00e0 oura ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"\u0111u\u00f4i\") g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 \u1ebfch, nh\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3c. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n sau r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i, ch\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n, ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00f3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111u\u00f4i, m\u1eaft l\u1edbn v\u00e0 da c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn nh\u1ea7y. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 da tr\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u1ebfch, trong khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 da s\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 c\u00f3c. Quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong h\u1ecd Bufonidae \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"c\u00f3c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1\". K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111u\u00f4i t\u1eeb \u1ebfch Goliath (Conraua goliath) d\u00e0i t\u1edbi 30 xentim\u00e9t (12 in) c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Phi \u0111\u1ebfn Paedophryne amauensis ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0i 7,7 milim\u00e9t (0,30 in)- s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Papua New Guinea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u0103m 2012, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea9m, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e2y hay trong sa m\u1ea1c. B\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1eeb v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed9 Caudata (ti\u1ebfng Latin cauda ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"\u0111u\u00f4i\") bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i k\u1ef3 gi\u00f4ng, sa gi\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1 c\u00f3c-c\u00f3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 thu\u00f4n d\u00e0i, ph\u1ed5i k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng g\u00ec g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 da tr\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng v\u1ea3y, thi\u1ebfu m\u00f3ng vu\u1ed1t, \u0111u\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eb9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng v\u00e2y. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb K\u1ef3 gi\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Andrias davidianus), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o d\u00e0i 1,8 m\u00e9t (5 ft 11 in), \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u00e0i k\u1ef3 gi\u00f4ng Thorius pennatulus t\u1eeb Mexico hi\u1ebfm khi d\u00e0i qu\u00e1 20 mm (0,8 in). B\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111u\u00f4i ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf v\u00f9ng Holarctic t\u1ea1i b\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u. H\u1ecd Plethodontidae \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Trung M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 b\u1eafc Nam M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Amazon. Urodela l\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111u\u00f4i c\u00f2n sinh t\u1ed3n. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecd trong b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u01a1 \u1ea5u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n hay v\u1eabn gi\u1eef c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft d\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1edbi 15 cm (6 in). Khi \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang d\u00f9ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian trong ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea9n tr\u1ed1n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt d\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed9 Gymnophiona (ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p gymnos ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i, kh\u1ecfa th\u00e2n\" v\u00e0 ophis ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"r\u1eafn\") hay Apoda (ti\u1ebfng Latin an- ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"thi\u1ebfu\" v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p poda ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"ch\u00e2n\") g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u1ebfch giun. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u00e2n d\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng r\u1eafn hay giun. Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb 8 t\u1edbi 75 xentim\u00e9t (3 t\u1edbi 30 inch) v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u1ebech giun Thomson (Caecilia thompsoni) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 150 xentim\u00e9t (4,9 foot). \u1ebech giun c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft th\u00f4 s\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c da ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean, \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i tua ng\u1eafn g\u1ea7n m\u1eaft c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 x\u00fac gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u1ebfch giun s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c hang d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea9m, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y sinh. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebb con trong hang v\u00e0 khi tr\u1ee9ng n\u1edf ra ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0a \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u1ea5p tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1ee9ng n\u1edf. S\u1ed1 \u00edt lo\u00e0i nu\u00f4i con \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ti\u1ebft khi ch\u00fang c\u00f2n \u1edf trong v\u00f2i tr\u1ee9ng. \u1ebech giun s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi ch\u00e2u Phi, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, Trung v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "D\u00f2ng T\u00ean (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u00f2ng Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu; ti\u1ebfng La Tinh: Societas Iesu= H\u1ed9i d\u00f2ng Gi\u00easu, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 S.J.) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng tu l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1edfi Inhaxi\u00f4 nh\u00e0 Loyola, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha g\u1ed1c Basque, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1535 t\u1ea1i Paris. D\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 III ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n n\u0103m 1539. D\u00f2ng mau ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n gi\u00e1o, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Hi\u1ec7n nay d\u00f2ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf h\u01a1n 100 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi 19.200 tu s\u0129 (n\u0103m 2007). B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a D\u00f2ng hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c Adolfo Nicol\u00e1s."}
+{"text": "Sau th\u1eddi gian tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 v\u1edbi binh nghi\u1ec7p s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i, Inhaxi\u00f4 (t\u00ean g\u1ed1c: Ignacio L\u00f3pez), m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c x\u1ee9 Loyola (T\u00e2y Ban Nha), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa. Sau nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c m\u00f2 m\u1eabm t\u00ecm t\u00f2i, \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c linh h\u1ed3n (ch\u00ednh l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng) v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4. \u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p quanh m\u00ecnh c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu trong Ch\u00faa, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh Ch\u00faa (kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfng latin Ad maiorem Dei gloriam trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o)."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng T\u00ean t\u1edbi Qu\u00e9bec (Canada) n\u0103m 1625. C\u00e1c tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng T\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tham gia c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1ea1i California (1769-1823). T\u1ea1i Nam M\u1ef9, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf Brasil v\u00e0 Paraguay ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u00f2ng T\u00ean g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u00e0i x\u00edch th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 h\u00f3a d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. C\u00e1c tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng T\u00ean l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c khu t\u1eadp trung ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y ch\u1eef cho h\u1ecd t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1609. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00e3o Paulo n\u0103m 1554."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1580, c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng T\u00ean thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Maison Professe \u1edf Paris, trong khu Marais, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ecd c\u0169ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp 1 nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn c\u1ea1nh Maison Professe (nay l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Saint-Paul Saint-Louis). Th\u00e1ng 5/1641, H\u1ed3ng y de Richelieu \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e2ng th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5 misa \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd n\u00e0y. Gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 nghe gi\u1ea3ng. B\u00e0 de S\u00e9vign\u00e9 c\u0169ng t\u1edbi d\u00e2y d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5, nghe linh m\u1ee5c Louis Bourdaloue (1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng) gi\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y nghe nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Marc-Antoine Charpentier v\u00e0 Jean-Philippe Rameau."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t D\u00f2ng T\u00ean l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1758, c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean b\u1ecb quan T\u1ed5ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng) Sebasti\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 de Carvalho e Melo g\u00e1n cho c\u00e1i t\u1ed9i m\u01b0u s\u00e1t vua Jos\u00e9 I. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, Melo c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n b\u00e0i tr\u1eeb D\u00f2ng T\u00ean tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng ta. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1759, \u00f4ng ta ban b\u1ed1 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u0111u\u1ed5i D\u00f2ng T\u00ean ra kh\u1ecfi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau, Ph\u00e1p theo ch\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, quan T\u1ed5ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Choiseul v\u00e0 \u00e1i thi\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a vua Louis XV l\u00e0 N\u1eef H\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc Pompadour ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a D\u00f2ng T\u00ean. H\u1ecd g\u00e1n cho D\u00f2ng t\u1ed9i m\u01b0u s\u00e1t vua Louis XV, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 m\u01b0u. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft Gians\u00eani\u00f4 (Jans\u00e9nisme) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1763-1764, kho\u1ea3ng 200 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda. Theo g\u00f3t Ph\u00e1p, vua T\u00e2y Ban Nha l\u00e0 Carlos III \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t D\u00f2ng T\u00ean ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc (1767), kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, \u00f4ng ta c\u00f2n \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean ra kh\u1ecfi ra kh\u1ecfi x\u1ee9 Napoli (1767) v\u00e0 x\u1ee9 Parma (1768) - nh\u1eefng x\u1ee9 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n quy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1773, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Cl\u00eament\u00ea XIV - tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Napoli, ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00e3i b\u1ecf D\u00f2ng T\u00ean. N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng \u00c1o l\u00e0 Maria Theresia b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh. L\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c \u1edf hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Nga - c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 phi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Vua Ph\u1ed5 l\u00e0 Friedrich II \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch khoan dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 cao n\u1ec1n tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a D\u00f2ng T\u00ean. V\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Khai s\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Nga l\u00e0 Ekaterina II \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf c\u0169ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, b\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u00edch cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 ho\u1eb7c \u1edf Madagascar. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \"\u00c9tudes\", \"Christus\" v\u00e0 \"Projet\" \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, \"Relations\" \u1edf Quebec (Canada), \"la Civilt\u00e0 Cattolica\" \u1edf \u00dd, \"La Nouvelle Revue Th\u00e9ologique\" \u1edf B\u1ec9, tu\u1ea7n san \"America\" \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1909). . D\u00f2ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1edf Centre S\u00e8vres, Paris v\u00e0 \u1edf Brussel. Sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai h\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u1edbi Tchad v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb k\u1ef7 Paleolithic (hay th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169), ti\u1ebfp sau l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 Neolithic (hay th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi) v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi (Neolithic Revolution) (hay cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p) (kho\u1ea3ng 8000 \u0111\u1ebfn 5000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng tr\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m (Fertile Crescent). Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed1c d\u1ea5u thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb hoang d\u00e3."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 8000 n\u0103m TCN, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p cho ph\u00e9p t\u1eadp trung d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 d\u00e0y h\u01a1n, theo th\u1eddi gian n\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham gia v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111i k\u00e8m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng sinh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n xung quanh n\u00f3, ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0(3500 n\u0103m TCN). Ti\u1ebfp sau l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecdc d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Nin (3000 n\u0103m TCN) v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u1edf thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n (hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Pakistan; 2500 n\u0103m TCN). C\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u00fap ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t \u00fd ngh\u0129 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p k\u00e9o theo l\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u0169ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc nh\u01b0 linh m\u1ee5c,th\u1ea7y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c danh kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1edd c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n mang h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kinh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Ai C\u1eadp (kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa 2400 \u0111\u1ebfn 2300 TCN). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1ea5u t\u00edch khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n G\u00f6bekli Tepe (Potbelly Hill) \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 11500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u1ea3y ra cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i sau nh\u01b0 suy ngh\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ba th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i (th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft), l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eebng t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh bang v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c ven s\u00f4ng b\u1edfi n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng c\u0169ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho nhu c\u1ea7u giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf n\u00ean thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "Trong khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh n\u00eam (Cuneiform) c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n. Ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh n\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 phi\u1ebfn s\u00e9t, nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y s\u1eady c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 b\u00fat tr\u00e2m (Stylus). C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1t s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sumerian ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Edubba, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 con trai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 t\u00ean S\u1eed thi Gilgamesh, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y. N\u0103m 2400 TCN, \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Akkadian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. V\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp sau, \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Assyria n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon."}
+{"text": "L\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Nin \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ra \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Kho\u1ea3ng 6000 n\u0103m TCN, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ec1n Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i (tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp) c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt v\u00e0 ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 gia s\u00fac. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Gerzeh, kho\u1ea3ng 4000 n\u0103m TCN, gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u1eefa h\u1ed3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 4000 n\u0103m TCN, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 3500 n\u0103m TCN. B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 3000 n\u0103m TCN."}
+{"text": "B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c t\u00e2y nam Ai C\u1eadp, g\u1ea7n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi Sudan, kho\u1ea3ng 8000 n\u0103m TCN. Kho\u1ea3ng 7000-3000 TCN, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu sa m\u1ea1c Sahara \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt h\u01a1n ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay, do \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb sau n\u0103m 3000 TCN d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n trong khu v\u1ef1c. Do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i sa m\u1ea1c Sahara bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh s\u00f4ng Nin kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2500 TCN. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. B\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ed1ng hai b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Nin c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Gia s\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c1 kho\u1ea3ng 7500-4000 n\u0103m TCN."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, khoa h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ec1n. S\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 H\u1ea1 Ai C\u1eadp kho\u1ea3ng 3200 n\u0103m TCN, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 340 TCN, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 Achaemenes tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ai C\u1eadp. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua n\u1eafm gi\u1eef cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Pharaon. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng Nin \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fai Gebel Barkal, Sudan."}
+{"text": "L\u00faa m\u00ec (ti\u1ec3u m\u1ea1ch), \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch, v\u00e0 t\u00e1o t\u00e0u (Jujube) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng kho\u1ea3ng 9000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean; d\u00ea v\u00e0 c\u1eebu nu\u00f4i sau \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i Mehrgarh kho\u1ea3ng 8000-6000 n\u0103m TCN. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i voi. Kho\u1ea3ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Kashmir. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u00e3i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ecf, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00f2ng c\u1ed5, v\u00f2ng tay, hoa tai, v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt gi\u00e1p x\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i, ng\u1ecdc lam, \u0111\u00e1 sa th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 g\u1ed3m: Harappa (3300 TCN), Dholavira (2900 TCN), Mohenjo-Daro (2500 TCN), Lothal (2400 TCN), v\u00e0 Rakhigarhi, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 1000 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch, c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u1edf t\u1eadp trung li\u1ec1n s\u00e1t nhau (Terraced house). C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t d\u1eb7m, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a 2 th\u00e0nh bang, ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh hay c\u00f3 l\u1ebd thay th\u1ebf Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, do b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y b\u1edfi l\u0169 l\u1ee5t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng xa s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 (d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang) do xung quanh khu v\u1ef1c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed. C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 v\u0103n minh B\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea7u S\u01a1n (Pengtoushan) (s\u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang) v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh B\u00f9i L\u00fd C\u01b0\u01a1ng (Kebudayaan Peiligang), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng 7000 n\u0103m TCN ho\u1eb7c s\u1edbm h\u01a1n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a B\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea7u S\u01a1n kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n cho bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean t\u1eeb 9000-5500 n\u0103m TCN, t\u1ea1i di ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a l\u00faa g\u1ea1o t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 7000 n\u0103m TCN. T\u1ea1i di ch\u1ec9 Gi\u1ea3 H\u1ed3 (Jiahu) c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y v\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa. M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3 H\u1ed3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2y s\u00e1o c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 7000-6000 n\u0103m TCN. V\u0103n minh B\u00f9i L\u00fd C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m. C\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh B\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea7u S\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh B\u00f9i L\u00fd C\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ed3ng K\u00ea, ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0y t\u1edb. L\u1ed1i ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd (Pictogram) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ea1i di ch\u1ec9 Gi\u1ea3 H\u1ed3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ed1i ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n h\u00f3a B\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea7u S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Thi\u1ec1u (Yangshao culture) (5000-3000 n\u0103m TCN) \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y bao tr\u00f9m ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Long S\u01a1n (Yangshao culture) kho\u1ea3ng 2500 n\u0103m TCN. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 di ch\u1ec9 Tam Tinh \u0110\u00f4i (Sanxingdui) v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1ecb L\u00fd \u0110\u1ea7u (Erlitou culture) c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng. Con dao b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t (kho\u1ea3ng 3000 n\u0103m TCN) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i di ch\u1ec9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u00e3 Gia Di\u00eau (Majiayao culture) (thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Cam T\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Thanh H\u1ea3i)."}
+{"text": "Theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c, s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2200 TCN th\u1eddi vua H\u1ea1 V\u0169, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng nh\u00e0 H\u1ea1. Nh\u00e0 H\u1ea1 (kho\u1ea3ng 2100-1600 TCN) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong s\u1eed k\u00fd T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean v\u00e0 Tr\u00fac th\u01b0 k\u1ec9 ni\u00ean. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 v\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9ng minh cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2200 TCN nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. Hi\u1ec7n nay nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 H\u1ea1 b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam, n\u01a1i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2000 TCN."}
+{"text": "Trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Franchthi, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam Argolis, Hy L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. X\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 11000 n\u0103m TCN, canh t\u00e1c ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1t h\u1ea1t, l\u00faa m\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, trong khi y\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng 10500 n\u0103m TCN; \u0111\u1eadu H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 L\u00ea th\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng 7300 n\u0103m TCN. Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp Hy L\u1ea1p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Sesklo v\u00e0 Dimini, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng, qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 trong l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Dispilio n\u01a1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t nh\u01b0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n minh Minoan l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u00e1t sinh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Crete v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd kho\u1ea3ng 2700-1500 n\u0103m TCN, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra r\u1ea5t xa tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sinh s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Crete \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb 128.000 n\u0103m TCN, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ng\u00e0y l\u1edbn, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 5000 n\u0103m TCN. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Sir Arthur Evans. Will Durant nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u00e0 \"x\u00e2u chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\"."}
+{"text": "Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang \u1edf Hy L\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 Mycenae, th\u00e0nh bang Troy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong s\u1eed thi Iliad nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Mycenae. V\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 duy nh\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a H\u00f3m\u0113ros v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e0nh Troy v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00e0nh Troia n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. N\u0103m 1876, nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Heinrich Schliemann kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1c di t\u00edch t\u1ea1i Hisarlik, v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh Troy. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh Troy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edfi H\u00f3m\u0113ros v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb b\u00e0n c\u00e3i"}
+{"text": "N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh La M\u00e3. Trong Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Athena, Sparta, Corinth, v\u00e0 Thebes c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u00edt c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nhau. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 nhu c\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd r\u1eddi \u0111i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1edbi, th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn n\u1eefa \u1edf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Trung \u0110\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sumer, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 5.500 TCN. \u0110\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u1eaft thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh. T\u1edbi t\u1eadn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1. \u1ede \u00c2u \u00c1, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 trang tr\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 3000 TCN. Sau \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kim lo\u1ea1i cho t\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng Chavin n\u0103m 900 TCN. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Moche c\u00f3 \u00e1o gi\u00e1p, nh\u1eefng con dao v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca v\u1ed1n \u00edt d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3 kim lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc c\u00e0y m\u0169i kim lo\u1ea1i, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t sau khi chinh ph\u1ee5c Chimor. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00edt c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u1edf Peru v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khipus (nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin, d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c n\u00fat th\u1eaft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Incas t\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y khi di\u1ec5n ra Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Peru c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1800. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \"b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c\" ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \"b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c\" \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ho\u00e1. Nhi\u1ec1u \"b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c\" chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia khi h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda hay b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Marcomanni v\u00e0 L\u00e1t via. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \"b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c\", nh\u01b0 Kassites v\u00e0 M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u, chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba TCN. \u1ede L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh bang. Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quan li\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec n\u00f3. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u0103n minh l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai TCN. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1edbn n\u1ed5 ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Kadesh, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hittites v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 1275 TCN. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI TCN, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Cyrus II (Cyrus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf) tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0 c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh, chinh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Media, Lydia v\u00e0 Babylon. Ai C\u1eadp c\u0169ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay c\u1ee7a con trai \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Cambyses II. Ngo\u00e0i ra, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Maurya (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV TCN), Trung Qu\u1ed1c (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III TCN), v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I TCN)."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII, khi Khalip c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp (cai tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb x\u1ee9 T\u00e2y Ban Nha cho \u0111\u1ebfn Iran) v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean Trung Qu\u1ed1c (cai tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau trong h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Trung \u00c1. R\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XIII. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, B\u1eafc Phi \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf M\u00e9xico v\u00e0 t\u00e2y Nam M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi nhau theo Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Berlin n\u0103m (1878)."}
+{"text": "N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 t\u00edch tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0103n b\u00e1m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n xung quanh, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0103n minh: \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean V\u0103n minh Sumerian \u1edf h\u1ea1 L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 (3500 TCN), ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 v\u0103n minh Ai C\u1eadp d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng Nin (3300 TCN) v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Harappan \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n (3300 TCN). \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cao v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi nhau b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ch\u00ednh \u1edf th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf t\u1ea7m r\u1ed9ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ea7m xa xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 TCN, khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sumerians \u1edf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Harappan \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n. Nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0o thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4 TCN. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a gi\u1eefa Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Syria b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 TCN. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 Ba T\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ng\u00e3 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Phoenician v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 I TCN d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, v\u00e0 Sahara v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i c\u0169ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd chi\u1ebfm vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u1ea3 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI TCN. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, H\u1ecfa gi\u00e1o \u1edf Ba T\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c tin l\u1edbn v\u00e0 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t. \u1ede ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, ba tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay. Ch\u00fang g\u1ed3m \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o, Ph\u00e1p gia, v\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng cho \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u1ede ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Plato v\u00e0 Aristotle, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ra kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a vua Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf x\u1ee9 Macedonia v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV TCN."}
+{"text": "T\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng TCN, v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t sinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Maurya cai tr\u1ecb \u0111a ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Pandyas cai tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a vua H\u00e1n Quang V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf. \u1ede ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III TCN. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Augustus, kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Jesus x\u1ee9 Nazareth, La M\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ecdi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t bao quanh \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng khai th\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mang l\u1ea1i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 quan li\u00eau trung t\u00e2m. C\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed5 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, trong khi nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1eeb trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00c1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c du m\u1ee5c \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tan r\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong. V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn n\u0103m 220, trong khi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, t\u1eeb sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II, tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y t\u1eeb Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. Ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i t\u00e2y \u00c2u th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00dd."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i l\u00ean r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhau. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi du m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1eafc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng chinh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u00e0 Tu\u1ef3 t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 581, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (618-907) Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng tan v\u1ee1 v\u00e0, sau kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, nh\u00e0 b\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 982. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia du m\u1ee5c ph\u00eda b\u1eafc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n n\u0103m 1141 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1279, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng \u00c2u \u00c1, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng t\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 trung \u00c2u, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1- ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 Cao Ly ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean \u1edf Trung M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aztec \u1edf Mesoamerica l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t. Khi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Olmec d\u1ea7n t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Maya ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ra kh\u1eafp Yucat\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xung quanh. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aztec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Toltec."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng xoay th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ed3i suy t\u00e0n g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1000, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y d\u1ea7n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p cao nh\u1ea5t: Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, cu\u1ed9c Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV). N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 mang nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Ch\u1ec9 \u1edf n\u1eeda sau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t minh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai: m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1edd th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao, t\u1eeb 1750 tr\u1edf \u0111i, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Max Weber cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Tin l\u00e0nh (Protestant work ethic) \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u0103ng h\u00e1i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1edbi nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc: ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 di c\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t t\u1eed cao, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i k\u1ebft h\u00f4n mu\u1ed9n n\u00ean g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ch\u00e2u \u00c1. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u1eb1m ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed1i xay, c\u00e1c xa quay t\u01a1 v\u00e0 khung c\u1eedi ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u thu\u1ef7 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n quy m\u00f4 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t, r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef7 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng. Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb bao quanh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 ph\u1eb3ng. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, d\u00e3y Alps, Pyrenees, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai kh\u00e1c ch\u1ea1y xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1. \u1ede th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 s\u00fang c\u1ea7m tay, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng \u00c2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ef5 s\u0129 v\u00f9ng th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean Trung \u00c1. Nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c du m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf v\u00f9ng r\u00eca l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 hay nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t khi qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 kinh th\u00e0nh Baghdad n\u0103m 1258, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f9ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00e2y \u00c2u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 xa kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed1i \u0111e do\u1ea1 \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng. Trong \u0111a ph\u1ea7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cai tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00fai non v\u00e0 sa m\u1ea1c. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1600, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, nh\u00e0 Minh cai qu\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Mughal t\u1eebng cai tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb chia r\u1ebd trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \"to\u00e0n \u00c2u\", ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3, s\u1edbm tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng suy s\u1ee5p s\u1edbm ngay sau khi h\u1ecd n\u1ed5i l\u00ean. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh d\u1eef d\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u1ede nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Hai jin nh\u00e0 Minh ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n. \u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c2u s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i sau so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u1edf r\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u1ea2 r\u1eadp v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m, n\u00f3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p bu\u1ed3m tam gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u1edbi bu\u1ed3m vu\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng trong ngh\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p Christopher Columbus n\u0103m 1492 \u0111i ngang qua \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed1i t\u1eeb Phi-\u00c2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111em theo h\u1ecd b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u01a1n 90% ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t l\u00f4 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 lan truy\u1ec1n b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch kinh kh\u1ee7ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ng\u1ef1a, s\u1eaft th\u00e9p v\u00e0 s\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aztec v\u00e0 Inca, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t kh\u1ecfi tay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t l\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n \u0111em v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u di c\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u1ed3 \u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m di truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. \u1ede T\u00e2y Phi, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ecdc theo B\u1edd bi\u1ec3n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba g\u1ea7n b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng: B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Anh Qu\u1ed1c, Ph\u00e1p, H\u00e0 Lan. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb chinh ph\u1ee5c l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn sau n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao cho Anh Qu\u1ed1c, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, l\u00ean t\u1edbi c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Napoleon, Anh Qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean l\u00e0 si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i kh\u1eafp qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, \u1edf l\u00fac c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m, g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \"M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u1eb7n\"."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau khi x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Malaysia; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng; trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng khi \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, g\u1ed3m Australia, New Zealand v\u00e0 Nam Phi, v\u00e0, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Anh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u di c\u01b0 sang c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm b\u1ecb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111em ra chia ch\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII v\u00e0 XIX, c\u00e1c li\u1ec7t c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh. Trong su\u1ed1t 149 n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Nga ho\u00e0ng Aleksei I m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1676 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Nga ho\u00e0ng Aleksandr I m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1825, V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 Romanov \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng non tr\u1ebb l\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \"t\u00ean sen \u0111\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\" b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn ba\u1ecb. Trong khi Nga ho\u00e0ng Aleksei I l\u00ean ng\u00f4i c\u00f9ng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1edbi vua Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Louis XIV th\u00ec \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i Ho\u00e0ng cung Versailles, th\u00ec Nga ho\u00e0ng Aleksandr I \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u00e1c qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 th\u1eb3ng ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o kinh th\u00e0nh Paris. Nga ho\u00e0ng Pyotr I (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec: 1682 - 1725) v\u00e0 N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Ekaterina II (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec: 1762 - 1796) \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf\", v\u1edbi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng phi th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga. N\u01b0\u1edbc Nga gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Moskva v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \"\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n Nga\". L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nga tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eb9p tan t\u00e1c m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb qu\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 Ottoman v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n. Danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga vang xa trong cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1ea3y n\u0103m, d\u00f9 N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Elizaveta th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5. Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 l\u00e0 Friedrich II c\u0169ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Trong c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u1ed5 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u00e2n v\u0103n: v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch khoan dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tham nh\u0169ng. \"H\u00e0o kh\u00ed Ph\u1ed5\" tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m trung qu\u00e2n, ni\u1ec1m nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c vua Friedrich I (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec: 1688 - 1713) v\u00e0 Friedrich Wilhelm I (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec: 1713 - 1740) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, tham chi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn B\u1eafc \u00c2u, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 Stettin v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Pomerania. Vua Friedrich Wilhelm I ra s\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u1ed5 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1740, t\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng Friedrich II (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh l\u00e0 Friedrich \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf hay Friedrich \u0110\u1ed9c \u0110\u00e1o) \u0111em 27 ngh\u00ecn qu\u00e2n chinh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ec9nh Silesia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u00c1o. \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1ea3y n\u0103m ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3 li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p - \u00c1o - Nga - Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n. V\u1ecb vua xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc m\u00ea say. Sau n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \"Li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u\" th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb minh ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c trong \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i L\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n \u00edt nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u0169ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n nay, trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII. D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Trong th\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nhanh ch\u00f3ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean than, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c giao th\u00f4ng m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 t\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0m cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Trong l\u00fac \u1ea5y, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n t\u1eeb khi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra l\u1eeda v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh g\u1ea5p h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a H\u1ee3p ch\u00fang qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng. Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai - nh\u1eefng hy v\u1ecdng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Sau n\u0103m 1990, Li\u00ean bang x\u00f4 vi\u1ebft s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 H\u1ee3p ch\u00fang qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c.\" (Xem \"Pax Americana.\")"}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau. Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u0169 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c. Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1. N\u00f3 l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y ra cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m gi\u1eefa Hoa K\u1ef3, Li\u00ean bang x\u00f4 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc v\u1ec1 v\u0169 kh\u00ed, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u00e1i gia nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi Nga v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u00e2y \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "N\u1eeda sau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tin h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n ho\u00e1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. Th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. DNA, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1ee7, h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng n\u0103m hi\u1ec7n nay v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1900 , v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 15 n\u0103m l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng l\u00ean, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra \u0111\u1ee7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi (th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7)."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nguy c\u01a1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1: s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb \"nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 th\u1ea1ch,\" nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 lan truy\u1ec1n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 HIV, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n g\u1ea7n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 sao ch\u1ed5i."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng mong \u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00ec b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i. \u00dd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n t\u1edbi trong m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy c\u01a1 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng. Khi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi, l\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u01b0\u1edbc chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y toan t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u \u00c1, Ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9. S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eafc d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi n\u1ea3y sinh v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Darwin v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \"khai h\u00f3a\" cho nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f2n \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 s\u01a1 khai (nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (kinh t\u1ebf) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y nh\u01b0 Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1edd v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u01a1 khai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u2018t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n\u2019, \u2018\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u01a1n\u2019, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd v\u0103n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n khai h\u00f3a v\u0103n minh cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 tin r\u1eb1ng (v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn \u0111ang tin t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady) x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do tin v\u00e0o (v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tin nh\u01b0 v\u1eady) t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ef1 \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o, tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0/hay Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. Hai phong tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c. Qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y. C\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y. Hi\u1ec7n nay qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169, nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u0169 v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ea1nh tranh. N\u00f3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed1t tuy nhi\u00ean thi\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c t\u1ebf b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n cao, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng ki\u1ec3u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u2018ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y\u2019 v\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong khi c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Li\u00ean X\u00f4 l\u1ea1i r\u01a1i v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t kinh t\u1ebf li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ngo\u00e0i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed r\u1ea5t \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, mu\u1ed1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1960. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1c quan r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m sau khi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec Hoa K\u1ef3 (xem Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a S\u00f4 vanh, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c). Hi\u1ec7n nay, nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia M\u1ef9 Latin v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t; \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, tuy v\u1eady, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u1edf t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00ec hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 \u0111ang c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n], v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 m\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi (t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng) H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 phi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u00e2y n\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng H\u1ea1 Sahara ch\u00e2u Phi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y v\u00ec c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \"v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\" c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1edd \u1edf ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfp sau v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lo s\u1ee3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t m\u00e3i v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng chinh ph\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XIX d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u1ed1n t\u1eebng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eafc d\u00e2n b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh li\u00ean bang trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Trong th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 to l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n chi\u1ebfn tranh. Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c (c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 t\u1eebng n\u01b0\u1edbc ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n tham gia v\u00e0 kinh ph\u00ed \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1920 v\u00e0 1930 v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh. Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c (v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quy c\u00e1ch) l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (h\u1ea1 Saharan ch\u00e2u Phi), hay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u00ean trong bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 r\u1eadp)."}
+{"text": "S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ch\u00f3ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp, cho t\u1edbi khi Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1989. C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 chung. T\u1ef1 do trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 to l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 Malthus v\u00e0 Max Weber \u0111\u01b0a ra. Weber s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ki\u1ec3u \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u1edf th\u1eddi Max Weber c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba hi\u1ec7n nay [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]. Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 Latin \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng c\u0169ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f2i chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u0103ng nhanh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Roma tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 2500 n\u0103m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u00e1p bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i trong h\u01a1n 700 n\u0103m t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean cho t\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7 CN. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t CN, Roma \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Sau khi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 8, Roma tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1870. N\u0103m 1871 Roma tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u00dd. N\u0103m 1946 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 \u00dd."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, Roma c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c s\u1ef1 cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Alexan\u0111\u00ea VI v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 X, nh\u1eefng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Roma tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng \u00dd, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Firenze. Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y v\u00e0 Michelangelo \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd l\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda \u1edf Nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n Sistina. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Bramante, Bernini v\u00e0 Raphael c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian t\u1eebng \u1edf Roma v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n cho n\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng v\u00e0 Baroque."}
+{"text": "Trong n\u0103m 2016, Roma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 14 trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u du kh\u00e1ch vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch thu h\u00fat du kh\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u00dd . Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Roma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \"th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u\" th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 danh ti\u1ebfng l\u1eabn t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Khu trung t\u00e2m mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Roma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Vatican v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong danh s\u00e1ch 50 \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Vatican \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp 4,2 tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 4 tri\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng n\u0103m)."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i khu v\u01b0c Roma t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 14.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, song l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 che l\u1ea5p c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 n\u0103m. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng Roma ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 gia s\u00fac tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ed3i Palatino, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u00ean khu v\u1ef1c Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 sau n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft, m\u1ed7i ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i gi\u1eefa bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3i Campidoglio c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh (t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3i Campidoglio c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 TCN). Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. Ng\u00e0y nay, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng qua thu n\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u00e0ng quanh l\u00e0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Palatino. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu n\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i nh\u1edd gia t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 cung t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i k\u00e9o theo \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam \u00dd (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Ischia v\u00e0 Cumae). Nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y theo ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc th\u00ec di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 8 TCN, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed1c \"khai sinh\" th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Palatino, song quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng Roma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00f3 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 8 TCN, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Romulus \u0111\u01b0a ra, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c c\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eddi cho nhau gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i. Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i quen thu\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i La M\u00e3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Romulus v\u00e0 Remus, hai anh em sinh \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t con s\u00f3i cho b\u00fa. H\u1ecd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, song sau m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n tranh lu\u1eadn, Romulus gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em song sinh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y theo t\u00ean \u00f4ng. Theo nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e9p s\u1eed La M\u00e3, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o 21 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 753 TCN. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft song sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n Troia t\u00ean l\u00e0 Aeneas \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t sang \u00dd v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i La M\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua con trai \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Iulus, tr\u00f9ng t\u00ean v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Julius-Claudius."}
+{"text": "Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Romulus th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, Roma (La M\u00e3) n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong 244 n\u0103m, ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 g\u1ed1c Latinh v\u00e0 Sabini v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Etrusca. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n qua b\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1eddi: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius v\u00e0 Tarquinius Superbus. N\u0103m 509 TCN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Roma tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ecf. Roma sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh li\u00ean mi\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n trung \u00dd: Etrusca, Latinh, Volsci, Aequi, Marsi. Sau khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c Latium, Roma d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u00dd t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n trung \u0111\u1ebfn Magna Graecia."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 v\u00e0 2 TCN, Roma thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, th\u00f4ng qua ba cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Punic (264\u2013146 TCN) ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Carthago v\u00e0 ba cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh chi\u1ebfn tranh Macedonia (212\u2013168 BC) ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Macedonia. T\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2 TCN, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c: Ph\u00e1i qu\u00fd nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 trong Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n. Trong c\u00f9ng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ec3u n\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u trang n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Chi\u1ebfn tranh li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1ea1o t\u00ednh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, h\u1ecd trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 TCN di\u1ec5n ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u1ea3 \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u1eabn b\u00ean trong. Sau n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Tiberius v\u00e0 Gaius Gracchus thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Jugurtha, ph\u00e1t sinh cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa Gaius Marius v\u00e0 Sulla. Theo sau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Spartacus, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Li\u00ean minh tam h\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Caesar, Pompey v\u00e0 Crassus."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Gallia khi\u1ebfn Caesar tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o v\u00e0 Pompey. Sau khi gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, Caesar t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i chung th\u00e2n. Vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Li\u00ean minh tam h\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 hai g\u1ed3m Octavius, Marcus Antonius v\u00e0 Lepidus, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa Octavius v\u00e0 Antonius. Octavius \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 27 TCN tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh princeps civitatis v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 Augustus, l\u1eadp ra ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o. La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Traianus. Roma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 caput Mundi, t\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0. Trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Julius-Claudius, Flavius (h\u1ecd cho x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0i v\u00f2ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Colosseum) v\u00e0 Antoninus. Th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, do Jesus thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Judea v\u00e0o n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 (th\u1eddi Tiberius) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Antoninus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Euphrates v\u00e0 t\u1eeb Anh \u0111\u1ebfn Ai C\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "Sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Severus v\u00e0o n\u0103m 235, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 50 n\u0103m mang t\u00ean Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba, khi \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh nh\u1eb1m gi\u1eef v\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao do s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i Roma. B\u1ea5t \u1ed5n g\u00e2y ra suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf, l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t t\u0103ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng chi ti\u00eau. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c German d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng Rhine v\u00e0 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Balkan ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 250-280. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 230 \u0111\u1ebfn 260, song cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng T\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u Nicea tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 380, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Thessalonica. Theodosius I l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t: Sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 395 hai con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Arcadius v\u00e0 Honorius ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. Tr\u1ecb s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Ravenna sau cu\u1ed9c bao v\u00e2y Milano v\u00e0o n\u0103m 402. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 430 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Roma. Roma b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf trung t\u00e2m trong cai qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Visigoth d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Alaric I c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 410, song ch\u1ecbu r\u1ea5t \u00edt t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu s\u1eeda. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 Santa Maria Maggiore (c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf). D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 800.000 xu\u1ed1ng 450-500.000 khi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vandal d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Genseric c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 455. C\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n n\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c suy s\u1ee5p, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 476 khi Romulus Augustus b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed gia \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u Trung c\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Roma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 Roma l\u00e0 n\u01a1i quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o do hai t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 Pedro v\u00e0 Paulo t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Roma c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a Pedro. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 do \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Sau khi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 476, Roma ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Odoacer v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ostrogoth tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qua tay \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh Gothic (535-554), song cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Roma suy gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 210 xu\u1ed1ng 500.000 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 273 v\u00e0 c\u00f2n 35.000 sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh Gothic, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m quy m\u00f4 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00e0n t\u00edch v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1eddn t\u01b0\u1ee3c."}
+{"text": "Sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lombard x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u00dd, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a, song trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lombard. N\u0103m 729, qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lombard l\u00e0 Liutprand t\u1eb7ng cho gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Sutri ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Latium, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u00e2m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. N\u0103m 756, sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lombard, P\u00e9pin L\u00f9n giao cho Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Roma v\u00e0 Khu \u0111\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o Ravenna, qua \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, ba th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng cai tr\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1: Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c; c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh d\u00e2n qu\u00e2n c\u00f9ng th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang; qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lombard, patricius v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. Ba ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y (th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n, c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trong sinh ho\u1ea1t Roma su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. V\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam Gi\u00e1ng sinh n\u0103m 800, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Leo III trao v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n cho Charlemagne t\u1ea1i Roma v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 846, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh Roma, song c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Pedro v\u00e0 Paulo n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh. Sau khi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Caroling s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, Roma l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 phong ki\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1eabn nhau. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Theodora v\u00e0 con g\u00e1i b\u00e0 l\u00e0 Marozia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thi\u1ebfp v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c Crescentius, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Otto II v\u00e0 Otto III. C\u00e1c b\u00ea b\u1ed1i trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch: B\u1ea7u c\u1eed gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c h\u1ed3ng y, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng l\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb1ng sau vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tu s\u0129 Ildebrando da Soana, \u00f4ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 tham gia tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ch\u1ed1ng Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Heinrich IV. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Roma b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norman d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Robert Guiscard c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1084, h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t senatore ho\u1eb7c patrizio: trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u00dd, ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Trung c\u1ed5, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 m\u1edbi. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Lucius II \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Roma, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Eugenius III: c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb Arnaldo da Brescia, m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Sau khi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, Arnaldo b\u1ecb Adrianus IV t\u1ed1ng giam, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u k\u1ebft th\u00fac quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u00e3. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Innocent III l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 thanh l\u00fd vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o, thay th\u1ebf n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t Senatore l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1266, Charles I c\u1ee7a Anjou \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 khi \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam \u0111\u1ec3 giao tranh v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 Staufer nh\u00e2n danh Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Charles th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Sapienza, l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Roma. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed3ng y t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i Viterbo kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, th\u1ecb d\u00e2n t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ee1 m\u00e1i to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp, giam c\u1ea7m c\u00e1c h\u1ed3ng y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ecd ch\u1ecdn ra gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng m\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1eadt ngh\u1ecb H\u1ed3ng y. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c giao tranh li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c: Annibaldi, Caetani, Colonna, Orsini, Conti, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 x\u00e2y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Bonifacio VIII l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Colonna, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1300 \u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi N\u0103m Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, khi\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Roma. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eau tan d\u01b0\u1edbi tay Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p Philippe IV v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t m\u1ea1ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng m\u1edbi trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ra, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di d\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn Avignon (1309\u20131377). Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf b\u00ea, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o tay m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n l\u00e0 Cola di Rienzo. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u00edch Roma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 t\u00e1i sinh \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3. Sau khi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch Tribuno (quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n), c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. Cola bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong \u0111o\u00e0n tu\u1ef3 t\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3ng y Albornoz, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u00dd. Sau khi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u00fang h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 Albornoz c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1377 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Gregorius XI Roma l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ecb s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Roma trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho Ly gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (1377\u20131418), v\u00e0 trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nhan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh l\u00e0m tan v\u1ee1 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1418, C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Constance gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft Ly gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u ra m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Roma l\u00e0 Martinus V. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y gi\u00fap Roma c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng cai tr\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, trong \u0111\u00f3 Nicolaus V l\u1eadp ra Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Vatican, Pius II l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c, Sixtus IV l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfn binh, Alexander VI l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ecb, Julius II l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3, Leo X c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y (\"th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 Leo X\"), to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m n\u00e0y, trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng \u00dd chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Firenze \u0111\u1ebfn Roma. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh uy nghi nh\u01b0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Pedro, Nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n Sistina v\u00e0 Ponte Sisto \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 Michelangelo, Perugino, Raphael, Ghirlandaio, Luca Signorelli, Botticelli v\u00e0 Cosimo Rosselli. D\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng phung ph\u00ed v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, Roma chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, th\u01a1, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. Roma c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, huy ho\u00e0ng, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Trent\u00f4 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1545, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh- m\u1ed9t nghi v\u1ea5n quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. (Vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng tin n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c r\u1eddi xa kh\u1ecfi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.) D\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1eeb Pius IV \u0111\u1ebfn Sixtus V, Roma tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c t\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng y trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c phong tr\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m cho c\u1ea3nh quan th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00e1c to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 baroque."}
+{"text": "Quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn do C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Roma (1798\u20131800), ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1800, tuy nhi\u00ean trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Napol\u00e9on cai tr\u1ecb th\u00ec Roma b\u1ecb th\u00f4n t\u00ednh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p, ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Tibre (1808\u20131810) v\u00e0 sau l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Rome (1810\u20131814). Sau khi Napol\u00e9on b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Wien n\u0103m 1814. N\u0103m 1849, m\u1ed9t C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Roma kh\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u0103m 1848. Hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd l\u00e0 Giuseppe Mazzini v\u00e0 Giuseppe Garibaldi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea3n m\u1ec7nh."}
+{"text": "Roma sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a hy v\u1ecdng t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u00dd, khi m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00dd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u00dd v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Firenze. N\u0103m 1861, Roma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u00dd d\u00f9 v\u1eabn \u0111ang do Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1860, t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on III. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Roma v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1870 do Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ph\u00e1p-Ph\u1ed5 th\u00ec binh s\u0129 \u00dd m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef Roma, h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 qua m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 th\u1ee7ng t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh g\u1ea7n Porta Pia. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pius IX t\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Vatican, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1871 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u00dd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Firenze \u0111\u1ebfn Roma."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Roma ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u00dd tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Benito Mussolini. \u00d4ng ta ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1922, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u00dd v\u00e0 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3. Mussolini ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t x\u00edt v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i sinh La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 gia t\u0103ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, do s\u1edf h\u1eefu kho t\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Vatican, n\u00ean Roma ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn bi th\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1943, qu\u1eadn San Lorenzo b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Anh-M\u1ef9 oanh t\u1ea1c, khi\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 3.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 11.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam 1.500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft. Sau khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Mussolini s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1943, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1edf cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1944."}
+{"text": "Roma ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb1ng sau \"k\u1ef3 t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf \u00dd\" v\u1ec1 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m la dolce vita (\"cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o\"), Roma tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phim c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 Ben Hur, Quo Vadis, Roman Holiday v\u00e0 La Dolce Vita \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quay t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng phim Cinecitt\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, khi comune \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ean 2,8 tri\u1ec7u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m ch\u1eadm do c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 l\u00e2n c\u1eadn Roma."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1972, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 municipi (s\u1ed1 \u00edt municipio) (tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2001 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 circoscrizioni). Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng phi t\u1eadp trung ho\u00e1 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. M\u1ed7i municipio n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ed3m 25 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u ra m\u1ed7i 5 n\u0103m. Municipi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eaft qua c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n khu truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, phi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng municipi ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 20, sau c\u00f2n 19, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2013 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m c\u00f2n 15."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Napol\u00e9on nhanh ch\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1870, khi Roma tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u00dd. Nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ho\u00e1 l\u1eabn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng Aurelianus. N\u0103m 1874, m\u1ed9t rione th\u1ee9 15 l\u00e0 Esquilino \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Monti. Khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, rioni kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra l\u00e0 Prati, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n khu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh ch\u00ednh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean \"quartiere\". Ng\u00e0y nay, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c rioni l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a municipio th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (Centro Storico)."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Roma, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m trong t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u00fang g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng Servius \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y 12 n\u0103m sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gaulois c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 390 TCN. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3i Esquilino v\u00e0 Celio, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed3i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Roma ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ra ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, song kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n 700 n\u0103m sau. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 270, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Aurelianus b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u1eddng Aurelianus, ch\u00fang d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n 19 km, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 binh s\u0129 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u00dd ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1870. Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai Grande Raccordo Anulare (\"GRA\") ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1962, n\u00f3 bao quanh trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kho\u1ea3ng 10 km. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u01b0 n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong n\u00f3, song v\u1ec1 sau nhi\u1ec1u khu ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "comune Roma bao g\u1ed3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch g\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai Raccordo v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m Milano v\u00e0 Napoli, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p s\u00e1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y b\u1ecf hoang kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a comune kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 cao, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ho\u00e1 cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean, khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "Roma c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i (ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu K\u00f6ppen: Csa), v\u1edbi m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt c\u00f2n m\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u1ea5m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m l\u00e0 tr\u00ean 20 \u00b0C v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 10 \u00b0C v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam. Trong th\u00e1ng l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 1, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 12 \u00b0C v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 3 \u00b0C v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam. Trong c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng n\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 7-8, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 30 \u00b0C v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 18 \u00b0C v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam. C\u00e1c th\u00e1ng 12, 1 v\u00e0 2 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh ban ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 8 \u00b0C. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 15 \u00b0C v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 \u00b0C v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam, song th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c \u1ea5m h\u01a1n. Tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ebfm song kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn tuy\u1ebft nh\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c m\u01b0a tuy\u1ebft di\u1ec5n ra h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00edch t\u1ee5, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft l\u1edbn di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n trong kho\u1ea3ng 20-25 n\u0103m (g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012). \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 75%, dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 72% v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 \u0111\u1ebfn 77% v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9i bi\u1ec3n dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p 13 \u00b0C trong th\u00e1ng 2-3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c cao 24 \u00b0C trong th\u00e1ng 8."}
+{"text": "Sau khi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 50.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng. Khi V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u00dd s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Roma v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1870, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 200.000. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 600.000 ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t x\u00edt c\u1ee7a Mussolini n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 gia t\u0103ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, song th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, nh\u1edd kinh t\u1ebf b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn. B\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c khu ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 v\u00e0 1960."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2010, c\u00f3 2.754.440 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 4,2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea1i Roma (g\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ranh gi\u1edbi Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Roma, v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 800 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/km2 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean 5.000 km\u00b2). N\u0103m 2010, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi 18 tu\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfm 17% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u l\u00e0 20,76%, c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 18,06% v\u00e0 19,94%. Tu\u1ed5i trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Roma l\u00e0 43 so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 42. Trong v\u00f2ng 5 n\u0103m t\u1eeb 2002 \u0111\u1ebfn 2007, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Roma t\u0103ng 6,54%, trong khi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u00dd t\u0103ng 3,56%."}
+{"text": "Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a ISTAT v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009, kho\u1ea3ng 9,5% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Roma kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd. Kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Romania, Ba Lan, Ukraina, v\u00e0 Albania) v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 131.118 hay 4,7% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. 4,8% c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ngo\u00e0i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Philippines (26.933), Bangladesh (12.154), v\u00e0 Hoa (10.283). Rione Esquilino n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ga Termini ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu ph\u1ed1 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed l\u00e0 ph\u1ed1 T\u00e0u c\u1ee7a Roma. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m qu\u1ed1c gia c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. Do l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u00ean Esquilino c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng mang \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Trong s\u1ed1 1.300 c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh doanh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i qu\u1eadn, c\u00f3 800 c\u01a1 s\u1edf do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa s\u1edf h\u1eefu, kho\u1ea3ng 300 c\u01a1 s\u1edf do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 kh\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 200 c\u01a1 s\u1edf thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00dd, C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o chi ph\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i Roma, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Roma l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi pontifex maximus (\u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7) v\u00e0 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Vatican v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn Roma, Religio Romana (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Roma\") l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Roma l\u00e0 Jupiter c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf cao nh\u1ea5t, Mars l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 cha c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Roma l\u00e0 Romulus v\u00e0 Remus, theo nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft. C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Vesta v\u00e0 Minerva c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh. Roma c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed nh\u01b0 Mithras. Sau khi Th\u00e1nh Pedro v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Paulo t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn, Roma bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Pedro c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 313. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n (nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Avignon), Roma trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Roma hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Roma c\u00f3 Th\u00e0nh Vatican v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Pedro, song nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh to\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Giovanni x\u1ee9 Laterano, n\u1eb1m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f4ng nam c\u1ee7a trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 900 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd t\u1ea1i Roma, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh to\u00e0 l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Santa Maria Maggiore, V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Paulo ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh, V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng San Clemente, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Ges\u00f9. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i La M\u00e3 n\u1eb1m b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Roma, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gregoriana, H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Roma c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1eafc Phi v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Do s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean, comune x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Roma, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u00c2u, kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1995. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 La M\u00e3, Roma c\u0169ng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i quan tr\u1ecdng, t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Trastevere, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Ghetto di Roma. Roma c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Do Th\u00e1i l\u1edbn mang t\u00ean Tempio Maggiore."}
+{"text": "L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Th\u00e0nh Vatican l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Mons Vaticanus (\u0110\u1ed3i Vatican), v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea1m vi Vatican c\u0169 l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Pedro, \u0110i\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng T\u00f2a, Nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n Sistina, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c. Khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a rione Borgo thu\u1ed9c Roma cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1929. Th\u00e0nh Vatican t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eddi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Leo IV, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y th\u1eddi Paulus III/Pius IV/Urbanus VIII nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Laterano v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1929 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vatican, ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111o\u1ea1n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y v\u00e0o th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vatican c\u00f3 Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Pedro, t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u00dd ch\u1ec9 qua m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1ch m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng d\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Piazza Pio XII. Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Pedro n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Via della Conciliazione, \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 n\u00e0y ch\u1ea1y th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Tevere. L\u1ed1i v\u00e0o l\u1edbn n\u00e0y do c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Piacentini v\u00e0 Spaccarelli thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, theo mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Benito Mussolini v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i sau khi k\u00fd k\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Laterano. C\u0169ng theo hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh n\u1eb1m trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u00dd, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Castel Gandolfo v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n ngo\u00e0i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Latinh, song Roma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Sabini v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Latinh chia s\u1ebb khu v\u1ef1c Roma ng\u00e0y nay. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Sabini thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m \u00dd, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Etrusca- ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ba v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cai tr\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 509 TCN. Urganilla, hay Plautia Urgulanilla, v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Claudius, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Etrusca sau m\u1ed1c n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, theo nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Suetonius v\u1ec1 Claudius. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ti\u1ebfng Latinh, d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c nhau, l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Roma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, song do th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u di d\u00e2n, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n, c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh khu v\u1ef1c \u0111a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Roma c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Hy L\u1ea1p, Syria v\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a Roma ngay t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng Latinh ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1edbi \"volgare\". Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Toscana chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf, song c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Roma c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Romanesco. Romanesco \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Nam \u00dd h\u01a1n c\u1ea3, r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Napoli t\u1ea1i Campania. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Firenze v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Firenze di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Roma theo hai gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb gia t\u1ed9c Medici (Leo X v\u00e0 Clemens VII), g\u00e2y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef, n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng Toscana h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec song ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong Roma cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c Lazio t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 do d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 gia t\u0103ng t\u1ea1i Roma v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng. Do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, Romanesco tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng \u00dd ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Romanesco bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Giuseppe Gioachino Belli, Trilussa v\u00e0 Cesare Pascarella. Romanesco l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"lingua vernacola\" (th\u1ed5 ng\u1eef), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng vi\u1ebft m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u00f3i."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Roma cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f2n r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh La M\u00e3 ho\u00e1, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u00dd, Gallia (Ph\u00e1p), b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia v\u00e0 Dacia (Romania) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Latinh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n ho\u00e1, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 di c\u01b0. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfng Anh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norman khi chinh ph\u1ee5c Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em theo m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Latinh. Ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Latinh l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef."}
+{"text": "Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a Roma trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u00e1t x\u00edt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, Roma \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u00f2m v\u00e0 m\u00e1i v\u00f2m. Phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Romanesque trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11, 12 v\u00e0 13 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac La M\u00e3, sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng v\u00e0 Baroque ch\u00ednh."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Roma l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 (x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 70-80 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1n \u0111\u00e0i v\u00f2ng cung ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. S\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1n \u0111\u00e0i l\u00e0 60.000 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f5 s\u0129 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5u. C\u00e1c di t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i bao g\u1ed3m H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 (Roman Forum), t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Domus Aurea, \u0111\u1ec1n Parthenon, C\u1ed9t Trajan, Ch\u1ee3 Trajan, h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9, s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Massimo, nh\u00e0 t\u1eafm c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng Terme di Caracalla, L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n, L\u0103ng m\u1ed9 Augustus, Pacis Ara, Kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n m\u00f4n Costantino, Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Cestius v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1eafc Bocca della Verit\u00e0."}
+{"text": "Tuy th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng di s\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Roma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00dd. C\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, bao g\u1ed3m V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0 C\u1ea3 v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 Ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh (sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00f9ng tu l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19). C\u1ea3 hai t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft trang tr\u00ed tinh vi mang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 cao t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3m th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd nh\u01b0 Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere, Santi Quattro Coronati v\u00e0 Santa Prassede. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng theo gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u00e1p, trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00e1p Milizie v\u00e0 Conti. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m k\u1ebf H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u thang l\u1edbn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Basilica di Santa Maria in Ara coeli."}
+{"text": "Roma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau Firenze, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc b\u1edfi phong tr\u00e0o Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng \u1edf Roma l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Piazza del Campidoglio do Michelangelo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. C\u0169ng \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Roma th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u1edf sang tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Palazzo del Quirinale (nay l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u00dd), cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Venezia, Farnese, Barberini, Chigi (hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7), cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Spada, Cancelleria v\u00e0 dinh th\u1ef1 Farnesina."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng v\u00e0 Baroque. Trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng v\u1edbi th\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m trang tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf gi\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Navona, Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Spagna, Campo de 'Fiori, Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Venezia, Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Farnese, Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Rotonda v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Minerva. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Baroque l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc Trevi c\u1ee7a Nicola Salvi. Nh\u1eefng cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Baroque \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 l\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Madama, ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u00dd v\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Montecitorio, ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a H\u1ea1 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u00dd."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1870, Roma \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u00dd. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1edbi phong c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac La M\u00e3. \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u cung \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn theo phong c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n La m\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m li\u1ec7t s\u0129 Vittorio Emanuele II l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \"T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c ghi c\u00f4ng\", n\u01a1i an ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 v\u00f4 danh, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho 650.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd \u0111\u00e3 ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng trong chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb ph\u00e1t x\u00edt t\u1ea1i \u00dd t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1922 \u0111\u1ebfn 1943 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i l\u01b0u d\u1ea5u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u00e1t x\u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Roma l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c E.U.R. do Marcello Piacentini thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1938. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u khu n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u00e0nh cho cu\u1ed9c Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 1942 (\"Esposizione universale 1942\") v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"E.42\" (\"Esposizione 42\"). Tuy nhi\u00ean, tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp di\u1ec5n ra v\u00ec n\u0103m 1940 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. C\u00f4ng t\u00ecnh ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u00e1t x\u00edt t\u1ea1i E.U.R. l\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Civilt\u00e0 Italiana (1938\u20131943), thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3. Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n La M\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t khu kinh t\u1ebf ngo\u00e0i trung t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang quy ho\u1ea1ch (x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n Docklands v\u00e0 La D\u00e9fense \u1edf Paris). Ngo\u00e0i ra cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Farnesina, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3ng tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao \u00dd ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1935 theo phong c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t x\u00edt thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf Roma. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, Roma l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng gian xanh bao ph\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a khu kh\u00f4ng gian xanh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 v\u00e0 khu v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u00dd. Tuy nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 Borghese, Ada v\u00e0 Pamphili Doria. Bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 Pamphili Doria n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i Gianicolo r\u1ed9ng 1,8 km2. Ngo\u00e0i ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Gianicolo c\u00f2n c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 Sciarra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i cho tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u0111i b\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng m\u00e1t. T\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Trastevere the Orto Botanico (khu v\u01b0\u1eddn Botanico) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian xanh tho\u00e1ng m\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u1ee3p ph\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng r\u00e2m. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ua ng\u1ef1a La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111ai (s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Maximus) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian xanh l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 thu h\u00fat ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111ua xe ng\u1ef1a c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, c\u00f2n c\u00e2y th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00edt. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 Celimontana t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ed1t, g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c khu v\u01b0\u1eddn xung quanh nh\u00e0 t\u1eafm c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng Caracalla v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u1eddn Hoa h\u1ed3ng. Khu v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 Borghese l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian xanh l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Roma, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ed1i \u0111i b\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng m\u00e1t c\u00e2y xanh. N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha Spanish Steps v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Popolo. Roma c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Pineto v\u00e0 Appian Way. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1i Marcigliana v\u00e0 Tenuta di Castelporziano."}
+{"text": "Roma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn Baroque v\u00e0 t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eeb h\u01a1n 2.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 trang tr\u00ed c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Roma. Trong th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 98 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, theo Sextus Julius Frontinus, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Roma c\u00f3 9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc, cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn 39 \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 591 \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed3n nh\u1ecf, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc cung c\u1ea5p cho ho\u00e0ng gia, t\u1eafm r\u1eeda hay cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai c\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau, ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u00e0 18, c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng La M\u00e3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc La M\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1edf ra th\u1eddi ho\u00e0ng kim cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc La M\u00e3. Nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a Rubens, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc La M\u00e3 mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n phong c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Baroque. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1ede nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trang tr\u00ed cho c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc. Ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng khu v\u01b0\u1eddn Baroque, l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c.\""}
+{"text": "Roma n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac cao. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea5t l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm tr\u00e0o ph\u00fang). C\u00f3 hai b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0: Pasquino v\u00e0 Marforio, ngo\u00e0i ra v\u1eabn c\u00f3 4 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 il Babuino, Madama Lucrezia, il Facchino v\u00e0 Abbot Luigi. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i hay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i; il Pasquino \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n Menelaus, Abbot Luigi - m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n La M\u00e3 b\u00ed \u1ea9n, il Babuino \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Silenus, Marforio \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Oceanus, Madama Lucrezia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Isis, v\u00e0 il Facchino l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh trong n\u0103m 1580, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ri\u00eang cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y \u00e1p ph\u00edch ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd graffiti b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1ed3m Ponte Sant'Angelo, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 di t\u00edch n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nh\u01b0 Giordano Bruno \u1edf Campo de'Fiori."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 8 th\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed5 Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 5 th\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 th\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m Ethiopia \u1edf Roma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y (t\u1eeb 2005). Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Piazza Navona, Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4, Piazza Montecitorio, Piazza del Popolo v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1, nh\u00e0 t\u1eafm c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c khu v\u01b0\u1eddn, c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1edf Villa Mattei, nh\u00e0 t\u1eafm c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng Thermae Diocletiani v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i Mons Pincius. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Roma c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 hai c\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 C\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a Trajan v\u00e0 C\u1ed9t Marcus Aurelius v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed theo d\u1ea1ng xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c nh\u1eb9."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Roma c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng b\u1eafc qua s\u00f4ng Tivere. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng g\u1ed3m c\u1ea7u Ponte Cestio, Ponte Milvio, Ponte Nomentano, Ponte Sant'Angelo, Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II, Ponte Sisto v\u00e0 Ponte dei Quattro Capi. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 n\u0103m c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n hay Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u theo phong c\u00e1ch Baroque, t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Theo b\u1ed9 b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Anh Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf Roma l\u00e0 Ponte Sant'Angelo do Bernini thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1688, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 135 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 10 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng trang tr\u00ed tr\u00ean c\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "Roma c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t ng\u1ea7m trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hay g\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 40, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t trong h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c n\u1eb1m xen k\u1ebd chung v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed9t khu \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai tr\u1edf \u0111i. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u1ec1m t\u1eeb tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 t\u00fap v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00ec lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 c\u1ea5m ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Hi\u1ec7n nay Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 trao quy\u1ec1n cho D\u00f2ng Sal\u00eadi\u00eang Don Bosco trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Callixtus \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Roma."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd, Roma l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u01b0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng duy nh\u1ea5t), Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, To\u00e0 \u00e1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ee7a \u00dd v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh Vatican (m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 Roma c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n \u00dd c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh Vatican). Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Roma, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng - ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Hoa K\u1ef3, British School, Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m Ph\u00e1p, Vi\u1ec7n Scandinavi, c\u00e1c Vi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c - v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng danh d\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 V\u0129nh c\u1eedu n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c (FAO). Roma c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1edbn t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ef9 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (IFAD), Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WFP), tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng NATO v\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u B\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n V\u0103n h\u00f3a (ICCROM). Roma hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Chicago, Istanbul, Frankfurt, Athena, Zurich, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Mexico, Praha, Budapest, Amsterdam, Vi\u00ean v\u00e0 Dublin c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m 2008, Roma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 15 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y v\u0103n h\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2005, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Roma c\u00f3 GDP l\u00e0 94,376 t\u1ef7 euro (121,5 t\u1ef7 USD), \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p 6,7% v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a GDP c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc (nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u00dd). B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 2001 v\u00e0 2005 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 11,1% xu\u1ed1ng 6,5%, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Roma \u0111\u1ea1t 4,4%/n\u0103m v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu Roma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 52 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh theo GDP, g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Ai C\u1eadp. N\u0103m 2003, Roma c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t 29.153 euro (37.412 USD), cao th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i \u00dd ch\u1ec9 sau Milano, v\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n 134,1% GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. H\u01a1n h\u1ebft, Roma c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng thu nh\u1eadp x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u00dd, \u0111\u1ea1t 47.076.890.463 euro trong n\u0103m 2008, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trung b\u00ecnh, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb th\u1ee9 9 t\u1ea1i \u00dd v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp l\u00e0 24.509 euro. \u1ede g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Roma nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao th\u1ee9 30 trong n\u0103m 2009, t\u0103ng 3 th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2008."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Roma \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao (c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin, h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng), nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Roma. Fiumicino l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u1edf Roma v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u00dd. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3ng tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u00dd, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ba trong 100 c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: Enel, Eni v\u00e0 Telecom Italia."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t thanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh \u1edf Roma c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf: Roma c\u00f2n l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh \u00dd nh\u1edd v\u00e0o h\u00e3ng phim Cinecitt\u00e0 v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng 1930. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, trung t\u00e2m h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ec3 thao v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i khu kinh doanh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Roma: khu kinh t\u1ebf Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR); Torrino (ph\u00eda nam EUR); Magliana; Parco de' Medici-Laurentina v\u00e0 Tiburtina-valley n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 Via Tiburtina."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Roma l\u00e0 La Sapienza (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1303), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi tr\u00ean 140.000 sinh vi\u00ean theo h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005 tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 33 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2013 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Sapienza Roma x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 62 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i \u00dd. Nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac c\u1ee7a La Sapienza, hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua: Tor Vergata v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1982, v\u00e0 Roma Tre v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992. Roma c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 LUISS, l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. ISIA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1973 b\u1edfi Giulio Carlo Argan v\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u00dd trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "Roma c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Anh t\u1ea1i Roma, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Roma, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gregoriana (\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc d\u00f2ng T\u00ean c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1551), H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Lorenzo de' Medici, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Link Campus, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Campus Bio-Medico. Roma c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Roma v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc John Cabot c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc St. John's, Trung t\u00e2m John Felice Roma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Loyola Chicago c\u00f2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Temple Roma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Temple. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa Roma (Collegi pontifici) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f2ng d\u00e0nh cho sinh vi\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean ch\u1ee9c tu s\u0129 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Roma g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Biblioteca Angelica kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1604, l\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i \u00dd; Biblioteca Vallicelliana th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1565; Biblioteca Casanatense kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1701; Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c gia Roma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a \u00dd, c\u00f3 h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7u quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch; Biblioteca del Ministero degli Affari Esteri chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i giao, \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i; Biblioteca dell'Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana; the Biblioteca Don Bosco l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Salesian l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t; Biblioteca e Museo teatrale del Burcardo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng-th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u; Biblioteca della Societ\u00e0 Geografica Italiana \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Villa Celimontana v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u00dd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u; v\u00e0 Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Vatican l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 m\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1475, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 75.000 codex, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 1,1 tri\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch in, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 8.500 s\u00e1ch in tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1501. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t g\u1eafn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1i Roma, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Roma, Vi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Roma, v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Bibliotheca Hertziana \u2013 Max Planck c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c;"}
+{"text": "Roma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea1c vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t uy t\u00edn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea1c vi\u1ec7n Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1585), m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u1ea1c vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i khu ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng Parco della Musica, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Roma c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t opera l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, c\u00f9ng v\u00e0i vi\u1ec7n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u0103ng cai cu\u1ed9c thi Eurovision Song Contest (Cu\u1ed9c thi Ca kh\u00fac Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u) n\u0103m 1991 v\u00e0 L\u1ec5 trao gi\u1ea3i MTV ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (MTV Europe Music Awards) n\u0103m 2004."}
+{"text": "Roma c\u0169ng t\u1eebng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 m\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 v\u00e0 17, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Baroque. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n Sistina c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1ec1 phong c\u00e1ch \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Venezia, m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c di\u1ec5n ra c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. Nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i \u00f4ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u1edbi ph\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7u \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n su\u1ed1t 400 n\u0103m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 kh\u00e1c h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 t\u1ea1i Roma v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng phong c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng."}
+{"text": "Roma ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a kho t\u00e0ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 do n\u00e9t thu h\u00fat c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, do v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 uy nghi tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u0103n bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 (c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean). Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Roma l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng l\u1edbn (B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Capitolini, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Vatican, Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m Borghese, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c), c\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m, di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9. Roma l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u1ec9 x\u1ebfp sau Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u00e0 Paris, v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng du kh\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t n\u0103m trung b\u00ecnh 7-10 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u00e1nh. Theo m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 (4 tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch) v\u00e0 B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Vatican (4,2 tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch) l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 39 v\u00e0 37 trong b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Roma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i Roma, Vi\u1ec7n Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i Roma v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c. Roma t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u di t\u00edch c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, bao g\u1ed3m H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3, Ch\u1ee3 Trajan, H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trajan, \u0110\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3, \u0111\u1ec1n Pantheon. \u0110\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Roma v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u00ec quan th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Roma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u1ea3m trang tr\u00ed gh\u00e9p m\u1ea3nh (mosaic), tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 tranh v\u1ebd t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Roma \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3m mosaic. R\u00e8n kim lo\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n ti\u1ec1n xu v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd, ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ed5 ng\u00e0 voi, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7y tinh, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch minh h\u1ecda h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \"nh\u1ecf\" trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt La M\u00e3. Roma sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh, t\u1eeb khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng d\u00e0nh kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n l\u1edbn cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0ng cung h\u00f9ng v\u0129, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng n\u00f3i chung. Roma tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau Firenze, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Paris v\u00e0 Venezia. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1edfi phong tr\u00e0o baroque v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Bernini, Caravaggio, Carracci, Borromini, Cortona v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c. Trong cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Grand Tour - m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c du l\u1ecbch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u - khi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c tr\u1ebb Anh v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Roma l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 rococo, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Pannini v\u00e0 Bernardo Bellotto. Ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u1edbn, v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "Roma \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Jerzy Dudek, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky, C\u00e9zanne. N\u0103m 2010 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn bu\u1ed5i khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Roma, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac do ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Iraqn\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Zaha Hadid thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Qu\u1ed1c gia Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 Maxxi t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Maxxi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ph\u00f2ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, trao \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i mong mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Roma, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Renzo Piano (Renzo Piano's Auditorium Parco della Musica) v\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Massimiliano Fuksas \u1edf Roma, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, \u1edf khu EUR, d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] Trung t\u00e2m H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t container b\u00e1n trong su\u1ed1t kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u th\u00e9p v\u00e0 teflon treo gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi hai qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf ra khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 hai b\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Roma c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kinh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1eddi trang th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 Milano, theo Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2009, Roma l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m th\u1eddi trang quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi trang th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 sau Milano, New York, Paris v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n. C\u00e1c h\u00e3ng th\u1eddi trang v\u00e0 trang s\u1ee9c cao c\u1ea5p n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Bulgari, Fendi, Laura Biagiotti v\u00e0 Brioni v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Chanel, Prada, Dolce & Gabbana, Armani v\u00e0 Versace c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng sang tr\u1ecdng \u1edf Roma, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ecdc theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eddi trang Via Condotti dei uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 cao c\u1ea5p \u1edf Roma."}
+{"text": "\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Roma \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u00ec bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Roma tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c l\u1edbn t\u1eeb th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u1ea8m th\u1ef1c th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Roma ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn m\u00f3n \u0103n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt n\u1ea5u \u0103n. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn l\u1eafm nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n theo t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. Sau n\u00e0y, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng, Roma \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Bartolomeo Scappi, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pius IV trong nh\u00e0 b\u1ebfp Vatican v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng khi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1ea5u \u0103n Opera dell'arte del cucinare v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1570. Trong \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng li\u1ec7t k\u00ea kho\u1ea3ng 1000 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ea5u \u0103n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc n\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n \u0103n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u00dd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i trong n\u1ec1n \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Roma k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i rau, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 atis\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u00f3n \u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 \"Saltimbocca alla Romana\" \u2013 c\u1ed1t l\u1ebft b\u00ea theo phong c\u00e1ch La M\u00e3; \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi gi\u0103m b\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1i, c\u00e2y x\u00f4 th\u01a1m, ninh v\u1edbi r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 b\u01a1; \"Carciofi alla giudia\" \u2013 atis\u00f4 chi\u00ean trong d\u1ea7u \u00f4 liu, m\u00f3n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i La M\u00e3; \"Carciofi alla Romana\" \u2013 atis\u00f4 phong c\u00e1ch La M\u00e3, l\u1edbp l\u00e1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch b\u1ecf, nh\u1ed3i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1c h\u00e0, t\u1ecfi, v\u1ee5n b\u00e1nh m\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111em om; \"Spaghetti alla Carbonara\"\u2013spaghetti v\u1edbi th\u1ecbt x\u00f4ng kh\u00f3i, tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 pecorino; \"Gnocchi di semolino alla Romana\"\u2013b\u00e1nh bao semolina theo phong c\u00e1ch La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u00f3n \u0103n kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Roma c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u1edfng phim Cinecitt\u00e0, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t phim v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh \u00dd. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u phim b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e9 nh\u1ea5t. T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p x\u01b0\u1edfng phim r\u1ed9ng 40 ha, c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m Roma 9 km v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi tr\u00ean 5.000 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1eeb s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trang ph\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. C\u00f3 tr\u00ean 3.000 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 The Passion of the Christ, Gangs of New York, Rome c\u1ee7a HBO, The Life Aquatic v\u00e0 Dino De Laurentiis' Decameron, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 Ben-Hur, Cleopatra, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phim c\u1ee7a Federico Fellini."}
+{"text": "B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Roma, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eebng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u chung k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Gi\u1ea3i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 1934 v\u00e0 1990. Tr\u1eadn chung k\u1ebft n\u0103m 1990 di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Olipico, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u00e2n nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thi \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ea1i Serie A l\u00e0 S.S. Lazio th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900, v\u00e0 A.S. Roma th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1927, k\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u1ec3 thao Roma. C\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 ch\u01a1i cho hai c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi sinh ra t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 Francesco Totti, Daniele De Rossi hay Alessandro Nesta. Atletico Roma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng nh\u1ecf ch\u01a1i t\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2012, s\u00e2n nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Flaminio."}
+{"text": "Roma c\u00f2n t\u1eebng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u0103m 1991 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 Virtus Roma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Rugby union \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2011, S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Flaminio l\u00e0 s\u00e2n nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n rugby qu\u1ed1c gia \u00dd, \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n thi \u0111\u1ea5u trong gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch S\u00e1u n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000. \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n nay thi \u0111\u1ea5u c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn s\u00e2n nh\u00e0 t\u1ea1i S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Olimpico do S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Flaminio c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0 t\u00ednh an to\u00e0n. Roma c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n rugby union \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 Rugby Roma (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1930 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd), Unione Rugby Capitolina v\u00e0 S.S. Lazio 1927 (nh\u00e1nh rugby union c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 th\u1ec3 thao S.S. Lazio)."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 ba s\u00e2n bay ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i Roma. S\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf li\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Leonardo Da Vinci l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00dd v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"S\u00e2n bay Fiumicino\", v\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong comune Fiumicino g\u1ea7n ph\u00eda T\u00e2y Nam c\u1ee7a Roma. S\u00e2n bay th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 Ciampino Roma, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n bay d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"S\u00e2n bay Ciampino\" v\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Ciampino v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng Nam Roma. S\u00e2n bay th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Roma-Urbe, m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n bay nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch kho\u1ea3ng 6 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Roma \u0111ang h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Roma: n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u00e0o trung t\u00e2m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f2ng. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft do quy m\u00f4 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m t\u1ea1i Roma b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Roma ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 21 xe taxi cho m\u1ed7i 10.000 d\u00e2n, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t xa so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. N\u1ea1n t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn xe h\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 1980 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0o trung t\u00e2m n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ban ng\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Khu H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf Giao th\u00f4ng (Zona a Traffico Limitato (ZTL) \u1edf \u00dd). G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam \u1edf Trastevere v\u00e0 San Lorenzo \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng khu ZTL \u0111\u00eam \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t khu ZTL \u0111\u00eam \u1edf Testaccio."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m 2 tuy\u1ebfn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Metropolitana \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Roma. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930. Tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi muc ti\u00eau nhanh ch\u00f3ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i nh\u00e0 ga ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi khu E42 v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ho\u1ea1ch \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 ph\u00eda Nam, n\u01a1i d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 1942. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra v\u00ec chi\u1ebfn tranh. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh EUR (Esposizione Universale di Roma: Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Roma) trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khu kinh doanh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1955 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Tuy\u1ebfn B."}
+{"text": "Hai Tuy\u1ebfn A v\u00e0 B hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i giao nhau \u1edf nh\u00e0 ga Roma Termini. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Tuy\u1ebfn B (B1) \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 500 tri\u1ec7u euro, d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012. B1 s\u1ebd k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi B t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Bologna v\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n tr\u1ea1m ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 trong 3,9 km (2 d\u1eb7m). Tuy\u1ebfn C l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 3 t\u1ef7 euro v\u1edbi 30 tr\u1ea1m trong kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 25,5 km (16 d\u1eb7m). Tuy\u1ebfn C s\u1ebd thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 l\u00e0 Termini-Pantano v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i. \u0110o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011 v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ng\u1ea7m. Tuy\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 4 l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn D c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ho\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn 22 nh\u00e0 ga ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 20 km (12 d\u1eb7m). \u0110o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong n\u0103m 2015 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2035."}
+{"text": "Giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Roma h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi xe bu\u00fdt, xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi xe l\u1eeda \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb (c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn FR). M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi xe bu\u00fdt v\u00e0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n do Trambus S. p. A. \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ATAC S. p. A. (vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i xe bus v\u00e0 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a commune, trong ti\u1ebfng \u00dd l\u00e0 Azienda Tranvie ed Autobus del Comune). M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi xe bu\u00fdt \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 350 tuy\u1ebfn xe bu\u00fdt v\u00e0 tr\u00ean 8.000 tr\u1ea1m d\u1eebng, trong khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 39 km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray v\u00e0 192 tr\u1ea1m. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebfn xe bus \u0111i\u1ec7n khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn xe bus \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ho\u1ea1ch."}
+{"text": "Pyrit hay pyrit s\u1eaft, l\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt disulfua s\u1eaft v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc FeS2. \u00c1nh kim v\u00e0 s\u1eafc v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eeb nh\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb ng\u1ed1c do n\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u00e0ng. Pyrit l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt sulfua. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi pyrit b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 (purit\u0113s) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda\" hay \"trong l\u1eeda\", t\u1eeb \u03c0\u03cd\u03c1 (pur) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"l\u1eeda\". T\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c tia l\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra khi pyrit va \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u00e9p hay \u0111\u00e1 l\u1eeda. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho pyrit tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda b\u1eb1ng b\u00e1nh xe trong c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng s\u00fang c\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "Kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ecdc (c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ec3 hay m\u1eb7t c\u00e1t khai) do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 xen k\u1ebd c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t di\u1ec7n pyrit. Pyrit c\u0169ng hay xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 b\u00e1t di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng di\u1ec7n pyrit (h\u00ecnh th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ng\u0169 gi\u00e1c). N\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t g\u00e3y h\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 concoit, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng Mohs kho\u1ea3ng 6\u20136,5, t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng ri\u00eang kho\u1ea3ng 4,95\u20135,10. N\u00f3 gi\u00f2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba do c\u00f3 m\u00f9i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ra khi m\u1eabu v\u1eadt b\u1ecb t\u00e1n nh\u1ecf."}
+{"text": "Pyrit th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf d\u1ea1ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sulfua hay \u00f4x\u00edt kh\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch th\u1ea1ch anh, \u0111\u00e1 tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch, \u0111\u00e1 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng than, v\u00e0 trong vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt thay th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb ng\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong qu\u1eb7ng ch\u1ee9a kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0y. V\u00e0ng v\u00e0 asen xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf \u0111i k\u00e8m nhau trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac pyrit. T\u1ea1i khu tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch v\u00e0ng \u1edf Carlin, Nevada, pyrit asen ch\u1ee9a t\u1edbi 0,37% theo tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 v\u00e0ng. Pyrit ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i qu\u1eb7ng v\u00e0ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "Pyrit b\u1ecb l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf v\u00e0 khai qu\u1eadt s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u00f4xy v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh sulfat, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecf ax\u00edt. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ax\u00edt h\u00f3a n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n chi Acidithiobacillus, c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng vi khu\u1ea9n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00f4xi h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ion s\u1eaft II (Fe2+) th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ion s\u1eaft III (Fe3+) v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00f4xy nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u00f4xi h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c ion s\u1eaft III \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng pyrit \u0111\u1ec3 sinh ra ion s\u1eaft II v\u00e0 sulfat. S\u1eaft h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb 2 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi khu\u1ea9n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1eaft h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb 3 v\u00e0 chu tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi pyrit c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t."}
+{"text": "Pyrit th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hay b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt marcasit, m\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 pyrit, do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Marcasit l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng \u0111a h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a pyrit, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 pyrit nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng tinh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00f4xi h\u00f3a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong pyrit do c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 persulfua. Marcasit/pyrit c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u1eb7p \u0111a h\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 sau c\u1eb7p kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng/graphit (than ch\u00ec). B\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a marcasit c\u00f3 \u00e1nh b\u1ea1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat."}
+{"text": "Pyrit th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong ngh\u1ec1 kim ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t hay v\u00f2ng \u0111eo tay. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng marcasit l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y do n\u00f3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 v\u1ee5n ra th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t. B\u1ed5 sung cho s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n v\u00e0 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa marcasit v\u00e0 pyrit l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb Marcasit nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m cho \u0111\u1ed3 kim ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 t\u1eeb pyrit. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e1t v\u00e0o b\u1ea1c th\u1eadt (hay b\u1ea1c sterling, ch\u1ee9a 92,5% b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 7,5% kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c). Tuy c\u00e1c vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 marcasit, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00fang ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 pyrit."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a v\u00f4 c\u01a1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u00e1n c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00f4xi h\u00f3a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c cho m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed (h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb), th\u00ec pyrit c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Fe2+S22-. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh trong pyrit xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u1eb7p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft S-S r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb persulfua n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb persulfua hi\u0111r\u00f4 (H2S2). V\u00ec th\u1ebf pyrit c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00ean g\u1ecdi mang t\u00ednh mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 persulfua s\u1eaft ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i disulfua s\u1eaft. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, molypdenit (MoS2) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m sulfua (S2-) c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00f4xi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a molypden l\u00e0 Mo4+. Kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt asenopyrit c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c FeAsS. Trong khi pyrit c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb S-S th\u00ec asenopyrit c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb As-S, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 kh\u1eed proton c\u1ee7a H2AsSH. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00f4xi h\u00f3a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o n\u00ean mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 asenopyrit nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Fe3+AsS3-."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u (ch\u1eef H\u00e1n gi\u1ea3n th\u1ec3: \u5e7f\u5dde, ph\u1ed3n th\u1ec3: \u5ee3\u5dde, pinyin: Gu\u01cengzh\u014du, Wade-Giles: Kuang-chou, vi\u1ec7t phanh: Gwong2zau1, Yale: Gw\u00f3ngja\u016b) l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u1eb1m tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Ch\u00e2u Giang, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng 120 km (75 d\u1eb7m) v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y B\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch Ma Cao 145 km (90 d\u1eb7m) v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc. Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u01a1n 2.200 n\u0103m v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ph\u1eadt S\u01a1n, \u0110\u00f4ng Quan v\u00e0 Th\u00e2m Quy\u1ebfn l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh tinh. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015 khu v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 13.501.100. Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 \"Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba\". D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 di c\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 40% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong n\u0103m 2008. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0 Th\u00e2m Quy\u1ebfn, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. L\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh trong chi\u1ebfn tranh nha phi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng (g\u1ea7n) v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng. Trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 H\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong ba n\u0103m li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp 2013-2015, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Forbes x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "V\u1ecb tr\u00ed hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf b\u1edd ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a con s\u00f4ng Ch\u00e2u Giang v\u00e0o n\u0103m 214 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 cho cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1ea1ch V\u00e2n, mi\u1ec1n nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u01a1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Phi\u00ean Ngung (\u756a\u79ba). C\u00e1c s\u1eed s\u00e1ch th\u1eddi x\u01b0a cho bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh canh g\u00e1c \u1edf Phi\u00ean Ngung r\u1ea5t c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e1o \u00e1o gi\u00e1p trong ba n\u0103m. Sau khi tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, n\u0103m 207 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n l\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Nam Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Phi\u00ean Ngung n\u0103m 204 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. N\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn tranh H\u00e1n-S\u1edf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y danh ngh\u0129a danh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 196 TCN. C\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 cho th\u1ea5y Phi\u00ean Ngung l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng: ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n Trung Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n c\u00e2y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u1edf Ch\u00e2u Phi. Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf v\u1ecb b\u1edfi Tri\u1ec7u V\u0103n V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u Minh V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a V\u0103n V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 115 TCN, c\u1eadu con trai Tri\u1ec7u Ai V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng v\u00ec vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 113 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng, Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu \u6a1b Jiu (\u6a1b) \u0111\u00e3 nghe theo l\u1eddi d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n khi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd s\u1ebd n\u1ed9p Phi\u00ean Ngung cho nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n. Th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng L\u1eef Gia (\u5442\u5609) \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh, gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft b\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u00e0 ta. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n th\u00f4n t\u00ednh Nam Vi\u1ec7t, vua H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n, giao cho L\u1ed9 B\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 th\u00f4n t\u00ednh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng Nam Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 111 TCN."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n, Phi\u00ean Ngung tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh. N\u0103m 226, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u00e1i t\u00ean Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u00ean ch\u00e2u, t\u00ean t\u1ec9nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n quen v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c g\u1ecdi t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 theo t\u00ean t\u1ec9nh trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1i t\u00ean Phi\u00ean Ngung d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean. Trong th\u1eddi Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c, vi\u00ean th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu L\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 L\u01b0u Nghi\u1ec5m \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Phi\u00ean Ngung \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \"\u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e1n\" hay \"Nam H\u00e1n\", k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 917 \u0111\u1ebfn 971. Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 10 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \"ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Ba T\u01b0\". Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du kh\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ma r\u1ed1c Ibn Battuta \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 14, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0u l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3ng."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Minh, Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m bi\u1ec3n (haijin). Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n khi b\u1ecb t\u1eed h\u00ecnh v\u00ec bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u01b0u vong cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, Tuy\u1ec1n Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Ninh Ba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1384 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ed1ng g\u1eedi cho ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n \"Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n\" (c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nanobu) trong khu v\u1ef1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1567."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 Thanh tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1edfi m\u1edf h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i sau khi gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1683. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1eeb Ma Cao v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1eeb Manila tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, Armenian v\u00e0 Anh. N\u0103m 1711, C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u1ea1m giao d\u1ecbch \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh vua C\u00e0n Long bu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i d\u1ed3n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t qu\u1eadn ri\u00eang, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 sau. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1699 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1714, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u m\u1ed7i n\u0103m hai l\u1ea7n, T\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng ty \u00c1o Ostend c\u1ee7a \u00c1o \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1717, C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n H\u00e0 Lan n\u0103m 1729, C\u00f4ng ty Asiatic \u0110an M\u1ea1ch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1731, v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m t\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi t\u00e0u Th\u1ed5 hay Trieste. Chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1784 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00dac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1788. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Canton. Xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00e8 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ee9. L\u00e0 n\u01a1i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai t\u1ea7ng. C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Th\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Huaisheng, Ch\u00f9a Hoa ch\u00f9a c\u1ee7a S\u00e1u c\u00e2y Banyan, v\u00e0 th\u00e1p canh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00f9a 5 t\u1ea7ng. C\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea7n tru\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 g\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 6 d\u1eb7m (10 km) trong chu vi, 25 feet (8 m) cao, v\u00e0 20 feet (6 m) r\u1ed9ng. T\u00e1m c\u1ed5ng ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 hai c\u1ed5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1eef c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 s\u0129 trong ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi ba con kh\u00e1c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t con h\u00e0o, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng d\u00f2ng th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n chia v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n c\u1eeda chia th\u00e0nh \"th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u1ed5\" ph\u00eda b\u1eafc t\u1eeb \"th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u1edbi\" ph\u00eda nam g\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng; v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 c\u1ee7a Xiguan (\"West Gate\") l\u00e2y lan ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0 d\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, v\u00e0 Tanka (\"thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n\") g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n che d\u1ea5u b\u1edd s\u00f4ng kho\u1ea3ng 4 d\u1eb7m (6 km). Vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi s\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kho h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e1p t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc Kinh-kho\u1ea3ng 1.200 d\u1eb7m (1.931 km), trong v\u00f2ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 24 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Canton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh nha phi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 ra \u1edf Canton \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra hai th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00f3. Sau Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Nam Kinh 1842, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \"nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3ng\", c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Ninh Ba, H\u1ea1 M\u00f4n, Ph\u00fac Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1ef1 do giao d\u1ecbch. Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i vi. Trong s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thanh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf Taiping, Punti v\u00e0 Hakka \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gia t\u1ed9c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1855 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1867, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft"}
+{"text": "Morgan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn V\u0169 X\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1936 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft B\u1eafc Kinh - Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u1edd cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u s\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed \u1edf V\u0169 H\u00e1n n\u0103m 1957."}
+{"text": "Sau v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t T\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o Nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng H\u1ed3 H\u00e1n D\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 gia nh\u1eadp Cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 hai n\u0103m 1913 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n sang Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f9ng T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n sau khi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong n\u0103m 1917, khi Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110o\u00e0n K\u1ef3 Th\u1ee5yi h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p g\u00e2y ra Phong tr\u00e0o B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 tan r\u00e3 v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1918 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u00fdnh Minh, l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c \u00f4ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1920 trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Yuegui. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1922, T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn Yongfeng sau khi Chen \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc Kinh c\u1ee7a Zhili Clique. Trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfp theo, Sun \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb V\u00e2n Nam v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1923 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1926, T\u00f4n v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 truy t\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y Sun ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u00f4ng ta t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch, Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Canton \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, t\u1ea1o ra \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0110CSTQ c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m 1927."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1924, Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a L\u00eanin v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean minh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Phong tr\u00e0o N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3. Sun v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u00f4ng T\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u1ef9 v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang do c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n thu\u00ea, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Whampoa. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i non tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng (Canton Merchants 'Corps Uprising). N\u0103m sau, phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u00e1ng N\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng \u1edf Canton v\u00e0 Hong Kong. S\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi v\u1ee5 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t Shakee."}
+{"text": "Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1925, t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Liao Zhongkai b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu H\u1ed3 H\u00e1n D\u00e2n, k\u1ebb b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y t\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng U\u00f4ng Tinh V\u1ec7, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, nh\u00f3m c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu Western Hills c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec1 s\u1ebd tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n kh\u1ecfi Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. \"Canton Coup\" v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1926 cho th\u1ea5y Chiang \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Wang Jingwei, c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chia t\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa V\u0169 H\u00e1n v\u00e0 Nam Kinh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thanh tr\u1eebng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n trong v\u1ee5 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 Canton tham gia thanh tr\u1eebng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Li Jishen, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3. Sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1927 khi Zhang Fakui, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 chung c\u1ee7a phe V\u0169 H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm Canton v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp phe Wang Jingwei trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ye Ting v\u00e0 Ye Jianying \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i L\u00fd T\u1ebf Th\u00e2m."}
+{"text": "L\u00fd b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa Chiang v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y Clique. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1929, Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ebf \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1931, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho m\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c sau cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e2n tranh ch\u1ed1ng Giang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u. Ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i b\u1ecb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Giang, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ly khai bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0 Wang Jingwei, Sun Fo v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c gia 4 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi ba phe ph\u00e1i \u1edf Nam Kinh, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 Canton. T\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Chiang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i. Trong khi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, Chen gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi Chiang v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1936."}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1938 \u0111\u1ebfn 1945 trong chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. Trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng sau khi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Nam Kinh c\u1ee7a PLA v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1949. Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1949. Trong s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c di d\u00e2n to l\u1edbn sang H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Ma Cao, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00ean c\u1ea7u Haizhu qua s\u00f4ng Ch\u00e2u Giang r\u00fat lui. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam so v\u1edbi ch\u00ed tuy\u1ebfn B\u1eafc, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt (K\u00f6ppen Cfa) ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1. M\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m cao v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t cao. M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00e1 \u00f4n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4. Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 13,6 \u00b0C (56,5 \u00b0F) v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang \u0111\u1ebfn 28,6 \u00b0C (83,5 \u00b0F) v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7, trong khi trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m l\u00e0 22,6 \u00b0C (72,7 \u00b0F). M\u00f9a thu, t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, m\u00e1t m\u1ebb v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111i du l\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kho\u1ea3ng 68 %, trong khi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a h\u00e0ng n\u0103m trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u00e0 h\u01a1n 1.700 mm (67 inch). V\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 17% trong th\u00e1ng 3 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 4 \u0111\u1ebfn 52% v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1,628 gi\u1edd \u00e1nh n\u1eafng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, \u00edt h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi Th\u00e2m Quy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) \u0111\u1ebfn 39,1 \u00b0C (102,4 \u00b0F). L\u1ea7n tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2016, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebft sau 87 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u00f9a thu (b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1957) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u. H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1edbn cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1eeb phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 104 tr\u1edf \u0111i, h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Trung t\u00e2m Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u (\u5e7f\u5dde \u56fd\u9645 \u4f1a\u5c55 \u4e2d\u5fc3) t\u1ea1i Pazhou, t\u1eeb khu ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p c\u0169 \u1edf Liuhua. GICEC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1edfi hai tr\u1ea1m tr\u00ean Tuy\u1ebfn Metro 8. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 104, H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 Canton \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed th\u00e0nh ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thay v\u00ec hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2010 cho th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 12,78 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2014, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 13.080.500, v\u1edbi 11.264.800 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1.800 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/km2. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u th\u00edch h\u1ee3p k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a Khu kinh t\u1ebf s\u00f4ng Ch\u00e2u Giang bao g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng 17.573 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1 vu\u00f4ng (6.785 d\u1eb7m vu\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 22 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bao g\u1ed3m 9 qu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, Th\u1ea9m Quy\u1ebfn (5.36m), \u0110\u00f4ng Ho\u1ea3n (3.22m) Trung S\u01a1n (3.12m), h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft Ph\u1eadt S\u01a1n (2.2m), Giang M\u00f4n (1.82m), Chu H\u1ea3i (890k) v\u00e0 Hu\u1ec7 Ch\u00e2u (760k). T\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u01a1n 28 tri\u1ec7u sau khi t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cao \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \"s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i\" kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di c\u01b0. Kho\u1ea3ng 10 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong khu v\u1ef1c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. N\u0103m 2008, kho\u1ea3ng 5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi di d\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, trong khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Quan Tho\u1ea1i. Trong n\u0103m 2010, m\u1ed7i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 con s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd h\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u (hukou) h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u00e0 \u1edf, c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2014, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p nh\u1eadn th\u1ebb hukou cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p mang thai trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i quay v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 2 CLB b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111ang thi \u0111\u1ea5u \u1edf gi\u1ea3i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u R&F v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u H\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0o B\u1ea3o. Trong \u0111\u00f3, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u H\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 7 danh hi\u1ec7u V\u0110QG li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2011 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2017. \u0110\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 2 l\u1ea7n gi\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch AFC Champions League v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 2013 v\u00e0 2015. C\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tham d\u1ef1 FIFA Club World Cup c\u00e1c n\u0103m 2013 v\u00e0 2015, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 thua v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 0-3 \u1edf b\u00e1n k\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110KV\u0110 UEFA Champions League khi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 FC Bayern M\u00fcnchen v\u00e0 F.C Barcelona."}
+{"text": "Khi tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Metro Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft ng\u1ea7m, ph\u00eda sau B\u1eafc Kinh, Thi\u00ean T\u00e2n v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh 13 d\u00f2ng, bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 390,7 km (242,8 d\u1eb7m). M\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng metro c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 500 km (310 d\u1eb7m) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2020 v\u1edbi 15 d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebfn Haizhu Tram \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2014."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c B\u1eafc Kinh-Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u-Th\u00e2m Quy\u1ebfn, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u-M\u1eadu Danh v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u-H\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u-S\u00e1n \u0110\u1ea7u. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2009, tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c V\u0169 H\u00e1n-Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u ch\u1ea1y d\u00e0i 980 km (608,94 d\u1eb7m) v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a 320 km/h. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2014, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c Qu\u00fd D\u01b0\u01a1ng-Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Nam Ninh- Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u ch\u1ea1y v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 250 km/h v\u00e0 155 km/h (124 mph). T\u00e0u Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng qua ga kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ga \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1m Hungfer Hom KCR \u1edf C\u1eedu Long, H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng. Tuy\u1ebfn n\u00e0y d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 182 km (113 d\u1eb7m) v\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i m\u1ea5t \u00edt h\u01a1n hai gi\u1edd. D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n l\u1edbn) quanh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft khu v\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfu t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft li\u00ean t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u - Chu H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Intercity Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u - Tri\u1ec7u Kh\u00e1nh."}
+{"text": "L\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 449 TCN c\u0169ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. Trong n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n (citizen lawmaking)\"\u2014 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt do l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a ra\u2014 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 449 TCN v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 400 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn khi Julius Caesar ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 44 TCN. Nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed gia \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f4ng qua lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ean Lex Titia v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 43 TCN (Cary, 1967)."}
+{"text": "L\u1eadp ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 13. N\u0103m 1847, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 th\u00eam \"\u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd\" v\u00e0o hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd s\u1edbm ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n th\u00f4i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. N\u0103m 1890, khi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3u kho\u1ea3n cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111a s\u1ed1 k\u00e9p t\u1eeb Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u \u1edf H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ti\u1ec3u bang (Kobach, 1993). N\u0103m 1891, h\u1ecd th\u00eam v\u00e0o \"Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p\". C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gay g\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1891 \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p (Kobach, 1993)."}
+{"text": "\u1ede Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n (single majorities) c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u1edf c\u1ea5p th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u bang (canton v\u00e0 b\u00e1n canton), nh\u01b0ng \u1edf c\u1ea5p trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111a s\u1ed1 k\u00e9p (double majorities) ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 k\u00e9p ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u1eadp ra. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u0111a s\u1ed1 k\u00e9p l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u1edf c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u bang n\u01a1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. M\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt do c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua \u1edf Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 \u1edf c\u1ea5p trung \u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh (Kobach, 1993). \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd hay \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n chung th\u00ec \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 (Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, 2005)."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, v\u00ec n\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb hai tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eabn trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong su\u1ed1t 120 n\u0103m qua, c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 240 l\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn kho\u1ea3ng 10% s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ra. Theo nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e0u t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \"(legitimacy-rich)\" ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Kobach tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng k\u00e9p c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1eabn kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 M\u1ef9, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a li\u00ean bang nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u1edf m\u1ee9c li\u00ean bang. C\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 (v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng) c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t hay c\u1ea3 hai tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00fd v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m \u0111a s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00ean nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, h\u1ecd t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 James Madison trong Federalist No. 10 (Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean bang s\u1ed1 10) cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u phong tr\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn (d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f2ng trong vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111a s\u1ed1). Nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u00edt h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n\". Nh\u00ecn chung, nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n hay d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n. Phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf cho qu\u1ed1c gia trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nhau. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Abahlali baseMjondolo - Phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng trong l\u1ec1u \u1edf Nam Phi, Zapatista Army of National Liberation - Phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 M\u00e9xico, MST - Phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Brasil. Trong n\u0103m 2003, nh\u1eefng c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd \u1edf M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u1eadt Qu\u1ed1c gia cho D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (National Initiative for Democracy) do c\u1ef1u Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 M\u1ef9 Mike Gravel ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1ea1i trang web http://Vote.org."}
+{"text": "Internet v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed '(e-democracy). Hay ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed cho vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho ph\u00e9p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n tham gia v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp theo \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y vi ph\u1ea1m kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 nhau. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00edch h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ban h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c g\u1ed9p nh\u00f3m n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ea5p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9p chung l\u1ea1i trong nh\u00f3m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 si\u00eau ng\u00e0nh (superphyla), v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 si\u00eau ng\u00e0nh Ecdysozoa v\u1edbi 8 ng\u00e0nh, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Arthropoda v\u00e0 Nematoda; c\u00f2n si\u00eau ng\u00e0nh Deuterostomia ch\u1ee9a Echinoderma, Chordata, Hemichordata v.v. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00ec c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c g\u1ed9p nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t; \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c g\u1ed9p nh\u00f3m theo h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ebd nh\u00e1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ean v\u00e0 cua c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0nh Arthropoda, trong khi giun \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 giun d\u1eb9p, kh\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh hai ng\u00e0nh Annelida v\u00e0 Platyhelminthes."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 Mollusca, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata v\u00e0 Chordata (lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y). Hi\u1ec7n nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng 35 ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, trong \u0111\u00f3 9 ng\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t 1 ng\u00e0nh l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: ng\u00e0nh Onychophora (giun c\u00f3 m\u00f3c). Ng\u00e0nh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra l\u00e0 Cycliophora \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u0103m 1993; v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 3 ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 k\u1ef7 Cambri l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sinh s\u00f4i n\u1ea3y n\u1edf l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 530 t\u1edbi 520 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc; trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i; trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong v\u00f9ng sinh v\u1eadt k\u1ef7 Ediacara, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. Theo th\u1eddi gian, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong k\u1ef7 Cambri, qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u1edbn th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1t (Arthropoda), trong khi hi\u1ec7n nay qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u1edbn th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh d\u00e2y s\u1ed1ng (Chordata). \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lo\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh, theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t), l\u00e0 Marchantiophyta (ng\u00e0nh R\u00eau t\u1ea3n), Anthocerophyta (Ng\u00e0nh R\u00eau s\u1eebng), Bryophyta (ng\u00e0nh R\u00eau th\u1eadt s\u1ef1), Pteridophyta hay Filicophyta (ng\u00e0nh D\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9), Sphenophyta, Cycadophyta (ng\u00e0nh Tu\u1ebf), Ginkgophyta (B\u1ea1ch qu\u1ea3), Pinophyta (ng\u00e0nh Th\u00f4ng), Gnetophyta (ng\u00e0nh D\u00e2y g\u1eafm), Magnoliophyta (ng\u00e0nh Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn/th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa). Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa hi\u1ec7n nay chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh trong gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt (80% s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn)."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc th\u00ec thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef divisio l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn cho c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1eadn l\u1edbp v\u00e0 tr\u00ean cohort. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Carroll (1988) c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u00f3m c\u00e1 x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 divisio Teleostei trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u1edbp Actinopterygii (c\u00e1 v\u00e2y tia). \u00cdt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n trong Milner 1988), c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c divisio Amphibia v\u00e0 Amniota trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ecbt (Sarcopterygii)."}
+{"text": "V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Prey Nokor, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c khai ph\u00e1 mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n. N\u0103m 1698, Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu C\u1ea3nh cho l\u1eadp ph\u1ee7 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Khi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c khai th\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong hai \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Phnom Penh c\u1ee7a Campuchia, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 H\u00f2n ng\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]. S\u00e0i G\u00f2n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1887\u20131901 (v\u1ec1 sau, Ph\u00e1p chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ra H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i). N\u0103m 1949, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Sau khi Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n 30 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1975, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1976, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean S\u00e0i G\u00f2n th\u00e0nh Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, theo t\u00ean v\u1ecb Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a."}
+{"text": "N\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng Nam B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nam B\u1ed9, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ng\u00e0y nay bao g\u1ed3m 19 qu\u1eadn v\u00e0 5 huy\u1ec7n, t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 2.095,06 km\u00b2. Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2009, th\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 7.162.864 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (chi\u1ebfm 8,34% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam), m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh 3.419 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/km\u00b2. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2011, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 7.521.138 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 2014, th\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 7.981.900 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd th\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y n\u0103m 2017 l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n 14 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh chi\u1ebfm 21,3% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (GDP) v\u00e0 29,38% t\u1ed5ng thu ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i giao th\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3n kho\u1ea3ng 3 tri\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c 70% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, th\u1ec3 thao, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 1623 t\u1edbi 1698 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a S\u00e0i G\u00f2n sau n\u00e0y. N\u0103m 1623, ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n sai m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 t\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u con r\u1ec3 l\u00e0 vua Chey Chettha II cho l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed3n thu thu\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Prei Nokor (S\u00e0i G\u00f2n) v\u00e0 Kas Krobei (B\u1ebfn Ngh\u00e9). Tuy \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng r\u1eadm hoang v\u1eafng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Trung Qu\u1ed1c,... qua Campuchia v\u00e0 Xi\u00eam. Hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1eadp doanh tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0 dinh th\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng N\u1eb7c N\u1ed9n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed3n dinh \u1edf T\u00e2n M\u1ef9 (g\u1ea7n ng\u00e3 t\u01b0 C\u1ed1ng Qu\u1ef3nh - Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i ng\u00e0y nay). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ba c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1788, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, l\u1ea5y n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i T\u00e2y S\u01a1n. N\u0103m 1790, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a hai s\u0129 quan c\u00f4ng binh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Theodore Lebrun v\u00e0 Victor Olivier de Puymanel (1768 - 1799), Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Th\u00e0nh B\u00e1t Qu\u00e1i l\u00e0m tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi. \"Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh\" khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \"Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh kinh\". N\u0103m 1802, sau khi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c khai kh\u1ea9n mi\u1ec1n Nam. Mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 5 tr\u1ea5n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh ng\u0169 tr\u1ea5n\". C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o R\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1 - H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean, V\u0129nh T\u1ebf... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Qua 300 n\u0103m, c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bao quanh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. S\u00e1u n\u0103m sau, 1808, \"Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea5n\" l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \"Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh\". Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 1833 \u0111\u1ebfn 1835, L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i kh\u1edfi binh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, Th\u00e0nh B\u00e1t Qu\u00e1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n c\u1ee9. Sau khi tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, n\u0103m 1835, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng cho ph\u00e1 Th\u00e0nh B\u00e1t Qu\u00e1i, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Ph\u1ee5ng Th\u00e0nh thay th\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau khi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1859, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p g\u1ea5p r\u00fat quy ho\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch khai th\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. \u0110\u1ed3 \u00e1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00f3 \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Page (v\u1ec1 sau l\u00e0 Charner) c\u1eed trung t\u00e1 c\u00f4ng binh Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Paul Florent Lucien Coffyn (20/5/1810 \u2013 5/8/1871), nguy\u00ean L\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Theo b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Coffyn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 13/5/1862, quy ho\u1ea1ch ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a S\u00e0i G\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 t\u1ec9nh Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 500.000 d\u00e2n (Saigon ville de 500.000 \u00e2mes), t\u1ee9c kho\u1ea3ng 20.000 d\u00e2n/km\u00b2. Quy ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi quy ho\u1ea1ch khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng Nguy\u1ec5n C\u1eedu \u0110\u00e0m n\u0103m 1772, khi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 20.000-30.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn 1864, nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y di\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 an ninh, So\u00e1i ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3 (Gouverneur Amiral de la Cochinchine) l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Pierre Rose quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1ch Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn kh\u1ecfi S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Ng\u00e0y 3/10/1865, Pierre Rose ra l\u1ec7nh quy ho\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa r\u1ea1ch Th\u1ecb Ngh\u00e8, s\u00f4ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, r\u1ea1ch B\u1ebfn Ngh\u00e9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi khu c\u1ea7u \u00d4ng L\u00e3nh hi\u1ec7n nay. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quy ho\u1ea1ch ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 3 km\u00b2."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1867, vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho \u1ee6y ban th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 g\u1ed3m 1 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean v\u00e0 12 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean; \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 vi\u00ean Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p t\u00ean l\u00e0 Charles Marie Louis Turc (1867\u20131871). Cho t\u1edbi n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1870, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh t\u1ec9nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh. Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1874, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p Jules Gr\u00e9vy k\u00fd s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 vi\u00ean Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 G. Vinson (1874 \u20131876). \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1879 th\u00ec Ph\u00e1p cho l\u1eadp th\u00eam H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n (hay \u0111\u00fang ra l\u00e0 \u1ee6y h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 - Commission municipale)."}
+{"text": "Sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m, ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945, Ph\u00e1p t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1946, ph\u00f2ng Nam B\u1ed9 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ecdp, b\u00e1c s\u0129 Tr\u1ea7n H\u1eefu Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean S\u00e0i G\u00f2n th\u00e0nh Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, v\u00e0 57 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f2ng Nam B\u1ed9 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u danh s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n H\u1eefu Nghi\u1ec7p, Tr\u1ea7n C\u00f4ng T\u01b0\u1eddng, Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n Gi Tr\u1ecdng,...) \u0111\u00e3 ra quy\u1ebft ngh\u1ecb, g\u1eedi l\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean, do nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u00ean ch\u01b0a quy\u1ebft ngh\u1ecb ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng."}
+{"text": "Tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"H\u00f2n ng\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng\" nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra th\u1eddi \u1ea5y S\u00e0i G\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111i xa 20 km l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u0103n th\u00fa r\u1eebng. Theo quy ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 3 km\u00b2; g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda Qu\u1eadn 1 hi\u1ec7n nay (r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 8 km\u00b2), bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi s\u00f4ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Minh Khai \u2013 r\u1ea1ch B\u1ebfn Ngh\u00e9. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sang tr\u1ecdng, gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 3 km\u00b2 n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a S\u00e0i G\u00f2n th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t hoang s\u01a1, \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y ng\u1ed5n ngang. Theo S\u01a1n Nam trong \u201cB\u1ebfn Ngh\u00e9 x\u01b0a\u201d th\u00ec khi Ch\u1ee3 B\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1914, \u201ctr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ao v\u0169ng s\u00ecnh l\u1ea7y. Gi\u1eefa S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p (\u2026), c\u00f2n ru\u1ed9ng l\u00faa v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0y, ao nu\u00f4i v\u1ecbt, ng\u1ecdn r\u1ea1ch c\u1ea1n. Gi\u1eefa S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t cao c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00f2m tre, c\u00e2y da, m\u1ed3 m\u1ea3 to xen v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m r\u1eaby tr\u1ed3ng rau c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 b\u00f4ng hoa, nh\u1eefng x\u00f3m nh\u00e0 \u1ed5 chu\u1ed9t; b\u1ea7y b\u00f2 d\u00ea \u0111i lang thang \u0103n c\u1ecf\u201d. Khu H\u00f2a H\u01b0ng (Qu\u1eadn 10 hi\u1ec7n nay) cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e3 t\u01b0 B\u1ea3y Hi\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ngh\u0129a trang, m\u1ed3 m\u1ea3. Khu Nguy\u1ec5n Thi\u1ec7n Thu\u1eadt, L\u00fd Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5, Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh Chi\u1ec3u (Qu\u1eadn 3 hi\u1ec7n nay) to\u00e0n nh\u00e0 l\u00e1 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng theo quy ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o. Khu Qu\u1eadn 4, Qu\u1eadn 7, khu C\u1ea7u \u00d4ng L\u00e3nh, C\u1ea7u Kho,\u2026 s\u00e1t c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee3 B\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tranh v\u00e1ch l\u00e1 t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3"}
+{"text": "Sau Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 He\u2019brerd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi sang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n quy ho\u1ea1ch S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ra h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u cho S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam ph\u1ed1 th\u1ecb Kh\u00e1nh H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 B\u00e8. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh do thi\u1ebfu ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quy ho\u1ea1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, gi\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n quy ho\u1ea1ch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y cho r\u1eb1ng: ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng, c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 khang trang, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khu \u1edf ch\u1eadt ch\u1ed9i, l\u1ea7y l\u1ed9i, thi\u1ebfu v\u1ec7 sinh. Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u M\u1ef9 Gwendolyn Wright khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p cho r\u1eb1ng ki\u1ec3u l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i \u201cquy ho\u1ea1ch gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o\u201d kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Theo c\u1ee5 V\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed3ng S\u1ec3n ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00ec danh x\u01b0ng \"H\u00f2n ng\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng\" do quan ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 n\u01a1i \u0103n ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 xa x\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng \"\u0110\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho h\u00f2n ng\u1ecdc \u1ea5y, c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, ph\u1ea3i cung ph\u1ee5ng cho Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba danh c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd: X\u00f3m C\u1ee7i, X\u00f3m Than, X\u00f3m D\u1ea7u, X\u00f3m B\u00e0u Sen (g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3n C\u00e2y Mai), X\u00f3m Gi\u00e1 (l\u00e0m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eadu xanh g\u1ea7n c\u1ea7u C\u00e2y G\u00f5), x\u00f3m L\u00f2 B\u00fan (g\u1ea7n gi\u1ebfng H\u1ed9 T\u00f9ng), X\u00f3m \u1ee4 Ghe, X\u00f3m R\u1eaby C\u00e1i, X\u00f3m C\u00e2y Cui...\""}
+{"text": "So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c (Anh, M\u1ef9, H\u00e0 Lan,...), c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i mong manh y\u1ebfu \u1edbt. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, n\u00ean Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u1edf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. Quy m\u00f4 n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam khi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb do Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng (ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n) c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, ngay c\u1ea3 khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh, M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1949, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1955, Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \"\u0110\u00f4 th\u00e0nh S\u00e0i G\u00f2n\" (l\u01b0u \u00fd, c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 \"Saigon\"). Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c di d\u00e2n t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n l\u00ean th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb t\u0103ng nhanh. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m 1948, khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 TP. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1,179 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1949 th\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 1.200.000, v\u00e0 sang n\u0103m 1954 v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 m\u1edbi (ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00e2n B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o) t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 17 th\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n leo cao, \u0111\u1ea1t 2.000.000. D\u00e2n di c\u01b0 t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 X\u00f3m M\u1edbi \u2013 G\u00f2 V\u1ea5p, B\u00ecnh An \u2013 Qu\u1eadn 8, v\u00e0 r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c. V\u1edbi Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 110-NV ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1959 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m, t\u1eeb 6 qu\u1eadn, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh 8 qu\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 41 ph\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950, nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, vi\u1ec7c Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o tham chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Nhi\u1ec1u cao \u1ed1c, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdc l\u00ean. L\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb S\u00e0i G\u00f2n c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb binh l\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, khu ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng to \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 sang tr\u1ecdng, tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940, c\u00e1c khu nh\u00e0 m\u1edbi r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau n\u0103m 1950, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng khu \u1ed5 chu\u1ed9t kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t cho th\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng 40% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c S\u00e0i G\u00f2n khi \u0111\u00f3 (t\u1ee9c kho\u1ea3ng 1,2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi) ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i khu \u1ed5 chu\u1ed9t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf, v\u1ec7 sinh r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m"}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e1ng 9/1967, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i Ph\u1ea1m Ho\u00e0ng Thanh vi\u1ebft: \"M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1edf qu\u00ea l\u0169 l\u01b0\u1ee3t k\u00e9o l\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y gia t\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kinh kh\u1ee7ng, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 28.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y s\u1ed1 vu\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chen l\u1ea5n gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ef1t nhau t\u1eebng t\u1ea5c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t. Hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, sau nh\u1eefng cao \u1ed1c \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, c\u00f3 ai ng\u1edd l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u00e1n l\u1ee3p t\u00f4n ch\u00e8n \u00e9p nhau, t\u1ed1i t\u0103m b\u1ea9n th\u1ec9u, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng ao t\u00f9 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecdng, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1ng r\u00e1c th\u1ed1i tha gh\u00ea t\u1edfm\". \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u1ea1n khan hi\u1ebfm nh\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, theo t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y m\u1edbi 50.000 c\u0103n h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa 110.000 nh\u00e0 \u1ed5 chu\u1ed9t. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong su\u1ed1t 10 n\u0103m, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 15.700 c\u0103n h\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o t\u1eeb M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 xa x\u1ec9 \u201cqu\u00e1 tr\u1edbn\u201d trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u \u0111ua nhau mua xe m\u00e1y, \u00f4 t\u00f4). Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1964\u20131969, s\u1ed1 xe du l\u1ecbch nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eb1ng 80% s\u1ed1 xe nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u trong su\u1ed1t 10 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u0103m 1966 s\u1ed1 xe g\u1eafn m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u cao g\u1ea5p 5 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1963. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1edbi S\u00e0i G\u00f2n l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00e1i t\u00ean l\u00e0 \"th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Honda\", do c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u xe m\u00e1y hi\u1ec7u Honda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. Nh\u00ecn b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111ang \"ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ed3n vinh\", nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i mang t\u00ednh t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n, b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111em l\u1ea1i (vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Quan ch\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, khi ngu\u1ed3n ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 b\u1ecb phung ph\u00ed v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng xa x\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 mua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Tuy s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe m\u00e1y, xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 t\u0103ng nhanh nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn chung v\u1eabn c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 \u00edt x\u00e9t theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 250.000 xe g\u1eafn m\u00e1y hai b\u00e1nh, 800 xe bu\u00fdt v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 20.000 xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 (tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 2,5 tri\u1ec7u), trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee9 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 1 xe m\u00e1y. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n di chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111i b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c \u0111i xe \u0111\u1ea1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu \u1ed5 chu\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i b\u1ed9 2 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1edbi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Khi M\u1ef9 d\u1ea7n r\u00fat qu\u00e2n th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng c\u0169ng xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ed1c do thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1969, do M\u1ef9 ng\u1eebng thu\u00ea lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3, n\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u1ecb suy tho\u00e1i, l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ph\u1ea3i ban l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u xe h\u01a1i t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf 1973 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Do gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u t\u0103ng cao trong khi M\u1ef9 gi\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf, x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean khan hi\u1ebfm, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i xe c\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i x\u1ebfp x\u00f3 do ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n mua x\u0103ng. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111i l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng xe \u0111\u1ea1p c\u0169ng t\u0103ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1973"}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. C\u01a1 quan Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Hoa K\u1ef3 (USAID) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cPh\u1ee7 To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cao h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. N\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a S\u00e0i G\u00f2n k\u00e9m, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 M\u1ef9 s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t th\u00ec vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 M\u1ef9 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp t\u1eeb Qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u00e1. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n b\u1ecb h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u chi ph\u1ed1i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0 g\u1ea1o, th\u1ecbt, c\u00e1 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, m\u00e0 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. Do v\u1eady, khi ngu\u1ed3n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t th\u00ec n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a S\u00e0i G\u00f2n c\u0169ng b\u1ecb c\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u0169ng h\u1ebft v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Cao H\u00e1ch \u2013 Ph\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Kinh t\u1ebf X \u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a cC\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cn\u1ebfu Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4 th\u00e1ng th\u00f4i\u201d."}
+{"text": "T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1973 th\u00ec h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn: n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf mi\u1ec1n Nam (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n) l\u00e2m v\u00e0o kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng do M\u1ef9 gi\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf. N\u1ea1n l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng: N\u0103m 1970, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t (t\u00ednh to\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp lao \u0111\u1ed9ng) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 36,8%. N\u0103m 1973, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t t\u0103ng l\u00ean 44,5%, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1974 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 200%. H\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u t\u1edbi S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c M\u1ef9 gi\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 trong khi n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i th\u00ec y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng"}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c r\u00fat \u0111i c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf: h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4la h\u00e0ng n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n chinh M\u1ef9 tung v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qua c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 mua s\u1eafm \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c \u201cs\u1edf M\u1ef9\u201d (c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng, tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9) c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 1971 l\u00e0 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1972 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t\". Theo ph\u00fac tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a VECCO xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00e1ng 1/1975 th\u00ec: S\u00e0i G\u00f2n n\u0103m 1974 c\u00f3 3 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 600.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p. Ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn khi thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \"t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean\" chi\u1ebfm 43,5% GDP, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t 1,8%."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb 30 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1975, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd mi\u1ec1n Nam. \u0110\u00f4 Th\u00e0nh S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, t\u1ec9nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 2 qu\u1eadn C\u1ee7 Chi v\u00e0 Ph\u00fa H\u00f2a k\u1ebf c\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh 1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1976, \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1976, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh \"Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh\", theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh."}
+{"text": "Sau n\u0103m 1975, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa treo qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng trong v\u00f9ng Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Hoa ki\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kinh t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc 3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng: s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1974, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u01a1n 80% c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, d\u1ec7t may, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, luy\u1ec7n kim, \u0111i\u1ec7n...v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i: 100% b\u00e1n bu\u00f4n, h\u01a1n 50% b\u00e1n l\u1ebb, v\u00e0 90% xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. Hoa ki\u1ec1u \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch C\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n mi\u1ec1n Nam nh\u1eb1m x\u00f3a b\u1ecf giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng h\u1eefu h\u00f3a theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1ea3n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eeba nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 in, x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng, c\u1eeda hi\u1ec7u quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i k\u00ea khai t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng tr\u01b0ng thu, tr\u01b0ng mua, t\u1ecbch thu chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3. Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ecbch bi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m kinh doanh ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n qua s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c \u0111i kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1978, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p lo\u1ea1i v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1979, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh. Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 lo s\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi T\u00e2y Nam khi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa r\u1eddi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf quan li\u00eau v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf bao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf (c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1-l\u01b0\u01a1ng-ti\u1ec1n) khi\u1ebfn cho kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e2m v\u00e0o tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7, l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t phi m\u00e3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1985. Khi c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n 1986 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ti\u00ean phong v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u trong thu h\u00fat v\u1ed1n, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Sau khi Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1987, trong v\u00f2ng 3 n\u0103m 1988 \u0111\u1ebfn 1990, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5p 88 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u00e0 976 tri\u1ec7u USD. C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng sang c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eb9, h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 c\u1edfi tr\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 2000, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kho\u1ea3ng 19% GDP c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2014, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm 30% GDP c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2015, GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t 5.538 USD/ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cao g\u1ea5p g\u1ea7n 3 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc"}
+{"text": "Theo \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng. V\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2014, to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 7,95 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n (trong \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 6,7 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb), nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng 3,2 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 2,5 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1975. N\u0103m 2017, n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd th\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 13 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p 5,2 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1975. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 2017 cho th\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 7,6 tri\u1ec7u xe m\u00e1y (chi\u1ebfm 1/3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe m\u00e1y c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc) v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 700.000 xe \u00f4 t\u00f4. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ed1 xe m\u00e1y l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p 30 l\u1ea7n, s\u1ed1 xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p 35 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1975."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 2.096 km\u00b2 v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 8 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n (s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u 2014), Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 2 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch (sau H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) v\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. 11 qu\u1eadn n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a S\u00e0i G\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh 8 qu\u1eadn. B\u1ed1n qu\u1eadn G\u00f2 V\u1ea5p, Ph\u00fa Nhu\u1eadn, B\u00ecnh Th\u1ea1nh, T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Khu v\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh g\u1ed3m 5 huy\u1ec7n: Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u00f3c M\u00f4n, C\u1ee7 Chi, B\u00ecnh Ch\u00e1nh, Nh\u00e0 B\u00e8. N\u0103m 1978, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn th\u00eam huy\u1ec7n Duy\u00ean H\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai. N\u0103m 1979, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i, to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 261 ph\u01b0\u1eddng, 86 x\u00e3. Sau \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ti\u1ebfp theo v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f2n 182 ph\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 100 x\u00e3, th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1997, ph\u00e2n chia h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, g\u1ed3m 17 qu\u1eadn, 5 huy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi 303 ph\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3, th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n. Hi\u1ec7n nay, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh g\u1ed3m 19 qu\u1eadn n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 5 huy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi 322 ph\u01b0\u1eddng, x\u00e3 v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2017, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh - ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t, ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f4ng; c\u00f3 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n thu m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 thu t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc do \u1ee6y ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n s\u1edf h\u1eefu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng vay v\u1ed1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi; quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n t\u0103ng th\u00eam cho c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c, vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c, chuy\u00ean gia thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 10\u00b010' \u2013 10\u00b038' B\u1eafc v\u00e0 106\u00b022' \u2013 106\u00b054' \u0110\u00f4ng, ph\u00eda B\u1eafc gi\u00e1p t\u1ec9nh B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, T\u00e2y B\u1eafc gi\u00e1p t\u1ec9nh T\u00e2y Ninh, \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc gi\u00e1p t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, \u0110\u00f4ng Nam gi\u00e1p t\u1ec9nh B\u00e0 R\u1ecba - V\u0169ng T\u00e0u, T\u00e2y v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nam gi\u00e1p t\u1ec9nh Long An v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n Giang. N\u1eb1m \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00e1ch H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1.730 km theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng 50 km theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chim bay. V\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i giao th\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng, n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh trong v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "N\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long, \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb B\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng Nam v\u00e0 t\u1eeb T\u00e2y sang \u0110\u00f4ng. V\u00f9ng cao n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc - \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n T\u00e2y B\u1eafc, trung b\u00ecnh 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 25 m\u00e9t. Xen k\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed3i, cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00ean t\u1edbi 32 m\u00e9t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3i Long B\u00ecnh \u1edf qu\u1eadn 9. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u00f9ng tr\u0169ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda nam - T\u00e2y Nam v\u00e0 \u00d0\u00f4ng Nam th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao trung b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi 1 m\u00e9t, n\u01a1i th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t 0,5 m\u00e9t. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c trung t\u00e2m, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c, qu\u1eadn 2, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 huy\u1ec7n H\u00f3c M\u00f4n v\u00e0 qu\u1eadn 12 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao trung b\u00ecnh, kho\u1ea3ng 5 t\u1edbi 10 m\u00e9t."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 hai t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch Pleistocen v\u00e0 Holocen l\u1ed9 ra tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch Pleistocen chi\u1ebfm h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n B\u1eafc, T\u00e2y B\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. D\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch ph\u00f9 sa c\u1ed5 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang: \u0111\u1ea5t x\u00e1m. V\u1edbi h\u01a1n 45 ngh\u00ecn hecta, t\u1ee9c kho\u1ea3ng 23,4% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ea5t x\u00e1m \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i: \u0111\u1ea5t x\u00e1m cao, \u0111\u1ea5t x\u00e1m c\u00f3 t\u1ea7ng loang l\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t x\u00e1m gley. Tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch Holocen \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c: bi\u1ec3n, v\u0169ng v\u1ecbnh, s\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3n, b\u00e3i b\u1ed3i... h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau: nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 sa bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi 15.100 ha, nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00e8n v\u1edbi 40.800 ha v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00e8n m\u1eb7n v\u1edbi 45.500 ha. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 400 ha l\u00e0 \"gi\u1ed3ng\" c\u00e1t g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t feralite v\u00e0ng n\u00e2u b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n tr\u01a1 s\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i g\u00f2."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 th\u1ee7y v\u0103n, n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng \u00d0\u1ed3ng Nai - S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. S\u00f4ng \u00d0\u1ed3ng Nai B\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb cao nguy\u00ean L\u00e2m Vi\u00ean, h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, kho\u1ea3ng 45.000 km\u00b2. V\u1edbi l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n 20\u2013500 m\u00b3/s, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m cung c\u1ea5p 15 t\u1ef7 m\u00b3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. S\u00f4ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng H\u1edbn Qu\u1ea3n, ch\u1ea3y qua Th\u1ee7 D\u1ea7u M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 200 km v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y d\u1ecdc tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 d\u00e0i 80 km. S\u00f4ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 54 m\u00b3/s, b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 225 m \u0111\u1ebfn 370 m, \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u t\u1edbi 20 m. Nh\u1edd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00eanh R\u1ea1ch Chi\u1ebfc, hai con s\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai v\u00e0 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n n\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng \u1edf ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t con s\u00f4ng n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Nh\u00e0 B\u00e8, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf n\u01a1i h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u hai s\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai v\u00e0 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, ch\u1ea3y ra bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1edfi hai ng\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh So\u00e0i R\u1ea1p v\u00e0 G\u00e0nh R\u00e1i. Trong \u0111\u00f3, ng\u1ea3 G\u00e0nh R\u00e1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y ch\u00ednh cho t\u00e0u ra v\u00e0o b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt: L\u00e1ng The, B\u00e0u N\u00f4ng, r\u1ea1ch Tra, B\u1ebfn C\u00e1t, An H\u1ea1, Tham L\u01b0\u01a1ng, C\u1ea7u B\u00f4ng, Nhi\u00eau L\u1ed9c-Th\u1ecb Ngh\u00e8, B\u1ebfn Ngh\u00e9, L\u00f2 G\u1ed1m, K\u00eanh T\u1ebb, T\u00e0u H\u0169, K\u00eanh \u00d0\u00f4i...H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng, k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch gi\u00fap Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh trong vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau, nh\u01b0ng do ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng tri\u1ec1u b\u00e1n nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n \u00d0\u00f4ng, th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u t\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1edd tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch Pleistocen, khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch Holocen, n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00e8n, nhi\u1ec5m m\u1eb7n. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u0169 c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, tuy ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t, v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf ba t\u1ea7ng: 0\u201320 m, 60\u201390 m v\u00e0 170\u2013200 m (t\u1ea7ng tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch Miocen). T\u1ea1i Qu\u1eadn 12, c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n H\u00f3c M\u00f4n v\u00e0 C\u1ee7 Chi, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed1t, tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c \u1edf t\u1ea7ng 60\u201390 m, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed5 sung quan tr\u1ecdng."}
+{"text": "N\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi xavan, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh Nam b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a: xu\u00e2n, h\u1ea1, thu, \u0111\u00f4ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 m\u01b0a quanh n\u0103m (m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 \u00edt m\u01b0a). Trong n\u0103m Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 2 m\u00f9a l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00f9a h\u00e8: m\u00f9a m\u01b0a \u2013 kh\u00f4 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. M\u00f9a m\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 5 t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 11 (kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00f3ng \u1ea9m, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u), c\u00f2n m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 12 t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m sau (kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00f4, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 m\u01b0a \u00edt). Trung b\u00ecnh, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 160 t\u1edbi 270 gi\u1edd n\u1eafng m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh 27 \u00b0C, cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00ean t\u1edbi 40 \u00b0C, th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t xu\u1ed1ng 13,8 \u00b0C. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 330 ng\u00e0y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh 25 t\u1edbi 28 \u00b0C. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1t 1.949 mm/n\u0103m, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m 1908 \u0111\u1ea1t cao nh\u1ea5t 2.718 mm, th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t xu\u1ed1ng 1.392 mm v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1958. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m, \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 trung b\u00ecnh 159 ng\u00e0y m\u01b0a, t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng t\u1eeb 5 t\u1edbi 11, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 90%, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hai th\u00e1ng 6 v\u00e0 9. Tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi kh\u00f4ng gian th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng theo tr\u1ee5c T\u00e2y Nam \u2013 \u00d0\u00f4ng B\u1eafc. C\u00e1c qu\u1eadn n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a cao h\u01a1n khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi hai h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a T\u00e2y \u2013 T\u00e2y Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc \u2013 \u00d0\u00f4ng B\u1eafc. Gi\u00f3 T\u00e2y \u2013 T\u00e2y Nam t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh 3,6 m/s, v\u00e0o m\u00f9a m\u01b0a. Gi\u00f3 Gi\u00f3 B\u1eafc \u2013 \u00d0\u00f4ng B\u1eafc t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh 2,4 m/s, v\u00e0o m\u00f9a kh\u00f4. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch theo h\u01b0\u1edbng Nam \u2013 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u00e1ng 3 t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 5, trung b\u00ecnh 3,7 m/s. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 b\u00e3o. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00ean cao v\u00e0o m\u00f9a m\u01b0a (80%), v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0o m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 (74,5%). B\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1t 79,5%/n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 nhanh, c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp quy ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 k\u00e9m trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chung... V\u00ec v\u1eady, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e1ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1ea1i c\u1ee5m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Tham L\u01b0\u01a1ng, ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea9n b\u1edfi ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 500.000 m\u00b3/ng\u00e0y. S\u00f4ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m vi sinh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n g\u00e2y ra v\u01b0\u1ee3t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebfn 220 l\u1ea7n. Cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 2008, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ng\u1eadp l\u1ee5t trong trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111ang \u1edf m\u1ee9c b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng cao, x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ea3 trong m\u00f9a kh\u00f4. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch khu v\u1ef1c ng\u1eadp l\u1ee5t kho\u1ea3ng 140 km\u00b2 v\u1edbi 85% \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb1m \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00e2y ra \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 8 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 50 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p. Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda nam \u2013 khu v\u1ef1c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ng\u1eadp c\u00e0ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u1ed1n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 k\u00eanh, r\u1ea1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0ng kho\u1ea3ng 30% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ra l\u1ec7nh l\u1ea5p. Theo m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Khoa H\u1ecdc Th\u1ee7y L\u1ee3i mi\u1ec1n Nam th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 trong 12 n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1996 \u0111\u1ebfn 2008, t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 100 k\u00eanh, r\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 4000 hecta b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u1ea5p v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, c\u00e1c con k\u00eanh tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc cho s\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf T\u00e2n S\u01a1n Nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 d\u00e2n x\u00e2y l\u1ea5n ra l\u00e0m h\u1eb9p l\u00f2ng m\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3 r\u00e1c th\u1ea3i v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c con k\u00eanh n\u00e0y b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111i Ngo\u00e0i ra, sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trong vi\u1ec7c quy ho\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ng\u1eadp l\u1ee5t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 5 n\u0103m, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c,... c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u H\u0110ND g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, m\u1ed9t Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ee6y vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c. H\u0110ND ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3a IX (2016-2021) g\u1ed3m 105 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u0110ND Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Quy\u1ebft T\u00e2m, t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed sau nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 2011-2016."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ea7u n\u00ean \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u01a1 quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, an ninh, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch. C\u00e1c s\u1edf, ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1ebd qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0 y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u1ea5p qu\u1eadn, huy\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f2n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng ty tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. UBND Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3a IX (2016-2021) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u0110ND Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 2016-2021 b\u1ea7u ra g\u1ed3m 28 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch UBND Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e0nh Phong."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u1ea3ng \u1ee7y, Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh (hay th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh \u1ee7y Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh) l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Th\u00e0nh \u1ee7y Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh kh\u00f3a X nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 2015-2020 g\u1ed3m 69 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, b\u1ea7u ra Ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 g\u1ed3m 15 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ea3ng \u1ee7y Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 B\u00ed th\u01b0 Th\u00e0nh \u1ee7y c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean do B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng do Th\u00e0nh \u1ee7y b\u1ea7u ra, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y. B\u00ed th\u01b0 Th\u00e0nh \u1ee7y Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Thi\u1ec7n Nh\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u trong kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfm 0,6% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 8,34% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 20,5% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m GDP, 27,9% gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 37,9% d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 2.966.400 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 15 tr\u1edf l\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 139 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111ang tham gia l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. N\u0103m 2008, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 15 tr\u1edf l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 3.856.500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u0103m 2009 l\u00e0 3.868.500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u0103m 2010 \u0111\u1ea1t 3.909.100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ebfn 2011 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t 4.000.900 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00ednh chung trong 9 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2012, GDP \u0111\u1ea1t 404.720 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng 8,7%. N\u0103m 2012, GDP \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 9,2%, trong \u0111\u00f3 khu v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 10,8%, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 9,2%, n\u00f4ng l\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1t 5%. GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t 3.700 USD. Thu ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch n\u0103m 2012 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t 215.975 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh ghi thu chi l\u00e0 207.000 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ea1t 92,42% d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n, b\u1eb1ng 105,40% so v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3. Trong \u0111\u00f3, thu n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1t 109.500 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1eb1ng 88,81% d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n, thu t\u1eeb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1t 70.000 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1eb1ng 88,72% d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n\u2026"}
+{"text": "B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 \u1ee6y ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 29 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong n\u0103m 2013, \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 2013. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 4.000 USD/ng\u01b0\u1eddi/n\u0103m, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc (GDP) d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u0103ng 9,5-10%, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kim ng\u1ea1ch xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u l\u00e0 13%, t\u1ed5ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 248.500-255.000 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1eb1ng 36-37% GDP, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 2006, 3 khu ch\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 12 khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1.092 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 452 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 h\u01a1n 1,9 t\u1ec9 USD v\u00e0 19,5 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ec9 VND. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi 2.530 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n FDI, t\u1ed5ng v\u1ed1n 16,6 t\u1ef7 USD v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2007. Ri\u00eang trong n\u0103m 2007, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 thu h\u00fat h\u01a1n 400 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 3 t\u1ef7 USD. Trong b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 2017, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh x\u1ebfp \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 08/63 t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh. V\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trung t\u00e2m mua s\u1eafm, si\u00eau th\u1ecb, ch\u1ee3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Ch\u1ee3 B\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 giao l\u01b0u th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng. Nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, nhi\u1ec1u trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 Saigon Trade Centre, Diamond Plaza... M\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 g\u1ea5p 1,5 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. S\u1edf Giao d\u1ecbch Ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, c\u00f3 m\u00e3 giao d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 VN-Index, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1998. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2007, to\u00e0n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 507 lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u00eam y\u1ebft, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 138 c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ed1n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1t 365 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng."}
+{"text": "Tuy v\u1eady, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. To\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 10% c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 21/212 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ng\u00e0nh d\u1ec7t may, 4/40 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ng\u00e0nh da gi\u00e0y, 6/68 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ng\u00e0nh h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, 14/144 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, 18/96 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cao su nh\u1ef1a, 5/46 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y,... c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i, ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng cao, t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p... c\u0169ng g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao, \u0111em l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau n\u0103m 1976, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n gia t\u0103ng nhanh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u00e2n nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t b\u1eeba b\u00e3i. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n n\u0103m 1975 l\u00e0 3.498.120 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2016, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 8.441.902 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 2095,39 km\u00b2, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1t 4.029 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/km\u00b2. Trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1t g\u1ea7n 6.742.098 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chi\u1ebfm 85% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea1t 1.699.804 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chi\u1ebfm 15% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nam \u0111\u1ea1t 3.585.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1t 3.936.100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u0103ng 7,4 \u2030 Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam, lu\u1ed3ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 n\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 nam.. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, t\u1ea1o \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn l\u00ean n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. N\u0103m 2015, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 8.224.000 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chi\u1ebfm 9% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u0103ng th\u00eam 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2009 (d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 7.162.864 ng\u01b0\u1eddi)."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u. Trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 4, 5,10 v\u00e0 11 c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean t\u1edbi tr\u00ean 40.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/km\u00b2, th\u00ec huy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh C\u1ea7n Gi\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p 98 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/km\u00b2. V\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, trong khi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 1,07% th\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u00ean t\u1edbi 2,5%. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn trung t\u00e2m c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m, trong khi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn m\u1edbi l\u1eadp v\u00f9ng ven t\u0103ng nhanh, do \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn d\u00e2n t\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n ra v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ebfn sinh s\u1ed1ng. Theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh n\u0103m 2005, trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1 tri\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch v\u00e3ng lai t\u1ea1i Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2010, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi 2 tri\u1ec7u."}
+{"text": "T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2009, to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 13 T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ea1t 1.983.048 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 1.164.930 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1t 745.283 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1o Cao \u0110\u00e0i chi\u1ebfm 31.633 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0110\u1ea1o Tin l\u00e0nh c\u00f3 27.016 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o chi\u1ebfm 6.580 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea1t 4.894 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01b0 s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 1.387 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 395 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0110\u1ea1o T\u1ee9 \u00c2n Hi\u1ebfu Ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 298 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Minh S\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o c\u00f3 283 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1o Bah\u00e1'\u00ed c\u00f3 192 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u1ef3 H\u01b0\u01a1ng 89 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 67 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Minh L\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1o."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i hay Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec1u sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t r\u1ea5t ri\u00eang \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu ch\u1ee3, c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, m\u00f3n \u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn: ph\u1ed1 M\u00e3 Lai t\u1eadp trung ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 Lai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh, ph\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh, qu\u1eadn 1); ch\u1ee3 Campuchia t\u1eeb \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ee3 L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng Phong, ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc d\u00e0i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3 Th\u1ecb K\u1ef7, ph\u01b0\u1eddng 1, qu\u1eadn 10 \u0111a ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec1u tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb Campuchia; ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1eadu Giang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c ph\u01b0\u1eddng 4, qu\u1eadn T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh; ph\u1ed1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i giao l\u1ed9 Th\u00e1i V\u0103n Lung - L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4n thu\u1ed9c ph\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ebfn Ngh\u00e9, qu\u1eadn 1, khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Ph\u00fa M\u1ef9 H\u01b0ng (N\u0103m 2018, Ph\u00fa M\u1ef9 H\u01b0ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 30.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng, chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 50% l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u00e2u \u00c1, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, Trung Qu\u1ed1c)"}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u00e2n v\u00e3ng lai, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh nhu c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. C\u00e1c t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m, ma t\u00fay, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng... g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe d\u00e2n c\u01b0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t, s\u1ed1t xu\u1ea5t huy\u1ebft, t\u1ea3, th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0n... hay c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0 tim m\u1ea1ch, t\u0103ng huy\u1ebft \u00e1p, ung th\u01b0, t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, b\u1ec7nh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p... \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 73,19, con s\u1ed1 \u1edf n\u1eef gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 77,00."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 21.780 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 3.399 b\u00e1c s\u0129. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1t 5.45 tr\u00ean 10 ngh\u00ecn d\u00e2n, gi\u1ea3m so v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 7.31 c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 2002. To\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 19.442 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh, 56 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, 317 tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 5 nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9 sinh. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong n\u1ed9i \u00f4. Theo con s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1994, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang Qu\u1eadn 5 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 13 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi 5.290 gi\u01b0\u1eddng, chi\u1ebfm 37% s\u1ed1 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. B\u00f9 l\u1ea1i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c x\u00e3, ph\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 2.303 c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 1.472 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn. C\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong n\u1ed9i \u00f4 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, S\u1edf Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ec9 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1eeb b\u1eadc m\u1ea7m non t\u1edbi ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, cao \u0111\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2008\u20132009, to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 638 c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non, 467 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5p I, 239 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5p II, 81 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5p III v\u00e0 55 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5p II, III. Ngo\u00e0i ra, theo con s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 1994, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 20 trung t\u00e2m x\u00f3a m\u00f9 ch\u1eef, 139 trung t\u00e2m tin h\u1ecdc, ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef v\u00e0 12 c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 1.308 c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 1.169 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0 b\u00e1n c\u00f4ng, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u00e2n l\u1eadp, t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb b\u1eadc m\u1ea7m non t\u1edbi trung h\u1ecdc tr\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eafp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf x\u00f3a m\u00f9 ch\u1eef, ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o 4 huy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh C\u1ee7 Chi, B\u00ecnh Ch\u00e1nh, Nh\u00e0 B\u00e8, C\u1ea7n Gi\u1edd. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 c\u00f2n 1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ng\u1eef, m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y H\u00e1n N\u00f4m, 4 tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 40 tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf do c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n, c\u00f4ng ty gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 80 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111a s\u1ed1 do B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y khoa Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u1ecdc Th\u1ea1ch) do Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. L\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1edbi 6 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y D\u01b0\u1ee3c, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Lu\u1eadt, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kinh t\u1ebf, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1edf, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u2013 Marketing \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh, sinh vi\u00ean \u0111ang theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, cao \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, 40% \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft. Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n tr\u00ed ch\u01b0a cao v\u00e0 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u01b0, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 so v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i \u00f4. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u, g\u1ea5p 13 l\u1ea7n tr\u1ebb em ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ng\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f2n k\u00e9m. Nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc 3 ca. Thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ch\u01b0a cao, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i giao th\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i th\u1ee7y \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 quan tr\u1ecdng. T\u00ednh ri\u00eang v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 29% v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 20% t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 44% v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 85,6% v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch. V\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng, S\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf T\u00e2n S\u01a1n Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 ga. N\u0103m 2006, v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 73.743 t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, 239 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ed1c x\u1ebfp 44.341 t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2011, to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 480.473 xe \u00f4t\u00f4 v\u00e0 4.883.753 xe m\u00f4t\u00f4."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed5i thay ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c. Hi\u1ec7n nay, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng qua hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh\u2013\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh - Long Th\u00e0nh - D\u1ea7u Gi\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh - Trung L\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Xa l\u1ed9 c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Linh (Nam S\u00e0i G\u00f2n), Xa l\u1ed9 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i (\u0111i Bi\u00ean Ho\u00e0) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 \u0110\u00f4ng - T\u00e2y c\u00f9ng H\u1ea7m Th\u1ee7 Thi\u00eam v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe c\u1ed9 ra ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 C\u1ea7u Ph\u00fa M\u1ef9, C\u1ea7u S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 2 v\u00e0 C\u1ea7u Th\u1ee7 Thi\u00eam."}
+{"text": "Giao th\u00f4ng trong n\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f4, do t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nhanh, quy ho\u1ea1ch y\u1ebfu, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 nh\u1ecf... khi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u00f9n t\u1eafc. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 239 c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea3i th\u1ea5p hay \u0111ang trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i, c\u1ea7n s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 2 b\u1ebfn xe kh\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 ra v\u00e0o: Mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng, Mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y c\u00f9ng v\u00e0i b\u1ebfn xe ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 \u1edf Qu\u1eadn 8, An S\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Ng\u00e3 T\u01b0 Ga. M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean 1.200 xe/ng\u00e0y, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n g\u1ea7n 41.000 kh\u00e1ch/ng\u00e0y \u0111i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Nam Trung B\u1ed9, T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, \u0110\u00f4ng Nam B\u1ed9, \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e3ng xe t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng tham gia v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ebfn b\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f4, g\u1ea7n khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m du l\u1ecbch. C\u0169ng theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb 1994, t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ec9nh qua th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 106,4 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi/n\u0103m, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t qua qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 1A."}
+{"text": "Giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 g\u1ed3m tuy\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i \u00f4 v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn do X\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft 3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, tuy\u1ebfn B\u1eafc - Nam v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng, hi\u1ec7n h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u01b0ng khai th\u00e1c. Trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 hai nh\u00e0 ga ch\u00ednh: S\u00f3ng Th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 ga nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 D\u0129 An, Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c, B\u00ecnh Tri\u1ec7u, G\u00f2 V\u1ea5p. Do m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng, c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169 k\u1ef9 n\u00ean giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 6% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 0,6% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch."}
+{"text": "Khu v\u1ef1c Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 4 c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh: S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, B\u1ebfn Ngh\u00e9, Nh\u00e0 B\u00e8, T\u00e2n C\u1ea3ng c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng s\u00f4ng B\u00ecnh \u0110\u00f4ng, T\u00e2n Thu\u1eadn, T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Thuy\u1ebft, B\u00ecnh L\u1ee3i, B\u00ecnh Ph\u01b0\u1edbc... C\u1ea3ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam, chi\u1ebfm 25% trong t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u1ea3ng B\u1ebfn Ngh\u00e9 n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, r\u1ed9ng 32 ha, t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3ng 528 m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho t\u00e0u c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb 15.000 - 20.000 t\u1ea5n c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn. Tuy n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. T\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng, do thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu, v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed1c d\u1ee1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "S\u00e2n bay Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf T\u00e2n S\u01a1n Nh\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n Qu\u1eadn T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 5 km. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 25 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch \u0111i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn. Hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 43 h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e2n bay n\u00e0y. Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, khi S\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Long Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 m\u1edf c\u1eeda, s\u00e2n bay n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb T\u00e2n S\u01a1n Nh\u1ea5t, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 3.250 xe bu\u00fdt v\u00e0 8.000 xe taxi, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng kho\u1ea3ng 6,2% nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111i l\u1ea1i. Trong \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xe bu\u00fdt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2002 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111em l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao, 65% tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. C\u00f9ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi xe bu\u00fdt, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Theo d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n tuy\u1ebfn, t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 54 km, 6 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00e0y v\u00e0 22 nh\u00e0 ga. D\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2018, tuy\u1ebfn metro \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "Theo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1860, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng cho 500.000 d\u00e2n. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 3 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n nay th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch v\u00e3ng lai l\u00e0 10 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i. S\u00e0i G\u00f2n t\u1eebng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y xanh v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac theo quy ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Sau n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thu h\u1eb9p kh\u00f4ng gian xanh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, kh\u00f4ng gian ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1eadt ch\u1ed9i b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c quy ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2008 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 23% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c quy ho\u1ea1ch 1/2000 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Quy ho\u1ea1ch cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ng\u1ea7m v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n xong. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c x\u00e2y quy ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb m\u1edbi v\u1eabn mang n\u1eb7ng t\u01b0 duy th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 bao c\u1ea5p. Trong 10 n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n l\u1edbn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Ph\u00fa M\u1ef9 H\u01b0ng do n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1eadn, huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n nay, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 641 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n v\u1edbi 17.646 ph\u00f2ng. Ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1ch cao c\u1ea5p, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 11 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n 5 sao, g\u1ed3m: Caravelle, Sheraton, Moevenpick (Omni c\u0169), New World, Equatorial, Legend, Renaissance Riverside, Windsor Plaza, Sofitel Plaza, Park Hyatt, Majestic v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 3.592 ph\u00f2ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u do nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 Accor, Furama, Mariot hay Sheraton qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Qu\u1eadn 1. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f2n 8 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n 4 sao v\u1edbi 1.281 ph\u00f2ng, 20 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n 3 sao v\u1edbi 1.621 ph\u00f2ng. Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a du l\u1ecbch, s\u1ed1 ph\u00f2ng cao c\u1ea5p t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang thi\u1ebfu tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n sang tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1i Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m. Theo d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2020, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00eam 10000 ph\u00f2ng 4 ho\u1eb7c 5 sao."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. V\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 11 vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng. B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi 30 ngh\u00ecn hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt. Trong khi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00e1ch th\u0103m B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 1000 ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a, \u0111\u00ecnh, mi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 theo c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch Roman, Gothic. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0, n\u1eb1m \u1edf Qu\u1eadn 1, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1880. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t l\u1edbn, B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n trung t\u00e2m, B\u1ebfn Nh\u00e0 R\u1ed3ng,... Dinh \u0110\u1ed9c L\u1eadp v\u00e0 Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ghi d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cao \u1ed1c, kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Diamond Plaza, Saigon Trade Centre... Khu v\u1ef1c ngo\u00e0i trung t\u00e2m, \u0110\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1o C\u1ee7 Chi, R\u1eebng ng\u1eadp m\u1eb7n C\u1ea7n Gi\u1edd, V\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00f2 Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch quan tr\u1ecdng."}
+{"text": "Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1995 t\u1edbi nay, ba nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfm 1/7 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 60 \u0111\u1ebfn 70% s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, nhi\u1ec1u trung t\u00e2m s\u00e1ch, c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. S\u00e0i G\u00f2n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1edd Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh b\u00e1o, t\u1edd b\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. S\u00e0i G\u00f2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, Thanh Ni\u00ean, Tu\u1ed5i Tr\u1ebb n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u1edd b\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng an th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, Th\u1eddi b\u00e1o kinh t\u1ebf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, Th\u1eddi trang, Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi, Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay... Ngo\u00e0i b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Saigon Times daily, Thanhniennews b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh, m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hoa."}
+{"text": "Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994, to\u00e0n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 492,7 hecta d\u00e0nh cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 thao, t\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh 1,02 m\u00b2/ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 0,26 m\u00b2/ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, con s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005, to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 91 s\u00e2n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1, 86 b\u1ec3 b\u01a1i, 256 ph\u00f2ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 thao. S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 s\u00e2n Th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi 25.000 ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i. S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 s\u00e2n Qu\u00e2n khu 7, n\u1eb1m \u1edf qu\u1eadn T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho thi \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ec3 thao, \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ca nh\u1ea1c quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ec3 thao quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ua Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd. Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ua Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ua ng\u1ef1a duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. S\u1edf Th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c - Th\u1ec3 thao th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 Phan \u0110\u00ecnh Ph\u00f9ng, Thanh \u0110a, Y\u1ebft Ki\u00eau."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 22 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, 9 r\u1ea1p h\u00e1t, 11 b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, 22 r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim, 25 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng phim t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay, nh\u01b0 Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Sang, Thi\u00ean Ng\u00e2n, HKFilm, Vi\u1ec7t Phim... \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Doanh thu c\u00e1c r\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 60-70% doanh thu chi\u1ebfu phim c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t k\u1ecbch S\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1i Qu\u1eadn 3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1edf k\u1ecbch th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng v\u1edf th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n \u1edf S\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u H\u00e0i 135 Qu\u1eadn 1, S\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u k\u1ecbch IDECAF v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1edf l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb tu\u1ed3ng t\u00edch c\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c danh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ca nh\u1ea1c, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ca s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t B\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh, Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh, S\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u Tr\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ed3ng,... ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e0, qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111a d\u1ea1ng: Ti\u1ebfng T\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed3ng, M&T, Catinat, ATB, Bodega, Carmen..."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o cho m\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1edd qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh quang h\u1ee3p, di\u1ec5n ra trong l\u1ee5c l\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh quang h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p thu nh\u1edd s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 m\u00e0u l\u1ee5c - Di\u1ec7p l\u1ee5c c\u00f3 \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt) v\u00e0 n\u1ea5m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t di\u1ec7p l\u1ee5c nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1edd c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4 ch\u1ebft. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng xenluloza (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt). Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n vi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f2n kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n k\u00edch th\u00edch k\u00e9o d\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "Aristotle ph\u00e2n chia sinh v\u1eadt ra th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Linnaeus, ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi Vegetabilia (sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Plantae) v\u00e0 Animalia. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0i nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng g\u00ec, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00f3m t\u1ea3o ra \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00e0o nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m cho \"th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt\" tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn bi \u0111\u00e1t, do th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111ang d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Pteridospermatophyta (d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1t) v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m Cordaitales, c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef7 Devon v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a trong k\u1ef7 Than \u0110\u00e1 (280-340 Ma), v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n ra trong k\u1ef7 Permi (248-280 Ma) v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 Trias (200-251 Ma). \u1ede ch\u00fang, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ec3 giao t\u1eed b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 b\u00e0o t\u1eed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean trong l\u1edbp bao b\u1ecdc, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t, ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khi \u0111ang \u1edf tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ph\u1ea5n. Trong khi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9, sinh s\u1ea3n nh\u1edd c\u00e1c b\u00e0o t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n (Gymnospermae), do ph\u00f4i h\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 khi th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ph\u1ea5n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00f4i. B\u1ed1n nh\u00f3m c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 n\u00f3n, l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 sinh v\u1eadt. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn (Angiosperm), bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa, l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, n\u1ea3y ra t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n trong k\u1ef7 Jura (146-200 Ma) v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong k\u1ef7 Ph\u1ea5n Tr\u1eafng (65-146 Ma). Ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ph\u1ea5n hoa c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp qua l\u1edbp v\u1ecf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ea1t; ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 sinh v\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb t\u1ea3o l\u1ee5c; c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt xanh (Viridaeplantae). Gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt (Plantae) hi\u1ec7n nay th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a sao cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01a1n ng\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00edt ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 trong nh\u00f3m t\u1ea3o l\u1ee5c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ee9a xenluloza v\u00e0 l\u1ea1p l\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t di\u1ec7p l\u1ee5c a v\u00e0 b, v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng tinh b\u1ed9t. Ch\u00fang tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u01a1 kh\u00e9p k\u00edn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c trung th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ti th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ebfp m\u00e0ng trong th\u1ec3 s\u1ee3i h\u1ea1t ph\u1eb3ng."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 ph\u00f4i v\u00e0 t\u1ea3o, n\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quang h\u1ee3p, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng sinh v\u1eadt ho\u1ea1i sinh: ch\u00fang thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t xung quanh ch\u00fang. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i n\u1ea5m, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9a nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ea5m. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u00f3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt quang h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "Quang h\u1ee3p do th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 rong, t\u1ea3o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh quang h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t th\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 21% \u00f4xy nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00f4xy; nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb giam h\u00e3m trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef5 kh\u00ed. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i th\u1ee9c \u0103n trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 \u00f4xy."}
+{"text": "H\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n cho hoa \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n trong d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea5n hoa hay m\u1eadt hoa. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u0169ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp do ch\u00fang \u0103n qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t trong ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e2y \u1ed5 ki\u1ebfn gai (Myrmecodia armata) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn hoa v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn. C\u00e2y cung c\u1ea5p n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho ki\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e2y tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n c\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y c\u1ea1nh tranh kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n h\u1eefu c\u01a1 cho c\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m t\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, trong d\u1ea1ng c\u1ed9ng sinh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ea5m r\u1ec5 (mycorrhiza). N\u1ea5m gi\u00fap cho c\u00e2y thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t, trong khi c\u00e2y cung c\u1ea5p cho n\u1ea5m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i cacbohy\u0111rat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1edd quang h\u1ee3p. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e2y, ch\u00fang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e2y kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0103n c\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebft ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 Neotyphodium coenophialum, c\u00f3 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ecf \u0111u\u00f4i tr\u00e2u cao (Festuca arundinacea) \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf cho ng\u00e0nh ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i b\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng k\u00fd sinh c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, t\u1eeb d\u1ea1ng b\u00e1n k\u00fd sinh nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y t\u1ea7m g\u1eedi (m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed9 Santalales) ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y \u0111i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u00e1 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quang h\u1ee3p, t\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i k\u00fd sinh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u1ecf ch\u1ed5i (chi Orobanche) hay c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u1ecf thu\u1ed9c chi Lathrea l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0o r\u1ec5 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 di\u1ec7p l\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u1ea5m, ch\u00fang k\u00fd sinh c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m r\u1ec5, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00fd sinh ngo\u00e0i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m r\u1ec5, g\u1ed7, l\u00e1, h\u1ea1t, qu\u1ea3, ph\u1ea5n hoa, b\u00e0o t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch (nh\u1ef1a h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch do m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt sinh ra). H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, s\u00f4ng, h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ven bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea5n hoa, b\u00e0o t\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u1ea3o (Dinoflagellata v\u00e0 Acritarch) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00e1 tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn mang t\u00ednh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 trong nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb k\u1ef7 Devon, bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e1 phi\u1ebfn silic Rhynie t\u1ea1i Aberdeenshire, Scotland. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u1ed5 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 t\u1eebng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong m\u00f4 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. K\u1ef7 Devon c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Archaeopteris. C\u00e2y n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00e2n g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 l\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9, kh\u00f4ng sinh ra h\u1ea1t."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb than \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i C\u1ed5 Sinh, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t trong c\u00e1c m\u1ecf than l\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp; than t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u00edt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong than. Trong r\u1eebng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Victoria \u1edf Glasgow, Scotland, c\u00e1c g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt Lepidodendron \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang."}
+{"text": "Terbi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nit\u01a1, cacbon, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, ph\u1ed1tpho, bo, selen, silic v\u00e0 asen \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb hai kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 TbH2, TbH3, TbB2, Tb2S3, TbSe, TbTe v\u00e0 TbN. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, Tb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb +3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 +2. C\u00e1c halogenua terbi (II) thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ee7 c\u00e1c halogenua Tb (III) v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Tb kim lo\u1ea1i trong th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a b\u1eb1ng tantali. Terbi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra sesquiclorua Tb2Cl3, l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eed ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh TbCl b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ee7 \u1edf 800 \u00b0C. Clorua terbi (I) t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c vi\u00ean nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ea1o l\u1edbp gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 than ch\u00ec."}
+{"text": "Terbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m 1 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 Tb159. Ngo\u00e0i ra, 33 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, v\u1edbi \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Tb158 c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 l\u00e0 180 n\u0103m, Tb157Tb c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 71 n\u0103m v\u00e0 Tb160 c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 72,3 ng\u00e0y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 6,907 ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 24 gi\u00e2y. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0169ng c\u00f3 18 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gi\u1ea3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1edbi \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Tb156m1 (t\u00bd 24,4 gi\u1edd), Tb154m2 (t\u00bd 22,7 gi\u1edd) v\u00e0 Tb154m1 (t\u00bd 9,4 gi\u1edd)."}
+{"text": "Ban \u0111\u1ea7u Mosander ph\u00e2n chia \"yttria\" th\u00e0nh ba ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n, \"terbia\" l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng (do nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 erbi), v\u00e0 \"erbia\" l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u trong dung d\u1ecbch, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1o ra \u00f4x\u00edt m\u00e0u n\u00e2u. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n khi \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 quan s\u00e1t ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n sau, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t. C\u00e1c tranh c\u00e3i quay qua quay l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \"erbia\" c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng. Trong s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi b\u1ecb l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i l\u00ean. Hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c sulfat k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a natri v\u00e0 kali \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \"ceria\" ra kh\u1ecfi \"yttria\", v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng terbi trong c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9a ceria. Trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, ch\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 terbi ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 1% c\u1ee7a yttria ban \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n m\u00e0u h\u01a1i v\u00e0ng cho \u00f4x\u00edt. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, terbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 trong ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n terbia ban \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 gadolini v\u00e0 dysprosi. Sau n\u00e0y, khi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra \u00f4x\u00edt m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1eef t\u00ean g\u1ecdi terbia, cho t\u1edbi khi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tinh khi\u1ebft. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hu\u1ef3nh quang, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t hu\u1ef3ng quang t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y trong h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u00e0u terbi nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t ion h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u yttri t\u1eeb l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 2/3 l\u00e0 \u00f4x\u00edt yttri (theo tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1% terbia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 trong bastnasit v\u00e0 monazit, v\u00e0 khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebft dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng trong nh\u00f3m Lantan d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \"c\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7c samari-europi-gadolini\" th\u00ec h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng terbi c\u1ee7a qu\u1eb7ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00f3. Do m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn bastnasit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t gi\u00e0u ion h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5) nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 terbi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb bastnasit."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ee9a terbi th\u00f4 nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng ax\u00edt sulfuric \u0111\u1eb7c n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra sulfat h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm. N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ax\u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trung h\u00f2a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng NaOH t\u1edbi khi pH \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 3-4. Thori k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a kh\u1ecfi dung d\u1ecbch d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng hi\u0111r\u00f4x\u00edt v\u00e0 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Sau \u0111\u00f3 dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng oxalat ammoni \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng oxalat kh\u00f4ng h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c oxalat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u00f4x\u00edt nh\u1edd \u1ee7. C\u00e1c \u00f4x\u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a tan trong ax\u00edt nitric \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 xeri, do \u00f4x\u00edt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u00f2a tan trong HNO3. Terbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra \u1edf d\u1ea1ng mu\u1ed1i k\u00e9p v\u1edbi nitrat ammoni b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft tinh."}
+{"text": "Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i terbi ra kh\u1ecfi dung d\u1ecbch mu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ion. Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ion kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh nh\u1ef1a trao \u0111\u1ed5i ion th\u00edch h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ion hi\u0111r\u00f4ni, ammoni hay \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 trong nh\u1ef1a. C\u00e1c ion \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ph\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm kh\u00e1c, terbi kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u1eed clorua hay florua khan b\u1eb1ng canxi kim lo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t canxi v\u00e0 tantali c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng t\u00e1i n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1o h\u1ed7n h\u1ed1ng hay nung ch\u1ea3y theo khu v\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "\u00d4x\u00edt terbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e2n quang m\u00e0u xanh l\u1ee5c trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n hu\u1ef3nh quang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng TV m\u00e0u. C\u00e1c ch\u00e1t l\u00e2n quang \"xanh l\u1ee5c\" terbi (ph\u00e1t m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng chanh t\u01b0\u01a1i) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e2n quang m\u00e0u xanh lam c\u1ee7a europi h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb 2 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e2n quang m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a europi h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb 3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng \"ba m\u00e0u\". Chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng ba m\u00e0u cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng cao h\u01a1n khi x\u00e9t c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n n\u00f3ng s\u00e1ng. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 terbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Borat terbi natri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1eafn. Hu\u1ef3nh quang t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00e0u cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng terbi l\u00e0m m\u1eabu th\u0103m d\u00f2 trong h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 canxi v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u T\u1ef1 do GNU (GFDL ho\u1eb7c GNU FDL) l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n b\u00ean tr\u00e1i cho t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1ef1 do, do Qu\u1ef9 Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m T\u1ef1 do (FSF) thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho D\u1ef1 \u00e1n GNU. N\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p C\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng GNU, cung c\u1ea5p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec1n sao ch\u00e9p, t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n sao v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e1i sinh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn (h\u01a1n 100), th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p truy xu\u1ea5t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2007, Jimmy Wales th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa Qu\u1ef9 Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m T\u1ef1 do, Creative Commons, Qu\u1ef9 Wikimedia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 Qu\u1ef9 Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m T\u1ef1 do l\u1eabn Creative Commons h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u T\u1ef1 do sao cho n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p Qu\u1ef9 Wikimedia c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n sang gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p Creative Commons Ghi c\u00f4ng - Chia s\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 (CC-BY-SA) t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c trong Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n 1.3 c\u1ee7a GFDL."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \"T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u\" v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \"Ti\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p\", nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c ti\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u1ed9i dung n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Trong khi T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao tr\u00f9m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 v\u1edbi) Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p C\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng GNU, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c ghi c\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng cho c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \"ti\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn\" nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i (tr\u1eeb khi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i t\u00ean g\u1ecdi). Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u00eca tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u00eca sau c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho \"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed\", c\u00e1c ti\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n \"L\u1eddi c\u1ea3m \u01a1n\", \"L\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eb7ng\" v\u00e0 \"L\u1eddi ghi \u0111\u1eb1ng sau\"."}
+{"text": "GFDL \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \"sao ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u theo b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c phi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i\" v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf v\u00e0o chung v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd theo lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p GFDL n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Debian v\u00e0 Nathanael Nerode \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean Debian cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p theo GFDL l\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m T\u1ef1 do Debian c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p thay th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p Creative Commons chia s\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u BSD, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng GNU GPL. H\u1ecd xem GFDL l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 GFDL b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \"b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn\" kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c x\u00f3a \u0111i, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 (DRM) khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng GFDL v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u00f2n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u1ea3 \"nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n sao ch\u00e9p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i\"."}
+{"text": "GNU FDL \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p, khi in m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u d\u01b0\u1edbi gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i k\u00e8m theo \"Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n, c\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u\" (this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p in m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft m\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 do GNU FDL \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, anh ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ecb ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i k\u00e8m theo m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n in th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n v\u0103n GNU FDL, m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn. T\u1ec7 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean Wikipedia)."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c \"trong su\u1ed1t\" (transparent) kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u1edf \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng \"m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ebd n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\". \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \"d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\" (t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c \"widely available\") c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f3 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian, v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Inkscape m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n 1.0. Ti\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n 1.1 v\u00e0 1.2 c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \"d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\" v\u00e0 \"mang t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i\" (proprietary) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00fang. Theo m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch s\u00e1t v\u1edbi gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p, vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn \"ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u0103n b\u1ea3n chung\" (generic text editors) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng; c\u00f2n theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch tho\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng.doc c\u1ee7a Microsoft Word c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m con trong c\u00e1c t\u1eadp tin.doc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o b\u1eb1ng OpenOffice.org, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \"ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i\" (that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors)."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ICT, l\u00e0 c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n cho c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin (IT), nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chung \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2y), h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nghe-nh\u00ecn trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. ICT bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap li\u00ean l\u1ea1c, bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, li\u00ean l\u1ea1c trung gian c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ICT bao g\u1ed3m IT c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i x\u1eed l\u00fd \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 video, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. C\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997 trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Dennis Stevenson g\u1eedi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan truy\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y Qu\u1ed1c gia Anh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2007 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp B\u1ed9 Th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c S\u1edf Th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed; xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n; b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1t; vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Internet; truy\u1ec1n d\u1eabn ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng; t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n; c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed; ph\u00e1t thanh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng th\u00f4ng tin truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c gia; qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9. (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 V\u0103n h\u00f3a)."}
+{"text": "C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb ICT gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nghe-nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh qua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y \u0111\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn (ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 qua vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i) \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nghe nh\u00ecn, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1p th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb ICT trong t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau."}
+{"text": "\"ICT\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o, truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin. ICT l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1eed k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u li\u00ean l\u1ea1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c truy c\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed h\u01a1n. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cap n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, g\u1eedi tin, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ecbch, tin nh\u1eafn t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi (IM), \u00e2m thanh, video, v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qua Web. \u0110i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong IT tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ICT l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m cao m\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "ICT \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 (ICT) nh\u01b0 th\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, tin nh\u1eafn t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi (IM), chat room v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 Facebook, Twitter, Skype v\u00e0 iPhone, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ng\u00e0y nay. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng theo k\u1ecbp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. L\u00fd do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7."}
+{"text": "Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n nay, ICT kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u01b0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 kinh doanh. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau cho l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia cho r\u1eb1ng chi ph\u00ed cao trong vi\u1ec7c trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n nay, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ed1t trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p cho c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ICT m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e1y t\u00ednh gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Internet. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo nh\u00f3m r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i du l\u1ecbch ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean l\u1ea1c t\u1eeb xa ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho \u0111\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c ban qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DBA) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1eef cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00fang, t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c trung du Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, th\u00f4ng qua kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0103n h\u00f3a B\u00f9i L\u00fd C\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 7000 TCN - 5000 TCN \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c L\u1ea1c H\u00e0, khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 Gia H\u1ed3 t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 7000 TCN - 5800 TCN \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c huy\u1ec7n V\u0169 D\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y nay. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n Gia H\u1ed3 khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed3ng k\u00ea v\u00e0 l\u00faa, trong khi vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng k\u00ea l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a B\u00f9i L\u00fd C\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Gia H\u1ed3."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfp sau, t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c nay l\u00e0 b\u1eafc b\u1ed9 H\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Thi\u1ec1u (5000 TCN \u2013 3000 TCN), c\u01b0 d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u1ed3ng k\u00ea, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u00e0ng c\u0169ng tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa m\u00ec hay l\u00faa g\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u1ee3n, g\u00e0 v\u00e0 ch\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1eebu, d\u00ea v\u00e0 b\u00f2, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i t\u1eb1m t\u01a1. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, khu v\u1ef1c trung h\u1ea1 du Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 H\u00e0 Nam, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Long S\u01a1n (3000 TCN - 2000 TCN), c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e0n xoay g\u1ed1m."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1ecb L\u00fd \u0110\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi sang th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo di ch\u1ec9 Nh\u1ecb L\u00fd \u0110\u1ea7u \u1edf th\u00f4n c\u00f9ng t\u00ean t\u1ea1i Y\u1ec3n S\u01b0 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 1880 TCN \u0111\u1ebfn 1520 TCN, Di ch\u1ec9 Nh\u1ecb L\u00fd \u0110\u1ea7u c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f2a cung \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u1ecb L\u00fd \u0110\u1ea7u l\u00e0 n\u01a1i duy nh\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00f9ng trong l\u1ec5 nghi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1ecb L\u00fd \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u H\u1ea1, qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c hay tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i cao trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Khu v\u1ef1c H\u00e0 Nam ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u H\u1ea1, khu v\u1ef1c di ch\u1ec9 Nh\u1ecb L\u00fd \u0110\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u H\u1ea1, song v\u1eabn \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5."}
+{"text": "Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1ecb L\u00fd \u0110\u1ea7u l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1ecb L\u00fd C\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 1500 TCN \u20131300 TCN v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean m\u1ed9t di ch\u1ec9 \u1edf ngay b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u. Di ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh l\u1edbn v\u1edbi chu vi g\u1ea7n 7 km, c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ngay b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh: m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ed1t, m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, hai x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u1ecb L\u00fd C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac, phong c\u00e1ch c\u0169ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t h\u01a1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1ecb L\u00fd \u0110\u1ea7u. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u H\u1ea1. Minh \u0110i\u1ec1u, nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 Phong Kh\u00e2u l\u00e0 n\u01a1i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Thang \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a vua Ki\u1ec7t tri\u1ec1u H\u1ea1, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n H\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i. Do vi\u1ec7c l\u0169 l\u1ee5t, thi\u00ean tai, tri\u1ec1u Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i \u00c2n Kh\u01b0 (thu\u1ed9c An D\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y nay) trong th\u1eddi gian vua B\u00e0n Canh tr\u1ecb v\u00ec. Vi\u00ean quan tri\u1ec1u Thanh V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00dd Vinh (\u738b\u61ff\u69ae) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 mai r\u00f9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef t\u1ea1i di ch\u1ec9 An Kh\u01b0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1899, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1p c\u1ed1t v\u0103n."}
+{"text": "Sau khi t\u1ed9c Chu l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1eadp ra v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Chu, Chu V\u0169 V\u01b0\u01a1ng theo ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Chu c\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 cho con c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ee5 V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 V\u0169 Canh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t \u00c2n. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2n \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y (t\u1ee9c \u00c2n Kh\u01b0), l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u00c2n g\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c b\u1eafc b\u1ed9 t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam, nam b\u1ed9 t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 B\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng nam b\u1ed9 t\u1ec9nh S\u01a1n T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y nay. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau, V\u0169 Canh n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c tri\u1ec1u Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, song cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Chu c\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 Chu C\u00f4ng chia \u0111\u1ea5t \u00c2n l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4i, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda phong cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4ng th\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u00c2n l\u00e0 Vi T\u1eed Kh\u1ea3i \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef h\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 \u00c2n c\u00f2n n\u1eeda kia phong cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi em kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Chu V\u0169 V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Khang Th\u00fac C\u01a1 Phong, \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 V\u1ec7. Chu c\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1n c\u0169ng cho x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh L\u1ea1c \u1ea4p (nay thu\u1ed9c T\u00e2y C\u00f4ng, L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 771 TCN, v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Chu d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c \u1ea4p, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u00f4ng Chu \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n. Th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn H\u00e0 Nam t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u, m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1ea7n, S\u00e1i, T\u00e0o, Tr\u1ecbnh, V\u1ec7, T\u1ed1ng. N\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea5n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn 403 TCN b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00e0n v\u1ec1 sau thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2n Tr\u1ecbnh, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u1ee5y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 361 TCN \u0111\u00e3 thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i L\u01b0\u01a1ng (nay thu\u1ed9c Khai Phong). Nam b\u1ed9 H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c, H\u00f9ng D\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a S\u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0110an D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1eb1m \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c T\u00edch Xuy\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay. T\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III TCN, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Chu l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y Chu v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Chu, ph\u1ea1m vi hai n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m xung quanh L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y nay. N\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t T\u00e2y Chu, \u0110\u00f4ng Chu v\u00e0 H\u00e0n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 256 TCN, 249 TCN v\u00e0 230 TCN, ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 221 TCN."}
+{"text": "Sau khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c, tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1ea3y qu\u1eadn: Tam Xuy\u00ean qu\u1eadn, Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1eadn, D\u0129nh Xuy\u00ean qu\u1eadn, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i qu\u1eadn, \u0110\u00f4ng qu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n qu\u1eadn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n H\u00e0 Nam ng\u00e0y nay. Sang th\u1eddi T\u00e2y H\u00e1n, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n H\u00e0 Nam c\u00f3 t\u00e1m qu\u1eadn: Ho\u1eb1ng N\u00f4ng, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 Nam, D\u0129nh Xuy\u00ean, Nh\u1eef Nam, Tr\u1ea7n L\u01b0u, Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ng\u1ee5y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n H\u00e0 Nam khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n: n\u01b0\u1edbc Ho\u00e0i D\u01b0\u01a1ng (trung t\u00e2m n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Chu Kh\u1ea9u) v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh T\u00e2y H\u00e1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7 gi\u00e1o \u00fay v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, H\u00e0 Nam ph\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c t\u01b0 l\u1ec7 gi\u00e1o \u00fay b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 D\u1ef1 ch\u00e2u, Duy\u1ec7n ch\u00e2u, Kinh ch\u00e2u, K\u00fd ch\u00e2u. Sau nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, H\u00e1n Quang V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 25 SCN, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n. Th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n H\u00e0 Nam c\u00f3 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng; ph\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c t\u01b0 l\u1ec7 gi\u00e1o \u00fay b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 n\u0103m ch\u00e2u: D\u1ef1, Duy\u1ec7n, Kinh, K\u00fd, D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, sau Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Kh\u0103n V\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t Trung Nguy\u00ean c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 giao chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 k\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0110\u1ed5ng Tr\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, sau ph\u1ebf H\u00e1n Thi\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1eadp H\u00e1n Hi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ebf l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, l\u1ea1i thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 196, T\u00e0o Th\u00e1o \u0111em H\u00e1n Hi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 H\u1ee9a X\u01b0\u01a1ng, ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f4 H\u1ee9a \u0110\u00f4 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. B\u1ed1n n\u0103m sau, T\u00e0o Th\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t Vi\u00ean Thi\u1ec7u trong tr\u1eadn Quan \u0110\u1ed9 \u1edf \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc huy\u1ec7n Trung M\u01b0u c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam hi\u1ec7n nay, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Hoa B\u1eafc. N\u0103m 220, H\u00e1n Hi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ebf thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho con trai c\u1ee7a T\u00e0o Th\u00e1o l\u00e0 T\u00e0o Phi. T\u00e0o Phi ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Ng\u1ee5y V\u0103n \u0110\u1ebf. T\u00e0o Ng\u1ee5y sau \u0111\u00f3 thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, T\u00e0o Ng\u1ee5y \u1edf Trung Nguy\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Ng\u00f4 \u1edf Giang Nam v\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c H\u00e1n \u1edf t\u00e2y nam m\u1edf ra th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Tam Qu\u1ed1c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Ng\u1ee5y Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1i phu T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Chi\u00eau n\u1eafm th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y ho\u00e0ng v\u1ecb, l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u00e0 T\u1ea5n. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i do chi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n."}
+{"text": "N\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 T\u00e2y T\u1ea5n n\u1ed5 ra lo\u1ea1n b\u00e1t v\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 291 t\u1edbi n\u0103m 306, nguy\u00ean kh\u00ed tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea5n v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng H\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7t, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u00e2n l\u00fac tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea5n c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1n, di d\u00e2n Nam Hung N\u00f4 t\u1eeb S\u01a1n T\u00e2y v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00ea \u1edf T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3n, l\u1eadp ra n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00e1n v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 311, qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a L\u01b0u Th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n T\u1ea5n t\u1ea1i Hoa Trung, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ea5n v\u00e0 b\u1eaft T\u1ea5n Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ebf, tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2y T\u1ea5n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u di\u1ec7t vong."}
+{"text": "C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2y T\u1ea5n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V, c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c du m\u1ee5c (Ng\u0169 H\u1ed3) t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb H\u00e1n h\u00f3a. Trong th\u1eddi Ng\u0169 H\u1ed3 th\u1eadp l\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n H\u00e0 Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ti\u1ec1n Tri\u1ec7u, H\u1eadu Tri\u1ec7u, r\u1ed3i Ti\u1ec1n Y\u00ean, Ti\u1ec1n T\u1ea7n. Sau khi Ti\u1ec1n T\u1ea7n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Hoa B\u1eafc, l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong tr\u1eadn Ph\u00ec Th\u1ee7y tr\u01b0\u1edbc tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n, Hoa B\u1eafc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, H\u00e0 Nam l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1eadu Y\u00ean, H\u1eadu T\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y H\u1eadu T\u1ea7n c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, thu n\u0103m 416, t\u01b0\u1edbng L\u01b0u D\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 cho m\u1edf m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e1nh H\u1eadu T\u1ea7n, qu\u00e2n T\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eeda ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eadu T\u1ea7n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Qu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n sau \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Ho\u00e0i H\u00e0 v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 420, L\u01b0u D\u1ee5 ti\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n, l\u1eadp ra tri\u1ec1u L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 422, qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ng\u1ee5y Minh Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, sau l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb H\u1ed3 L\u1ee5c, H\u1ea1ng Th\u00e0nh tr\u1edf l\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. Nh\u00e2n l\u00fac B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi Nhu Nhi\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, n\u0103m 429, L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng V\u0103n \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t H\u00e0 Nam song Ng\u1ee5y Th\u00e1i V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu. N\u0103m 430, L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng V\u0103n \u0110\u1ebf sai \u0110\u00e1o Ng\u1ea1n Chi mang qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t, qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y \u00edt n\u00ean ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u00fat lui song sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng, l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 H\u1ed5 Lao. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 431, qu\u00e2n Ng\u1ee5y giao tranh v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng do \u0110\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea1o T\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 huy l\u00ean B\u1eafc c\u1ee9u Ho\u1ea1t \u0110\u00e0i (nay l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n Ho\u1ea1t), hai b\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh nhau 30 tr\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0110\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea1o T\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng r\u00fat lui. B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 439, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam m\u1edf ra th\u1eddi Nam B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 450, B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y Th\u00e1i V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u 10 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n v\u00e2y \u0111\u00e1nh Huy\u1ec1n H\u1ed3 (\u61f8\u74e0, nay thu\u1ed9c Tr\u00fa M\u00e3 \u0110i\u1ebfm) trong 42 ng\u00e0y, qu\u00e2n L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh xung quanh \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ee3 th\u1ebf B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y v\u00e0 b\u1ecf th\u00e0nh r\u00fat ch\u1ea1y. Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u vi\u1ec7n, Th\u00e1i V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf l\u1ea1i \u0111em qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y nam ti\u1ebfn, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng Ho\u00e0i B\u1eafc. N\u0103m 493, B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y Hi\u1ebfu V\u0103n \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 cho mang \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng (H\u00e0 Nam) 2 tri\u1ec7u con ng\u1ef1a, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n t\u00fac v\u1ec7 15 v\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u1eddi h\u1ed9 t\u1ecbch to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1edbi L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eddi kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 mau l\u1eb9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n. Sau khi Hi\u1ebfu V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf sang Quan Trung v\u1edbi T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t Quan L\u0169ng c\u1ee7a V\u0169 V\u0103n Th\u00e1i, Cao Hoan \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp Nguy\u00ean Thi\u1ec7n Ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0m vua m\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Ng\u1ee5y Hi\u1ebfu T\u0129nh \u0110\u1ebf. Do th\u1ea5y L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ea7n h\u1ecd V\u0169 V\u0103n, \u00f4ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 Nghi\u1ec7p Th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c H\u00e0 B\u1eafc ng\u00e0y nay"}
+{"text": "C\u1ea3 Cao Hoan v\u00e0 V\u0169 V\u0103n Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ngai v\u00e0ng B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chia c\u1eaft l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 534-535 th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4ng Ng\u1ee5y v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ng\u1ee5y, tuy v\u1eady hai tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb B\u1eafc T\u1ec1 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Chu ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t thay th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 589, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. Sau khi T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ebf l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 605 \u0111\u00e3 cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4 L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m sau ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4 L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbn trong khi th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n h\u01a1n 2.000.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, do \u0111\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed1c lao d\u1ecbch qu\u00e1 g\u1ea5p g\u00e1p kh\u1eaft khe n\u00ean phu d\u1ecbch c\u1ee9 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn 4, 5. Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m ba khu ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Cung th\u00e0nh (ch\u1ed7 Ho\u00e0ng cung), Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh (ph\u1ee7 nha c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1 quan), Ngo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh (khu nh\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ee7a quan v\u00e0 d\u00e2n). Chu vi Ngo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 50 d\u1eb7m, trong th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa cho quan v\u00e0 d\u00e2n h\u01a1n 1.000 ph\u01b0\u1eddng, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ba ch\u1ee3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ch\u1ee3 Phong \u0110\u00f4, ch\u1ee3 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ee3 Th\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec5n. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do hao t\u1ed5n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4, tri\u1ec1u T\u00f9y suy s\u1ee5p, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t vong v\u00e0o n\u0103m 617."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c 982, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Khai Phong. Th\u1eddi B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng, H\u00e0 Nam ph\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c Khai Phong ph\u1ee7 c\u00f9ng Kinh t\u00e2y b\u1eafc l\u1ed9, Kinh t\u00e2y nam l\u1ed9, Kinh \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y l\u1ed9. Th\u1eddi B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh Khai Phong v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi,, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ean 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1t kim ng\u1ea1ch chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 1004, t\u1ee9c trong th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a T\u1ed1ng Ch\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, tri\u1ec1u Li\u00eau c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khi\u1ebft \u0110an ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed1ng, qu\u00e2n Khi\u1ebft \u0110an t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u1ed3 \u1ea1t v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng Thi\u1ec1n ch\u00e2u (nay l\u00e0 B\u1ed9c D\u01b0\u01a1ng). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a T\u1ed1ng mu\u1ed1n h\u00f2a, song d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a t\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Kh\u1ea5u Chu\u1ea9n, T\u1ed1ng Ch\u00e2n T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd th\u00e2n chinh \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u1ec1n ch\u00e2u. Qu\u00e2n T\u1ed1ng v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 tinh th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Li\u00eau v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. Hai b\u00ean T\u1ed1ng-Li\u00eau sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft minh \u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u1ec1n Uy\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa hai qu\u1ed1c gia trong tr\u00ean 100 n\u0103m. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng, \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Khai Phong ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bi\u1ec7n L\u01b0\u01a1ng, Bi\u1ec7n Kinh."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1126, tri\u1ec1u Kim c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 cho qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, ti\u1ebfn s\u00e1t t\u1edbi Bi\u1ec7n Kinh. Qu\u00e1 ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3, T\u1ed1ng Huy T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1126 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i cho k\u1ef3 t\u1eed Tri\u1ec7u Ho\u00e0n, t\u1ee9c T\u1ed1ng Kh\u00e2m T\u00f4ng. Qu\u00e2n Kim sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c bao v\u00e2y Khai Phong v\u00e0 quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc song T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Kim. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1126, qu\u00e2n Kim l\u1ea1i quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Qu\u00e2n Kim cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Bi\u1ec7n Kinh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1127 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, h\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp, th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y li\u1ec1n. Trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n T\u0129nh Khang, qu\u00e2n Kim \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft Huy T\u00f4ng, Kh\u00e2m T\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c t\u00f4n th\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u00e1 quan c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u T\u1ed1ng. B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng di\u1ec7t vong, song ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Tri\u1ec7u C\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ecbp ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n Nam, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Nam T\u1ed1ng. N\u0103m 1129, Kim Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh cho T\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 Ng\u1ed9t Tru\u1eadt mang qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh tri\u1ec1u Nam T\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Qu\u00e2n Kim v\u01b0\u1ee3t Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 r\u1ed3i chia l\u00e0m hai nh\u00e1nh, Ng\u1ed9t Tru\u1eadt l\u0129nh 10 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u1ee7 Khai \u0110\u1ee9c (nay thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n B\u1ed9c D\u01b0\u01a1ng) nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00ean \u00f4ng mang qu\u00e2n quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh B\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u. Ng\u1ed9t Tru\u1eadt c\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u00ean phong \u00d4 L\u00e2m \u0110\u00e1p Th\u00e1i (\u4e4c\u6797\u7b54\u5927) ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 20 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n T\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u1ec7n. H\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u, Ng\u1ed9t Tru\u1eadt th\u1eeba th\u1eafng chi\u1ebfm lu\u00f4n 5 huy\u1ec7n l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u1ed9t Tru\u1eadt mang qu\u00e2n quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh Khai \u0110\u1ee9c. Khi Ng\u1ed9t Tru\u1eadt d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n Kim ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn Quy \u0110\u1ee9c (nay thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00e2u), \u0111\u00e3 cho l\u00ednh \u00e1p s\u00e1t th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ecfa ph\u00e1o ngay tr\u00ean b\u1edd h\u00e0o, qu\u00e2n T\u1ed1ng trong th\u00e0nh s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i xin h\u00e0ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Kim v\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng l\u1ea5y Ho\u00e0i H\u00e0 l\u00e0m ranh gi\u1edbi, tri\u1ec1u T\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m cho Kim. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf-v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00f9ng Giang Nam \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf Trung Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m kinh t\u1ebf-v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c"}
+{"text": "Kim b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1234 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a li\u00ean qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5-Nam T\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "Sau khi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u00e0 Nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean H\u00e0 Nam Giang B\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u1ee9 h\u00e0nh trung th\u01b0 t\u1ec9nh, tr\u1ecb s\u1edf \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Khai Phong. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh M\u00f4ng-Kim, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 H\u00e0 Nam, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ea3 ngh\u00ecn l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, l\u0169 l\u1ee5t Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf H\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u01b0u th\u1ebf m\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c d\u00e2n bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean, H\u00e0 Nam c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh khu v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn tranh, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 suy gi\u1ea3m. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Minh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf di d\u00e2n tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn t\u1eeb S\u01a1n T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Nguy\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea1i Minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1368, H\u00e0 Nam th\u1eeba tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9 ti do tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u1eadp ra c\u00f3 ranh gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam hi\u1ec7n nay. H\u00e0 Nam th\u1eddi Minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh t\u00e1m ph\u1ee7: Khai Phong, H\u00e0 Nam (L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng), Quy \u0110\u1ee9c (Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00e2u), Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nh\u1eef Ninh (Nh\u1eef Nam), V\u1ec7 Huy, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ee9c (An D\u01b0\u01a1ng), Ho\u00e0i Kh\u00e1nh (Th\u1ea5m D\u01b0\u01a1ng). N\u0103m 1641, L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft Ph\u00fac v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Th\u01b0\u1eddng Tu\u00e2n (\u6731\u5e38\u6d35)- con trai th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1642, trong th\u1eddi gian L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh bao v\u00e2y Khai Phong, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o b\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 l\u00e0m ng\u1eadp l\u1ee5t th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y (c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i l\u00e0 do qu\u00e2n L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Minh \u0111\u00e0o), trong s\u1ed1 37 v\u1ea1n d\u00e2n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 3 v\u1ea1n l\u00e0 c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t."}
+{"text": "Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Thanh (1630\u20141662), khu v\u1ef1c H\u00e0 Nam l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Khang Hy \u0110\u1ebf, kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p H\u00e0 Nam ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i, l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh khu v\u1ef1c t\u1eadp trung d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Khai Phong tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed3n vinh sau khi ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n trong th\u1eddi gian L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Thanh. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, sau h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn Ni\u1ec7p qu\u00e2n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, qu\u00e2n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh Thi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ra v\u00e0o H\u00e0 Nam, v\u00ec th\u1ebf H\u00e0 Nam tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Ho\u00e0ng Ho\u00e0i. Sau khi kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p H\u00e0 Nam ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng suy tho\u00e1i, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong Tr\u00ecnh-Chu l\u00fd h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "Do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a V\u0169 X\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng H\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y T\u00e2n qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5 Khai Phong ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, song kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong v\u00e0i t\u1ec9nh ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \"\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\". Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf tri\u1ec1u Thanh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1911, m\u1edf ra th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tuy\u1ebfn \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft B\u00ecnh H\u00e1n (th\u00f4ng xe n\u0103m 1906) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Long H\u1ea3i (th\u00f4ng xe \u0111o\u1ea1n Khai Phong-L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1910) \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ed1 huy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m giao th\u00f4ng l\u1edbn. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u, kinh t\u1ebf H\u00e0 Nam v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n b\u1ecf ph\u1ee7 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u00ean Khai Phong \u0111\u1ea1o, H\u00e0 L\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea1o, Nh\u1eef D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o, H\u00e0 B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o; \u0111\u1ea1o do\u00e3n tr\u00fa t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i Khai Phong, L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, T\u00edn D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n C\u1ea5p."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t, n\u0103m 1920, L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 B\u1ed9i Phu thu\u1ed9c Tr\u1ef1c h\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 s\u1edf quan L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n duy\u1ec7t s\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n 3 L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n. N\u0103m 1926, Ph\u00f9ng Ng\u1ecdc T\u01b0\u1eddng tham gia chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t do T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u nh\u1eb1m tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, Ph\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, trong \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u00f4 B\u1ed9i Phu c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 Hoa Trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh. Ng\u00f4 B\u1ed9i Phu tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e1c L\u00e2m \"kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ph\u00e1p th\u1ed1ng\" song kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng. Do Ng\u00f4 B\u1ed9i Phu c\u00f3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4 n\u00ean Li\u00ean X\u00f4 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m, qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e1nh tan qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 B\u1ed9i Phu, Ng\u00f4 B\u1ed9i Phu bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn t\u00e0n qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 Nam sau khi \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t V\u0169 H\u00e1n tam tr\u1ea5n, sau l\u1ea1i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean. N\u0103m 1930, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi Di\u00eam T\u00edch S\u01a1n, Ph\u00f9ng Ng\u1ecdc T\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 L\u00fd T\u00f4ng Nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn Trung Nguy\u00ean. Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n H\u00e0 Nam v\u00e0 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch to\u00e0n th\u1eafng, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t c\u00e1t c\u1ee9. N\u0103m 1932, sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Nh\u1ea5t Nh\u1ecb B\u00e1t t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n Nam Kinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \"h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4\", chuy\u1ec3n v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m th\u00ec l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Nam Kinh."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1923, t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Kinh-H\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u, h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Kinh-H\u00e1n b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng, g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn.. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1928-1932, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00e0o v\u00e0 T\u1eeb H\u01b0\u1edbng Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 v\u0169 trang \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai \u0110\u1ea1i Bi\u1ec7t S\u01a1n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ng\u1ea1c-D\u1ef1-Ho\u00e0n. T\u00e2n L\u1eadp (nay l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2n) l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba Ng\u1ea1c-D\u1ef1-Ho\u00e0n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfc phi c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 \"Lenin\". Sau \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Bi\u1ec7t \u0110\u00ecnh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u522b\u5ef7\u82b3) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00e0o, tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam, bu\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean l\u1eadp c\u0103n c\u1ee9 m\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1938, sau khi qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm Khai Phong, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 cho n\u1ed5 m\u00ecn ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00ea Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 \u1edf Hoa Vi\u00ean Kh\u1ea9u thu\u1ed9c Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt. Tr\u1eadn l\u1ee5t n\u0103m 1938 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1ed9ng 54.000 km\u00b2 b\u1ecb ng\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a 500.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 900.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda v\u00e0 hoa m\u00e0u tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Tr\u1eadn l\u1ee5t \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt chi\u1ebfm Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u, song \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi V\u0169 H\u00e1n. M\u00f9a thu n\u0103m 1939, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac Chi\u1ebfn tranh Trung-Nh\u1eadt, Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng, qu\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh \"khu gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Trung Nguy\u00ean\" c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1946 song b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n. Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1947, ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c T\u1ea5n K\u00fd L\u1ed7 D\u1ef1 d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdc th\u1ee7ng ph\u00f2ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb t\u00e2y nam S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Trung Nguy\u00ean, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. Li\u1ec1n sau \u0111\u00f3, binh \u0111o\u00e0n Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a T\u1ea5n K\u00fd L\u1ed7 D\u1ef1 d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, ti\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2y H\u00e0 Nam; Hoa \u0110\u00f4ng d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e0 Nam, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Khai Phong, Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u, Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1948 th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn H\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m trong tay qu\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1949, sau khi qu\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Ho\u00e0i H\u1ea3i, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 H\u00e0 Nam n\u1eb1m trong quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1954, t\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Khai Phong v\u1ec1 Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1954, theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch 5 n\u0103m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i khu Gi\u1ea3n T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng: nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00e1y k\u00e9o \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed3ng L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u01a1 kh\u00ed khai m\u1ecf, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u00f2ng bi, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 Diesel, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y luy\u1ec7n kim Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, bi\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn l\u1ee5t mang t\u00ednh h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0i H\u00e0 v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1950 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n cho ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eadp quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c chi l\u01b0u l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i trung b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nam b\u1ed9 H\u00e0 Nam. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eadp trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a cao b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng do b\u00e3o Nina g\u00e2y ra v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1975. C\u00f3 62 \u0111\u1eadp, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp B\u1ea3n Ki\u1ec1u \u1edf huy\u1ec7n B\u00ed D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1eadp; l\u0169 l\u1ee5t th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c bao tr\u00f9m l\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i huy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00fa M\u00e3 \u0110i\u1ebfm v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c xu\u00f4i v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1 ngu\u1ed3n, gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 26.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 t\u1eed vong do d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 85.600, 171.000 hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 230.000. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c nh\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eadp trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y H\u00e0 Nam t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9t H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng H\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n nay. Bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00f9n theo c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 t\u1eeb cao nguy\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng Th\u1ed5 b\u1ed3i l\u1ea5p, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean Hoa B\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecba Ho\u00e0i H\u00e0. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean nay s\u00e2u kho\u1ea3ng 850 m\u00e9t t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1edbi h\u00fat ch\u00ecm l\u1edbn (m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed3n tr\u0169ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t), k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb H\u1eafc Long Giang \u0111\u1ebfn Giang T\u00e2y. \u0110\u00e1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111ang t\u1ee5t xu\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafng \u0111\u00f3ng. \u0110\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb canxi cacbonat (v\u00f4i) trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 sa c\u1ee9ng. Do khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00edt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cao \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0ng n\u00e2u, tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u1edf b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 h\u01a1n, ph\u00f9 sa tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp; n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u h\u01a1i v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1m, x\u1ed1p, d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1. T\u1eeb khi l\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1eadn l\u1ee5t x\u1ea3y ra, khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai to\u00e0n khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1eb7n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1m h\u00f3a. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1949, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ki\u1ec1m th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "H\u00e0 Nam c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u00e0 167.000 km\u00b2, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 1,73% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch to\u00e0n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e1c t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 108.017.700 m\u1eabu. \u0110\u1ecba th\u1ebf H\u00e0 Nam n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 t\u00e2y cao \u0111\u00f4ng th\u1ea5p, b\u1eafc ph\u1eb3ng nam tr\u0169ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c nam. \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 trung b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean Hoa B\u1eafc. \u1ede ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i H\u00e0nh S\u01a1n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam. \u1ede ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, T\u1ea7n L\u0129nh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o H\u00e0 Nam t\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda chi\u1ec1u ngang c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh, c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y n\u00fai n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 nam, Ph\u1ee5c Ng\u01b0u S\u01a1n (\u4f0f\u725b\u5c71) l\u00e0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai nh\u00e1nh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n L\u0129nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n H\u00e0 Nam. \u1ede xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, \u0110\u1ea1i Bi\u1ec7t S\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3ng B\u00e1ch S\u01a1n (\u6850\u67cf\u5c71) chia t\u00e1ch H\u00e0 Nam v\u1edbi H\u1ed3 B\u1eafc. Gi\u1eefa Ph\u1ee5c Ng\u01b0u S\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3ng B\u00e1ch S\u01a1n \u1edf nam b\u1ed9 H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 b\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecba Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng, r\u1ed9ng 120 \u0111\u1ebfn 160 km, c\u00f3 hai s\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng H\u00e1n Th\u1ee7y l\u00e0 B\u1ea1ch H\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00e0 c\u1eaft qua, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u00e1n tr\u1edf \u0111i th\u00ec b\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n nam ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Trung Nguy\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng trung du Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai chi\u1ebfm 44,3\uff05 (v\u00f9ng n\u00fai: 26,6%, v\u00f9ng g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed3i: 17,7%) di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam, v\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecba chi\u1ebfm 55,7\uff05. L\u00e3o Nha X\u00f3a (\u8001\u9e26\u5c94) thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Linh B\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam, v\u1edbi cao \u0111\u1ed9 2413,8 m\u00e9t tr\u00ean m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n; c\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 cao \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i Ho\u00e0i H\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn, thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n C\u1ed1 Th\u1ee7y, v\u1edbi cao \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 23,2 m\u00e9t."}
+{"text": "H\u00e0 Nam thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1edbi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi \u1ea5m-c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt-b\u00e1n \u1ea9m. Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu H\u00e0 Nam n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng r\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u00edt m\u01b0a tuy\u1ebft, m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3 c\u00e1t, m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u, m\u00f9a thu quang \u0111\u00e3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u00e1nh n\u1eafng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 12 \u00b0C-16 \u00b0C, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh trong th\u00e1ng 1 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb -3 \u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn 3 \u00b0C, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh trong th\u00e1ng 7 l\u00e0 24 \u00b0C-29 \u00b0C. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh n\u00f3i chung th\u1ea5p d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4ng sang t\u00e2y v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nam l\u00ean b\u1eafc, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean. Ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian trong n\u0103m v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam \u1edf H\u00e0 Nam \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n l\u00e0 -21,7 \u00b0C (ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1951 t\u1ea1i An D\u01b0\u01a1ng), nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n l\u00e0 44,2 \u00b0C (ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1966 t\u1ea1i L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng). L\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n n\u0103m c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 532,5 mm \u0111\u1ebfn 1380,6 mm, t\u1eadp trung t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m H\u00e0 Nam c\u00f3 1.848,0 \u0111\u1ebfn 2.488,7 gi\u1edd n\u1eafng, 189-240 ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1."}
+{"text": "Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y qua trung b\u1ed9 H\u00e0 Nam, t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111o\u1ea1n Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y trong \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn t\u1ec9nh 711 km, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n l\u00e0 36.200 km\u00b2, t\u1ee9c 1/5 t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch to\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh. Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh t\u1eeb m\u1ea1n t\u00e2y b\u1eafc, chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y sang ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng ngay sau khi nh\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb V\u1ecb H\u00e0. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o Tam M\u00f4n Hi\u1ec7p, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u00f4ng-\u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc trong 130 km, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ranh gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa H\u00e0 Nam v\u00e0 S\u01a1n T\u00e2y. Sau khi ch\u1ea3y qua L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean, l\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng b\u1ecb n\u00e2ng l\u00ean do b\u1ed3i t\u00edch v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean g\u00e2y ra l\u0169 l\u1ee5t. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8, t\u1ee9c v\u00e0o l\u00fac c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 mang theo m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00f9n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng Th\u1ed5 \u1edf Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y v\u00e0 S\u01a1n T\u00e2y. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eadp Tam M\u00f4n Hi\u1ec7p, Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y nhanh qua h\u1ebbm n\u00fai n\u00e0y, mang theo \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00f9ng xu\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean, song t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1eadp xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u0169 l\u1ee5t n\u1eefa. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u v\u1edbi s\u00f4ng V\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u1ed5 ra bi\u1ec3n, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 1000 km, Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai chi l\u01b0u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c H\u00e0 \u1edf h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n v\u00e0 T\u1ea7n H\u00e0 \u1edf t\u1ea3 ng\u1ea1n."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u0169 l\u1ee5t t\u1eeb Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c con \u0111\u00ea, th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m song song v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1edd s\u00f4ng t\u1eeb 8 \u0111\u1ebfn 13 km. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00f9n b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n \u1ee9 trong ph\u1ea1m vi gi\u1eefa hai b\u1edd \u0111\u00ea, b\u1ed3i t\u00edch l\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng qua h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n xung quanh. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i cho x\u00e2y \u0111\u00ea cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00ea kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i (x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u0103m), n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 cao h\u01a1n khi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng r\u00fat b\u1edbt, g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn l\u1ee5t th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 g\u00e2y ng\u1eadp \u00fang \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i."}
+{"text": "Ranh gi\u1edbi l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0i H\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong su\u1ed1t ba thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 qua, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00f3 ch\u1ea3y ra bi\u1ec3n \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, song sau l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t, n\u0103m 1194, Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f2ng r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed5 ra bi\u1ec3n theo d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0i H\u00e0, \u1edf b\u1eafc b\u1ed9 Giang T\u00f4 ng\u00e0y nay. Sau tr\u1eadn l\u1ee5t Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 n\u0103m 1897, con s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f2ng, chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ea3y qua S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o B\u1ed9t H\u1ea3i. Khi \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ec7ch d\u00f2ng lu\u00f4n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Khai Phong t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam. N\u0103m 1938, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh l\u00e0m tr\u1ec7ch d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho n\u1ed5 c\u00e1c con \u0111\u00ea g\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u. Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ph\u00eda b\u1eafc t\u1eeb n\u0103m n\u0103m 1948."}
+{"text": "Trung b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nam b\u1ed9 H\u00e0 Nam thu\u1ed9c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Ho\u00e0i H\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u chi l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ho\u00e0i H\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc phong ph\u00fa, d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh d\u00e0i 340 km, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 88.300 km\u00b2, t\u1ee9c kho\u1ea3ng 1/2 t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch to\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh. Ho\u00e0i H\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi l\u01b0u ph\u00e1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c t\u00e2y nam c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam, ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0o An Huy, c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi n\u1ea1n l\u0169 l\u1ee5t. N\u0103m 1949, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 cho ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Ho\u00e0i H\u00e0. S\u00e1u \u0111\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du c\u00e1c chi l\u01b0u Ho\u00e0i H\u00e0 t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eadp n\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra."}
+{"text": "\u1ede b\u1eafc b\u1ed9 H\u00e0 Nam c\u00f3 hai s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn l\u00e0 V\u1ec7 H\u00e0 (\u536b\u6cb3) b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Th\u00e1i H\u00e0nh S\u01a1n thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2n H\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 (\u6f33\u6cb3) t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n ranh gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 B\u1eafc; hai s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng H\u1ea3i H\u00e0. \u1ede t\u00e2y nam b\u1ed9 H\u00e0 Nam c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng \u0110an Giang (\u4e39\u6c5f), Thoan H\u00e0 (\u6e4d\u6cb3), \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00e0 (\u5510\u6cb3), B\u1ea1ch H\u00e0 (\u767d\u6cb3) ch\u1ea3y sang H\u1ed3 B\u1eafc v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c H\u00e1n Th\u1ee7y, m\u1ed9t chi l\u01b0u l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang. T\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 41,3 t\u1ef7 m\u00b3, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t 4,905 tri\u1ec7u kW v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3,15 tri\u1ec7u kW"}
+{"text": "Th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 r\u1eebng r\u1ee5ng l\u00e1 v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n r\u1eebng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean, c\u00f9ng r\u1eebng r\u1ee5ng l\u00e1 v\u00e0 r\u1eebng l\u00e1 kim tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng n\u00fai ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1eadp trung, th\u00e2m canh \u1edf v\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t quang c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu r\u1eebng. Sau n\u0103m 1949, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch che ph\u1ee7, l\u1ea5y g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c. Hi\u1ec7n nay, H\u00e0 Nam c\u00f3 197 h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi 3.830 lo\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 520 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 90 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia."}
+{"text": "H\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c sau khi Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Y H\u00e0 v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c H\u00e0 v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng b\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecba quanh Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam. \u1ede c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u01b0a th\u1edbt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean. \u1ede v\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c th\u00f4n n\u1eb1m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1t nhau, trung b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean 1 km, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1t b\u00f9n v\u00e0 m\u00e1i l\u1ee3p r\u1ea1. Trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u1edf v\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 1958-1959."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2011, t\u1ed5ng nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 104.890.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, song s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa l\u00e0 93.880.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong n\u0103m n\u00e0y, to\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam c\u00f3 1.210.000 tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ea1t 11,56\u2030; s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed vong trong n\u0103m l\u00e0 690.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 6,62\u2030; s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u t\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 520.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 4,94\u2030. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a trong n\u0103m 2011 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 40,57%., t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh so v\u1edbi 23,2% theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra n\u0103m 2000. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000, 51,59% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi, 48,41% l\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh khi sinh t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam v\u00e0o n\u0103m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 118,46 nam/100 n\u1eef. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n chi\u1ebfm 98,8%, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfm 1,2% (1.128.283 ng\u01b0\u1eddi). S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean 15 tu\u1ed5i m\u00f9 ch\u1eef t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011 l\u00e0 399.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1ea3m 1.439.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u tra n\u0103m 2000."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Hoa, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung Hoa v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o. H\u00e0 Nam c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 t\u00edn h\u1eefu Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ng\u1ea7m v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam. Ngo\u00e0i ra, H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c, chi\u1ebfm x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 1% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1edf c\u00e1c khu t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c H\u1ed3i Qu\u1ea3n Th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u, Tri\u1ec1n H\u00e0 t\u1ea1i L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 Thu\u1eadn H\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Khai Phong."}
+{"text": "To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam thu\u1ed9c khu kinh t\u1ebf Trung Nguy\u00ean (\u4e2d\u539f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u533a), m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ho\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2004-2008, t\u1ed5ng GDP c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 n\u0103m t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong v\u00f2ng 29 n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1979 \u0111\u1ebfn 2007, so s\u00e1nh theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ed5ng GDP c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng 92,43 l\u1ea7n. Theo gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 so s\u00e1nh, l\u1ea5y theo m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 trung b\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, GDP c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n 10,9\uff05 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c, H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u c\u00f3 h\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea cho n\u0103m 2011, t\u1ed5ng GDP c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 2.723,204 t\u1ec9 NDT, trong \u0111\u00f3, khu v\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 351,206 t\u1ec9 NDT, khu v\u1ef1c hai \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 1588,739 t\u1ec9 NDT, khu v\u1ef1c ba \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 783,259 t\u1ec9 NDT."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 71.792.000 ha, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft B\u1eafc Kinh-Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 nam, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec5m m\u1eb7n \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc. H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, b\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00faa m\u00ec, thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, v\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 k\u00ea cao l\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch, ng\u00f4, khoai lang, l\u00faa g\u1ea1o, thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eadu. L\u00faa m\u00ec c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c, l\u00faa g\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch nh\u1ecf song t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam n\u00f3 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n l\u00faa m\u00ec. N\u0103m 2007, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 104,9 t\u1ec9 c\u00e2n, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c 8 n\u0103m li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng song H\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1i \u0103n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong t\u1ec9nh, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t 20 t\u1ec9 c\u00e2n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c sang c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y \u0103n qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i. H\u1ed3ng, t\u00e1o t\u00e2y, l\u00ea l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y \u0103n qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00f3c ch\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t d\u1ebb. \u1ede H\u00e0 Nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng nu\u00f4i c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 b\u00f2 v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 l\u1eeba. L\u1ee3n l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i gia s\u00fac quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, d\u00ea v\u00e0 c\u1eebu ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh tr\u1ed3ng d\u00e2u nu\u00f4i t\u1eb1m \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh, ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed3i sinh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5c Ng\u01b0u S\u01a1n, v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a quan tr\u1ecdng."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1949, \u1edf H\u00e0 Nam c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1950 tr\u1edf \u0111i th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean than \u0111\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc. Sau \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, luy\u1ec7n kim lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u, v\u00e0 d\u1ec7t l\u00e0m tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t. N\u0103m 2011, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u1ea1t 1440,170 t\u1ec9 NDT, t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa hai ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng l\u00e0 30,6:69,4. M\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0nh nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0: s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n phi kim, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, gia c\u00f4ng luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1n kim m\u00e0u, khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n than \u0111\u00e1, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cung \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n-nhi\u1ec7t, gia c\u00f4ng luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1n kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111en, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng, d\u1ec7t."}
+{"text": "H\u00e0 Nam c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n phong ph\u00fa, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ebfn nay, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 126 lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 157 lo\u1ea1i \u00e1 kho\u00e1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh, bao h\u00e0m. \u0110\u00e3 x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a 73 lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 81 lo\u1ea1i \u00e1 kho\u00e1ng; v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 85 lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n c\u00f9ng 117 lo\u1ea1i \u00e1 kho\u00e1ng. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam, c\u00f3 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, 27 lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n kim lo\u1ea1i, 38 lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n phi kim. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, H\u00e0 Nam c\u00f3 t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc: molypden, kyanit, andalusit, trona, \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t illit, \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ph\u1ed1i li\u1ec7u xi m\u0103ng, perlit (\u0111\u00e1 tr\u00e2n ch\u00e2u), nephelin syenit. Tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf, than \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 kh\u00ed thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 8, th\u1ee9 10 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 11 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c giao nhau t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Nam. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2011, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u1eef kh\u00e1ch v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t 2,201 t\u1ef7 t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 1,842 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1eef kh\u00e1ch,t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 5196 km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c Kinh-C\u1ea3ng-\u00c1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c Li\u00ean-Ho\u1eafc ch\u1ea1y xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t d\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Kinh Qu\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft L\u0169ng H\u1ea3i. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, theo quy ho\u1ea1ch qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ebd c\u00f3 9 tuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 cao t\u1ed1c v\u00e0 9 tuy\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111i qua H\u00e0 Nam."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Nam kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. Hai tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft huy\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c Kinh-Qu\u1ea3ng-Th\u00e2m-C\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c T\u1eeb-Lan giao nhau t\u1ea1i Tr\u1ecbnh \u0110\u00f4ng t\u00e2n khu thu\u1ed9c Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u. C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Kinh-Qu\u1ea3ng, d\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft L\u0169ng H\u1ea3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft B\u1eafc-C\u1eedu, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Ti\u00eau-Li\u1ec5u, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Ninh-T\u00e2y. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n H\u00e0 Nam do c\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, ri\u00eang c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu \u1edf b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ec9nh S\u01b0\u01a1n, Th\u00e1p H\u00e0, Tr\u00fa M\u00e3 \u0110i\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft V\u0169 H\u00e1n. Ga Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u B\u1eafc l\u00e0 ga n\u1ed1i toa t\u00e0u h\u1ecfa v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2u \u00c1, c\u00f2n ga Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ga v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ga Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ga trung t\u00e2m t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n (gi\u1ea3n th\u1ec3: \u6c49\u671d; ph\u1ed3n th\u1ec3: \u6f22\u671d; H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t: H\u00e1n tri\u1ec1u; b\u00ednh \u00e2m: H\u00e0n ch\u00e1o; Wade\u2013Giles: Han Ch'au; 206 TCN \u2013 220) l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n (221 TCN - 207 TCN), v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i b\u1edfi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Tam Qu\u1ed1c (220-280). Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1edfi L\u01b0u Bang, m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn sau khi qua \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 H\u00e1n Cao T\u1ed5 (\u6f22\u9ad8\u7956). Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1edfi V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3ng, m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i th\u00edch nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp m\u00ecnh l\u00ean l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00e0 T\u00e2n (9 - 23). Sau \u0111\u00f3, ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n L\u01b0u T\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi H\u00e1n Quang V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf (\u6f22\u5149\u6b66\u5e1d)."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 sau Lo\u1ea1n b\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ea3y ra d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi H\u00e1n C\u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ebf L\u01b0u Kh\u1ea3i. N\u0103m 200 TCN, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia du m\u1ee5c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u00e0 Hung N\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n. Sau khi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n v\u1edbi vua Hung N\u00f4. V\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu thua k\u00e9m Hung N\u00f4. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hung N\u00f4 v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda B\u1eafc nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf L\u01b0u Tri\u1ec7t, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Hung N\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m n\u1ed9p c\u1ed1ng cho nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3o Tarim, Trung \u00c1. Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1edbi t\u1eadn khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a. Nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n chia Hung N\u00f4 th\u00e0nh hai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau, Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Hung N\u00f4 qua s\u00f4ng Y L\u00ea. Tuy \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n v\u1eabn g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u00ean Ti."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y t\u1edbi t\u1eadn m\u00e9p l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Tarim (Khu t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Duy Ng\u00f4 Nh\u0129 T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y nay), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ngang Trung \u00c1. Nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a\" v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u1edf b\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 b\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean (V\u1ec7 M\u00e3n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean) \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 TCN. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ngo\u1ea1i vi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng phi H\u00e1n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh H\u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \"h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u\" l\u1ee3i \u00edch song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u phi H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn nhau \u1edf t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trao \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Ba th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Sa Kh\u00e2u, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u0169 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1eafng v\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 Qu\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m 900 binh s\u0129 b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111i \u0111\u1ed3n th\u00fa \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Hung N\u00f4, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady li\u00ean t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 206 TrCN. L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady l\u00e0 H\u1ea1ng V\u0169, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chia n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh 19 n\u01b0\u1edbc phong ki\u1ebfn theo \u00fd th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp theo di\u1ec5n ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 trong 5 n\u0103m (206-202 TCN), g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi H\u00e1n S\u1edf tranh h\u00f9ng. L\u01b0u Bang l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \"H\u00e1n\" (l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi do H\u1ea1ng V\u0169 ph\u00e2n chia) ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m v\u00f9ng T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean, Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf; nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi theo c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eeb ch\u1eef H\u00e1n Trung (\u6f22\u4e2d) \u2014 ph\u00eda nam Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u00f9ng bao quanh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e1n Trung. S\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 206 TCN khi nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 202 TCN khi vua n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf l\u00e0 H\u1ea1ng V\u0169 t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb th\u1eddi l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c, nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c du m\u1ee5c ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Hung N\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1ed9p c\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 g\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa cho h\u1ecd. T\u1ea1i th\u1eddi n\u00e0y, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt, chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u1ea7n, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111e do\u1ea1 t\u1eeb d\u00e2n du m\u1ee5c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t s\u1edbm b\u00ean trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9p cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c du m\u1ee5c. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u1eef d\u00e2n h\u01b0u t\u1ee9c (\u8207\u6c11\u4f11\u606f) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh."}
+{"text": "H\u00e1n V\u0103n \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 thu\u1ebf kho\u00e1 v\u00e0 lao d\u1ecbch cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. N\u0103m 178 TCN, \u00f4ng ra chi\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u qu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf, gi\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m lao d\u1ecbch. N\u0103m 177 TCN, V\u0103n \u0110\u1ebf cho d\u00e2n T\u1ea5n D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf trong 3 n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 168 TCN, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i ra chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 thu n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 thu\u1ebf. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi H\u00e1n V\u0103n \u0111\u1ebf, s\u1ed1 thu\u1ebf thu l\u00e0 1/15 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu ho\u1ea1ch, t\u1edbi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 thu 1/30 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n. Nh\u1edd ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng b\u1ed9i thu n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m v\u01a1i ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1. Sang n\u0103m 167 TCN, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh cho d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb thu\u1ebf ru\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 n\u0103m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u00edt c\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thu\u1ebf th\u00e2n, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng cho gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 120 ti\u1ec1n xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 40 ti\u1ec1n. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c lao d\u1ecbch, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed7i n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i 1 l\u1ea7n, \u00f4ng ban chi\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 3 n\u0103m 1 l\u1ea7n. M\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 thi\u00ean tai, \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ra l\u1ec7nh cho ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng, l\u1ea1i xo\u00e1 l\u1ec7nh b\u1ecf c\u1ea5m n\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1edf c\u1eeda nh\u1eefng n\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qua l\u1ea1i h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft trong \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ebfm \u0103n qua th\u1eddi m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n h\u1ea1 chi\u1ebfu c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u qu\u1eadn c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 tr\u00e2n d\u1ecb v\u1eadt. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111ang \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c kinh t\u1ebf; t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u1eadt t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, H\u00e1n V\u0103n \u0111\u1ebf chi d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb vua ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "L\u00fac n\u00e0y \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t, x\u01b0ng b\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Nam Vi\u1ec7t V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf (\u5357\u8d8a\u6b66\u5e1d). Th\u1eddi H\u00e1n Cao h\u1eadu c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb, tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n c\u1eed binh \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh lu\u00f4n l\u00ean qu\u1eadn Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi H\u00e1n V\u0103n \u0110\u1ebf, \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo v\u1edbi Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0. Bi\u1ebft m\u1ed3 m\u1ea3 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u1edf Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1ecbnh, \u00f4ng sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00f4ng coi m\u1ed3 m\u1ea3 cho t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m 4 l\u1ea7n t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3, l\u1ea1i phong quan t\u01b0\u1edbc cho ch\u00fa b\u00e1c, anh em Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0. Nh\u00e2n L\u1ee5c Gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng \u0111i s\u1ee9 Nam Vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi H\u00e1n Cao T\u1ed5, \u00f4ng sai L\u1ee5c Gi\u1ea3 \u0111i s\u1ee9 Nam Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 d\u1ea7n c\u1ea3m ph\u1ee5c H\u00e1n V\u0103n \u0110\u1ebf, l\u1ea1i x\u01b0ng th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean b\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ec1u Th\u1ed1 t\u1eebng ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chia n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00f4 c\u1ee7a L\u01b0u T\u1ef5 - con L\u01b0u Tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 anh c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n Cao T\u1ed5, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 anh h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n V\u0103n \u0110\u1ebf, ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n C\u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, C\u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ebf ng\u1ea1i th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00f4 \u0111ang m\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd g\u00e2y xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00ean ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Ng\u00f4 v\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u01b0u T\u1ef5 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc l\u00e3o th\u1ea7n, c\u00e0ng t\u1ecf ra ki\u00eau c\u0103ng h\u1ed1ng h\u00e1ch, b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0o ch\u1ea7u thi\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 20 n\u0103m. N\u0103m 154 TCN, Ti\u1ec1u Th\u1ed1 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i phu, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft b\u1edbt \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c, theo \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edbt qu\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng H\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a S\u1edf v\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edbt qu\u1eadn D\u1ef1 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 qu\u1eadn C\u1ed1i K\u00ea c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 v\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ef5, t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edbt qu\u1eadn Th\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 6 huy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Giao T\u00e2y v\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n 7 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Trong tri\u1ec1u, Ti\u1ec1u Th\u1ed1 v\u00e0 Vi\u00ean \u00c1ng b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a. Vi\u00ean \u00c1ng khuy\u00ean H\u00e1n C\u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ebf n\u00ean b\u1eaft gi\u1ebft Ti\u1ec1u Th\u1ed1 th\u00ec qu\u00e2n ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u s\u1ebd lui, v\u00ec ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh Ti\u1ec1u Th\u1ed1. H\u00e1n C\u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ebf trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nguy c\u1ea5p, v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 nghe theo Vi\u00ean \u00c1ng, b\u00e8n sai tri\u1ec7u ki\u1ebfn Ti\u1ec1u Th\u1ed1 r\u1ed3i b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u00e9m ngang l\u01b0ng \u1edf ch\u1ee3 \u0110\u00f4ng. C\u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ebf sai Vi\u00ean \u00c1ng l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e3nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111i b\u00e1o v\u1edbi Ng\u00f4 v\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft Ti\u1ec1u Th\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai cho ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u00f4 v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 S\u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang v\u00e2y \u0111\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u00f4 v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng lui binh m\u00e0 b\u1eaft lu\u00f4n Vi\u00ean \u00c1ng, \u00e9p ph\u1ea3i theo m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n. Vi\u00ean \u00c1ng t\u00ecm c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng C\u00f4ng T\u00f4n H\u1ea1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt vu c\u1ed5 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c, c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 C\u00f4ng T\u00f4n H\u1ea1 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. Ngo\u00e0i ra nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd L\u01b0u c\u0169ng b\u1ecb li\u00ean l\u1ee5y, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0 \u1ea4p c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a V\u1ec7 Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu. H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf sau \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, giao vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y cho s\u1ee7ng th\u1ea7n Giang Sung v\u00e0 \u00c1n \u0110\u1ea1o h\u1ea7u H\u00e0n Thuy\u1ebft, v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 Giang Sung n\u00f3i c\u00f3 c\u1ed5 kh\u00ed \u1edf trong cung. Giang Sung v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec1m kh\u00edch v\u1edbi th\u00e1i t\u1eed L\u01b0u C\u1ee9, con c\u1ee7a V\u1ec7 ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu, b\u00e8n mu\u1ed1n nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Th\u00e1i t\u1eed."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 74 TCN, H\u00e1n Chi\u00eau \u0110\u1ebf qua \u0111\u1eddi sau 13 n\u0103m cai tr\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con n\u1ed1i d\u00f5i. Ho\u1eafc Quang l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf, con trai X\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea4p Ai v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 L\u01b0u H\u1ea1 l\u00ean k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng L\u01b0u H\u1ea1 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o, khi v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An l\u00e0m vua \u0111\u00e3 mang theo 200 th\u1ee7 h\u1ea1, \u0111\u1ebfn khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i l\u1ea1i \u0103n ch\u01a1i sa \u0111\u1ecda, l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng lo vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh, quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cung n\u1eef c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n Chi\u00eau \u0110\u1ebf, l\u1ea5y xe c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Quang ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu cho n\u00f4 t\u1ef3 d\u00f9ng, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc trong tri\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n. Ch\u1ec9 trong 27 ng\u00e0y, L\u01b0u H\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 1127 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea5u. Ho\u1eafc Quang th\u1ea5y v\u1eady mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ebf \u0111i, b\u00e8n d\u00e2ng th\u01b0 l\u00ean Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Quang ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 39, \u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfu l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn, huy\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt, h\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1n. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. \u00d4ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng thu\u1ef7 l\u1ee3i t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i e ng\u1ea1i th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m truy s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu. Tuy Quang V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf c\u00f3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m sai tr\u00e1i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng k\u00edch th\u00edch n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tham gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n non tr\u1ebb l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf sau nh\u1eefng n\u0103m n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 thi\u00ean tai ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u1edf v\u00f9ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3ng. Quang V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 thi h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf t\u1eeb 1/10 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ed1ng 1/30 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi H\u00e1n V\u0103n \u0110\u1ebf v\u00e0 H\u00e1n C\u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ebf, ph\u1ee5c vi\u00ean binh l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c cho khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i, kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ed1 l\u00ednh \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng,... nh\u1edd v\u1eady t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ea3n c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea c\u0169. C\u00e1c quan li\u00eau ph\u00fa h\u00e0o c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng khai b\u00e1o trung th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1n thu\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Quang V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p mua b\u00e1n ru\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang ri\u00eang. Quang V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c gian tr\u00e1, h\u01a1n 10 quan vi\u00ean cao c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. Tuy nhi\u00ean do kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c thi tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00ean v\u1ec1 sau t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 57 khi Quang V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf qua \u0111\u1eddi, m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 21 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "H\u00e1n Quang V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, gi\u1ea3m quan, b\u1edbt ch\u1ee9c, b\u00e3i b\u1ecf qu\u00e2n v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng cho v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt ch\u1ee9c qu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f4 u\u00fd, t\u0103ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho th\u00e1i th\u00fa. H\u00e1n Quang V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf thu g\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb huy\u1ec7n, \u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i 1/4 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady s\u1ed1 quan l\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 1/10 th\u1eddi T\u00e2y H\u00e1n. Binh l\u00ednh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn, huy\u1ec7n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n b\u1edbt v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1edbt kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n \u0103n theo; c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean \u1ea3i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec3n th\u00eam qu\u00e2n. Do b\u1edbt quan ch\u1ee9c, g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng chi ph\u00ed c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m, v\u00ec v\u1eady thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u0169ng b\u1edbt \u0111i."}
+{"text": "\u00d4ng t\u00e1i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng cho con ch\u00e1u (V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c) v\u00e0 phong h\u1ea7u cho c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n (H\u1ea7u qu\u1ed1c), chia l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tri\u1ec7u Khu\u00f4ng D\u1eabn, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf khai qu\u1ed1c nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong h\u1ea7u trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5t l\u00e0 125 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 365 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n, H\u00e1n Quang V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf ban th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng lao r\u1ea5t h\u1eadu nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh tranh ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa thi\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi T\u00e2y H\u00e1n."}
+{"text": "Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 45, Hung N\u00f4 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n ch\u00e2u ch\u1ea5u, s\u00fac v\u1eadt ch\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u, d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3i. N\u01b0\u1edbc chia l\u00e0m hai: B\u1eafc s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Nam l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c H\u00e1n; Quang V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf m\u01b0u m\u00f4 g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean. Nh\u1eb1m c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Nam Hung N\u00f4 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n cho \u0111\u1eb7t \u0110\u1ed9 Li\u00eau T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3n l\u0169y \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Ng\u0169 Nguy\u00ean, Mang B\u00e1 (\u0111\u00f4ng nam c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1t L\u1ea1p \u0110\u1eb7c K\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i M\u00f4ng). Qua \u0111\u1eddi sau H\u00e1n Minh \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0m tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Nam Hung N\u00f4, r\u1ed3i sai \u0110\u1eadu C\u1ed1 (\u7ac7\u56fa) \u0111\u00e1nh B\u1eafc Hung N\u00f4, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 73, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1eadu C\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Hung N\u00f4. N\u0103m 88, Xa k\u1ef5 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1eadu Hi\u1ebfn (\u7ac7\u61b2) \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh Hung N\u00f4, B\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n vu b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n, h\u01a1n 2 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng. Qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eb3ng l\u00ean n\u00fai Y\u1ebfn Nhi\u00ean (n\u00fai H\u00e0ng \u00c1i, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5) l\u1eadp bia \u0111\u00e1 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m 90, qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i Y Ng\u00f4 L\u01b0, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Nam Hung n\u00f4 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn K\u00ea L\u1ed9c T\u00e1n (t\u00e2y H\u00e0ng C\u1ea9m H\u1eadu K\u1ef3, M\u00f4ng c\u1ed5) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Hung N\u00f4. N\u0103m 91, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1eadu Hi\u1ebfn d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n bao v\u00e2y B\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n vu c\u1ee7a Hung N\u00f4 t\u1ea1i n\u00fai Kim Huy (Antai), m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hung n\u00f4 b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y sang \u00d4 T\u00f4n, B\u1eafc Hung n\u00f4 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eddi b\u1ecf Cao nguy\u00ean M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i d\u1eddi sang ph\u00eda t\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 97, con trai Ban Si\u00eau l\u00e0 Ban D\u0169ng g\u1eedi S\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n Cam Anh \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110i\u1ec1u Chi b\u00ean v\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc An T\u1ee9c (Ba T\u01b0) n\u00f3i: \" Bi\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, g\u1eb7p gi\u00f3 xu\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i 3 th\u00e1ng m\u1edbi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1ebfu gi\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 2 n\u0103m. Cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee7 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c 3 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh nh\u1edb qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng cho n\u00ean lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n\". Nghe l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3, Cam Anh kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00e0nh quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 166, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 88, H\u00e1n H\u00f2a \u0110\u1ebf L\u01b0u Tri\u1ec7u k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, \u0110\u1eadu ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1eadu th\u00e1i h\u1eadu, n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. \u0110\u1eadu Hi\u1ebfn (\u7ac7\u61b2), anh trai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eadu th\u00e1i h\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Xa k\u1ef5 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n (\u8eca\u9a0e\u5c07\u8ecd), sau chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh B\u1eafc Hung N\u00f4 l\u1eebng l\u1eaby, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n (\u5927\u5c07\u8ecd). N\u0103m 91, \u00f4ng truy k\u00edch B\u1eafc Hung N\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eafng, quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, uy danh l\u1eebng l\u1eaby. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n H\u00f2a \u0110\u1ebf, uy danh v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh, khi m\u00e0 Th\u00e1i Lu\u00e2n ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra gi\u1ea5y, t\u1ea1o b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi cho v\u0103n h\u00f3a; Ban C\u1ed1 vi\u1ebft H\u00e1n Th\u01b0, \u0110\u1eadu Hi\u1ebfn ra tay d\u1eb9p Hung N\u00f4. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1eadu Hi\u1ebfn sau chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec tr\u1edf n\u00ean ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0110\u1eadu Th\u00e1i h\u1eadu m\u00e0 ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c, t\u1ecf ra coi th\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00f2a \u0110\u1ebf, khi\u1ebfn H\u00f2a \u0110\u1ebf \u0111em l\u00f2ng gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf, m\u01b0u tr\u1eeb \u0110\u1eadu Hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i th\u00edch h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu. N\u0103m 92, H\u00e1n H\u00f2a \u0110\u1ebf ra tay d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf ngo\u1ea1i th\u00edch h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu, gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u0110\u1eadu Hi\u1ebfn, giam l\u1ecfng \u0110\u1eadu Th\u00e1i h\u1eadu. Do \u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1n quan Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00fang (\u912d\u773e) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1eadu Hi\u1ebfn, n\u00ean ban th\u01b0\u1edfng \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng th\u00e2n t\u00edn. H\u1ecda ho\u1ea1n quan khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n t\u00e0n vong v\u1ec1 sau b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "Trong cung, \u00f4ng s\u1ee7ng \u00e1i Qu\u00fd nh\u00e2n \u0110\u1eb7ng Tuy v\u00e0 l\u1eadp b\u00e0 l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu, v\u00ec qu\u00e1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau b\u00e0, \u00f4ng cho b\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u1eb7ng ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, hi\u1ec3u l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a, kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1eadu ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m 105, H\u00e1n H\u00f2a \u0110\u1ebf qua \u0111\u1eddi, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed L\u01b0u Long (\u5289\u9686) k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c H\u00e1n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ebf, \u0110\u1eb7ng ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu l\u00ean l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh, l\u1ea1i tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eb7ng (\u9127), phong cho anh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7ng Ch\u1ea5t (\u9127\u9a2d) l\u00e0m Xa K\u1ef5 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n (\u8eca\u9a0e\u5c07\u8ecd). H\u00e1n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebft khi c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e1i h\u1eadu l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp L\u01b0u H\u1ed7 - con c\u1ee7a Thanh H\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfu v\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u01b0u Kh\u00e1nh (\u5289\u6176), con tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e0 anh ru\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n H\u00f2a \u0110\u1ebf \u2013 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi 12 tu\u1ed5i l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 H\u00e1n An \u0110\u1ebf. \u0110\u1eb7ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, tuy nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c th\u00e2u t\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tr\u1ebb H\u00e1n An \u0110\u1ebf, khi\u1ebfn cho sau n\u00e0y An \u0110\u1ebf ra tay d\u1eb9p tr\u1eeb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eb7ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t h\u1eadu."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 125, H\u00e1n An \u0110\u1ebf L\u01b0u H\u1ed7 b\u0103ng h\u00e0, B\u1eafc H\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ea7u L\u01b0u \u00dd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Di\u00eam (\u95bb) c\u1ee7a An T\u01b0 Di\u00eam ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng 7 th\u00e1ng sau th\u00ec \u1ed1m ch\u1ebft. Di\u00eam Th\u00e1i h\u1eadu d\u00f9ng binh bi\u1ebfn, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n T\u00f4n Tr\u00ecnh (\u5b6b\u7a0b) mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed L\u01b0u B\u1ea3o k\u1ebf v\u1ecb. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Di\u00eam th\u00e1i h\u1eadu v\u00e0 phe c\u00e1nh h\u1ecd Di\u00eam \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i. L\u01b0u B\u1ea3o m\u1edbi 11 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 H\u00e1n Thu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ebf. Cho d\u00f9 H\u00e1n Thu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi trong vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n tham nh\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 132, Thu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ebf l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 Thu\u1eadn Li\u1ec7t L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd L\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u6881) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tham gia tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh. H\u1ecd L\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb L\u01b0\u01a1ng Nhi\u1ec5u, l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i th\u00fa qu\u1eadn T\u1eedu Tuy\u1ec1n th\u1eddi V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3ng, c\u00f9ng \u0110\u1eadu Dung c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t H\u00e0 T\u00e2y, sau v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng Quang V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong h\u1ea7u, k\u1ebft th\u00f4ng gia v\u1edbi Quang V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf. N\u0103m 135, Th\u00e0nh Th\u1ea1ch h\u1ea7u L\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, cha Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0 m\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh. Tuy nhi\u00ean L\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c, nhi\u1ec1u khi nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m (136 -138) t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam, nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang n\u1ed5 ra t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 139, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u00e3i trong su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi Thu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ebf, Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh hao t\u1ed5n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e2n ph\u00ed v\u00e0 binh l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p. N\u0103m 141, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n do M\u00e3 Hi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 c\u00e1c vua tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2y H\u00e1n. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t Kinh Ch\u00e2u (H\u1ed3 Nam, H\u1ed3 B\u1eafc, Nam H\u00e0 Nam) v\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e2u (Giang T\u00e2y, Chi\u1ebft Giang, Trung v\u00e0 Nam Giang T\u00f4, An Huy), t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng y\u00ean \u1ed5n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "H\u00e1n Xung \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0m vua ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian th\u00ec ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u. L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c cho ph\u00e1t tang, b\u1ed1 c\u00e1o to\u00e0n thi\u00ean h\u1ea1. B\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp ch\u00e1u 4 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0 Thanh H\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u01b0u To\u00e1n (\u5289\u849c) c\u00f9ng L\u01b0u To\u1ea3n (\u5289\u7e98), con c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc H\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u01b0u H\u1ed3ng (\u5289\u9d3b) v\u1ec1 L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n xin l\u1eadp L\u01b0u To\u00e1n v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch nh\u01b0ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng K\u00fd l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp L\u01b0u To\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu l\u1eadp L\u01b0u To\u1ea3n m\u1edbi 8 tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c H\u00e1n Ch\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ebf. L\u01b0\u01a1ng K\u00fd th\u00f4ng qua L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu n\u1eafm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh trong tri\u1ec1u."}
+{"text": "H\u00e1n Ch\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ebf L\u01b0u To\u1ea3n tu\u1ed5i tuy c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng minh. Bi\u1ebft L\u01b0\u01a1ng K\u00fd l\u1ea5y th\u00e2n th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i th\u00edch m\u00e0 l\u00ean ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n, chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n n\u01a1i tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh, l\u1ea5n \u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf v\u00e0o trong m\u1eaft, v\u00ec th\u1ebf L\u01b0u To\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u1edbi L\u01b0\u01a1ng K\u00fd. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u, L\u01b0\u01a1ng K\u00fd m\u00faa may lo\u1ea1n x\u1ea1, L\u01b0u To\u1ea3n b\u00e8n n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u Th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ngang ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \u0111o\u1ea3n m\u1ec7nh. L\u01b0\u01a1ng K\u00fd sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0o trong th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 H\u00e1n Ch\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba 9 tu\u1ed5i."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 159, L\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1i h\u1eadu ch\u1ebft, phe c\u00e1nh h\u1ecd L\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u01a1ng K\u00fd b\u1ecb H\u00e1n Ho\u00e0n \u0110\u1ebf di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n b\u1ecb sung c\u00f4ng, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang nghe tin \u0111\u1ec1u vui m\u1eebng. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ho\u1ea1n quan sau khi Ho\u00e0n \u0110\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed quy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n L\u01b0\u01a1ng K\u00fd. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1n quan g\u1ed3m \u0110\u01a1n Si\u00eau (\u55ae\u8d85), T\u1eeb Ho\u00e0ng (\u5f90\u749c), C\u1ee5 Vi\u00ean (\u5177\u7457), T\u1ea3 Qu\u00e1n (\u5de6\u60ba), \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00e0nh (\u5510\u8861) do c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t L\u01b0\u01a1ng K\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf phong h\u1ea7u trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ng\u0169 h\u1ea7u (\u4e94\u4faf). \u0110\u01a1n Si\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong T\u00e2n phong h\u1ea7u, ban th\u1ef1c \u1ea5p 2 v\u1ea1n h\u1ed9; T\u1eeb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong V\u0169 nguy\u00ean h\u1ea7u, ban th\u1ef1c \u1ea5p 1,5 v\u1ea1n h\u1ed9; C\u1ee5 Vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong \u0110\u00f4ng V\u0169 d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u, ban th\u1ef1c \u1ea5p 1,5 v\u1ea1n h\u1ed9; T\u1ea3 Qu\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e1i h\u1ea7u, ban th\u1ef1c \u1ea5p 1,3 v\u1ea1n h\u1ed9; \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong Nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u, ban th\u1ef1c \u1ea5p 1,3 v\u1ea1n h\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 168, H\u00e1n Ho\u00e0n \u0110\u1ebf qua \u0111\u1eddi, Ho\u00e0n T\u01b0 \u0110\u1eadu ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00ean l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh. B\u00e0 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb 12 tu\u1ed5i \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n t\u00ean l\u00e0 L\u01b0u Ho\u1eb1ng con c\u1ee7a Gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ea7u L\u01b0u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00fat c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ebf. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1eadu V\u0169 (\u7ac7\u6b66) \u0111\u00f3n L\u01b0u Ho\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o cung l\u1eadp l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c H\u00e1n Linh \u0110\u1ebf. Trong th\u1eddi H\u00e1n Linh \u0110\u1ebf m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa ho\u1ea1n quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c theo Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. Ph\u00e1i Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb l\u00e2u v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1n quan, coi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1n quan v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o. V\u1ecb ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng khoan dung kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 sai con m\u00ecnh \u0111i gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ti\u00ean tri \u0111\u00f3. Con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1n quan, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1n quan \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1ecb quan cai tr\u1ecb v\u1eabn h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh con v\u1ecb ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1n quan bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i v\u1ecb quan cai tr\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u00e2m m\u01b0u v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1n quan c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Linh \u0110\u1ebf, ra l\u1ec7nh b\u1eaft gi\u1eef c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean d\u00e1m bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u00e1m t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u1ea5n nguy\u1ec7n l\u00ean ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. V\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng, h\u1ecd gi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean trong ng\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tranh ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n d\u1ea7n suy vong. \u1ede m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia coi Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 quy t\u1eafc \u1ee9ng x\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong tay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed. Gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p l\u00fd b\u1edfi thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00f3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy \u0111\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a, c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt. V\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Chinh ph\u1ea1t li\u00ean mi\u00ean (\u0111\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc, d\u1eb9p kh\u1edfi lo\u1ea1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc\u2026) khi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n ph\u00ed t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt (m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tri\u1ec1u An \u0111\u1ebf, qu\u00e2n ph\u00ed l\u00ean t\u1edbi 70 tri\u1ec7u quan), do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i gia t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf v\u1ee5, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1ecb b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng h\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "Ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u00d0\u00f4ng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, trong v\u00f2ng 10 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. D\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3ng qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng C\u00e2n c\u00f2n \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u, qu\u00e2n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh qua cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u0169ng b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00fap c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. T\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \u1ea5y khi\u1ebfn cho Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m l\u00e0 mau ch\u00f3ng khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n cho c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 s\u1eed, cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 d\u1eb9p lo\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c Ch\u00e2u m\u1ee5c (\u5dde\u7267). Ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 n\u0103m 188. C\u00e1c ch\u00e2u m\u1ee5c mau ch\u00f3ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n l\u1edbn, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u1ea7n h\u00f9ng c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 manh nha xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 189, H\u00e1n Linh \u0110\u1ebf qua \u0111\u1eddi, con trai c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu l\u00e0 L\u01b0u Bi\u1ec7n l\u00ean k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c H\u00e1n Thi\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n H\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn (\u4f55\u9032) n\u1eafm trong tay th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i th\u00edch, c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1n quan trong Th\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecb (\u5341\u5e38\u4f8d) l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng (\u5f35\u8b93). H\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n d\u1eb9p tr\u1eeb th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1n quan, \u0111\u00e3 nghe theo l\u1eddi Vi\u00ean Thi\u1ec7u (\u8881\u7d39), l\u1ec7nh cho Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed T\u00e2y L\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5ng Tr\u00e1c (\u8463\u5353) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1i binh T\u00e2y L\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0110\u1ed5ng Tr\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn trong cung b\u1ecb c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1n quan gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, sau Vi\u00ean Thi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 h\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o cung gi\u1ebft h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1n quan. \u0110\u1ed5ng Tr\u00e1c v\u00e0o kinh \u0111\u00f4, mau ch\u00f3ng n\u1eafm h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n, \u0111u\u1ed5i Vi\u00ean Thi\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y ra kh\u1ecfi L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng v\u00e0o cung ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t H\u00e1n Thi\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ebf L\u01b0u Bi\u1ec7n, gi\u00e1ng l\u00e0m Ho\u1eb1ng N\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u5f18\u8fb2\u738b), l\u1eadp Tr\u1ea7n L\u01b0u v\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u01b0u Hi\u1ec7p (\u5289\u5354) k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c H\u00e1n Hi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ebf. N\u0103m 192, \u0110\u1ed5ng Tr\u00e1c b\u1ecb L\u1eef B\u1ed1 (\u5415\u5e03) gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n b\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e1n b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c: T\u00e0o Th\u00e1o (\u66f9\u64cd) \u1edf Duy\u1ec7n Ch\u00e2u; Vi\u00ean Thi\u1ec7u \u1edf H\u00e0 B\u1eafc; Vi\u00ean Thu\u1eadt (\u8881\u8853) \u1edf Ho\u00e0i Nam; T\u00f4n S\u00e1ch (\u5b59\u7b56) \u1edf Giang \u0110\u00f4ng; L\u01b0u Bi\u1ec3u (\u5b6b\u7b56) \u1edf Kinh Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 L\u01b0u Y\u00ean (\u5289\u7109) \u1edf \u00cdch Ch\u00e2u. C\u00e1c s\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng binh \u0111ao chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nhau, ri\u00eang T\u00e0o Th\u00e1o n\u1ed5i l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n trong tri\u1ec1u, r\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00e1n Hi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ebf v\u1ec1 H\u1ee9a X\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y, v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh Hi\u1ec7p thi\u00ean t\u1eed d\u0129 l\u1ec7nh ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u (\u633e\u5929\u5b50\u4ee5\u4ee4\u8af8\u4faf), k\u00e8m ch\u1eb7t Thi\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u thu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c. V\u1edbi l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, T\u00e0o Th\u00e1o d\u1ea7n ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c phe c\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf, sau tr\u1eadn Quan \u0110\u1ed9 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Vi\u00ean Thi\u1ec7u, T\u00e0o Th\u00e1o c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Trung Nguy\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Khi Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n suy y\u1ebfu, L\u01b0u B\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Gia C\u00e1t L\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Sau tr\u1eadn X\u00edch B\u00edch n\u0103m 208, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kinh Ch\u00e2u r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00cdch Ch\u00e2u, Ba Th\u1ee5c v\u00e0 H\u00e1n Trung. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, L\u01b0u B\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf kh\u00e1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. N\u0103m 220, sau khi T\u00e0o Phi tru\u1ea5t ng\u00f4i H\u00e1n Hi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ebf, L\u01b0u B\u1ecb ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ee5c-H\u00e1n v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, do L\u01b0u B\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u Ho\u00e0ng gia. L\u01b0u B\u1ecb m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 223, v\u00e0 con l\u00e0 L\u01b0u Thi\u1ec7n n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i t\u1ee9c Th\u1ee5c H\u00e1n h\u1eadu ch\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf c\u00f2n giao cho \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng M\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng Ng\u0169 x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh \"T\u00e2y nam Di \u0111\u1ea1o\". V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt canh t\u00e1c trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf V\u00e2n Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e0y b\u1eeba b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thau c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i gia s\u00fac, nh\u01b0 tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2, ng\u1ef1a, c\u1eebu, d\u00ea, l\u1ee3n v\u00e0 ch\u00f3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1i. H\u1ecd sinh s\u1ed1ng theo b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n b\u1ecb l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 130 TCN, H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf xu\u1ed1ng l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh qu\u1eadn c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn B\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o (An bi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2y nam th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nghi t\u00e2n, T\u1ee9 xuy\u00ean) l\u00e0m qu\u1eadn l\u1ef5 r\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u0129 2 qu\u1eadn Ba Th\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb B\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng T\u01b0\u1eddng Kha. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u1ee5c l\u00e0 T\u01b0 M\u00e3 T\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1i d\u00e2ng th\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i C\u00f9ng (v\u00f9ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 T\u00e2y X\u01b0\u01a1ng, T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean), Tr\u00e1ch (v\u00f9ng huy\u1ec7n Di\u00eam Nguy\u00ean, T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean) thu\u1ed9c T\u00e2y Di. T\u01b0 M\u00e3 T\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf c\u1eed l\u00e0m Trung lang t\u01b0\u1edbng. T\u01b0 M\u00e3 T\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u01b0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd cho nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5y huy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 1 \u0111\u00f4 \u00fay tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ee5c qu\u1eadn."}
+{"text": "M\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u Vua Thi\u1ec7n Thi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9, trong khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Hung N\u00f4 c\u0169ng t\u1edbi, vua Thi\u1ec7n Thi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, l\u01a1 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n H\u00e1n. Ban Si\u00eau c\u1ea3 gan d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt v\u00e0o hang c\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft c\u1ecdp con, n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam sai m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00fap sau nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Hung N\u00f4, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7m tr\u1ed1ng; c\u00f2n 26 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa, n\u00fap \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0, r\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1t nh\u00e0. \u0110\u00eam \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1n d\u00f4ng, l\u1eeda b\u1ed1c cao, b\u1ecdn m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00eda sau \u0111\u1eadp tr\u1ed1ng vang tr\u1eddi, ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Hung N\u00f4 ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t, ch\u1ea1y ra ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebft ch\u00e1y. Vua Thi\u1ec7n Thi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y v\u1eady, v\u1ed9i th\u1ec1 k\u1ebft th\u00e2n v\u1edbi H\u00e1n. Ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n ngo\u1ea1i giao n\u00e0o d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt k\u00ec d\u1ecb nh\u01b0 v\u1eady."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 107, T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i. Qu\u00e2n t\u01b0 m\u00e3 Ban D\u0169ng v\u00e0 Ban H\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ec7nh Nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 binh s\u0129 tr\u00fa \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Hung N\u00f4 t\u1ea1i n\u00fai Antai n\u1ed5i d\u1eady chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh Y Ng\u00f4, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u00f9ng H\u00e0 T\u00e2y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9. \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e1i h\u1eadu \u0111ang ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh li\u1ec1n tri\u1ec7u ki\u1ebfn Ban D\u0169ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. N\u0103m 123, Ban D\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf Li\u1ec5u Trung (t\u00e2y nam huy\u1ec7n Thi\u1ec7n Thi\u1ec7n). Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee7 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7. Ban D\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea9y lui t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Hung N\u00f4, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c. Ban D\u0169ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Tuy nhi\u00ean so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u00e2y H\u00e1n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh b\u1eb1ng. Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c n\u1eefa, ph\u1ee7 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf ph\u00e1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u00ean V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110i\u1ec1n tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng \u0110i\u1ec1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ef7 c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y v\u1ea1n binh s\u0129 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc l\u00e0 Lao Th\u00e2m, M\u1ea1c My \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu quy ph\u1ee5c. N\u0103m 109 TCN, V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n Ba Th\u1ee5c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t Lao Th\u00e2m, M\u1ea1c My xua qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110i\u1ec1n. \u0110i\u1ec1n v\u01b0\u01a1ng xin \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n giao quy\u1ec1n cho t\u01b0\u1edbng Qu\u00e1ch X\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1eadn \u00cdch ch\u00e2u v\u1edbi 24 huy\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c. N\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n \u0110i\u1ec1n Tr\u00ec (ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 T\u1ea5n Ninh). V\u1ec1 sau l\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u00f4n Minh s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0o qu\u1eadn \u00cdch ch\u00e2u."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb Nh\u1ea5t nam (duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i mi\u1ec1n trung Vi\u1ec7t Nam), Ch\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e1i, T\u1eeb V\u0103n (t\u00e2y nam huy\u1ec7n T\u1eeb V\u0103n, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng), H\u1ee3p Ph\u1ed1 (H\u1ee3p Ph\u1ed1, B\u1eafc H\u1ea3i, Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y) \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n 5 th\u00e1ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4 Nguy\u00ean; l\u1ea1i \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n 4 th\u00e1ng n\u1eefa s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4p L\u01b0 M\u1ed9t; l\u1ea1i \u0111i th\u00eam ngo\u00e0i 20 ng\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ea7m Ly; n\u1ebfu \u0111i b\u1ed9 th\u00ec h\u01a1n 10 ng\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Cam \u0110\u00f4 L\u01b0. T\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Cam \u0110\u00f4 L\u01b0 \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n 2 th\u00e1ng s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p n\u01b0\u1edbc Ho\u00e0ng Chi; phong t\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf ch\u00e2u Nhai (\u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea3o H\u1ea3i nam). T\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc Ho\u00e0ng Chi \u0111i th\u00eam 8 th\u00e1ng s\u1ebd t\u1edbi B\u00ec T\u00f4n, n\u1ebfu \u0111i 2 th\u00e1ng n\u1eefa s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1ea5t Nam, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m. ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng Chi c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u00ecnh B\u1ea5t. S\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec d\u1eebng."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 TCN, khu v\u1ef1c trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a V\u00e2n Nam, xung quanh C\u00f4n Minh ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1n. M\u1ed9t vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf l\u00e0 Trang Giao hay Trang Ki\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, l\u1eadp ra n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110i\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \"vua n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110i\u1ec1n\". \u00d4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u1edbi V\u00e2n Nam \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n, s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u00f3a. N\u0103m 221 TCN, T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam. C\u00e1c ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc V\u00e2n Nam. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng \u0111ang c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n Kh\u00fac T\u0129nh ng\u00e0y nay, \u1edf mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng V\u00e2n Nam - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Ng\u0169 x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o\" (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng 5 th\u01b0\u1edbc). N\u0103m 109 TCN, H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf giao quy\u1ec1n cho t\u01b0\u1edbng Qu\u00e1ch X\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn V\u00e2n Nam \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp qu\u1eadn \u00cdch Ch\u00e2u v\u1edbi 24 huy\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c. N\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n \u0110i\u1ec1n Tr\u00ec (ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 T\u1ea5n Ninh). M\u1ed9t huy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"V\u00e2n Nam\", c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf c\u00f2n giao cho \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng M\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng Ng\u0169 x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh \"T\u00e2y nam Di \u0111\u1ea1o\". V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt canh t\u00e1c trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf V\u00e2n Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e0y b\u1eeba b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thau c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i gia s\u00fac, nh\u01b0 tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2, ng\u1ef1a, c\u1eebu, d\u00ea, l\u1ee3n v\u00e0 ch\u00f3."}
+{"text": "M\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 100, h\u01a1n 2.000 d\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3n, \u0111\u1ed1t th\u00e0nh, gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan qu\u00e2n cai tr\u1ecb. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 H\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i huy \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1eb9p, gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n m\u1edbi t\u1ea1m y\u00ean. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u1ee9c hi\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o d\u00e2n c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, do m\u1ed9t binh tr\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ee9 c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n sau n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, quan qu\u00e2n nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t ch\u1ea9n cho d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o, mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf hai n\u0103m v.v."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 138, Gi\u1ea3 X\u01b0\u01a1ng, quan th\u1ecb ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111i s\u1ee9 ph\u00eda nam, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan th\u00e1i th\u00fa trong qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam gom qu\u00e2n d\u1eb9p nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u1edf huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m. Sau g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng bao v\u00e2y h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 n\u0103m tr\u1eddi. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n m\u1ea5t tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf \u0111\u00e1m quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tin d\u00f9ng quan qu\u00e2n t\u1eeb Trung Hoa \u0111\u01b0a xu\u1ed1ng. N\u0103m sau H\u00e1n Thu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ebf sai t\u01b0\u1edbng C\u1ed5 X\u01b0\u01a1ng huy \u0111\u1ed9ng 40.000 qu\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u Kinh, ch\u00e2u D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00e2u Duy\u00ean, ch\u00e2u D\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady. C\u1ed5 X\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i, nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n sai m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 L\u00fd C\u1ed1 mang vi\u1ec7n binh ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ee3 nh\u01b0ng L\u00fd C\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e3n binh. Cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 144, d\u00e2n qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam v\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb th\u1ee9 s\u1eed H\u1ea1 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 157, Chu \u0110\u1ea1t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean gi\u1ebft huy\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh C\u1ef1 Phong v\u00e0 th\u00e1i th\u00fa Ngh\u00ea Th\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n ch\u00fang hai qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt Nam g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i cho c\u00e1c quan qu\u00e2n cai tr\u1ecb. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4 \u00fay qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 Ng\u1ee5y L\u00e3ng, qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t, gi\u1ebft h\u01a1n 2.000 d\u00e2n C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, phe n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam chi\u1ebfm qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i. Trong ba n\u0103m, t\u1eeb 157 \u0111\u1ebfn 160, qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m (kho\u1ea3ng 20.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec1u huy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt Nam. V\u00e0i n\u0103m sau, n\u0103m 178, L\u01b0\u01a1ng Long c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb Giao Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ee3p Ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt Nam; n\u0103m 181 H\u00e1n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1eed L\u00e3 \u0110\u1ea1i mang qu\u00e2n sang \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 106, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Ng\u1ecdc M\u00f4n Quan (ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng, Cam T\u00fac) n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, xu\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m qu\u1eadn V\u0169 \u0110\u00f4. N\u0103m 107 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n xa l\u00eca qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00ean khi m\u1edbi ra \u0111i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ee7 nhau tr\u1ed1n v\u1ec1. Quan l\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh li\u1ec1n b\u1eaft b\u1edb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u0103m 110, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng l\u00ean n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, l\u1ea5y g\u1eady g\u1ed9c l\u00e0m v\u0169 kh\u00ed, l\u1ea5y v\u00e1n l\u00e0m khi\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 H\u00e1n. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 quan l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c d\u00e2n H\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111i, s\u1ee3 khi v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n li\u1ec1n d\u1ee1 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n H\u00e1n. B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 121, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u00ean Ti l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i tri\u1ec1u An \u0110\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i ch\u1ed1ng Hung N\u00f4, H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf b\u1ecf ng\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 h\u1eefu h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. Thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean thu nh\u1eadp c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb n\u00f3. Thu ho\u1ea1ch t\u1eeb m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u1ecb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng chi ph\u1ed1i n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sau khi b\u1ecb thi\u00ean tai l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng sung t\u00fac v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 con ch\u00e1u h\u1ecd trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Trung Qu\u1ed1c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0o giai c\u1ea5p m\u1edbi, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n t\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i \u00e1p th\u00eam thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 thu\u1ebf thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t, v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n chui v\u00e0o tay t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t hay ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u1ea3 cho ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu nh\u1eadp theo chu k\u1ef3 (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m), \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi n\u1ea1n c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u00e0o. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u00f9 ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e2n tay \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n vi\u1ec7c thanh to\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ec1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd sau khi thi\u00ean tai l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb th\u1eddi H\u00e1n c\u00f2n t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf l\u00ean g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng k\u00e9m s\u00fat v\u00ec h\u1ecd b\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1n thu\u1ebf; t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng quan l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n n\u00e0o c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai ra kh\u1ecfi tay c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi n\u1ed5i. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi \u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \"quay l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc\"."}
+{"text": "Alexandros III c\u1ee7a Macedonia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf, (ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p: \u039c\u03ad\u03b3\u03b1\u03c2 \u0391\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 Megas Alexandros, ti\u1ebfng Latinh: Alexander Magnus) (th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 356 TCN \u2013 11 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 323 TCN), l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 14 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Argead \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Macedonia (336 \u2013 323 TCN), nh\u01b0ng \u00edt d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 Macedonia. Trong su\u1ed1t Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian cho qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ea1t g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qua \u0111\u1eddi; v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gia qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Sau khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vua cha Philipos II, Alexandros chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ba T\u01b0, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, Syria, Phoenicia, Gaza, Ai C\u1eadp, Bactria v\u00e0 L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn xa t\u1eadn Punjab thu\u1ed9c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n Ba T\u01b0 trong tr\u1eadn Gaugamela - chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc vua Ba T\u01b0 Darius III - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n h\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i; kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scythia - m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfn b\u00e1ch th\u1eafng th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Alexandros th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p: \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Macedonia) v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Sau m\u01b0\u1eddi hai n\u0103m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e2u th\u1eafng \u0111\u00f3, vua Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf qua \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 do s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t, th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0n, hay vi\u00eam n\u00e3o do vir\u00fat. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t xa x\u00f4i, m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng c\u0169ng s\u1ed1ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng Hy L\u1ea1p. Ngay khi \u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sau khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t anh h\u00f9ng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Achilles (Asin) n\u0103m x\u01b0a. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ea1t xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Iskandar."}
+{"text": "Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a vua Philipos II c\u1ee7a Macedonia v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Olympias x\u1ee9 Ipiros. Th\u00f4ng qua v\u1ecb vua khai qu\u1ed1c Macedonia l\u00e0 Karanos, Alexandros l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a anh h\u00f9ng Heracles. B\u00ean h\u1ecd m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng, Alexandros l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Aeacides th\u00f4ng qua anh h\u00f9ng Neoptolemus. Th\u00f4ng qua m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng, Alexandros l\u00e0 anh h\u1ecd th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua - chi\u1ebfn binh l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Pyrros. Pyrros l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9 Ipiros, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Macedonia nh\u1edb t\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf x\u01b0a kia, v\u00e0 danh t\u01b0\u1edbng Hannibal \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u00f4ng th\u1ee9 hai trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c v\u1ecb danh t\u01b0\u1edbng ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 sau Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Alexandros. Trong ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf, Plutarchus ghi nh\u1eadn: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, vua cha Philippos II c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00fac c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u00f4 thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef Olympias (l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u1ea3 cha l\u1eabn m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi) tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf Samothracia, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m quen v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef: v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, Philippos II h\u1ecfi \u00fd anh trai c\u1ee7a Olympias l\u00e0 vua Arymbas v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi b\u00e0, v\u00e0 vua n\u00e0y ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. Trong \u0111\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01b0\u1edbi, Olympias n\u1eb1m m\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o t\u1eed cung c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 gieo r\u1eafc n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1ng l\u1eeda kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00f2n vua Philippos II th\u00ec chi\u00eam bao th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh ni\u00eam phong t\u1eed cung c\u1ee7a Olympias, v\u00e0 con d\u1ea5u ni\u00eam phong c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 in h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t con m\u00e3nh s\u01b0. Tuy c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri khuy\u00ean vua c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh qua gi\u1ea5c chi\u00eam bao n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng Aristander ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 Telmessus \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd: \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Olympias \u0111ang c\u00f3 thai v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 che gi\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 thai nhi c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng nam c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i m\u00e3nh s\u01b0."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh Plutarchus c\u00f3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 sau: Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ng\u1ee7 tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Olympias th\u00edch n\u1eb1m chung v\u1edbi r\u1eafn, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e0 vua gh\u1ebb l\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi b\u00e0. Do \u0111\u00f3, vua kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi b\u00e0, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc: ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 do vua s\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c hay b\u00f9a ph\u00e9p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 vua lo s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n linh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau Olympias, m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea7n m\u1eaft th\u1ecbt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0 th\u1ea7n. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i thu\u1eadt c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y theo m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c: r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t C\u1ed5 Hy L\u1ea1p th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Orpheus v\u00e0 t\u00ednh n\u00f3ng n\u1ea3y th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Bacchus, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Clodones v\u00e0 Mimallones (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hung d\u1eef, hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn), v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef x\u1ee9 Edonia v\u00e0 Thrace, sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai Aemus. V\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1eeb ng\u1eef threskeuin ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh qu\u00e1 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 th\u1ea7n) b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb h\u1ecd. Olympias ph\u1ea3i truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m ch\u01b0 th\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111anh \u0111\u00e1 thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec v\u1eady trong nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 c\u00fang t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n linh, b\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c man r\u1ee3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. B\u00e0 m\u00faa cho th\u1ea7n Bacchus xem c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con r\u1eafn xung quanh m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t s\u1ee3."}
+{"text": "N\u00f3i chung, sau khi c\u00f3 chi\u00eam bao, vua Philippos II sai Chaero ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 Megalopolis) \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4i \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Apollo t\u1ea1i Delphi, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi \u00fd th\u1ea7n linh xem gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a vua b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra? Philippos II \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng th\u1ea7n Zeus chu \u0111\u00e1o, h\u01a1n h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t con m\u1eaft khi \u0111i chinh chi\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 v\u1edbi con m\u1eaft n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn tr\u1ed9m qua bu\u1ed3ng ng\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3, th\u1ea5y th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1ed1t lo\u00e0i r\u1eafn m\u00e0 ng\u1ee7 chung v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, theo nh\u01b0 Eratosthenes, sau n\u00e0y khi Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chinh ph\u1ea1t \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, Olympias \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eed t\u1ebf t\u1eeb bi\u1ec7t con m\u00ecnh, sau khi b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u1edbi \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a ai? B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00fang t\u1ebf v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i \u00f4ng th\u1eadt x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u1ea5y. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Olympias b\u00e1c b\u1ecf huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, b\u00e0 n\u00f3i:"}
+{"text": "L\u1ea1i n\u00f3i, Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Alexandros sinh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u trong th\u00e1ng s\u00e1u (t\u1ee9c th\u00e1ng Hecatombaeon theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c th\u00e1ng Lous theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Macedonia th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3). \u0110\u00fang ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 Alexandros \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Artemis \u1edf Ephesus b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y r\u1ee5i. Hegesias ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 Magnesius c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn ch\u00e1y kinh ho\u00e0ng n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 l\u1eddi than v\u00e3n c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau ca c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n n\u1eef Artemis th\u1eadt qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y. Theo Plutarchus, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1 g\u00ec n\u1ebfu Artemis \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y l\u00e0 do b\u00e0 \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i coi s\u00f3c v\u1ecb vua t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1o s\u0129, nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng: n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t h\u1ecd h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y quanh, r\u1ed3i ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ephesus v\u00e0o k\u00eau ca r\u1eb1ng, tr\u1eadn ch\u00e1y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1m b\u00e1o trong ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00f4 bi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ch\u00e2u \u00c1 sau n\u00e0y. \u00cdt l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, Philippos II chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Potidae, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ba tin vui \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng: tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, danh t\u01b0\u1edbng Parmenion \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 tan t\u00e1c qu\u00e2n Illyria, th\u1ee9 hai, con ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f2ng nguy\u1ec7t qu\u1ebf trong k\u1ef3 Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i Olymp\u00eda l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Olympias \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 sinh m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng nam t\u00ean l\u00e0 Alexandros. Ni\u1ec1m s\u01b0\u1edbng vui c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng, do Alexandros \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 sinh gi\u1eefa ba chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, v\u1ecb vua t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e2u th\u1eafng \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "V\u00f3c d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Alexandros \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t qua nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng do Lyssipus t\u1ea1c, theo Plutarchus, Lyssipus l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1c ch\u00e2n dung v\u1ecb vua v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Alexandros m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 vua ch\u00faa k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c lu\u00f4n mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb \u00f4ng: c\u00e1i c\u1ed5 h\u01a1i nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 b\u00ean tr\u00e1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u1ec1 sau. H\u1ecda s\u0129 Apelles sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebd tranh Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf n\u1eafm gi\u1eef s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n Zeus, tuy kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0n da c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 th\u1eadt t\u1ed1i, ng\u0103m \u0111en. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i Alexandros r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p trai v\u00e0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi ph\u1ea7n da h\u1ed3ng s\u1eabm nh\u1ea1t \u1edf xung quat ng\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, theo \"H\u1ed3i k\u00fd\" c\u1ee7a Aristoxienus, mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a Alexandros c\u00f3 v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o, trong khi l\u00e0n da c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m ng\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ng\u1ea5m v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi y ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Alexandros. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ef1 t\u1ecfa h\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do t\u00ednh kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng n\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a Alexandros, theo l\u1eddi b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Plutarchus."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba T\u01b0 ph\u00e1i s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn Ho\u00e0ng gia Macedonia, gi\u1eefa l\u00fac vua cha Philippos II \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111i chinh chi\u1ebfn \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng xa n\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Alexandros vui v\u1ebb ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n ph\u00e1i s\u1ee9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd n\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u00ec s\u1ef1 nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi mang t\u00ednh con n\u00edt, kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 linh tinh. Trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Alexandros khao kh\u00e1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 vinh quang, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00fa vui v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. Alexandros khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c khi nghe v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a vua cha Philippos II, ch\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t gia t\u00e0i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng th\u00eam m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng vui v\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00e0ng chinh ph\u1ee5c gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ecf nh\u00e9 d\u1ea7n. Alexandros th\u01b0\u1eddng than phi\u1ec1n v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e0 n\u00e0y th\u00ec m\u1ed9t khi ch\u00e0ng l\u00ean n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i vua, tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi chinh chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Alexandros lu\u00f4n c\u01b0\u1ee1i con th\u1ea7n m\u00e3 y\u00eau qu\u00fd Bucephalus. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Alexandros thu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 ngay t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ea9u chuy\u1ec3n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t Alexandros, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng ngay t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Theo tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Plutarchus, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 Thessaly l\u00e0 Philoneicus \u0111\u00e3 mang con th\u1ea7n m\u00e3 d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1n cho vua Philippos II, v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 13 \u0111\u1ed3ng talent. Nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n trong Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay nhau ra s\u1ee9c thu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c con th\u1ea7n m\u00e3. Con th\u1ea7n m\u00e3 th\u1eadt qu\u00e1 hung d\u1eef v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1: n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ai c\u01b0\u1ee1i l\u00ean l\u01b0ng n\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 c\u1ee7a Philippos II m\u00e0 to\u00e0n l\u00e0 h\u1ea5t h\u1ecd ra. Nh\u00e0 vua t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, b\u00e8n \u0111em tr\u1ea3 con ng\u1ef1a t\u00e1o t\u1ee3n n\u00e0y v\u00ec n\u00f3 th\u1eadt qu\u00e1 hoang d\u00e3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng Alexandros khi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3, li\u1ec1n n\u00f3i:"}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Philippos II v\u1eabn im l\u1eb7ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd. Nh\u01b0ng do Alexandros v\u1eabn than v\u00e3n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3, vua cha m\u1edbi ph\u00e1n con: \" Ho\u00e0ng nhi c\u1ee9 ch\u00ea bai nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n con c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 con bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ecd v\u1eady\". Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Alexandros tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \"\u00cdt ra th\u00ec con c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft thu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c con ng\u1ef1a n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd!\" Vua cha l\u1ea1i h\u1ecfi: \"V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu Ho\u00e0ng nhi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thu ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, th\u00ec con ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 cho c\u00e1i t\u00ednh b\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng\" c\u1ee7a con. Alexandros kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i g\u00ec:"}
+{"text": "Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1 l\u00ean. Alexandros \u0111\u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u00e0ng ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn con th\u1ea7n m\u00e3. Ch\u00e0ng n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y d\u00e2y c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 d\u1eaft con ng\u1ef1a \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi; r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng con th\u1ea7n m\u00e3 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u00e0ng d\u1eaft con ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi r\u1ed3i d\u1eaft n\u00f3 \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y. M\u1ed7i khi con ng\u1ef1a t\u1ecf v\u1ebb hung h\u0103ng hay gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, ch\u00e0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u1ebd vu\u1ed1t ve n\u00f3. B\u1ea5t th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh, Alexandros nh\u1ea3y l\u00ean l\u01b0ng con th\u1ea7n m\u00e3 r\u1ed3i nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft gi\u1eadt d\u00e2y c\u01b0\u01a1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ebb hung d\u1eef bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. R\u1ed3i ch\u00e0ng ra l\u1ec7nh cho con Bucephalus phi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u xem Alexandros l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha, ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 13 tu\u1ed5i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 theo h\u1ecdc Aristotle, m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p. Aristotle \u0111\u00e3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n Alexandros v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 thu\u1eadt h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu ta trong khoa h\u1ecdc, y khoa v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Aristotle \u0111\u01b0a cho Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Alexandros m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n s\u1eed thi Iliad c\u1ee7a Homer, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Theo 10 \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Alexandros r\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi theo s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng Achilles th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00e0nh Troia."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 16 tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u theo cha m\u00ecnh \u0111i chinh chi\u1ebfn, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c b\u1ed1 tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng. Khi Philipos l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Byzantium n\u0103m 340 TCN, Alexandros \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Macedonia. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 339 TCN, Philipos l\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, Cleopatra Eurydice x\u1ee9 Macedonia. V\u00ec m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Alexandros, Olympias, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb Epirus (m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Macedonia), v\u00e0 Cleopatra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Macedonia ch\u00ednh g\u1ed1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Alexandros. Attalus, ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 d\u00e2u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u00e2ng ly trong ti\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fac cho l\u1ec5 th\u00e0nh h\u00f4n s\u1ebd s\u1ea3n sinh ra m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Macedonia; Alexandros h\u1ea5t c\u1ed1c r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0o Attalus n\u1ea1t l\u1edbn:"}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec vua cha Philipos gi\u1ea3ng h\u00f2a v\u1edbi con trai, v\u00e0 Alexandros quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0; Olympias v\u00e0 em g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn \u1edf l\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 Epirus. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 338 TCN, tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng con th\u1ea7n m\u00e3 Bucephalus, Alexandros gi\u00fap vua cha trong tr\u1eadn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh Tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh Chaeronea ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hy L\u1ea1p t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Athena v\u00e0 Thebes, c\u00e1nh do \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ef5 binh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi Alexandros \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9i th\u1ea7n binh Thebes - m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh nhu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i. Sau tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh, Philipos t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0103n m\u1eebng tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd l\u00e0 Alexandros kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111ang ch\u0103m s\u00f3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh v\u00e0 ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t li\u1ec7t s\u0129, c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Macedonia v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9). Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m Philipos y\u00eau qu\u00fd con trai \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u00f4ng th\u00edch nghe c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh g\u1ecdi Philipos l\u00e0 v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f2n Alexandros m\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Philipos b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Thebes \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Boeotia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa trong th\u00e0nh. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau, \u0111\u1ec3 gia c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Macedonia \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hy L\u1ea1p t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Corinth \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 336 TCN, Philipos b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a con g\u00e1i \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Cleopatra c\u1ee7a Macedonia v\u1edbi vua Alexandros I c\u1ee7a Epirus. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, k\u1ebb \u00e1m s\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee7ng th\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua - m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c tr\u1ebb b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n Pausanias, \u00f4ng ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f9 o\u00e1n vua Philippos II v\u00ec nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi than phi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t Philippos \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a Alexandros hay Olympias. M\u1ed9t k\u1ebb c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 m\u01b0u l\u00e0 Darius III - t\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0 khi \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Plutarch \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef t\u1eeb Alexandros g\u1eedi Darius, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1eeba cho Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Darius III v\u00e0 quan T\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Bagoas, cho c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vua cha, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh Darius l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kho\u00e1c l\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u00e1m s\u00e1t Philippos nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Philippos, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i suy t\u00f4n Alexandros, l\u00fac n\u00e0y 20 tu\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 vua m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Macedonia. Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n sau khi vua cha qua \u0111\u1eddi, t\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng Alexandros \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Macedonia. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hy L\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 Athena v\u00e0 Thebes, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i quy ph\u1ee5c Philippos, th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb t\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Macedonia t\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c man r\u1ee3 l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n Macedonia. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean suy ngh\u0129 x\u00e2u xa g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh chinh ph\u1ea1t Ba T\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ti\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng Philippos II trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i n\u0103m t\u1edbi.."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 vua quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf qua b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ti\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh hay m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ti\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i li\u00ean minh hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 v\u00ec \u00edt l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ea5t, ti\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng Philippos II \u0111\u00e3 sai t\u01b0\u1edbng Parmenion k\u00e9o 5000 qu\u00e2n tinh nhu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng Hellespont (Dardanelles) m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh Ba T\u01b0. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 vua ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 Thebes, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng khi \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u1eeda th\u00e0nh. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Hy L\u1ea1p t\u1ea1i Eo Corinth, v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 Sparta, b\u1ea7u \u00f4ng l\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Ba T\u01b0, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee9c danh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong t\u1eb7ng cho cha \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, (335 TCN), Alexandros c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 do ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh Thracia v\u00e0 Illyria \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u00f4ng Danube nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Macedonia. Trong khi \u00f4ng \u0111ang chinh ph\u1ea1t ph\u00eda b\u1eafc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thebes v\u00e0 Athena l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i d\u1eady m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Alexandros ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u00e0 trong khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa do d\u1ef1, Thebes l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 c\u1eadt l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch; cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1u \u0111\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thebes ch\u1ecbu s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn th\u00ea th\u1ea3m h\u01a1n khi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t tr\u1ee5i v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u1ecb chia ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Boeotian kh\u00e1c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecb b\u00e1n th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, ch\u1ec9 ch\u1eeba l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y tu, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Macedonia v\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Pindar - nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn. K\u1ebft c\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Thebes l\u00e0m Athena s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn y\u00eau s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Alexandros cho l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a phe c\u00e1nh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Macedonia, Demosthenes l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4n h\u00f2a sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Alexandros \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Athena l\u00e0 do l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o d\u00e0nh cho Thebes hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1t m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Alexandros lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1eed t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thebes n\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t m\u00e0 ch\u00e0ng g\u1eb7p."}
+{"text": "Sau khi c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1edf Hy L\u1ea1p, \u00f4ng li\u1ec1n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c lo vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chinh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0 Achaemenes m\u00e0 ti\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ec3 qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean phong ph\u00fa \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 hai nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ea1t v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Semiramis c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Assyria v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Cyrus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0 Achaemenes, v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chinh ph\u1ea1t ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Achaemenes c\u1ee7a Ba T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 suy y\u1ebfu, n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng tranh ch\u1ea5p li\u00ean mi\u00ean. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb vua cha m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn tranh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Macedonia d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec s\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng. \u00d4ng nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p ch\u1ed1ng Macedonia sang h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m h\u00f2a d\u1ecbu cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hy L\u1ea1p."}
+{"text": "M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 334 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf Alexandros III th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh xua \u0111\u1ea1i binh \u0111i \u0111\u00f4ng chinh. Qu\u00e2n tinh nhu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua eo bi\u1ec3n Hellespont v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 42 ngh\u00ecn binh s\u0129 - ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Macedonia v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p, \u0111a ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ph\u00eda nam Hy L\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thracia, Paionia v\u00e0 Illyria. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n khi \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n c\u1ea7m l\u00e1i chi\u1ebfc k\u1ef3 h\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n Poseidon., \u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00e9n v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ef1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang th\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n. Khi chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n b\u00ean kia, Alexandros m\u00ecnh m\u1eb7c v\u00f5 ph\u1ee5c, b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean..Ch\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 70 talent v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho binh l\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee7 cho 30 ng\u00e0y. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Alexandros c\u00f2n n\u1ee3 200 talent v\u00e0ng n\u00ean ch\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u00eau b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec ch\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o binh l\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n chu c\u1ea5p cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecfi ch\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i g\u00ec cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, Alexandros tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:\"Ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Ta\". Vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u1eadn l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3i:\"C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh c\u1ee7a B\u1ec7 H\u1ea1 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng \u1ea5y\"."}
+{"text": "Sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Granicus, Alexandros ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 t\u1ec9nh Ba T\u01b0 v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Sardis v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn xu\u1ed1ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Ionia. T\u1ea1i Halicarnassus, Alexandros \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c bao v\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea Memnon x\u1ee9 Rhodes v\u00e0 c\u00e1c satrap (th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c) Ba T\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Caria, Orontobates, ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat lui b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n. Alexandros trao Caria cho Ada, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng l\u00e0 n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng x\u1ee9 Caria tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm ng\u00f4i b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi em trai l\u00e0 Pixodarus. T\u1eeb Halicarnassus, Alexandros ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Lycia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Pamphylia, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ven bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 cho k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. T\u1eeb Pamphylia tr\u1edf \u0111i, b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0o v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 Alexandros di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o trong l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. T\u1ea1i Termessus, Alexandros khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Pisidia. T\u1ea1i kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Phrygia c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Gordium, Alexandros \"th\u00e1o\" n\u00fat th\u1eaft Gordian Knot, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u1edd cho v\u1ecb \"Vua c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c1\" trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t, Alexandros n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u00fat th\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u1eaft n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng thanh g\u01b0\u01a1m. M\u1ed9t d\u1ecb b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng g\u01b0\u01a1m, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch m\u1edf n\u00fat."}
+{"text": "M\u1ecdi th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Alexandros kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, Alexanrdros s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Macedonia s\u1ebd tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Philip \u1edf x\u1ee9 Acarnania d\u00e1m m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh cho Alexandros. Alexandros nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 t\u1eeb Parmenio, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i, \u00f4ng ta nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Darius \u0111\u1ec3 thay thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c. Alexandros \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e1 th\u01b0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 xu\u1ed1ng g\u1ed1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho ai bi\u1ebft. Khi Philip mang ch\u00e9n \u0111\u1ebfn, Alexandros l\u1ea5y b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 ra \u0111\u01b0a cho \u00f4ng ta. Trong khi Philip \u0111\u1ecdc, Alexandros m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi u\u1ed1ng c\u1ea1n ch\u00e9n thu\u1ed1c. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y sau, Alexandros \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh Ba T\u01b0 c\u1eafm tr\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u01a1i h\u1ecd t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a K\u1ecb binh. Nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n tr\u00f4i qua m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y Alexandros, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe sau tr\u1eadn \u1ed1m, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng binh n\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ea7y t\u00f4i xu n\u1ecbnh vua Darius r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m giao tranh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf Darius n\u00ean d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Issus \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00fat ch\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Alexandros. Darius d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Issus \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac Alexandros ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o Syria \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p nhau. Khi Alexandros bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n Ba T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f2ng ph\u00eda sau ch\u00e0ng ch\u00e0ng quay l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u00fac qu\u00e2n nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn Issus."}
+{"text": "Vua Darius v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 r\u00fat qu\u00e2n ra kh\u1ecfi Issus khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh g\u1ed3 gh\u1ec1 khi\u1ebfn k\u1ecb binh tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta b\u1ecb chia t\u00e1ch, c\u00f2n qu\u00e2n Hy L\u1ea1p gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Darius tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i b\u1eaby c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh th\u00ec Alexandros \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i. Alexandros t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 huy c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t c\u00e1nh tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Ba T\u01b0. Trong tr\u1eadn n\u00e0y qu\u00e2n Ba t\u01b0 m\u1ea5t t\u1edbi 11 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f2n Darius th\u00e1o ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh trong ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 Stateira I, hai con g\u00e1i, m\u1eb9 gi\u00e0, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Sisygambis, m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tha th\u1ee9 Darius \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf r\u01a1i con g\u00e1i b\u00e0. B\u00e0 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf Darius, v\u00e0 Alexandros \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Darius III l\u00e0 Stateira II. Ti\u1ebfn xu\u1ed1ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, \u00f4ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00fdros v\u00e0 Gaza sau nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn v\u00e2y h\u00e3m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng (xem V\u00e2y h\u00e3m T\u00fdros). Alexandros \u0111i ngang qua g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gh\u00e9 v\u00e0o Jerusalem. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kia, Alexandros b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u0169 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng l\u00e0 Lysimachos kh\u00f4ng theo k\u1ecbp. \u0110\u00eam \u0111\u1ebfn, Alexandros th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf nguy hi\u1ec3m. Khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qu\u00e1 xa \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i l\u1ea1nh. Ch\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u00e0i l\u1eeda tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1ng l\u1eeda g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft 2 t\u00ean l\u00ednh r\u1ed3i mang l\u1eeda v\u1ec1 cho c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Alexandros: lu\u00f4n c\u1ed5 v\u0169 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn binh b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi hi\u1ec3m nguy."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 332 TCN \u2013 331 TCN, Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u1edf x\u1ee9 Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a Zeus b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tu s\u1ef9 Ai C\u1eadp th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Ammon t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n \u1edf \u1ed0c \u0111\u1ea3o Siwa trong sa m\u1ea1c \u1edf Libya. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau, Alexandros nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n Zeus-Ammon nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 cha th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u00f4ng v\u1edbi s\u1eebng c\u1eebu nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho ni\u1ec1m tin ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Alexandria \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp, sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kinh \u0111\u00f4 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Ptolemy sau khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi. Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Darius III kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: c\u00f3 hung tin b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u \u0111ang n\u1eb1m trong r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n, do vua x\u1ee9 Sparta Agis III \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t li\u00ean qu\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng Macedonia v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh tan n\u00e1t qu\u00e2n Macedonia c\u1ee7a quan T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00f9ng Peloponnesus l\u00e0 Corrhagus. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, H\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng Antipatros h\u00e0nh binh v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Megalopolis v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y sau m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn c\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t: 3.500 chi\u1ebfn binh Macedonia ph\u1ea3i ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh thi th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a 5.300 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 Agis III. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y tuy di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n Ba T\u01b0 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn n\u1eefa. Khi tin chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn tai \u00f4ng, Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng vui m\u1eebng g\u00ec v\u00ec \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt:"}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 non n\u1edbt v\u00e0 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u01b0u m\u1eb9o kh\u00f4n ngoan. N\u1ebfu Darius thua tr\u1eadn n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa ban ng\u00e0y, tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng do \u00f4ng ta ch\u1ecdn, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa cho s\u1ef1 thua k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf Issus. Khi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng \u00f4ng ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 n\u1eefa. Chi\u1ebfn tranh s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac, d\u00f9 Darius c\u00f3 th\u1eeba ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do Alexandros cho c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1ng h\u00f4m sau. Khi \u0111i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh, Alexandros c\u01b0\u1ee1i m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a kh\u00e1c v\u00ec con Bucephalus l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0. Nh\u01b0ng khi tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ef1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u00e0ng l\u1ea1i leo l\u00ean con Bucephalus v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, Alexandros di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thessaly v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd h\u00e9t vang tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u00e0ng. R\u1ed3i Alexandros tay tr\u00e1i c\u1ea7m lao, c\u00f2n tay ph\u1ea3i gi\u01a1 cao c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Ngay l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con chim \u01b0ng bay qua \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda k\u1ebb th\u00f9. Ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1m b\u00e1o n\u00e0y l\u00e0m b\u1eebng l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh Macedonia. C\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ecb binh phi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh phalanx. Darius bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i chi\u1ebfn xa c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 Alexandros \u0111u\u1ed5i theo \u00f4ng ta xa \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Arbela. Trong khi Darius ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng n\u00fai v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Ecbatana (nay l\u00e0 Hamadan), Alexandros ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh Babylon. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "Trong l\u00fac vua Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf \u0111ang chinh chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0, Zopyrion l\u00ean n\u1eafm ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 x\u1ee9 Thrace. Zopyrion huy \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n tinh nhu\u1ec7, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m 3 v\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn binh, \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scythia. Zopyrion nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ra tay l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng trong khi \u0110\u1ee9c Vua ph\u1ea3i l\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn ngo\u00e0i xa tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng cho v\u00e2y h\u00e3m Olbia nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 do th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft x\u1ea5u, c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh Macedonia b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn c\u00f2n Zopyrion th\u00ec hy sinh. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, t\u1eeb Babylon, Alexandros \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Susa, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Achaemenes, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia Ba T\u01b0. G\u1eedi \u0111i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn Persepolis, kinh \u0111\u00f4 Ba T\u01b0, b\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Ho\u00e0ng gia, Alexandros \u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u1ed5ng Ba T\u01b0 (Persian Gate) (v\u00f9ng nay l\u00e0 D\u00e3y n\u00fai Zagros), sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o Persepolis tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1. Nh\u00e0 vua truy\u1ec1n l\u1ec7nh cho \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 kinh th\u00e0nh Persepolis. M\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda l\u1edbn b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y \u1edf cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Xerxes I v\u00e0 lan \u0111i kh\u1eafp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Theo l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Cleitarchus, Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh cho \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y Persepolis do b\u1ecb c\u00f4 k\u1ef9 n\u1eef xinh \u0111\u1eb9p Thais ng\u01b0\u1eddi Athena. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u1eddi sau c\u0169ng tin v\u00e0o c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. Cu\u1ed1n S\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Arda Wiraz, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m H\u1ecfa gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III hay IV, c\u0169ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng \"t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Avesta v\u00e0 Zand, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m da b\u00f2 \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c, v\u1edbi m\u1ef1c m\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng\" \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thi\u00eau h\u1ee7y; nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 Avesta ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Magia."}
+{"text": "Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 Hy L\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn h\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea7m v\u00e0 nh\u1ef1a th\u01a1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1eb7ng Leonidas, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a Alexandros. L\u00fd do c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t l\u00e0 khi Alexandros c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf, Leonidas \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u00ean Alexandros \u0111\u1eebng d\u00f9ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c gia v\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y trong l\u1ec5 t\u1ebf c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n: \" Khi n\u00e0o con chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c gia v\u1ecb n\u00e0y, con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1eebng l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u\". Alexandros g\u1eedi k\u00e8m m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh gi\u1ea5y vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng:\" Ch\u00fang con g\u1eedi th\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea7m v\u00e0 nh\u1ef1a th\u01a1m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i d\u00e8 s\u1ebbn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n n\u1eefa\"."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Alexandros l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng Th\u00e1i h\u1eadu Olympias th\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o Alexandros \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu \u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c h\u1ecd c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, c\u00f2n Alexandros s\u1ebd ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 suy y\u1ebfu v\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng n\u00e0y. Alexandros g\u1eedi bi\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0m theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho Olympias t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, c\u00f2n Alexandros v\u1eabn ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Khi Antipatros, quan T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Macedonia, vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 d\u00e0i cho Alexandros ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 Olympias, Alexandros n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8:"}
+{"text": "Alexandros \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t lo ng\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c binh l\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1eddi luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn binh n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1p s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i hay m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a hay. Alexandros th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng \u0111i s\u0103n s\u01b0 t\u1eed ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0n h\u1ea1. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn binh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o v\u00ec gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecd m\u1ecfi m\u1ec7t n\u00ean h\u1ecd n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u v\u1ecb vua c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u, Alexandros r\u1ea5t ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0m vua ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f9 \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 b\u1ecb ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 330 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, nh\u00e0 vua vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Cyrus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf. \u00d4ng lu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m v\u1ecb vua k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Cyrus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf n\u0103m x\u01b0a. R\u1ed3i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i truy t\u00ecm Darius. Sau khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua 400 d\u1eb7m trong 11 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, Alexandros v\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng g\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft kh\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n do th\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Macedonia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00edt t\u00fai n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1 xa v\u00e0 mang cho Alexandros m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u0169 \u0111\u1ea7y n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 mi\u1ec7ng kh\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c s\u1eafp ngh\u1eb9t th\u1edf, Alexandros c\u0169ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 n\u00f3i:"}
+{"text": ". Khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh th\u00fac ng\u1ef1a l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e9t l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n Alexandros d\u1eabn d\u1eaft h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u1ea5t k\u00ec kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0o. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111u\u1ed5i theo v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Darius III, \u00f4ng ta sau b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a quan T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c x\u1ee9 Bactria l\u00e0 Bessus - m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, Alexandros c\u1edfi \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafp cho Darius v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh than kh\u00f3c cho c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Quan T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c Bessus sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n phong m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Artaxerxes V - vua k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Darius III - v\u00e0 r\u00fat lui v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh du k\u00edch \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1i vua Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf. V\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darius, Alexandros tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 qu\u00e2n Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh kh\u00e1c trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ed3ng minh (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n th\u00ec t\u00e1i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea trong Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Macedonia c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng)."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ba n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Alexandros ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Darius v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c satrap (th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Sogdiana, Spitamenes, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Media, Parthia, Aria, Drangiana, Arachosia, Bactria v\u00e0 Scythia. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Herat v\u00e0 Maracanda. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1edbi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Alexandria, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Kandahar ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf Afghanistan, v\u00e0 Alexandria Eschate (\"Xa nh\u1ea5t\") \u1edf v\u00f9ng nay l\u00e0 Tajikistan. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 329 TCN, Spitamenes l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n Bessus (kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 Spitamenes gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 g\u00ec \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Sogdiana?). Spitamenes n\u1ed9p Bessus cho Ptolemaios, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a vua Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf, v\u00e0 Bessus b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft.. Alexandros cho qu\u00e2n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Parthia. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Alexandros kho\u00e1c nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 r\u1ed3i tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Hy v\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u00f4ng s\u1ebd l\u00f4i k\u00e9o h\u1ecd theo m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean trang ph\u1ee5c n\u00e0y khi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i h\u1ecd c\u0169ng chi\u1ec1u theo t\u00ednh l\u1eadp d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m."}
+{"text": "Hephaetion l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c Alexandros s\u1ed1ng theo phong t\u1ee5c xa l\u1ea1 n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1eaft tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Alexandros. C\u00f2n Crateros, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c, v\u1eabn g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Macedonia. Alexandros d\u00f9ng Hephaetion \u0111\u1ec3 giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng Crateros giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p. \u00d4ng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hephaetion, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \" b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Alexandros\" v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Crateros, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \" c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua\". Nh\u01b0ng hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n c\u00e3i c\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, khi \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng ba qu\u00e2n \u0111ang chinh chi\u1ebfn b\u00ean s\u00f4ng Jaxartes, Spitamenes l\u00e0m lo\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i Sogdiana. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scythia tinh nhu\u1ec7, nh\u00e0 vua th\u00e2n chinh \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scythia trong tr\u1eadn Jaxartes v\u00e0o n\u0103m 329 TCN. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scythia tan v\u1ee1, th\u00e1o ch\u1ea1y, b\u00e3i chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n c\u00e1i th\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scythia, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh t\u00e0i ba Satraces. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 vua trao tr\u1ea3 t\u00f9 binh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng oanh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ngay c\u1ea3 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Darius I c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scythia \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 513 TCN. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scythia v\u1ed1n x\u01b0a nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfn b\u00e1ch th\u1eafng, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u00ea ch\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Macedonia. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Cyrus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng x\u1ee9 Macedonia v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf Alexandros III cho ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c Ba T\u01b0 trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c proskynesis, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f4n tay t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba T\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cao h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng phong t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p cho l\u00e0 c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf Alexandros III t\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 y\u00eau qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb vua tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i. N\u01a1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 m\u01b0u s\u00e1t \u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb b\u1ea1i l\u1ed9, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean S\u0129 quan Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Macedonia, Philotas, b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed v\u00ec t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1o l\u00ean \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi. L\u00e3o t\u01b0\u1edbng Parmenion, cha c\u1ee7a Philotas, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea1i Ecbatana, b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf Alexandros III, do nh\u00e0 vua s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng Parmenion c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 cho con trai. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c x\u1eed \u00e1n kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i \"ph\u1ea3n ngh\u1ecbch\" theo sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Macedonia b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. Sau \u0111\u00f3, trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn c\u00e3i nhau l\u00fac say r\u01b0\u1ee3u t\u1ea1i Maracanda, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Granicus, Clitus \u0110en. Sau \u0111\u00f3 trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Trung \u00c1, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 m\u01b0u s\u00e1t Alexandros th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 s\u1eed gia ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Callisthenes x\u1ee9 Olynthus (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t s\u1ee7ng v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u phong t\u1ee5c proskynesis), b\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 m\u01b0u v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed gia cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vu c\u00e1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 l\u00e0 Callisthenes, th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 h\u1ecd \u00e1m s\u00e1t nh\u00e0 vua."}
+{"text": "Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Spitamenes v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Roxana x\u1ee9 Bactria (Roshanak trong ti\u1ebfng Bactria) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 326 TCN Alexandros cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng r\u1ea3nh tay \u0111\u1ec3 quay s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Nay, Alexandros cho m\u1eddi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c x\u1ee9 Gandhara, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng nay l\u00e0 Pakistan, \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng. Ambhi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb x\u1ee9 Taxila, v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Hydaspes (s\u00f4ng Jhelum), tu\u00e2n theo. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng cao bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n Aspasios v\u00e0 Assakenois c\u1ee7a Kambojas (t\u00ean c\u1ed5), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft trong s\u1eed s\u00e1ch \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Ashvayana v\u00e0 Ashvakayana (nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd), t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "Alexandros th\u00e2n chinh th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh l\u00ednh c\u1ea7m khi\u00ean, b\u1ed9 binh, l\u00ednh b\u1eafn cung ng\u01b0\u1eddi Agriania v\u00e0 l\u00ednh c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a ph\u00f3ng lao t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Kamboja -- ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aspasios c\u1ee7a Thung l\u0169ng Kunar/Alishang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Guraean c\u1ee7a Thung l\u0169ng Guraeus (Panjkora), v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Assakenois \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Swat v\u00e0 Buner. M\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aspasios v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Alexandros b\u1ecb tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01a1i vai v\u00ec tr\u00fang lao nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aspasios thua tr\u1eadn; 40.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb b\u00e1n th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Assakenois \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Alexandros v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i bao g\u1ed3m 30.000 k\u1ecb binh, 38.000 b\u1ed9 binh v\u00e0 30 voi. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 ngoan c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ora, Bazira v\u00e0 Massaga. \u0110\u1ed3n Massaga ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 sau nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh nhau \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Alexandros b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf c\u1ed5 ch\u00e2n. Khi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a Massaga ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0o tay b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 gi\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 Cleophis (q.v.) ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1i th\u1edf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Vi\u1ec7c Cleophis gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn. Alexandros ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Massaga b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u00e2m m\u01b0u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n. Theo nh\u01b0 Curtius:"}
+{"text": "Sau khi h\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Aornos, vua Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf b\u0103ng qua s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u00e1c qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Porus, vua c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 trong v\u00f9ng Punjab trong tr\u1eadn th\u1eafng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ea1i Hydaspes v\u00e0o n\u0103m 326 TCN. Tuy vua Porus s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng binh d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh, Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Macedonia gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i nh\u1edd c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, tinh th\u1ea7n k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng cao v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a vua Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng, trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, con th\u1ea7n m\u00e3 Bucephalus hy sinh khi tr\u00fang t\u00ean c\u1ee7a con trai c\u1ee7a Porus - ch\u00ednh tay n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u k\u1ec3 r\u00e0ng con th\u1ea7n m\u00e3 ch\u1ebft do n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu n\u00f3ng n\u1ef1c. Theo tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Plutarchus, Bucephalus ch\u1ebft \u00edt l\u00e2u khi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh tinh nhu\u1ec7 Macedonia \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 tan n\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f9ng binh m\u00e3nh t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Porus. Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111au bu\u1ed3n, \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u1ed9t binh s\u0129 trung th\u00e0nh, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Theo s\u1eed s\u00e1ch, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Porus l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh, v\u00e0 sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng vang d\u1ed9i \u00f4ng h\u1ecfi vua Porus mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u1ecb vua th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i:"}
+{"text": "Vua Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u00f9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n th\u1ebf. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p vua Porus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef v\u1eefng V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf vua Porus c\u00f2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng minh th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i hai \u00f4ng vua th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch nhau l\u00e0 Porus v\u00e0 Taxiles, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi giao cho h\u1ecd cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. C\u1ea3 hai v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 nhau. C\u00e1ch \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i v\u1edbi vua Porus v\u00e0 Taxiles ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh hung m\u1ea1nh va \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. Alexandros \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho m\u1ed9t trong hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 Bucephala, nh\u1eb1m t\u00f4n vinh con th\u1ea7n m\u00e3 d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh Bucephalus c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 tang tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng li\u1ec7t s\u0129 Macedonia c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng li\u1ec7t s\u0129 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n th\u00f9. Nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kia l\u00e0 Nicaea (Kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n), ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Mong. Alexandros ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chinh ph\u1ee5c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Macedonia, d\u1eabu sao, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Porus l\u00e0m m\u00e0i m\u00f2n l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n v\u00e0o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Thay v\u00ec l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i k\u1ebb th\u00f9 v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 20000 b\u1ed9 binh v\u00e0 2000 chi\u1ebfn m\u00e3, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Alexandros khi \u00f4ng kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng \u0111\u00f2i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng 32 Ful\u00f4ng, s\u00e2u 100 s\u1ea3i, trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh s\u00f4ng ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mai ph\u1ee5c b\u1edfi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 binh, k\u1ef5 s\u0129 v\u00e0 voi. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua c\u1ee7a Ganderites v\u00e0 Praesii \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee3i h\u1ecd v\u1edbi 80000 k\u1ef5 s\u0129, 200000 l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ed9, 8000 xe ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 6000 voi thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn. Theo Plutarch, Vita Alexandri, 62"}
+{"text": "Vua Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf, sau khi b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n s\u01b0 Coenus, b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam. \u00d4ng g\u1eedi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Carmania (hi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c ph\u00eda nam Iran) v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbng Craterus, v\u00e0 giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Nearchus, trong khi \u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda nam qua Gedrosia (ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Makran ph\u00eda nam Pakistan). Theo huy\u1ec1n s\u1eed c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Assyria do N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Semiramis th\u00e2n chinh c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ba T\u01b0 Achaemenes do Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Cyrus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kay Khosrow) th\u00e2n chinh th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i ghi \u0111i qua hoang m\u1ea1c Madran - m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Khi tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e2y, N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Semiramis ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 20 binh s\u0129, v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Cyrus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y binh s\u0129. Nay, vua Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2m v\u00e0o nguy hi\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n qua Makran \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n h\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ea1t l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Semiramis v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Cyrus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Alexandros h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean: \" Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n?\". Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:\" Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa\". Alexandros h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai:\" bi\u1ec3n hay \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sinh v\u1eadt h\u01a1n?\".c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0:\" \u0110\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t\". Alexandros h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ba:\" Con v\u1eadt n\u00e0o th\u00f4ng minh nh\u00e2t?\". Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:\" \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 con v\u1eadt ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm ra\". Alexandros h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 t\u01b0:\"\u0110\u1ec3 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sabba n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ea7n l\u00fd l\u1ebd n\u00e0o?\". v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi\" M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\". Alexandros h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 n\u0103m:\" \u0110\u00eam c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc?\", c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 \" Ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00eam \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y\". Khi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y Alexandros c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, \u00f4ng ta n\u00f3i th\u00eam:\" Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng\". Alexandros h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau qu\u00fd?\". \" H\u00e3y m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1eebng khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2m\". Alexandros h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y:\" Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n\"; \" h\u00e3y l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\". Alexandros h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m:\" Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hay c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n?\".\" Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n\". Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi:\"Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e2u\". \u00d4ng ta tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:\" Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t\". R\u1ed3i Alexandros quay sang gi\u00e1m kh\u1ea3o, \u00f4ng ta tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1ed3i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Alexandros n\u00f3i:\"V\u1eady th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3.\". \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i: \" Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee9c vua t\u1ed1i cao, n\u1ebfu ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef l\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ebft ai c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t kia m\u00e0.\". Alexandros tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u01b0 x\u1eed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn khi \u00f4ng v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t, Alexandros cho h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn Susa. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed, \u00f4ng ban th\u01b0\u1edfng cho binh l\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 t\u00e0n t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 Macedonia d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Craterus, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Opis, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecb g\u1eedi \u0111i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch cay \u0111\u1ed9c vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn phong t\u1ee5c, trang ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba T\u01b0 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a l\u00ednh Ba T\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n Macedonia. Alexandros cho h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng tha t\u1ed9i cho binh l\u00ednh. V\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i giao h\u1ea3o l\u00e2u d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Macedonia v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba T\u01b0, \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t h\u00f4n l\u1ec5 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba T\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Susa, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 1 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Sau h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn Ecbatana \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Ba T\u01b0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, t\u00ean l\u00e0 Hephaeistion \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. Alexandros \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1eabn tr\u00ed, m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1ea1i cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vua Nebuchadrezzar II, Babylon v\u00e0o 10 th\u00e1ng 6, 323 TCN. Khi \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng m\u1edbi 33 tu\u1ed5i. V\u00e0i th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1edf mang b\u1edd c\u00f5i. Qu\u00e2n s\u0129 Macedonia \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 ch\u00e1n v\u00e0o sinh ra t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a vua, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. Trong cu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f4 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0:"}
+{"text": "Theo nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Trevor Nevitt Dupuy, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc coi vua Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i Danh t\u01b0\u1edbng (Great Captain) trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ed1ng so\u00e1i Hannibal x\u1ee9 Carthage, nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i Julius Caesar th\u00e0nh La M\u00e3, nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ea1t Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, vua Gustav II Adolf n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, vua Friedrich II \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. C\u0169ng theo Dupuy, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i Danh t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. Xem ra tr\u00ean tr\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ecdi v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i Danh t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ea1t li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh, \u00f4ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn binh m\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch trong c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u \u00f4ng vua n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Sau khi vua cha Antigonus qua \u0111\u1eddi, vua Demetrios I l\u00ean k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ng\u00f4i b\u00e1u Macedonia. \u00d4ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi vua x\u1ee9 Ipiros l\u00e0 Pyrros - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng Achilles. Tuy \u00f4ng vua nh\u00e0 binh Pyrros \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 qu\u00e2n Macedonia, c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh Macedonia kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng c\u0103m th\u00f9 \u00f4ng n\u00e0y, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c Pyrros v\u00ec theo Plutarch, Pyrros kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c gi\u00e0 Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u1ec1u x\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng, th\u00e2n chinh th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn binh tinh nhu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1eadn v\u1ec7 uy d\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc Alexandros, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Pyrros m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i, theo Plutarch, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam kia, vua Pyrros chi\u00eam bao th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1i ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 khi t\u1edbi, Pyrros ch\u1ee3t th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb c\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eebng l\u1eaby m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111ang n\u1eb1m \u1ed1m tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh. \u00d4ng nhi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t hoan ngh\u00eanh v\u00e0 t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng Pyrros, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n h\u1ee9a r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho v\u1ecb vua tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, vua Pyrros \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1o, h\u1ecfi l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng: \"Th\u01b0a Th\u00e1nh th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang n\u1eb1m \u1ed1m th\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u00ec gi\u00fap con b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y?\" \u00d4ng b\u00e8n \u0111\u00e1p: \"Ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Tr\u1eabm\". Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady, l\u00ean l\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfn m\u00e3 Nisea v\u00e0 phi ng\u1ef1a ti\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc Pyrros \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft \u00f4ng vua nh\u00e0 binh tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i xung phong tr\u1eadn m\u1ea1c."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng con th\u1ea7n m\u00e3 Bucephalus, Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng th\u1eafng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1eefu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ecb binh (chiliarchos) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Hephaestion. \u00d4ng h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng Alexandros, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m tr\u1ebb em con nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c \u1edf Macedonia, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a Aristotle. Hephaestion \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Alexandros ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn Troia. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00f2ng hoa t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng Achilles v\u00e0 Patroclus n\u0103m x\u01b0a; Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Achilles, v\u00e0 Hephaestion t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Patroclus. Aelian trong cu\u1ed1n Varia Historia (12.7) kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng Hephaestion \"ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 eromenos [\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh\"] c\u1ee7a Alexandros, nh\u01b0 Patroclus \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Achilles v\u1eady.\" C\u00f3 l\u1ebd Olympias c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 cho Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u00ec \u00f4ng l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng Achilles n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t nghi v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh gi\u1eefa Alexandros v\u00e0 Hephaestion. Robin Lane Fox vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng tuy \"nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u1eb7t g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t cho kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng vua Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Hephaiston\", kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi n\u00e0o n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Fox n\u00f3i th\u00eam, \"s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00e0y s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng.\" V\u00ec c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Hephaestion, Alexandros kh\u00f3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng cho \u00f4ng ta r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0103n u\u1ed1ng g\u00ec trong m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y li\u1ec1n. N\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua khi \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u01a1n \u0111au bu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Achilles sau khi Patroclus hy sinh tr\u00ean tr\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago bao g\u1ed3m Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (the College), nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u1ee7y ban li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n khoa, s\u00e1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 15.000 sinh vi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eebng 5.000 sinh vi\u00ean theo h\u1ecdc \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong 10 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 n\u0103m c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford trong \"B\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc\" n\u0103m 2014 c\u1ee7a U.S. News & World Report."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3: tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Chicago, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Chicago, phong tr\u00e0o lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Chicago, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Chicago, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean \"thuy\u1ebft h\u00e0nh vi\" (behavioralism), v\u00e0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Hoa K\u1ef3, Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed9i Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Baptist Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1890 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c phi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, d\u00e0nh cho c\u1ea3 nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef, v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng t\u1eeb t\u1ec9 ph\u00fa d\u1ea7u l\u1eeda John D. Rockefeller v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t do Marshall Field hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng. Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd; n\u00f3 thay th\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ph\u00e1i Baptist, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1886 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean. William Rainey Harper tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1891, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edf c\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3n sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1892."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1890, v\u00ec s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00ec thu h\u00fat h\u1ebft sinh vi\u00ean gi\u1ecfi, Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trong v\u00f9ng: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Des Moines, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kalamazoo, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Butler, v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stetson. Theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn li\u00ean k\u1ebft, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago, ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m hay sa th\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i g\u1edfi b\u1ea3n sao c\u00e1c b\u00e0i thi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn g\u00f3p \u00fd. Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd trao b\u1eb1ng cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 sinh vi\u00ean n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i s\u1eafp t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ebfu sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m A trong su\u1ed1t b\u1ed1n n\u0103m h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 trao b\u1eb1ng cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o h\u1ecdc th\u00eam 12 tu\u1ea7n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Sinh vi\u00ean hay gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 mi\u1ec5n h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean Chicago \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p theo h\u1ecdc \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u00edn ch\u1ec9. Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3; cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean bi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb chi ph\u00ed \u0111i l\u1ea1i; v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch hay t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed do Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh. Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong hai b\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho b\u00ean kia bi\u1ebft theo \u0111\u00fang quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u00ec c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd b\u1ecf ra th\u00eam kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p danh ti\u1ebfng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1910."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1929, v\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, Robert Maynard Hutchins, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3; vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 24 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Hutchins \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u00f4n b\u00f3ng b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c ra kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u1eb1m nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 thao, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n khai ph\u00f3ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc d\u1ea1y sinh vi\u00ean b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Common Core (C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i chung), v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n khoa nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay. N\u0103m 1933, Hutchins \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y B\u1eafc (Northwestern University) th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua. Trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago (nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m Y khoa Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng xong v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tuy\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean y khoa \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u1ee6y ban T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3i qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn sinh vi\u00ean trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1962 khi sinh vi\u00ean chi\u1ebfm v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng George Beadle \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thu\u00ea nh\u00e0 \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. N\u0103m 1969, h\u01a1n 400 sinh vi\u00ean, n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn v\u00ec m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, Marlene Dixon, b\u1ecb sa th\u1ea3i, \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb su\u1ed1t hai tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5. Sau khi cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ng\u1ed3i k\u1ebft th\u00fac, v\u00e0 khi Dixon t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1i b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, 42 sinh vi\u00ean b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 81 sinh vi\u00ean b\u1ecb k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u00e0o trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi phong tr\u00e0o sinh vi\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua, vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. N\u0103m 2008, Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7n Milton Friedman; d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y thu h\u00fat c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u1eabn tranh c\u00e3i t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n kho\u1ea3ng 200 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Chicago. Trong c\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 David G. Booth hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng 300 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la cho Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh doanh Booth c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1eb7ng cho m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh. N\u0103m 2009, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hay x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 100 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago bao g\u1ed3m Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (the College, chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc), b\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n khoa nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (Ph\u00e2n khoa Khoa h\u1ecdc Sinh h\u1ecdc, Ph\u00e2n khoa Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, Ph\u00e2n khoa Khoa h\u1ecdc V\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n khoa Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i), s\u00e1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y khoa, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh doanh, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Lu\u1eadt, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i), v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh Chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Khai ph\u00f3ng (Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies). Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago (University of Chicago Press), c\u00e1c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago (University of Chicago Laboratory School, d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp t\u1eeb m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn trung h\u1ecdc), v\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m Y khoa Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago (University of Chicago Medical Center), v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, bao g\u1ed3m Fermilab v\u00e0 Ph\u00f2ng Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Qu\u1ed1c gia Argonne (Argonne National Laboratory)."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed3ng y (Latinh: Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis, ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng y c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh th\u0103ng t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb n\u00e0y, khi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3. C\u00e1c h\u1ed3ng y c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng y \u0110o\u00e0n. C\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed3ng y bao g\u1ed3m tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3ng y \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m do y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ph\u00eda Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft h\u1ed3ng y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o tri\u1ec1u R\u00f4ma. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3ng y l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c R\u00f4ma (Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng) khi x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ed1ng t\u00f2a. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ed1ng t\u00f2a (th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng), vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a th\u00e1nh n\u1eb1m trong tay c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3ng y \u0110o\u00e0n. Quy\u1ec1n tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp k\u00edn, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M\u1eadt ngh\u1ecb H\u1ed3ng y ch\u1ecdn T\u00e2n Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3ng y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn 80 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y ngai t\u00f2a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3ng y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 linh m\u1ee5c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 vinh th\u0103ng cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho linh m\u1ee5c cao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd quan tr\u1ecdng, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u1ebfng latinh nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n \"cardo\", ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \"hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng\" ho\u1eb7c \"tr\u01b0\u1edfng ban\". Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn cho c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 gi\u00e1p ranh gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn R\u00f4ma. Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Anh Qu\u1ed1c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a danh hi\u1ec7u, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef b\u1edfi hai th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n Nh\u00e0 Th\u1edd Th\u00e1nh Paul."}
+{"text": "Trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec t\u1eeb \"h\u1ed3ng y\" v\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \"H\u1ed3ng y ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o\" (\u7d05\u8863\u4e3b\u6559) trong ti\u1ebfng Hoa. Trong \u0111\u00f3, \"ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o\" l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 \"h\u1ed3ng\" t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf, \"y\" t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00e1o - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi theo m\u00e0u y ph\u1ee5c; ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \"gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u00e1o \u0111\u1ecf\". V\u1ec1 sau t\u1eeb r\u00fat g\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh \"h\u1ed3ng y\" m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 danh t\u1eeb x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch s\u00e1t ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c Latinh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft nh\u1ea7m th\u00e0nh \"h\u1ed3ng y gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7\" \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1eadn mi\u1ec7ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 sai ngh\u0129a, v\u00ec h\u1ed3ng y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \"gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7\" m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed7i v\u1ecb h\u1ed3ng y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd hi\u1ec7u t\u00f2a, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 R\u00f4ma hay m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng khu ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4. Ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c T\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c h\u1ed3ng y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd hi\u1ec7u t\u00f2a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1eed h\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh L\u1ec5, c\u1eed h\u00e0nh nghi th\u1ee9c Gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd hi\u1ec7u t\u00f2a, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. C\u00e1c h\u1ed3ng y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u H\u1ed3ng y gi\u1eef li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd hi\u1ec7u t\u00f2a."}
+{"text": "Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1917, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh th\u0103ng H\u1ed3ng y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ed3ng y ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt H\u1ed3ng y Ph\u00f3 t\u1ebf. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, Reginald Pole \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3ng y trong 18 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng th\u1ee5 phong linh m\u1ee5c. N\u0103m 1917, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ed3ng y, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ed3ng y Ph\u00f3 t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1962, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan XXIII \u0111\u1eb7t ra ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ed3ng y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m. Do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a hai vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh Gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u 351 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt lu\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3ng y c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0 t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m h\u1ed3ng y ch\u01b0a qua ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5n phong tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ed3ng y \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 80 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n tu\u1ed5i n\u00e0y khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3ng y d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m H\u1ed3ng y Ph\u00f3 t\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb Roberto Tucci v\u00e0 Albert Vanhoye s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n th\u0103ng l\u00ean ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt h\u1ed3ng y \u0110\u1eb3ng Linh m\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb h\u1ed3ng y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u1eabn c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n m\u1eb7c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ec5 ph\u1ee5c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c huy hi\u1ec7u gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c (c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c: m\u0169 mitre, G\u1eady M\u1ee5c t\u1eed, M\u0169 Zucchetto, th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111eo ng\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eabn). Ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ecb h\u1ed3ng y n\u00e0o v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 danh d\u1ef1 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng y, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1962 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5n phong gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u1edbi h\u1ed3ng y d\u01b0\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i 80, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3ng y n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1eadt ngh\u1ecb g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ecdn T\u00e2n gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3ng y ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c th\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9c linh m\u1ee5c hay ph\u00f3 t\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 \"h\u1ed3ng y gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n\". Teodolfo Mertel l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng y gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. Khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1899, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb h\u1ed3ng y c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9c linh m\u1ee5c. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1917 b\u1edfi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ee9c XV, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c hay gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m h\u1ed3ng y.. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan XXIII, m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m h\u1ed3ng y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1eeb phi \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng lao l\u1edbn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00e1i t\u00ean America cho v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1507, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9. N\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi 12 m\u00fai gi\u1edd, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 treo t\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c l\u00e0m ra t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u do ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Martin Waldseem\u00fcller v\u1ebd t\u1ea1i Saint-Di\u00e9-des-Vosges \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c1. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111i k\u00e8m, Cosmographiae Introductio, v\u00f4 danh nh\u1eefng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Waldseem\u00fcller l\u00e0 Matthias Ringmann, \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng, \"T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c g\u1ecdi ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y [\u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c Nam M\u1ef9], theo Americus l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng th\u00f4ng minh, Amerigen, l\u00e0 V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Americus, hay America: do c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (Europa) v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (Asia) \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ean c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\". Americus Vespucius l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Latinh h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Florentine t\u00ean l\u00e0 Amerigo Vespucci, v\u00e0 America l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Americus. Amerigen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 Amerigo c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi gen, t\u00e2n c\u00e1ch trong ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb 'Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t', v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 'v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Amerigo'.. Amerigo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng \u00dd c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Latin c\u1ed5 Emericus."}
+{"text": "Vespucci d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t cho v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi, do b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Waldseem\u00fcller \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2y Ban Nha Spain cho \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t. Ringmann may have been misled into crediting Vespucci khi cho \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 Soderini, m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean t\u1eadp t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Vespucci ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c v\u1ea1ch b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Nam M\u1ef9, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Nam M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c1. T\u00e2y Ban Nha ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn t\u00ean g\u1ecdi America trong su\u1ed1t hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Colombo n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Waldseem\u00fcller, sau khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ringmann, kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3; tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi Gerardus Mercator \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y cho b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi M\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1538."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indien c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u1ecfa ra kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 tranh lu\u1eadn. C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Beringia gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00f4ng Siberi v\u00e0 Alaska ng\u00e0y nay v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 40.000\u201317.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n b\u1ecb gi\u00e1m xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a k\u1ef7 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec7 T\u1ee9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u1ef1c to l\u1edbn m\u00e0 nay \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng theo c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh lang kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phi\u1ebfn b\u0103ng Laurentide v\u00e0 Cordillera. v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 di c\u01b0 t\u1eeb T\u00e2y B\u1eafc Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng (ph\u00eda t\u00e2y B\u1eafc M\u1ef9) \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Nam M\u1ef9. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 sau c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n d\u00e2ng l\u00ean h\u00e0ng tr\u0103n m\u00e9t sau k\u1ec9 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ti\u1ec1n-Colombo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i hay \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n phai khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn (cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV - \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI), v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng qua kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u01b0 Maya, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u khi \u0111\u00f3 coi c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng gi\u00e0n thi\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay sau chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Cristoforo Colombo v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1492. \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 La Isabela \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Hispaniola. \u0110\u00f4 th\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf hoang s\u1edbm sau \u0111\u00f3 khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Santo Domingo de Guzm\u00e1n n\u0103m 1496, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t do ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1eadp n\u00ean t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. N\u01a1i n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 T\u00e2y Ban Nha qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Panama b\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1519, \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Nam M\u1ef9. Theo nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc R. Thornton, s\u1ef1 l\u00e2y lan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi do ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111em t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u x\u1ea3y ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 David Stannard g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea5p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb1m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 nh\u1eafm tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n hay lao \u0111\u1ed9ng giao k\u00e8o."}
+{"text": "Nam M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 ra t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a si\u00eau l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Gondwanaland v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 135 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ri\u00eang. Kho\u1ea3ng 15 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a m\u1ea3ng Caribe v\u00e0 M\u1ea3ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda d\u1ecdc theo ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebd h\u1edf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1ea1i Trung M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nam M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. Kho\u1ea3ng 3 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0u b\u1eb1ng Eo \u0111\u1ea5t Panama, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 duy nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf t\u1ecba M\u1ef9 Anglo l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh. Ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Canada, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Qu\u00e9bec v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i New Brunswick c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Anh. Ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u bang Louisiana, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang New Hampshire, Maine, v\u00e0 Vermont c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y Nam Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 California v\u00e0 New Mexico, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 do d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 Latinh."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef phi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn hi\u1ec3u l\u1eabn nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i n\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Papiamento, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha, ti\u1ebfng H\u00e0 Lan, ti\u1ebfng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arawak, c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh. Portu\u00f1ol, pha tr\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa Brasil v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng."}
+{"text": "Antimon \u1edf d\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn k\u1ebft tinh d\u1ec5 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, c\u1ee9ng m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng b\u1ea1c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t k\u00e9m v\u00e0 bay h\u01a1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e1 kim, antimon t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 kim lo\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ax\u00edt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c halogen theo ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u00f4xi h\u00f3a-kh\u1eed. Antimon v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang gi\u00e3n n\u1edf ra khi ngu\u1ed9i \u0111i. Antimon v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u01b0a \u0111\u1ed3ng (chalcophile), th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ec, \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a antimon trong d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c \u00f4x\u00edt, sulfua, antimonat natri, triclorua antimon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y, men g\u1ed1m, th\u1ee7y tinh, s\u01a1n, s\u1ee9. Tri\u00f4x\u00edt antimon l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a antimon v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ng\u0103n l\u1eeda. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ng\u0103n l\u1eeda bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ebb em, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u1ecdc gh\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i trong \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t composit s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 gia cho nh\u1ef1a polyeste cho c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 l\u1edbp che b\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u00e1y bay h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9. Nh\u1ef1a n\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u1eaft ch\u00e1y khi c\u00f3 l\u1eeda nh\u01b0ng n\u00f5 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft ngay khi l\u1eeda b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Sulfua antimon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a di\u00eam an to\u00e0n."}
+{"text": "Sulfua t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a antimon, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 stibnit, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ef9 ph\u1ea9m. Stibnit v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c. Antimon \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh s\u00e1n m\u00e0ng. Antimon t\u1ef1 g\u1eafn n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i enzym nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eabn sinh v\u1eadt k\u00fd sinh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft sinh v\u1eadt k\u00fd sinh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. Antimon v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c th\u00fa y nh\u01b0 Anthiomalin hay thiomalat antimon liti, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nhai l\u1ea1i (tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2). Antimon c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nu\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 keratin (s\u1eebng) h\u00f3a, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Thu\u1ed1c g\u00e2y n\u00f4n Tartar l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a antimon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1ng s\u00e1n m\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c di\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a antimon g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c antimon."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed3 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb antimon c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 3000 TCN \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Tello, Chaldea (ng\u00e0y nay thu\u1ed9c Iraq), v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 b\u1ecdc antimon c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 2500-2200 TCN t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb Tello. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh hay v\u00f2, h\u0169 nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y trong bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1892. M\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng, \"ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 antimon ng\u00e0y nay nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft tinh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh h\u1eefu \u00edch, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf 'ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n' \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho antimon th\u00e0nh d\u1ec5 u\u1ed1n.\""}
+{"text": "Theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, antimon kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 do gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng Basilius Valentinus mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc Biringuccio) trong b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o vi\u1ebft tay b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Latinh, Currus Triumphalis Antimonii, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1450. B\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft tay n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1604 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 The Triumphal Chariot of Antimony c\u1ee7a Johann Th\u00f6lde (1565\u20131614). S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u ra to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft tay c\u1ee7a Valentinus, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3 kim, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Jean-Jacques Manget mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong cu\u1ed1n Bibliotheca chemica curiosa c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (n\u0103m 1702): b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft tay n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5u tr\u00ean 1 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a tu vi\u1ec7n St. Peter t\u1ea1i Erfurt, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u1ed9t n\u00e0y b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 do s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 coi Basilius Valentinus nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646\u20131716) sau khi \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng Valentinus n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong tu vi\u1ec7n \u1edf Erfurt, m\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u00fat danh \u2013 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Th\u00f6lde \u2013 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 pha tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch k\u00e9m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c nhau."}
+{"text": "Theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 kim thu\u1eadt Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, antimon tinh khi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Geber, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"\u00d4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc\", bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecf. Marcellin Berthelot, ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Geber, th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng antimon \u0111\u00e3 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng Berthelot ch\u1ec9 d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i cu\u1ed1n \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng, trong khi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m h\u01a1n (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 antimon) v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi antimon l\u00e0 m\u015bdmt; trong ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh th\u00ec c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, nh\u01b0ng theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp th\u00ec t\u1eeb n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 mesdemet. T\u1eeb trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, stimmi, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1eeb vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp hay ti\u1ebfng Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 bi k\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh Athena s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V TCN; sau n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb stibi, nh\u01b0 Celsus v\u00e0 Pliny, \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Latinh, trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I. Pliny c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u00ean g\u1ecdi stimi [nguy\u00ean v\u0103n], larbaris, th\u1ea1ch cao tuy\u1ebft hoa, v\u00e0 \"r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn\" platyophthalmos, \"m\u1eaft m\u1edf to\" (t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ef9 ph\u1ea9m). Mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Latinh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u00edch \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb Latinh d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng stibium. T\u1eeb \u1ea2 R\u1eadp cho ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ef9 ph\u1ea9m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ithmid, athmoud, othmod, hay uthmod. Littr\u00e9 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb stimmida, (t\u1eeb) \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a stimmi."}
+{"text": "D\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef Latinh th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p \u1edf Byzantin (m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n nay) g\u1ecdi nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 antimonium. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng vi\u1ebft ra ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i. T\u1eeb nguy\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, t\u1eeb anti-monachos hay t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p antimoine, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd; th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft th\u1ea7y tu\", v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 do nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 kim thu\u1eadt th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y tu, c\u00f2n antimon th\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p antimonos, \"ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ai \u0111\u00f3\", \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \"kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i\" hay \"kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y \u1edf d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o h\u1ee3p kim\"."}
+{"text": "K\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i, Louis XV b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u0103m gh\u00e9t, Louis XVI r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111ang d\u00e2ng cao c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u00e0 vua n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c theo c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o Khai s\u00e1ng (ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u1ea1n tra t\u1ea5n, b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4, khoan dung \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u00edn h\u1eefu Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch, b\u1ecf thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00ean n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng...). D\u00f9 v\u1eady, do kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u00fd ch\u00ed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1791. D\u00f9 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn, ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee7 c\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a Louis XVI \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p d\u1ea7n d\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, xem nh\u00e0 vua nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169 (ancien r\u00e9gime), uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua suy gi\u1ea3m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f9ng ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Varennes c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tin \u0111\u1ed3n cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 vua t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i t\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Khi l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn."}
+{"text": "Louis quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao. Do \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb nh\u00f3m Jansen trong Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, nh\u00e0 vua quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t D\u00f2ng T\u00ean kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u00e0 vua c\u1ed1 thu ph\u1ee5c l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Louis, nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n. Trong nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9, nh\u00e0 vua th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch thi\u1ec7n \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m mang l\u1ea1i \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi l\u00fd do t\u00e1i tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, Louis n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, \"\u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4n ngoan, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ta, n\u00f3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng.\" Quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t minh qu\u00e2n, Louis th\u1ed5 l\u1ed9, \"c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n; h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd sai.\""}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Louis XVI l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ban h\u00e0nh Ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 Versailles, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 Khoan dung v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1787, v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1788. Ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a Ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 Fontainbleau c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t 102 n\u0103m. Ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 Versaille d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u2013 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch Huguenot, Lutheran, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u2013 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p l\u00fd t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, cho h\u1ecd quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng khai th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee9c tin. D\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p - ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i th\u00eam hai n\u0103m n\u1eefa v\u1edbi D\u00e9claration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen (Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n) n\u0103m 1789, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn - Ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 Versailles \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh do Turgot v\u00e0 Malesherbes ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh khi\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn, ch\u00fang b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1776, Turgot b\u1ecb b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9c, Malesherbes t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi Jacques Necker. Necker \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng vay ti\u1ec1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i thay v\u00ec t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf. N\u0103m 1781, \u00f4ng c\u1ed1 d\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang khi cho c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. Khi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i, Louis b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9c Necker, n\u0103m 1783 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Charles Alexandre de Calonne thay th\u1ebf Necker, Alexandre de Calonne gia t\u0103ng chi ti\u00eau c\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3. L\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, n\u0103m 1787 Louis tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh do Calonne \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3, h\u1ecd s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t v\u00e0 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n."}
+{"text": "Khi nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 vua b\u1ecb nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm trong tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng. B\u1ecb m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, nh\u00e0 vua l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00f2i tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n (\u00c9tats G\u00e9n\u00e9raux) v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 ng\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1614 l\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Louis XIII. Nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1eb1m th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1788, Louis XVI tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n, \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y khai m\u1ea1c l\u00e0 1 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1789. B\u1eb1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp H\u00f4i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, Louis \u0111\u1eb7t thanh danh v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o tay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 vua, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 khi\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1789 khi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n (Third Estate) trong H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n khi ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 6, 576 trong s\u1ed1 577 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u thu\u1ed9c Third Estate t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n qu\u1ea7n v\u1ee3t trong nh\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec7n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 7, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ban \u0111\u1ea7u cho phi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c sau nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n th\u1ea5t tr\u1eadn \u1edf Rhode Island v\u00e0 Savannah. N\u0103m 1780, Ph\u00e1p g\u1edfi Rochambeau v\u00e0 de Grass \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, \u0111em theo m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu g\u1ed3m h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1780, \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1ef9. V\u1eeba c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Caribbean, h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 Tobago v\u00e0 Grenada. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh bu\u1ed9c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Lord Cornwallis \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng trong tr\u1eadn Yorktown n\u0103m 1781."}
+{"text": "Sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, b\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1eaft tay t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac qu\u00e2n l\u1ef1c Ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u0103m 1782, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3o Jamaica. Louis h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thu h\u1ed3i Canada t\u1eeb tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. Chi\u1ebfn tranh ng\u1ed1n h\u1ebft 1 066 tri\u1ec7u livre vay n\u1ee3 v\u1edbi l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t cao (trong khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi). Necker che gi\u1ea5u c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn cao h\u01a1n chi ph\u00ed b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3. Sau khi Necker b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1781, c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t (Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay) sau khi Pigneau de Behaine v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng xin tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Versailles n\u0103m 1787 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft. Khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ecb l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh ng\u1eb7t ngh\u00e8o, Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec Pigneau de Behaine v\u1eabn ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, chi\u00eau m\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed3m binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 s\u0129 quan Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t trong n\u0103m 1802."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1789, \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng n\u1eef c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Paris gi\u1eadn d\u1eef c\u00f9ng nhau k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Versailles, n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia. Ngay trong \u0111\u00eam, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u00ecm gi\u1ebft ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm thu\u1ed9c ancien r\u00e9gime (ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169). Sau khi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu, nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng mang \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n Tulerie v\u1edbi l\u00fd do l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua c\u1ea7n t\u1ecf ra c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, sau khi d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 Paris, nh\u00e0 vua v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do phe c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Do \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n bang ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Khi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c \u0111oan v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi ng\u1edd l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Honor\u00e9 Mirabeau b\u00ed m\u1eadt d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n theo th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1791, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao Montmorin kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng ng\u1ea7m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch d\u00e0nh cho la Liste civile do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n chi ti\u00eau b\u00ed m\u1eadt nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Arnault Laporte, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh la Liste civile, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Montmorin v\u00e0 Mirabeau. Sau khi Mirabeau \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t qua \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Maximilien Radix de Sainte-Foix \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Mirabeau. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u00f4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n b\u00ed m\u1eadt cho nh\u00e0 vua trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c duy tr\u00ec th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. V\u1ec1 sau, khi b\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 tai ti\u1ebfng armoire de fer."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Mirabeau c\u00f9ng t\u00ednh thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Louis \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o gi\u1eefa ho\u00e0ng gia v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, Louis kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 hai em c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Provence v\u00e0 B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Artois, nh\u00e0 vua li\u00ean t\u1ee5c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd d\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Louis t\u1ecf ra \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 do nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch x\u1eed s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Nh\u00e0 vua b\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c v\u00ec b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m gi\u1eef nh\u01b0 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n trong \u0111i\u1ec7n Tuileries c\u00f2n ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o canh g\u00e1c trong ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i m\u00e0 c\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \"linh m\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\" th\u1ec1 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o R\u00f4-ma."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1791, Louis b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0a gia \u0111\u00ecnh r\u1eddi Paris \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia thu\u1ed9c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Montm\u00e9dy \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng gia nh\u1eadp nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0u vong \u0111ang \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1o. Trong khi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111ang so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, Louis v\u00e0 Marie-Antoinette ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Louis c\u1eed B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Breteuil l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee9 to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Louis lu\u00f4n e d\u00e8 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Gi\u1ed1ng song th\u00e2n, Louis ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o d\u1ec5 ph\u1ea3n ph\u00fac, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1ed5 th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tham v\u1ecdng. Khi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf Paris ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, Louis b\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u00e9p ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu b\u00ed m\u1eadt t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t, hi v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb nh\u00f3m l\u01b0u vong c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd chi\u00eau t\u1eadp qu\u00e2n binh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 tham v\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Louis, nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y nh\u00e0 vua b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c. Ho\u00e0ng gia b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i Varennes-en-Aragonne sau khi Jean-Baptiste Drouet nh\u1eadn ra Louis nh\u1edd h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua in tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c. Louis XVI c\u00f9ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ecb \u0111em v\u1ec1 Paris, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n th\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n Tuileries."}
+{"text": "Qua ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro, tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n, hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n sai M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb t\u00ednh thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua - nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n d\u1eddi ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ecf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u00e0 vua ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1ef1c \u0111oan \u1edf Paris \u0111ang v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb to\u00e0n d\u00e2n b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. Louis t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n y\u00eau vua c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, ch\u1ec9 trong ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n, s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m khi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n d\u00e2n hoang mang v\u00e0 ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111ang g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1. Khi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u00e0 vua ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y h\u1ecd v\u1eabn bi\u1ebft Louis l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t. H\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 trong c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, tr\u1edf n\u00ean tri\u1ebft l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c \u0111oan."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 8, Leopold v\u00e0 Vua Frederick William II c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5, sau khi b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p l\u01b0u vong, ra Th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o Pillnitz, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Louis v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Leopold xem th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o Pillnitz l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 lo ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p, gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1i Paris xem \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i bang nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1792, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n L\u1eadp ph\u00e1p (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb 1 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1791 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1792 trong cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn sang Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p), v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Louis, bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 th\u00e1nh, sau m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh do b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1i giao Charles Fran\u00e7ois Dumouriez \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh. Dumouriez l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng H\u00e0 Lan thu\u1ed9c \u00c1o, \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n \u00f4 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. \u0110\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0o ng\u0169 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ngay khi v\u1eeba c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng s\u00fang."}
+{"text": "Trong khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111ang h\u1ed1t ho\u1ea3ng chi\u00eau t\u1eadp binh l\u00ednh c\u00f9ng t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n Ph\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Charles William Ferdinand, C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Brunswikc t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i Coblenz. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 7, qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Brunswick d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfm hai ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Longwy v\u00e0 Verdun. Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 8, c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc ra m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Brunswick, do ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u1ecd \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong c\u1ee7a Louis, Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Cond\u00e9, ch\u1ea5p b\u00fat, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u00c1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5 l\u00e0 s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n, xem b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n n\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed theo qu\u00e2n lu\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1nh Girondin (ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00f4n h\u00f2a) mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea7m gi\u1eef nh\u00e0 vua, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 con tin v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, trong khi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u2013 nh\u00f3m Commune v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Paris, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m Montagnard \u2013 \u0111\u00f2i h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft Louis ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. V\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft \u0111em Louis ra x\u00e9t x\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. D\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9, v\u1ee5 \u00e1n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean t\u00f2a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Michelet l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ef1u v\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i, \"N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb hi sinh \u0111\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng hai ho\u1eb7c ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb hi sinh \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u1ea7n d\u00e0, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 hi sinh nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, r\u1ed3i ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00edch l\u1ee3i.\""}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1793, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n g\u1ed3m 721 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. V\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Louis th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 693 phi\u1ebfu k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 23 phi\u1ebfu tr\u1eafng. Trong cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft di\u1ec5n ra ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ef1u v\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 288 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p giam c\u1ea7m ho\u1eb7c cho s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong, c\u00f3 72 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e3n vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh \u00e1n, v\u00e0 361 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f2i h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft Louis ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Philippe \u00c9galit\u00e9, c\u1ef1u C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Orl\u00e9ans v\u00e0 l\u00e0 anh h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a Louis, b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f2i x\u1eed t\u1eed c\u1ef1u v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u cay \u0111\u1eafng trong v\u00f2ng ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, trong khi 310 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u xin khoan h\u1ed3ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 380 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f2i h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft Louis. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh sau c\u00f9ng. Th\u1ee9 Hai, ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1793, Louis b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean m\u00e1y ch\u00e9m t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng (nay l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Concorde). \u0110ao ph\u1ee7 Charles Henri Sanson l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng c\u1ef1u v\u01b0\u01a1ng can \u0111\u1ea3m khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. Khi b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0i, Louis t\u1ecf ra nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c trong ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i (\"T\u00f4i tha th\u1ee9 cho nh\u1eefng ai g\u00e2y ra \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u2026\"), tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd Louis XVI mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i th\u00eam n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng Antoine-Joseph Santerre, ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u1ed9i V\u1ec7 binh Qu\u1ed1c gia, ra l\u1ec7nh n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u1eed t\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng sau nh\u00e1t ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Louis v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u1ed5. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb trong \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00fang kh\u0103n tay c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Louis \u0111ang ch\u1ea3y tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "S\u1eed gia th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 Jules Michelet tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y sinh trong l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1eeb khi Louis XVI b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft. Trong quy\u1ec3n Histoire de la R\u00e9volution Fran\u00e7aise c\u1ee7a Michelet v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n Histoire des Girondins c\u1ee7a Alphonse de Lamartine c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft vua x\u1ea3y ra trong cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. D\u00f9 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u1ea3 hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nhau r\u1eb1ng sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong n\u0103m 1792, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm gi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 do t\u00ednh b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 Albert Camus tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft Louis \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng than kh\u00f3c. Theo tri\u1ebft gia th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lyotard, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ebft vua l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u01b0 duy Ph\u00e1p, ghi d\u1ea5u r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i \u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Cholesterol l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o steroid, m\u1ec1m, m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng nh\u1ea1t, c\u00f3 \u1edf m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n trong huy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y trong gan (ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i sinh), m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y t\u1eeb 1,5g \u2013 2g. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c cholesterol ngo\u1ea1i sinh l\u00e0 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0103n u\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t m\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Cholesterol hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p n\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0ng d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c, nh\u01b0 gan, tu\u1ef7 s\u1ed1ng, n\u00e3o v\u00e0 m\u1ea3ng x\u01a1 v\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch. Cholesterol \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh ho\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t do li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh tim m\u1ea1ch g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cholesterol trong m\u00e1u t\u0103ng."}
+{"text": "Cholesterol \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb acetyl CoA theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng HMG-CoA reductase \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ebf b\u00e0o/m\u00f4. Kho\u1ea3ng 20\u201325% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cholesterol t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y (~1 g/ng\u00e0y) x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf gan, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p cao g\u1ed3m ru\u1ed9t, tuy\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan sinh s\u1ea3n. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kho\u1ea3ng 68 kg, t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cholesterol trung b\u00ecnh trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 kho\u1ea3ng 35g (35.000 mg). Trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i sinh trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 1000 mg v\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1ee9c \u0103n trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 200 \u0111\u1ebfn 300 mg.S\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n cholesterol trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft \u1edf gan qua m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 quan ti\u00eau h\u00f3a. Kho\u1ea3ng 50% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cholesterol b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i h\u1ea5p thu \u1edf ru\u1ed9t non v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n. Phytosterols c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi cholesterol trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u00e1i h\u1eadp thu c\u1ee7a ru\u1ed9t v\u00ec v\u1eady l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1i h\u1ea5p thu c\u1ee7a cholesterol v\u00e0o m\u00e1u."}
+{"text": "Lipoprotein l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ee1 t\u1eeb ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c ru\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebfn gan, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chylomicron. Chylomicron c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e0u triglyceride. Ch\u00fang chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf triglyceride v\u00e0 cholesterol (t\u1eeb th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 cholesterol \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft t\u1eeb gan v\u00e0o m\u1eadt) \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00f4 nh\u01b0 gan, m\u1ee1 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 v\u00e2n. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) thu\u1ef7 ph\u00e2n triglyceride trong chylomicron th\u00e0nh acid b\u00e9o t\u1ef1 do; c\u00e1c acid b\u00e9o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p lipoprotein t\u1ec9 tr\u1ecdng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p (VLDL) \u1edf gan ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxi ho\u00e1 sinh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf c\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef \u1edf m\u00f4 m\u1ee1. Chylomicron sau khi m\u1ea5t triglyceride tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i (chylomicron remnant) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn gan \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd ti\u1ebfp."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t LDL chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cholesterol c\u00f3 trong m\u00e1u, cung c\u1ea5p cholesterol cho t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Th\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 LDL \u1edf t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c gan b\u1eaft gi\u1eef LDL v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 ra kh\u1ecfi m\u00e1u. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean d\u00f9ng cholesterol trong LDL cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hormone. LDL l\u00e0 lipoprotein t\u1ea1o x\u01a1 v\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch; n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 LDL cao li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ec7nh tim m\u1ea1ch. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t LDL \u0111\u1eb7c, nh\u1ecf ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u cholesterol ester (phenotype B) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh sinh x\u01a1 v\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch cao h\u01a1n do nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i oxy ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh cho n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1ch so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t LDL l\u1edbn, b\u1ed9ng (phenotype A). \u1ede ng\u01b0\u1eddi kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t LDL c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t LDL nh\u1ecf s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nguy c\u01a1 x\u01a1 v\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t lipoprotein t\u1ec9 tr\u1ecdng cao (HDL) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 \u1edf gan v\u00e0 ru\u1ed9t. HDL s\u01a1 khai l\u1ea5y cholesterol t\u1eeb m\u00f4 ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean; qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi men lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) trong h\u1ec7 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n qua ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ester ho\u00e1 cholesterol t\u1ef1 do. Khi cholesterol \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ester ho\u00e1, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o gradient n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u00fat cholesterol t\u1eeb m\u00f4 ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lipoprotein kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt \u0111\u1eb7c h\u01a1n. Song song \u0111\u00f3, protein di chuy\u1ec3n cholesterol ester (cholesterol ester transfer protein) l\u1ea1i mang cholesterol ester t\u1eeb HDL sang VLDL, LDL v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n sang chylomicron, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m gradient n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p triglyceride di chuy\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf LCAT do s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn cholesterol ester \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi LCAT s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 gan qua ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a VLDL (IDL) v\u00e0 LDL. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, HDL gi\u00e0u triglyceride s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng triglyceride \u1edf gan khi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef ho\u1eb7c khi triglyceride \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ef7 ph\u00e2n b\u1edfi lipase gan nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m heparin (heparin-releasable hepatic lipase). S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t HDL to c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t; v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00edt th\u00ec c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 x\u01a1 v\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch. (C\u00e1c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m lipid truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t LDL v\u00e0 HDL.)"}
+{"text": "Sinh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p cholesterol \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi m\u1ee9c cholesterol hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i m\u00f4i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadp trong th\u1ee9c \u0103n t\u0103ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i sinh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n cholesterol n\u1ed9i b\u00e0o \u1edf h\u1ec7 v\u00f5ng n\u1ed9i m\u00f4i b\u1edfi protein SREBP (Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 v\u00e0 2). Khi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t cholesterol, SREBP g\u1eafn v\u1edbi 2 protein kh\u00e1c: SCAP (SREBP-cleavage activating protein) v\u00e0 Insig-1. Khi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cholesterol gi\u1ea3m, Insig-1 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p SREBP-SCAP, cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y Golgi, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 SREBP b\u1ecb c\u1eaft b\u1edfi S1P v\u00e0 S2P (site 1/2 protease), hai men n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1ea1t ho\u00e1 b\u1edfi SCAP khi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cholesterol th\u1ea5p. SREBP \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft sau \u0111\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 phi\u00ean m\u00e3 (transcription factor) g\u1eafn v\u1edbi \"Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0110i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 Sterol\" (Sterol Regulatory Element) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gene \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch phi\u00ean m\u00e3. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c gene phi\u00ean m\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 LDL v\u00e0 HMG-CoA reductase. Th\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 LDL thu b\u1eaft LDL trong tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, c\u00f2n HMG-CoA reductase l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cholesterol n\u1ed9i sinh."}
+{"text": "Cholesterol l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, n\u00f3 gi\u00fap t\u00ednh l\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong kho\u1ea3ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. Nh\u00f3m hydroxyl tr\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u phosphate c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng c\u00f2n g\u1ed1c steroid v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i hydrocarbon g\u1eafn s\u00e2u v\u00e0o m\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p vitamin D, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i hormone steroid, bao g\u1ed3m cortisol, cortisone, v\u00e0 aldosterone \u1edf tuy\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eadn, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hormone sinh d\u1ee5c progesterone, estrogen, v\u00e0 testosterone. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y cholesterol c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c synapse \u1edf n\u00e3o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng ung th\u01b0."}
+{"text": "Enrico Fermi (ti\u1ebfng \u00dd: [en\u02c8ri.ko \u02c8fe\u027e.mi]; 29 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1901 \u2013 28 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1954) l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Italia, v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u00f2 Chicago Pile-1, l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Robert Oppenheimer, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \"cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed\". \u00d4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m 1938 cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 si\u00eau urani. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Fermi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1eabn th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Fermi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. Sau khi Wolfgang Pauli \u0111\u01b0a ra nguy\u00ean l\u00fd lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb n\u0103m 1925, Fermi vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y cho ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u1edbi m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Fermi\u2013Dirac. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t tu\u00e2n theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Fermion\" v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m Boson. Pauli c\u00f2n n\u00eau ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t \"v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\" ch\u01b0a quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trung h\u00f2a \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ra c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi electron trong ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 beta nh\u1eb1m \"gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u\" \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4. Fermi ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"neutrino\". L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c Fermi v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh h\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu, n\u00f3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t neutron m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, Fermi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c neutron ch\u1eadm d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n nh\u1eb1m mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Fermi trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n\" (Fermi age equation). \u00d4ng c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eafn thorium v\u00e0 uranium b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c neutron ch\u1eadm, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi. V\u00ec ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch."}
+{"text": "Fermi r\u1eddi Italia n\u0103m 1938 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng Laura, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Manhattan trong th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n hai. Fermi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Chicago Pile-1. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1942, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f2 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec khi nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i L\u00f2 graphit X-10 t\u1ea1i Oak Ridge, Tennessee v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103m 1943, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00f2 B t\u1ea1i Khu Hanford \u0111i v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103m 1944. \u1ede Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Qu\u1ed1c gia Los Alamos \u00f4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u00e2n vi\u1ec7n F, n\u01a1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Fermi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i V\u1ee5 th\u1eed bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Trinity ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1945, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ee9c n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 bom ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c sau phong b\u00ec."}
+{"text": "Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, Fermi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong \"H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n chung\" c\u1ee7a \"\u1ee6y ban n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3\", m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban khoa h\u1ecdc do Robert Oppenheimer l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Sau v\u1ee5 th\u1eed RDS-1 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1949, v\u1ee5 th\u1eed bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Fermi \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb cho h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd vi\u1ec7c Hoa K\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bom nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1ch hi\u0111r\u00f4 tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u1eabn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khai c\u1ee7a Oppenheimer trong v\u1ee5 \u00e1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed9 b\u00ed m\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u0103m 1954, m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng bu\u1ed9c Oppenheimer ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4i ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee7y ban tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 cho t\u1edbi nay b\u00ed m\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai."}
+{"text": "Fermi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1t pion v\u00e0 muon, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng suy \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng tia v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1ecb gia t\u1ed1c trong t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian li\u00ean sao. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m mang t\u00ean Fermi, bao g\u1ed3m Gi\u1ea3i Enrico Fermi, Vi\u1ec7n Enrico Fermi, Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m M\u00e1y gia t\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c gia Fermi, K\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng gian tia gamma Fermi, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Enrico Fermi, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 100 fermium. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf l\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Owen Chamberlain, Geoffrey Chew, Jerome Friedman, Marvin Goldberger, Tsung-Dao Lee, Chen Ning Yang, Arthur Rosenfeld v\u00e0 Sam Treiman..."}
+{"text": "Enrico Fermi sinh t\u1ea1i Rome ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1901. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 con th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Alberto Fermi v\u00e0 Ida de Gattis. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi l\u00e0 Maria l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u00f4ng hai tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh Giulio l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i. Sau khi hai c\u1eadu b\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, Enrico \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1edfi v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf Rome khi \u00f4ng 2 tu\u1ed5i r\u01b0\u1ee1i. V\u00ec gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i theo \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u00e0 n\u1ed9i \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 Fermi theo thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng s\u1edf th\u00edch v\u1edbi anh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Giulio. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed. Giulio ch\u1ebft trong khi \u0111ang g\u00e2y m\u00ea ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt \u00e1p xe c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng n\u0103m 1915."}
+{"text": "Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Fermi v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Rome c\u00f3 t\u00ean Campo de' Fiori. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch 900 trang t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1840, Elementorum physicae mathematicae, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Latinh c\u1ee7a Jesuit Father Andrea Caraffa, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u1edf Collegio Romano. N\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch g\u1ed3m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, quang h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u00e2m h\u1ecdc. Fermi k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00eang, Enrico Persico, v\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng con quay h\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa c\u1ee7a Fermi v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, Adolfo Amidei \u0111\u00e3 cho anh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp thu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng."}
+{"text": "\u00d4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f4ng khai xin l\u1ed7i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 100 l\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sai tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u01b0ng th\u00fa 7 t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2000. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng ra h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o,; Anh gi\u00e1o.; l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng ra t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, Cao \u0110\u00e0i v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o; l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1edf Syria; l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ra Ng\u00e0y Gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m; v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m v\u00f9ng Th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ecba Jerusalem. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1eadt t\u00e2m, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng m\u00e2y v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 trong Th\u00e1nh kinh mi\u00eau t\u1ea3"}
+{"text": "Karol J\u00f3zef Wojty\u0142a sinh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1920 t\u1ea1i Wadowice, mi\u1ec1n nam Ba Lan, c\u00e1ch Krak\u00f3w 50 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1. L\u00e0 con \u00fat trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi con, c\u00f4 ch\u1ecb ch\u1ebft t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf. Cha \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Karol Wojtyla m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u s\u0129 quan trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Habsburg v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 Emilia Kaczorowka. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh b\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc cho \u00f4ng.Theo l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng th\u00ec ch\u00ednh m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng \"l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh Wojtyla\". Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n Karol tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129. B\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m: \"Lolek (m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi Karol) c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\""}
+{"text": "\u1ede tu\u1ed5i 11, Karol v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc d\u00e0nh cho nam sinh c\u1ee7a Wadowice. C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa b\u00e9 ph\u1ee5 l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi linh m\u1ee5c Kazimiers Figlewicz. Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1932 anh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Edmund qua \u0111\u1eddi khi \u0111ang ch\u0103m s\u00f3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch. Sau n\u00e0y, trong m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat gi\u00e3i b\u00e0y t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfm hoi, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Andr\u00e9 Frossard: \"c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a anh t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi t\u00f4i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9, do nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 do t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n\"."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u. Nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1edf k\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 do Karol Wojtyla \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n. Nh\u1eefng v\u1edf k\u1ecbch n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc. Karol c\u0169ng th\u00edch khi\u00eau v\u0169, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u00eau v\u0169 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7u p\u00f4l\u00f4ne, maduka, van, t\u0103ngg\u00f4. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m trung h\u1ecdc, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quen bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Mieczyslaw Kotlarczyk - m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 \u1edf Wadowice. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1938, t\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Krak\u00f3w, Adam Sapieha \u0111\u1ebfn Wadowice \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p. \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eadu h\u1ecdc sinh Karol, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi c\u1eadu s\u1ebd v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ee9? Nh\u1eefng Karol \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng: \"con s\u1ebd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ba Lan v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\"."}
+{"text": "Sau khi h\u1ecdc xong trung h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Wadowice, Cha \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Krak\u00f3w v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1938 khi \u00f4ng 18 tu\u1ed5i. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ghi danh v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Krak\u00f3w gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng anh Edmund. Karol Wojty\u0142a nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi 1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c m\u00f4n: t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ng\u1eef \u00e2m Ba Lan, V\u0103n h\u1ecdc trung c\u1ed5 Ba Lan, K\u1ecbch Ba Lan th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII v\u00e0 thi ca \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi theo h\u1ecdc th\u00eam ng\u00e0nh k\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7. Wojty\u0142a nhanh ch\u00f3ng k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c thi s\u0129 v\u00e0 k\u1ecbch gia. \u00d4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng lui t\u1edbi ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh Szkoci - m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1eeb kh\u00f4i."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1939, Tyranowski \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi \u00f4ng tham gia t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Living Rosary - m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t b\u00ed m\u1eadt. Wojty\u0142a g\u1eb7p Tyranowski m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tyranowski, \u00f4ng lao v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed . Wojty\u0142a \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1edbi \u00f4ng sau n\u00e0y. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac ba v\u1edf k\u1ecbch: David, Job v\u00e0 Jeremiah b\u1ea3y t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129, t\u00ednh huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi sinh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1t khao v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u1edbi ."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ee9c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a sang \u0110\u1ee9c. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e1ng 10/1940 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u1edf Solvay \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Krak\u00f3w. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng sau n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eb7ng trong v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng c\u00f2n sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ch\u00fa \u00fd \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 18/2/1941, cha \u00f4ng Wojtyla sau m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u1ed1m n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi. Sau khi nh\u1eefng nghi th\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee9c su\u1ed1t \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 canh thi h\u00e0i cho cha v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Andr\u00e9 Frossard: \"\u1edf tu\u1ed5i 20, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i y\u00eau qu\u00fd, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau qu\u00fd\". \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1941, theo l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1c \u1edf Solvay trao cho \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf to\u00e1n \u1edf m\u1ecf \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1."}
+{"text": "L\u00fac nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i t\u1ea1i Krak\u00f3w. Trong th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm Ba Lan trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 Do th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Karol J\u00f3zef Wojty\u0142a \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft hay b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Wojtyla v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \"c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n\". \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \"H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ea7u ch\u00faa ban cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y\" . \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tham gia v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 n\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 hay v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i.."}
+{"text": "\u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e9n l\u00fat h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n Krak\u00f3w, do H\u1ed3ng y Adam Stefan Sapieha, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Krak\u00f3w, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf nh\u00e0 tu, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u00e0 ri\u00eang. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng sinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1n: Lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ed3ng trinh c\u1ee7a St Louis Grignion de Montfort, L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Kazimierz Wars. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1944, \"Ng\u00e0y Ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt \u0111en\" h\u01a1n 8000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eadu b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t x\u00edt b\u1eaft giam, r\u1ea5t may m\u1eafn Wojtyla \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. Sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u1ea9n tr\u00fa trong dinh t\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Solvay n\u1eefa. Ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 11, \u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ec5 xu\u1ed1ng t\u00f3c - m\u1ed9t nghi l\u1ec5 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa."}
+{"text": "Karol Wojty\u0142a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 phong linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp L\u1ec5 C\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1946 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng sinh \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f3a. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 l\u1edbn Wawel, Karol \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed h\u00e0nh th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u, h\u1ed3ng y Sapieha g\u1eedi linh m\u1ee5c Karol Wojtyla \u0111i du h\u1ecdc Roma, t\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c D\u00f2ng \u00d0a Minh Angelicum. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c d\u00f2ng \u00d0a Minh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 Garrigou - Lagrange, Karol ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ee9c tin trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Gioan Th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1948. Trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 ngh\u1ec9 h\u00e8 trong th\u1eddi gian du h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Roma, Karol thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan di d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean Ph\u00e1p, H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 B\u1ec9."}
+{"text": "Sau khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 trong th\u1eddi gian du h\u1ecdc \u1edf Roma, th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1948, Karol Wojtyla \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3ng y Sapieha b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m linh m\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 Niegowic, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea Galicia, c\u00e1ch Krak\u00f3w 30 d\u1eb7m.M\u1ed7i bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng, Wojtyla th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea5c l\u00fac 5 gi\u1edd, d\u00e2ng Th\u00e1nh L\u1ec5, \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e2m r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng xe ng\u1ef1a di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng qua c\u00e1c khu trong gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u00e1o l\u00fd cho thi\u1ebfu nhi v\u00e0 c\u1eed h\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh L\u1ec5 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t khu x\u00f3m. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 x\u1ee9 \u0103n tr\u01b0a, ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c \u0111i th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n r\u1ea3nh r\u1ed7i \u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5 gi\u00fap gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nh\u00e0 ."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Ba Lan \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng Wojtyla l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng y Wyszynski. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 Wyszynski l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn Wojtyla v\u00e0o gh\u1ebf t\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ec1 Wojtyla c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o m\u1eadt n\u0103m 1967 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t Ba Lan: \"C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00ean t\u00e2m n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta (Wojtyla) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c trong \u0111o\u00e0n Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Ba Lan. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Wyszynski, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o dung h\u00f2a l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao...Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, \u00f4ng ta ch\u01b0a tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng khai. C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta; \u00f4ng ta b\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c\"."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m t\u00edn h\u1eefu tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Odrodzenie (T\u00e1i Sinh), t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3ng y Wyszynski. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau trao \u0111\u1ed5i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m. T\u1ea1i t\u01b0 dinh, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1edd Tygodnik Powszechny m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia, tri\u1ebft gia, c\u00e1c v\u0103n gia, nh\u1ea1c s\u0129, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n. \u00d4ng b\u00e0n h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Ba Lan, c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia \u2013th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi si\u00eau h\u00ecnh\"."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1972, H\u1ed3ng y Karol Wojyla c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Ba Lan \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Havard . B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 M\u1ef9. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap v\u1ea1ch k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1edbi M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 thu x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard . Sau khi l\u00ean l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Tymieniecka v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n Osoba i Czyn. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn trong cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i\" c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u00e0 v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i."}
+{"text": "L\u00fac 16:30 ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y 14 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1978, sau khi c\u1eed h\u00e0nh L\u1ec5 k\u00ednh Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ec1n th\u1edd Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4 v\u00e0o ban s\u00e1ng, 111 v\u1ecb H\u1ed3ng y t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o M\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea7u Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng m\u1edbi. H\u00f4m sau c\u00e1c H\u1ed3ng y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu: ban s\u00e1ng hai l\u1ea7n, ban chi\u1ec1u hai l\u1ea7n. B\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 10/1978, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c H\u1ed3ng y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \"\u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean duy nh\u1ea5t\", l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng y Giuseppe Siri, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Genova, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o ch\u00ed n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb l\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 \"\u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean\" ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. V\u1ecb kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng y Giovanni Benelli, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Firenze, \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i Ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c V\u1ee5 Khanh, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong Ng\u00e0nh Ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Tri\u1ec1u Roma."}
+{"text": "S\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 hai 16 th\u00e1ng 10/1978, v\u1edbi hai l\u1ea7n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, c\u00e1c H\u1ed3ng y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng m\u1edbi. T\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Cracovia \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u phi\u1ebfu h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o l\u00fac 17:30, trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, v\u00e0o chi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1978. Sau khi ki\u1ec3m xong c\u00e1c l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu, V\u1ecb H\u1ed3ng y nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh (trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4i) l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n V\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn, ch\u00e0o k\u00ednh, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi theo l\u1ec5 nghi: \"Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn Ng\u00e0i hay kh\u00f4ng?\". Trong c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng suy t\u01b0, Karol Wojtyla ch\u01b0a tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ngay. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u1ea3y tr\u00ean g\u00f2 m\u00e1. Sau c\u00f9ng, v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam ngh\u1ecb, \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \"V\u00ec Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u00ec \u00d0\u1ee9c Trinh N\u1eef, M\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u00ec t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng T\u00f4ng Hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi, t\u00f4i xin ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.\""}
+{"text": "Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u0111au bu\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha Gioan Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t (d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u1ed7 tay). V\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c V\u1ecb H\u1ed3ng y \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t V\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Roma. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 s\u1edf xa x\u00f4i, xa x\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n g\u1ea7n g\u0169i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4. T\u00f4i run s\u1ee3 trong khi l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn trong tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng Ch\u00faa ch\u00fang ta \u00d0\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 trong tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00fa th\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho M\u1eb9 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00d0\u1ee9c Trinh N\u1eef Maria."}
+{"text": "T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a anh ch\u1ecb em kh\u00f4ng... b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u00dd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng\" (l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0ng ph\u00e1o tay d\u00e0i n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang). M\u1ed1i thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m gi\u1eefa V\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang gia t\u0103ng th\u00eam m\u00e3i. \"N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i n\u00f3i sai, anh ch\u1ecb em s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i cho t\u00f4i. V\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin chung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1eady v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta n\u01a1i M\u1eb9 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 M\u1eb9 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 51 nghi l\u1ec5 tuy\u00ean th\u00e1nh cho 482 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 147 nghi l\u1ec5 phong ch\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u1edbc cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 1338 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng c\u00f3 tuy\u00ean th\u00e1nh cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tuy\u00ean th\u00e1nh c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean th\u00e1nh l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean th\u00e1nh c\u00f3 Anuarite Negapeta, m\u1ed9t n\u1eef tu ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t t\u00ean l\u00ednh Simba \u1edf Daia s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i trong l\u00fac b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 trinh ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; Peter Toror, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Papua Niughin\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1i t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n trong th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5n phong g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Josemaria Escriva de Balague, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o th\u1ea7n b\u00ed Opus Dei. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y.. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean th\u00e1nh c\u00f3 117 v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean phong t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh R\u00f4ma ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1988."}
+{"text": "Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh. T\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng theo Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, d\u00f9 \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t hay th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i Nigi\u00earia, \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng: \"vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 k\u00e9m hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i \u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ch\u00faa\"; t\u1ea1i C\u00f4l\u00f4mbia \u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o: \"nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0 th\u1eeba v\u00e0 xa hoa v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n\". Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o s\u1ebd ph\u00e1n x\u1eed c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i cao v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\". T\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5: \"C\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd\". T\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng: \"Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\". \u00d4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u1edf Brasil v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Nam Phi, \u00f4ng k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Ap\u00e1cthai."}
+{"text": "Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn chuy\u1ebfn t\u00f4ng du tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3. \u00d4ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nghi th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nhau. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u0169 l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eb7ng: M\u0169 n\u1ed3i d\u00e0nh cho sinh vi\u00ean, m\u0169 ph\u1edbt r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00eahic\u00f4, m\u0169 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng l\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf, m\u0169 \u0111en. T\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi, \u00f4ng m\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o b\u1eb1ng da d\u00ea v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong l\u00fac n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1i gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u00fap l\u1ec1u v\u1ea3i trong b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o l\u1ec5 c\u00f3 tua; t\u1ea1i Phoenix m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1eb7t \u00f4ng l\u00ean b\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft tr\u00f2n r\u1ed3i \u0111i v\u00f2ng quanh \u00f4ng..."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1996 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda. Ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1996, khi xe c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u1ed5ng Bradenburg t\u1ea1i Berlin, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t \"Li\u00ean minh ch\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng\" \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, g\u00e0o to l\u00ean \"H\u00e3y xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c \u0111i !\", \"Thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng !\" \"Bao cao su thay th\u1ebf cho T\u00f2a th\u00e1nh !\" (\"Kondome statt Dome!\") v\u00e0 n\u00e9m s\u01a1n, c\u00e0 chua, tr\u1ee9ng th\u1ed1i v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfc xe c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Hai b\u1ecbch s\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 v\u0103ng tr\u00fang chi\u1ebfc xe ch\u1edf Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II. Danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u1edf Berlin n\u0103m 1996"}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1edbi gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1, trao \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh, sinh vi\u00ean nam n\u1eef trong gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9, n\u01a1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u01a1i thuy\u1ec1n, leo n\u00fai, ch\u01a1i th\u1ec3 thao, c\u1eafm tr\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u h\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng khao kh\u00e1t ki\u1ebfm t\u00ecm c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u2013 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c-,\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7 qua nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m do \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd."}
+{"text": "\u00d4ng c\u0169ng g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c cho s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m 2002, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Hoa K\u1ef3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Iraq, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi g\u1eb7p nhau t\u1ea1i Assisi (Qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Tham d\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Piritim - \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o Nga, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 Bartholomew I c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o Constantinopole, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Vasilios - Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o Cypriot, \u0111\u1ea1o Sikh (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9), Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n), gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i H\u1ed3n v\u1eadt (Phi ch\u00e2u) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u01b0, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i chung c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o n\u00ean \u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ebd kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o \"t\u00e1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n trong \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u1edbm h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00fac \u00c2m v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (....)v\u00ec m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i tim tinh tuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 trong s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u00e2ng l\u1ec7nh \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n trong ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh, huynh \u0111\u1ec7 v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng\"."}
+{"text": "\u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n sang Istanbul, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi h\u1ed3ng y Edward Idris Cassidy, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 H\u1ee3p Nh\u1ea5t Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu tham d\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5 k\u00ednh th\u00e1nh Anr\u00ea - quan th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng nhau nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb n\u0103m s\u00e1u n\u0103m nay. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i n\u0103m v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29.6 nh\u00e2n l\u1ec5 k\u00ednh th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4 v\u00e0 Phaol\u00f4 T\u00f4ng \u00d0\u1ed3, quan th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Roma th\u00ec Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 Bartholomew I, c\u0169ng g\u1eedi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n sang Roma k\u00ednh th\u0103m Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m B\u01b0\u1edbc qua ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda hi v\u1ecdng, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \"th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng\", \"ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c\", \"v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n\". Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1eef d\u1ed9i t\u1eeb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Tanaka Ken, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \"ch\u01b0a ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp\", c\u00f2n L\u1ea1t Ma Ole Nydahl th\u00ec nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \"s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf ki\u1ebfp sau\". Linh m\u1ee5c Thomas Hand, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Medical Retreat Center cho r\u1eb1ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \"v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n\" v\u00e0 \"ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c\" trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t b\u1eeba b\u00e3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u00e2m th\u00fay nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u g\u00ec v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u00ean b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ra ngo\u00e0i ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i T\u00edch Lan \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i xin l\u1ed7i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y, Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 thanh minh r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Bosnia Herzegovina v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi can thi\u1ec7p nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u00e1n cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Iraq do Li\u00ean Minh Anh M\u1ef9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 11/09/2001, gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u00f2n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng k\u00e9o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Ng\u00e0y 14/12/2001, v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0y k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u00e1ng chay t\u1ecbnh Ramadan c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, \u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu kit\u00f4 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00e3y \u0103n chay \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1983. Sau khi qu\u1ef3 xu\u1ed1ng h\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u1ecb b\u1eaft b\u1edb \u1edf Ba Lan: \"Cha k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecda h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi cha. Cha k\u00eau g\u1ecdi l\u1eddi n\u00e0y thay l\u1eddi Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu: Cha \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ed1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m cha. Cha b\u1ecb giam c\u1ea7m, c\u00e1c con h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi cha. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n cha kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi th\u0103m c\u00e1c con chi\u00ean \u0111ang b\u1ecb giam c\u1ea7m, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c con chi\u00ean \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecda. Nh\u01b0ng cha k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi cha trong tinh th\u1ea7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cha, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n l\u00e0m.\"... Bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i, h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh... Khi \u0111i ngang qua t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ba Lan, \u0111o\u00e0n thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f4 to: \"Solidarity! Solidarity! Walesa! D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7!.\""}
+{"text": "Sau khi h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng: \"T\u00f4i lu\u00f4n c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eafn v\u00e0o t\u00f4i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh tha th\u1ee9\". Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1eedi cho A\u011fca: \"T\u1ea1i sao anh l\u1ea1i b\u1eafn t\u00f4i khi m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u chung \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa?\" Nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00ec g\u1eedi b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p A\u011fca. N\u0103m 1983, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m A\u011fca v\u00e0 tha th\u1ee9 cho vi\u1ec7c \u00e1m s\u00e1t \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u00dd \u00e2n x\u00e1 cho A\u011fca. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a A\u011fca nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u0103m m\u1eb9 A\u011fca n\u0103m 1987."}
+{"text": "Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 William Casey - ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a CIA) \u0111\u00e3 tin r\u1eb1ng: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee9ng sau \u00e2m m\u01b0u s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bungari, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hay nh\u00fang v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng Agca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 bao che b\u1edfi c\u01a1 quan t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Bungari, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u01a1 quan KGB. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0: \"t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n tin r\u1eb1ng ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bungari ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3\". Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e2m m\u01b0u s\u00e1t h\u1ea1t gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u1edf Nga ho\u1eb7c \u1edf Bungari k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "\"Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ph\u00e1n: Ng\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u1edb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi! Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Mafia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p l\u00ean lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 t\u1ed1i linh c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Sicilian l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, hy sinh cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u00e1i ngh\u1ecbch, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c. H\u1ecd mong \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng Nh\u00e2n danh \u0110\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf, b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh tr\u00ean Th\u1eadp Gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady t\u1eeb c\u00f5i ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n danh \u0110\u1ea5ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e0 S\u1ef1 S\u00f4ng, t\u00f4i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00e3y thay \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u00f4ng th\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa!\""}
+{"text": "\"V\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c t\u00edn v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01a1i Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Cha kh\u1eb3ng quy\u1ebft: b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i \u00e1c. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f9ng s\u1eaft m\u00e0u, d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\u2026 B\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1, n\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin -ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u2026Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, Cha mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00fang tay v\u00e0o b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. Cha k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c con v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0i xin. Cha qu\u1ef3 g\u1ed1i van xin c\u00e1c con h\u00e3y r\u1eddi b\u1ecf con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i\"."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Clinton v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1 thai tr\u00ean ngh\u1ecb tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Ai C\u1eadp. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a thai nhi. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o, k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua chi\u00eau b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edbt l\u01b0u \u00fd qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh, quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1eeb trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, cho t\u1edbi ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Ngay t\u1eeb khi v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4, Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 cho \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u00f4ng th\u01b0, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u00e0 \u00f4ng m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n \u2018V\u0103n Minh S\u1ef1 S\u1ed1ng\u2019. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edbt \u0111\u1ec1 cao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0o thai trong l\u00f2ng m\u1eb9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ch\u1ebft. B\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn, \u00f4ng l\u00ean \u00e1n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi ph\u00e1 thai, tr\u1ee3 t\u1eed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i. Theo \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0i nhi mang s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n ti\u00ean thi\u00ean, t\u1ef1 h\u1eefu m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 cha m\u1eb9 ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c coi nh\u01b0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, r\u1ed3i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec th\u00ec l\u00e0m tr\u00ean sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf (Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.."}
+{"text": "L\u00ean ti\u1ebfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Da \u0110\u1ecf ng\u00e0y 21-02-1979 sau cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m M\u00eaxic\u00f4 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng khai n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ed9c tr\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng: \"Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00edch danh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd\". Khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng chung c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9, chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00ean b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf R\u00f4ma r\u1eb1ng: \"T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tay ch\u00e2n trong su\u1ed1t b\u1ed1n n\u0103m tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, b\u1ed1n n\u0103m \u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n hai m\u1ea3nh b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129\"."}
+{"text": "Trong cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 ng\u00e0y 19-3-1982 t\u1ea1i Livorno, \u00dd, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi h\u01a1n n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u00edt n\u1eefa l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9. T\u1eeb nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m \u01a1n h\u1ecd v\u00ec ch\u00ednh gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n lao \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 gi\u00fap cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t th\u00eam phong ph\u00fa. Khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: \"T\u00f4i xin c\u1ea3m \u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a anh em, cho d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt h\u00e0m s\u00fac trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111au l\u00f2ng\"."}
+{"text": "Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 cao vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1995 nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp N\u0103m Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Ng\u01b0\u1eddi N\u1eef, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n r\u1eb1ng, trong k\u1ef3 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb s\u1eafp t\u1edbi do Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef. \u01af\u1edbc g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \"thi\u00ean t\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef\", l\u01b0u \u00fd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 danh ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u01b0u t\u00e2m t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c trong c\u00e1i t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 phong ch\u1ee9c linh m\u1ee5c cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef: Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1988 trong T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Mulieris Dignitatem, Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft:\" Khi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3, \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 khi Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1 cao ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u01a1n g\u1ecdi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3; c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng theo nh\u1eefng xu th\u1ebf t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c hay nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi \u1ea5y chu\u1ea9n nh\u1eadn\" (Mulieris Dignitatem,26). Sau h\u1ebft, \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1:"}
+{"text": "Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. N\u0103m 1979, t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, x\u01a1 Theresa Kane, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 d\u00f5ng d\u1ea1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng: \"Th\u01b0a gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xem x\u00e9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 thi\u00eang li\u00eang\". Khi \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Margrit Stucky Scheller. C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \"Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfc v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u00edt c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb xem nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i 2\"."}
+{"text": "Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 xin l\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, Galileo, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng Th\u1eadp T\u1ef1 Qu\u00e2n t\u00e0n s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng qua. Ngay khi ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 L\u00e1 th\u01b0 H\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Ba Lan g\u1eedi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1965. \u0110\u1ebfn khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng khai xin l\u1ed7i cho h\u01a1n 100 \u0111i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i, bao g\u1ed3m:"}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1993, trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfp ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (FAO) \u1edf Vatican, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ee5y ra sau, ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng s\u00e0n nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u1eadt kh\u1edbp vai. Theo ngu\u1ed3n tin ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Vatican, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea5p \u1edf b\u1eadc th\u1ec1m n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t ngai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ea1 \u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n sau, Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc khi gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 l\u1ec5 Mixa v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1994, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u00e3 trong v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft \u1edf Aburzzi. Ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 4, \u00f4ng ng\u00e3 g\u00e3y x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i trong bu\u1ed3ng t\u1eafm. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t ch\u00e2n ng\u00e3 khi ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed3n t\u1eafm sau khi x\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng g\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng khi \u0111i. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed5 ru\u1ed9t th\u1eeba n\u0103m 1996."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2005, H\u1ed3ng y Jose Saraiva Martins v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Edward Nowak, t\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Tuy\u00ean Th\u00e1nh, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 g\u1edfi cho H\u1ed3ng y Camillo Ruini, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c loan b\u00e1o tin n\u00e0y. Trong ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 k\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c m\u1eb9 Fatima 13 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2005, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 24 n\u0103m gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II b\u1ecb m\u01b0u s\u00e1t, gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Benedict\u00f4 XVI \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 n\u00e0y, trong cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Roma, t\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Gioan Laterano - nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh t\u00f2a c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn Roma."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c trong gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ea5n an: \"S\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 religious life d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb\".[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] Sau \u0111\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c thi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u1ec7 \u0111oan x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, t\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tra x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00e2n th\u1ebf c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i khi tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] v\u00e0, v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em trai v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean, nh\u1eefng nam ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc c\u00f3 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1ea1t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 phong.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o khu d\u00ednh l\u00edu t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ra kh\u1ecfi h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc. N\u0103m 2008, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c b\u00ea b\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ef1c k\u00ec nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 500.000 ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00ec l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Opus Dei v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean th\u00e1nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp n\u00f3, Josemar\u00eda Escriv\u00e1, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002, v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \"v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng\".[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 phong tr\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (Binh \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2n t\u00f2ng, Phong tr\u00e0o Sch\u00f6nstatt, Phong tr\u00e0o L\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n, vv.) v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cai qu\u1ea3n nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Marcial Maciel, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Binh \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. N\u0103m 1984 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Joaqu\u00edn Navarro-Valls, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Opus Dei, l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m C\u01a1 quan B\u00e1o ch\u00ed T\u00f2a th\u00e1nh Vatican (Sala Stampa della Santa Sede). Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Opus Dei \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Opus Dei trong Vatican \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i.\" Trong g\u1ea7n 200 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Opus Dei."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1995, ngay t\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4, m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn ti\u1ebfng m\u1eafng nhi\u1ebfc Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1ef1u th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edfng Giulio Andreotti, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb T\u00f2a \u00e1n quy k\u1ebft l\u00e0 d\u00ednh l\u00edu s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi Mafia \u00dd, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng anh ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Andreotti l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong T\u00f2a th\u00e1nh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng minh Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u00ecnh, Vatican kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn g\u00ec v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00ec \u00f4ng gi\u1eef quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \"r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n\" v\u00e0 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Memory and Identity Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh l\u00e0 \"\u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i\", nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 cho nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ho\u00e1n t\u00ednh. Trong chuy\u1ebfn t\u00f4ng du t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1993, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II l\u00e0 \"k\u1ebb k\u00ec th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t\", \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00ean \u00e1n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 k\u00ec th\u1ecb gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, k\u00ec th\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00ean d\u00f9ng bao cao su trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng HIV m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi y khoa v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u1ec7nh AIDS, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft cho h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh AIDS. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00f2n cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng con l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 \u1edf Nam Phi. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch n\u00e0y, C\u01a1 quan C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n H\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i (CAFOD - Catholic Agency for Overseas Development) \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn chuy\u1ec7n quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1eebng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nguy c\u01a1 mang b\u1ec7nh qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 quan trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Vatican, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n do Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan XXIII ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c khi 232 H\u1ed3ng y v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 3.300 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c do Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng; v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ed1 H\u1ed3ng y trong 114 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c M\u1eadt ngh\u1ecb b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ee9c XVI l\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m. Ngo\u00e0i ra, d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u00edt c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh bi\u1ec7n hay ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 phe c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 m\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9c. V\u00ec v\u1eady Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n, chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n."}
+{"text": "Trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i Th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Trent v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n sau C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II t\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba thay th\u1ebf cho ti\u1ebfng La Tinh trong c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd La M\u00e3, phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i K\u1ebft, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb phe b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 cho h\u1ecd tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y t\u1eebng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pi\u00f4 X ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u00e0 \"s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o\". N\u0103m 1988, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c theo t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 Marcel Lefebvre, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Pi\u00f4 X v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1970, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II tuy\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c Vatican th\u1ee5 phong cho 4 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c - h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb t\u00f2a th\u00e1nh c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 \"ly gi\u00e1o\"."}
+{"text": "Khi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o trong Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi C\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Assisi, \u00dd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u00e0 g\u00e2y n\u00ean \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft h\u1ed5 l\u1ed1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trung l\u1eadp t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi T\u00f2a th\u00e1nh. Khi Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi C\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho H\u00f2a binh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u00e0 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \"t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o\". Vi\u1ec7c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n cu\u1ed1n kinh Koran t\u1ea1i Damascus, Syria trong m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn t\u00f4ng du ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2001 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II c\u0169ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, t\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 trong khi c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 Ant\u00f4nio de Castro Mayer \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pi\u00f4 IX \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Syllabus errorum\u2019 n\u0103m 1864 v\u00e0 trong C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 I."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1988, khi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111ang di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u00ec nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 H\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t B\u1eafc Ailen v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o T\u1ef1 do Ulster, Ian Paisley, b\u1ea5t th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh h\u00e9t l\u00ean: \"T\u00f4i t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o \u00f4ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n kit\u00f4 !\" v\u00e0 gi\u01a1 cao bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef ghi d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef \"Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II K\u1eba PH\u1ea2N KIT\u00d4\" (\"Pope John Paul II ANTICHRIST\"). C\u1ef1u th\u00e1i t\u1eed Otto von Habsburg, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u gia t\u1ed9c Habsburg c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u00c1o-Hung c\u0169, v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng gi\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef n\u00e0y xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1eadt l\u00f4i c\u1ed5 Paisley ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft. Sau khi Paisley \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \"ti\u1ec5n\" kh\u1ecfi h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Comoros tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1975, ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ea3o Mayotte tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u1edf l\u1ea1i trong C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p trong cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u \u00fd d\u00e2n n\u0103m 1976. Ahmed Abdallah \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1975, b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng do Ali Soilih l\u00e3nh d\u1ea1o tru\u1ea5t ph\u1ebf th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1975. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t Soilih b\u1ecb c\u1ef1u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Abdallah l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1978 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Li\u00ean bang H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Comoros. Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1989, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Abdallah l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea \u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 Said M. Djohar l\u00ean thay th\u1ebf n\u0103m 1990. Sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng an ninh, \u0111\u1ea3o Anjouan (Ndzouani) tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1997. Th\u00e1ng 7-1997, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Mohamed Taki c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o Anjouan nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Taki tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1999 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Anjouan v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0o."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2000, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u Phi (OAU) c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Anjouan nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady. OAU y\u00eau c\u1ea7u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Assoumani \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 trao tr\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho gi\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i Comoros. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2001, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf ba \u0111\u1ea3o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00f3m li khai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Anjouan, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Said Abeid. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2002, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua, ba \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang v\u00e0 Assoumani \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean bang."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Comoros di\u1ec5n ra trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean bang, theo \u0111\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Comoros l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Comoros \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2001. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u1edbng Azali Assoumani sang T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ahmed Mohamed Abdallah Sambi v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2006 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n giao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Comoros."}
+{"text": "Quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p li\u00ean bang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Comoros. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o (theo Ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 II c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p) c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn trong li\u00ean bang, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (ho\u1eb7c Lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n), c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ri\u00eang. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean bang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao xoay v\u00f2ng gi\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o."}
+{"text": "Comoros l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 cao, ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n. Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p cao, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Hi\u1ec7n nay Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ra s\u1ee9c n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n ng\u00e0nh du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Comoros l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u00edt d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 cao nh\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi trung b\u00ecnh 275 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i km vu\u00f4ng. Trong n\u0103m 2001, 34% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd t\u0103ng, trong khi m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao. G\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o Comoros \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i d\u01b0\u1edbi 15 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn bao g\u1ed3m Moroni, Mutsamudu, Domoni, Fomboni, v\u00e0 Ts\u00e9mb\u00e9hou. C\u00f3 t\u1eeb 200.000 v\u00e0 350.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Comoros s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Comoros c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u Phi-\u1ea2 R\u1eadp. H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Sunni l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho 98% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Mayotte, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Malagasy (theo C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o) v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Ismaili) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean Mayotte v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Grande Comore (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Moroni)."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o Comoros l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Comorian hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Shikomor, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Swahili v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp n\u1eb7ng, v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau (Shingazidja, Shimwali, Shinzwani, v\u00e0 Shimaore) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Comorian. Ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1ee9 hai, l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y kinh Coran. Ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Malagasy, Shibushi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i b\u1edfi kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Mayotte. Kho\u1ea3ng 57% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1 Latinh trong khi h\u01a1n 90% bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 62,5%. Comoros kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u1eef \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Latinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef qu\u1ed1c gia."}
+{"text": "Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c quan s\u00e1t c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00eam, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f2n s\u1edbm h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1eebng g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh \u0111o sao, hoa ti\u00eau thi\u00ean v\u0103n, quan s\u00e1t thi\u00ean v\u0103n, l\u00e0m l\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 chi\u00eam tinh h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean th\u1ec3."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc quan s\u00e1t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hay m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n. Hai l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "N\u00f3i chung, c\u1ea3 \"thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc\" hay \"v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean th\u1ec3\" \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u00f4n n\u00e0y. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n, \"thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc\" \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \"vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang\" v\u00e0 \"v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean th\u1ec3\" \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e1nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \"c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\". Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0 trong ph\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Physical Universe (V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 V\u1eadt l\u00fd) c\u1ee7a Frank Shu, \"thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc\" c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trong khi \"v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean th\u1ec3\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1edfi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean th\u1ec3. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \"thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc\" v\u00e0 \"v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean th\u1ec3\", m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt l\u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p v\u1eadt l\u00fd. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u1edd b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean th\u1ec3."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan s\u00e1t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cao v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cao v\u1edbi m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Mesopotamia, Hy L\u1ea1p, Ai C\u1eadp, Ba T\u01b0, Maya, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Nubia v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c quan s\u00e1t thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf g\u1ed3m v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed sao v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt \u0111o sao. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao quay quanh n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecba t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eang el\u00edp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1eeb ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chaldean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 saros. \u1ede th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hipparchus v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp sau n\u00e0y \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh. Thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Andromeda, thi\u00ean h\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba t\u01b0 Azophi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 964 v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Book of Fixed Stars (S\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tinh) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Sao si\u00eau m\u1edbi SN 1006, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n sao c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ai C\u1eadp \u1ea2 R\u1eadp Ali ibn Ridwan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c quan s\u00e1t n\u0103m 1006."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0ng tr\u1ec7 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u Trung C\u1ed5, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t cho t\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII. Tuy nhi\u00ean, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng cho ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m Al-Battani, Thebit, Azophi, Albumasar, Biruni, Arzachel, tr\u01b0\u1eddng Maragha, Qushji, Al-Birjandi, Taqi al-Din, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean \u1ea2 R\u1eadp hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0n t\u00edch t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i Zimbabwe v\u00e0 Timbuktu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia t\u1eebng tin r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1 Sahara th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m sao ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean h\u00e0 \"b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\", ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y trong s\u1ef1 r\u1eddi xa c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta. Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quasar, pulsar, blazar, v\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 radio, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt l\u00fd mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 \u0111en v\u00e0 sao neutron. V\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Big Bang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, nh\u01b0 m\u00e0n b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 vi s\u00f3ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Hubble, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5."}
+{"text": "Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i (c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng d\u00e0i h\u01a1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecf). Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng g\u1ea7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i b\u1ecb kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m cao v\u00e0 kh\u00f4 hay trong kh\u00f4ng gian. Quang ph\u1ed5 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u0129a c\u1ea1nh sao. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i d\u00e0i h\u01a1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean qua v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y b\u1ee5i v\u1ed1n ng\u0103n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, cho ph\u00e9p quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao tr\u1ebb trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 m\u1ea1nh \u1edf d\u1ea3i s\u00f3ng h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng gian, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch."}
+{"text": "Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ef1c t\u00edm n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ef1c t\u00edm gi\u1eefa x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 100 v\u00e0 3200 \u00c5 (10 to 320 nm). \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5, v\u00ec th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n hay t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng gian. Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ef1c t\u00edm th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao xanh n\u00f3ng (Sao OB) r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng trong d\u1ea3i s\u00f3ng n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao xanh trong c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 kh\u00e1c, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ef1c t\u00edm. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ef1c t\u00edm g\u1ed3m tinh v\u00e2n h\u00e0nh tinh, t\u00e0n t\u00edch sao si\u00eau m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n thi\u00ean h\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ef1c t\u00edm d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb b\u1ee5i li\u00ean sao h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ef1c t\u00edm t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i."}
+{"text": "Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc tia X l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng tia X. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 tia X nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 synchrotron (do c\u00e1c electron dao \u0111\u1ed9ng xung quanh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra), ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kh\u00ed m\u1ecfng (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 bremsstrahlung) \u1edf tr\u00ean 107 (10 tri\u1ec7u) \u0111\u1ed9 kelvin, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kh\u00ed d\u00e0y (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i) \u1edf tr\u00ean 107 \u0111\u1ed9 Kelvin. B\u1edfi c\u00e1c tia X b\u1ecb kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t tia X ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u00ed c\u1ea7u \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda, hay t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n tia X \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd g\u1ed3m sao k\u00e9p tia X, pulsar, t\u00e0n t\u00edch sao si\u00eau m\u1edbi, thi\u00ean h\u00e0 el\u00edp, c\u1ee5m thi\u00ean h\u00e0, v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n thi\u00ean h\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc tia gamma l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a quang ph\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. C\u00e1c tia gamma c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t Tia Gamma Compton hay b\u1edfi c\u00e1c k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Cherenkov. C\u00e1c k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng Cherenkov tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c tia gamma m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m lo\u00e9 b\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra khi c\u00e1c tia gamma b\u1ecb kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5."}
+{"text": "Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00e1m s\u00e1t s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e9n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0 Laser Interferometer Gravitational Observatory LIGO, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 quan s\u00e1t. Sau 100 n\u0103m Einstein ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, LIGO \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hai l\u1ed7 \u0111en s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2015, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ef9 Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia (NSF) th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2016. T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn th\u1ee9 hai c\u0169ng \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi LIGO v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2015 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u n\u1eefa \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y r\u1ea5t cao."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c th\u1ecb sai sao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao \u1edf g\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho thang kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. C\u00e1c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c th\u1ecb sai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao \u1edf g\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao \u1edf xa h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 xuy\u00ean t\u00e2m v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 xuy\u00ean qua thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c sao c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i trong thi\u00ean h\u00e0."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ed3m: \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c sao v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 sao; th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1o thi\u00ean h\u00e0; c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u1edf t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong V\u0169 tr\u1ee5; ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c tia v\u0169 tr\u1ee5; t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, g\u1ed3m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc d\u00e2y v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c l\u1edbn trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho h\u1ed1 \u0111en (v\u0169 tr\u1ee5)v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u0129a ti\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh tinh bao quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u. Th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh g\u1ed3m l\u1ef1c h\u00fat h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0 b\u1ed3i t\u1ee5, \u0111\u0129a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh tin. \u00c1p l\u1ef1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng b\u1ed3i t\u1ee5, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch, hay \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111i, s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e9m bom d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c, v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed1 va ch\u1ea1m tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 va ch\u1ea1m nhau, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng."}
+{"text": "S\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh hay v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c va ch\u1ea1m, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 uranium, thorium, v\u00e0 26Al), hay nhi\u1ec7t thu\u1ef7 tri\u1ec1u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh t\u00edch t\u1ee5 hay gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1edfi gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t thu\u1ef7 tri\u1ec1u, l\u1ea1nh \u0111i nhanh ch\u00f3ng; v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ng\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n va ch\u1ea1m."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ng\u00f4i sao c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, c\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n trong l\u00f5i. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh heli, v\u00e0 ng\u00f4i sao b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p heli \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong l\u00f5i, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u00f4i sao v\u1eeba m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba t\u0103ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 trong l\u00f5i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u1ecf kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd ng\u1eafn, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u heli \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t phase ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n, b\u1edfi ch\u00fang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u1eb7ng."}
+{"text": "S\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i sao ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m l\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh sao si\u00eau m\u1edbi s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 l\u00f5i; trong khi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1c tin v\u00e2n h\u00e0nh tinh, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c sao l\u00f9n tr\u1eafng. T\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sao si\u00eau m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sao neutron \u0111\u1eb7c, hay, n\u1ebfu kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sao \u00edt nh\u1ea5t g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111en. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao k\u00e9p \u1edf g\u1ea7n nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i theo nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao l\u00f9n tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t sao si\u00eau m\u1edbi. Tinh v\u00e2n h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 sao si\u00eau m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian li\u00ean sao; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang, m\u1ecdi ng\u00f4i sao m\u1edbi (v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang) s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb hydro v\u00e0 heli."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1o, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (Astrochemistry). C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, sao l\u00f9n n\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh. Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (Cosmochemistry) l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u00ean trong H\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb. C\u1ea3 hai l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "N\u00f3i chung, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 quan s\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf. C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 g\u1ed3m M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh, c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao, sao ch\u1ed5i, m\u01b0a sao b\u0103ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 s\u00e2u trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m sao, thi\u00ean h\u00e0 hay tinh v\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean v\u0103n nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0, ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0, li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00eam. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t trong quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u v\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 hay c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m h\u1ecd quan t\u00e2m."}
+{"text": "\u0110a s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i quang ph\u1ed5 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u1ecdc h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng radio. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc radio nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 l\u00e0 Karl Jansky, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan s\u00e1t b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u1edf nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng radio t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m hay c\u00e1c k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng radio ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u00ean v\u0103n nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 K\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng M\u1ed9t D\u1eb7m)."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p khoa h\u1ecdc trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi\u00ean v\u0103n. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c che khu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tinh ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u1ecf. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c sao ch\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5."}
+{"text": "Trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 62 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c, n\u0103m 2009 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 N\u0103m thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IYA2009), v\u1edbi ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2008. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u do Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Thi\u00ean v\u0103n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IAU) b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO \u2014 c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u0103n ho\u00e1, t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng. N\u0103m Thi\u00ean v\u0103n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf 2009 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, kh\u01a1i d\u1eady s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o thanh ni\u00ean."}
+{"text": "L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat ng\u00e0y nay khi x\u01b0a l\u00e0 4 khu v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: Hejaz, Najd, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp (Al-Ahsa) v\u00e0 Nam \u1ea2 R\u1eadp ('Asir). V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ibn Saud th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1932, \"Saud\" b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c Saud, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c. Ibn Saud th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t b\u1ed1n khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1902. \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i th\u1ebf t\u1eadp do c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o cai tr\u1ecb. Phong tr\u00e0o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Wahhabi c\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Sunni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"\u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat\", \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1edd t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed. \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Hai Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\" \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 Al-Masjid al-Haram (t\u1ea1i Mecca), v\u00e0 Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (t\u1ea1i Medina), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m linh thi\u00eang nh\u1ea5t trong H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 28,7 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013, trong \u0111\u00f3 20 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0 8 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1u. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "D\u1ea7u m\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1938, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng. \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u d\u1ea7u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec v\u00e0 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf thu nh\u1eadp cao v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea2 R\u1eadp duy nh\u1ea5t trong G-20. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kinh t\u1ebf \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat k\u00e9m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t trong H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c V\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh, ngo\u00e0i khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 hay s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00ec c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi n\u1eef gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia chi ti\u00eau qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014, v\u00e0 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2010\u201314, SIPRI nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c b\u1eadc trung. Ngo\u00e0i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c V\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u d\u1ea7u l\u1eeda."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 125.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh lang m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ec1n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111a th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, C\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1o, Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 H\u1ecfa gi\u00e1o. V\u0103n minh Al-Magar th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Najd. Al-Magar l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a. Dilmun l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o l\u00fac t\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch qua v\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0. V\u0103n minh Dilmun bao ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 V\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u kh\u1eafc s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t ghi t\u00ean Dilmun l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ur-Nanshe x\u1ee9 Lagash (kho\u1ea3ng 2300 TCN)"}
+{"text": "V\u0103n minh Thamud t\u1ea1i Hejaz \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t TCN \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Muhammad. Ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean 9.000 c\u00e2u kh\u1eafc Thamud t\u1ea1i t\u00e2y nam \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Lihyan (\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646) hay Dedan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1eafc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i t\u00e2y b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u kh\u1eafc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI \u0111\u1ebfn IV TCN. Kindah l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Najd, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft song d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean thanh th\u1ebf c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n uy gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf. Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Kindah l\u00e0 Qaryat Dh\u0101t K\u0101hil, nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Qaryat al-F\u0101w."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Muhammad t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 632, c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o ra ngo\u00e0i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn (t\u1eeb b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn Pakistan ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng) trong kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o do tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c song ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, Mecca v\u00e0 Medina n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba mang hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Sharif c\u1ee7a Mecca, tuy nhi\u00ean Sharif trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Baghdad, Cairo ho\u1eb7c Istanbul. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat ng\u00e0y nay quay l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Saud \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1744 t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c quanh Riyadh, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn t\u1eebng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, song \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1818 th\u00ec b\u1ecb Ph\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ottoman l\u00e0 Mohammed Ali Pasha ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t. Qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Saud c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1824 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Nejd. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, gia t\u1ed9c Saud tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat ng\u00e0y nay v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gia t\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1ea2 R\u1eadp kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Rashid. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1891, gia t\u1ed9c Rashid gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 gia t\u1ed9c Saud b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111i l\u01b0u vong t\u1ea1i Kuwait."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o l\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o. D\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0y, b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 Sharif c\u1ee7a Mecca c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb Hejaz. N\u0103m 1902, Abdul Aziz\u2014sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ibn Saud\u2014t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm Riyadh khi\u1ebfn gia t\u1ed9c Saud tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Nejd. Ibn Saud gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ikhwan, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Wahhabi v\u00e0 do Faisal Al-Dawish l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng sau khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1912. V\u1edbi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eeb Ikhwan, Ibn Saud chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Al-Ahsa (\u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp) t\u1eeb Ottoman v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1913."}
+{"text": "Sau khi chinh ph\u1ee5c Hejaz, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Ikhwan chuy\u1ec3n sang b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Wahhabi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Anh l\u00e0 Ngo\u1ea1i Jordan, Iraq v\u00e0 Kuwait, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Ibn Saud ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y do nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy hi\u1ec3m t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi Anh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Ikhwan tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u1ee1 m\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Ibn Saud m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c phi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd quay sang ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ibn Saud, v\u00e0 sau hai n\u0103m giao tranh h\u1ecd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong tr\u1eadn Sabilla v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1929. N\u0103m 1932, hai v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Hejaz v\u00e0 Nejd th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1976, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ea7u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong th\u1eddi gian Khalid cai tr\u1ecb, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat tr\u1ea3i qua ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia; v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u0103m 1979, c\u00f3 hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n khi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Iran, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Shia thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i V\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng (n\u01a1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ecf d\u1ea7u) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1eefu Iran c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Qatif 1979. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i Mecca. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh tham gia m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 phi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sau m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y. Ho\u00e0ng gia \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 trao cho Ulema (h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o) vai tr\u00f2 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. N\u0103m 1980, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat mua l\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 trong Aramco. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Khalid t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1982, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb l\u00e0 em trai \u00f4ng Fahd. Fahd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng mua thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Anh."}
+{"text": "L\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i l\u1edbn b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb thu nh\u1eadp d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. N\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng m\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong sinh ho\u1ea1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, song quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1eabn do ho\u00e0ng gia n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tham gia r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u00e3 chi 25 t\u1ef7 USD \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Saddam Hussein trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Iran\u2013Iraq. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00ean \u00e1n Iraq x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Kuwait v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990 v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Hoa K\u1ef3 can thi\u1ec7p. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Fahd cho ph\u00e9p binh s\u0129 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 li\u00ean qu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. \u00d4ng m\u1eddi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Kuwait v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, song tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Yemen v\u00e0 Jordan do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Iraq. N\u0103m 1991, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat tham gia oanh t\u1ea1c Iraq c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Kuwait."}
+{"text": "Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u g\u00e2y lo ng\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ulema v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u lu\u1eadt sharia, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Osama bin Laden l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat (cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994); 15 trong s\u1ed1 19 ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 tham gia c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng 11 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2001 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, song kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1n. Thu\u1ebf cao v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong gia t\u0103ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3, Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Fahd kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \"c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch\" h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Trong th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1992, \u00f4ng cho thi h\u00e0nh \"Lu\u1eadt C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\", trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Trong th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1993, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, song th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u do Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. Fahd l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m tr\u00ed m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7: \"M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.\""}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2011, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Jeddah trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ebfm hoi nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 sau khi c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn l\u1ee5t qu\u00e9t qua th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0m 11 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft. C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t ng\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2011, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \"M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp\". Nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2011 Abdullah tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 36 t\u1ef7 USD, trong \u0111\u00f3 10,7 t\u1ef7 USD d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00e0 \u1edf. Ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 3 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, Abdullah tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t g\u00f3i tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 93 t\u1ef7 USD, bao g\u1ed3m 500.000 c\u0103n nh\u00e0 m\u1edbi v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed 67 t\u1ef7 USD, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00eam 60.000 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c an ninh m\u1edbi. Abdullah cho ph\u00e9p n\u1eef gi\u1edbi b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb n\u0103m 2015, v\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed v\u00e0o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n. Ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2015, Abdullah t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb l\u00e0 em trai kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 Salman."}
+{"text": "\u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo Lu\u1eadt C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992, qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo lu\u1eadt Sharia v\u00e0 kinh Quran, trong khi Quran v\u00e0 Sunnah (l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Muhammad) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh xem \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. The Economist x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 5/167 trong Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 2012 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00f2n Freedom House x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do\", v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013."}
+{"text": "Theo t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nam gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 majlis. Tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u00edt kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. B\u1ea3n s\u1eafc b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c th\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo li\u00ean h\u1ec7 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, theo \u0111\u00f3 sheikh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c duy tr\u00ec m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia. Trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 v\u00e0 l\u1eadp Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n \u0110\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003."}
+{"text": "Quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Saud \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n nh\u00f3m: c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Sunni; c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do; c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Shia\u2014\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i V\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng; c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i Hejaz). Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e do\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat."}
+{"text": "Ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i h\u1ec7 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh theo d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i, tham v\u1ecdng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Ph\u00e1i h\u1ec7 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 'Sudairi B\u1ea3y', g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c anh em c\u00f9ng cha c\u00f9ng m\u1eb9 v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Fahd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ph\u00e2n chia t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ulema n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean hay gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng. T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n tranh trong ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c tham nh\u0169ng. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \"thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1\" ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7t theo h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c, ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea5p cao l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1eadp m\u1edd."}
+{"text": "\u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t trao cho Ulema (th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt gia H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o) vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Iran. Ulema c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng then ch\u1ed1t trong c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, nh\u01b0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1973 v\u00e0 m\u1eddi binh s\u0129 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, do th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ulema b\u1ecb suy tho\u00e1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau khi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i Mecca v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1979. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ulema v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho h\u1ecd: h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c thi nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc h\u01a1n c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc Wahhabi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Sau khi \u0111\u0103ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005, Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Abdullah th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ulema, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i sang B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "Ulema c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng do gia t\u1ed9c Al ash-Sheikh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gia t\u1ed9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u1ed1c gia. Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia t\u1ed9c Al ash-Sheikh l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703 \u2013 1792), l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Wahhabi thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Sunni, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n chi ph\u1ed1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Gia t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 thanh th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c hai gia t\u1ed9c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \"hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7\" v\u00e0 d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp chia s\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong g\u1ea7n 300 n\u0103m qua. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Al ash-Sheikh trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 thuy\u1ebft Wahhabi. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, gia t\u1ed9c Al ash-Sheikh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o-\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ebf chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Al ash-Sheikh trong Ulema b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua, song h\u1ecd v\u1eabn gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c th\u00f4ng qua li\u00ean h\u00f4n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn."}
+{"text": "Ngu\u1ed3n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 Sharia b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n trong Qur'an v\u00e0 Sunnah (l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Muhammed). \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a Sharia v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00e1n l\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, trao cho th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft. C\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Hanbali (hay fiqh) th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd do di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en Qur'an v\u00e0 hadith."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c; song \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7nh thay v\u00ec lu\u1eadt do ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c Sharia. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed5 sung cho Sharia trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty. Ngo\u00e0i ra, lu\u1eadt b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ngo\u00e0i Sharia th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tranh ch\u1ea5p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1eeb t\u00f2a \u00e1n Sharia v\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc Sharia v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1 (\u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft), c\u1eaft c\u1ee5t chi, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh, \u0111\u00e1nh roi, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch m\u1ea1nh. T\u1eed h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean cho nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hi\u1ebfp d\u00e2m, c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ma t\u00fay nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, b\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o, th\u00f4ng gian, y\u00eau thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ma thu\u1eadt. H\u00e0nh vi t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh roi ho\u1eb7c t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m, ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh khoan h\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n diyya (ti\u1ec1n m\u00e1u)."}
+{"text": "\u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat gia nh\u1eadp Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c V\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh, Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o (nay l\u00e0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o). Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong Qu\u1ef9 Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 tham gia T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005. \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Li\u00ean minh Thu\u1ebf quan \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng chung \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2020. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1960, v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a OPEC, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2002, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u00e3 chi ra tr\u00ean 70 t\u1ef7 USD \"vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i\" (ODA). Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0 khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Wahhabi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tranh lu\u1eadn m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Wahhabi \u0111\u00e3 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c \u0111oan t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn hay kh\u00f4ng. Hai lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Wahhabi khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng khoan dung v\u00e0 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1. Ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng theo H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, trong b\u1ed1n th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau khi Faisal \u0111\u0103ng c\u01a1, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 1.359 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, 210 trung t\u00e2m H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "\u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb khi Barack Obama nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2016, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 110 t\u1ef7 USD cho \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng sau c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2001 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 dung th\u1ee9 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 jihad (th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn). Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng Hoa K\u1ef3 Hillary Clinton t\u1eebng cho r\u1eb1ng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho al-Qaida, Taliban, LeT v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1c c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c \u0111oan t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n ho\u00e1."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 th\u00e2n M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng minh tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat trong chi\u1ebfn tranh V\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh 1991, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p binh s\u0129 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1991, x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi Hoa K\u1ef3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c tham gia cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Iraq do Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003."}
+{"text": "H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m 2003 v\u00e0 M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp khi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat gia t\u0103ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Iran trong khu v\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c lo ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh qua l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Abdullah, \u00f4ng t\u1eebng b\u00ed m\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Iran v\u00e0 \"c\u1eaft c\u1ed5 con r\u1eafn\". Nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c Khalifa c\u1ee7a Bahrain, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat ph\u00e1i qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp Bahrain \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Bahrain v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2011. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"m\u1ed1i \u0111e do\u1ea1 an ninh\" do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Shia v\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Bahrain \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2015, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Sunni, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u can thi\u1ec7p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i Yemen ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1i Houthi thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Shia v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u1ef1u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ali Abdullah Saleh."}
+{"text": "\u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u00f4n ho\u00e0 trong xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u1ea2 R\u1eadp-Israel, \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa Israel v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Palestine, v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u00e1n Hezbollah. Trong M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n cho T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Zine El Abidine Ben Ali c\u1ee7a Tunisia v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Abdullah \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0m v\u1edbi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hosni Mubarak c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp (tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. N\u0103m 2014, quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0 Qatar tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng do Qatar \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Anh em H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat t\u1eebng c\u00f4ng khai \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n Chinh ph\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m thu\u1ed9c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Syria m\u00e0 theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn al-Nusra c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi al-Qaeda."}
+{"text": "\u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chi ti\u00eau qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, 10% GDP c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n, h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng, v\u1ec7 binh qu\u1ed1c gia (SANG), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n qu\u00e2n, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 200.000 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i ng\u0169. N\u0103m 2005, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang: l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n c\u00f3 75.000; kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n c\u00f3 18.000; ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 16.000; h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u00f3 15.500 (bao g\u1ed3m 3.000 thu\u1ef7 qu\u00e2n l\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn); v\u00e0 SANG c\u00f3 75.000 binh s\u0129 t\u1ea1i ng\u0169 v\u00e0 25.000 d\u00e2n qu\u00e2n b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 quan t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah."}
+{"text": "\u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e2u n\u0103m v\u1edbi Pakistan, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u c\u00f3 suy \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat b\u00ed m\u1eadt t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Pakistan v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch mua v\u0169 kh\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1eeb Pakistan. V\u1ec7 binh Qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1n tuy\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1-t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Ibn Saud l\u00e0 Ikhwan. V\u1ec7 binh Qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n nay b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Abdullah t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960. V\u1ec7 binh Qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i Sudairi trong ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c."}
+{"text": "Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do Hoa K\u1ef3, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh cung c\u1ea5p. Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u00e1n tr\u00ean 80 t\u1ef7 USD ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1951-2006. N\u0103m 2013, chi ti\u00eau qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat t\u0103ng l\u00ean 67 t\u1ef7 USD, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Anh, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Theo Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Stockholm (SIPRI), trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2010\u201314 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u0169 kh\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn g\u1ea5p b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2005\u20132009. \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat chi\u1ebfm 41% xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a Anh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2010\u201314. Ph\u00e1p cho ph\u00e9p b\u00e1n 18 t\u1ef7 USD v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat ch\u1ec9 trong n\u0103m 2015. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 v\u0169 kh\u00ed tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 15 t\u1ef7 USD v\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Canada. N\u0103m 2017, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn v\u0169 kh\u00ed tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 110 t\u1ec9 USD."}
+{"text": "\u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 80% b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp (b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi), n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 16\u00b0 B\u1eafc v\u00e0 33\u00b0 B\u1eafc, gi\u1eefa kinh tuy\u1ebfn 34\u00b0 \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 56\u00b0 \u0110\u00f4ng. Do bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi C\u00e1c Ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Oman kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. CIA World Factbook \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 2.149.690 km2 (830.000 sq mi) v\u00e0 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia r\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9 13 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean m\u1ea3ng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "Hoang m\u1ea1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u00e1n hoang m\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng c\u00e2y b\u1ee5i c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi n\u00f3 chi ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, hoang m\u1ea1c m\u1ea1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sa m\u1ea1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m 647.500 km\u00b2 Rub' al Khali (\"mi\u1ec1n hoang vu\") t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, l\u00e0 sa m\u1ea1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee5n c\u00e1t li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00f4ng h\u1ed3 t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, song c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 wadi (thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n). M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1edd b\u1ed3i t\u00edch t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c wadi, b\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0 \u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 cao nguy\u00ean trung t\u00e2m, cao l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecf v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n th\u1ea5p xu\u1ed1ng Nejd v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng ra v\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0. T\u1ea1i duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecf, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i h\u1eb9p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tihamah. V\u00f9ng Asir thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y nam c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh n\u00fai non, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 n\u00fai Sawda cao 3.133 m, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00f9ng Asir, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu sa m\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ban ng\u00e0y c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 cao v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 45 \u00b0C, song c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao \u0111\u1ebfn 54 \u00b0C. Trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ebfm khi xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 0 \u00b0C. Trong m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u00f9a thu, s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng d\u1ecbu \u0111i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 29 \u00b0C. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 th\u1ea5p. Ri\u00eang v\u00f9ng Asir ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 3. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 300 mm, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 60% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a h\u00e0ng n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 ch\u00f3 s\u00f3i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, linh c\u1ea9u v\u1eb1n, c\u1ea7y Mangut, kh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00f3, th\u1ecf sa m\u1ea1c, cu\u1ed9t c\u00e1t, chu\u1ed9t nh\u1ea3y. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 linh d\u01b0\u01a1ng Gazelle, linh d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1eebng ki\u1ebfm, v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950, song s\u0103n b\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim bao g\u1ed3m chim c\u1eaft (b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u0103n b\u1eaft), \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng, di\u1ec1u h\u00e2u, k\u1ec1n k\u1ec1n, g\u00e0 g\u00f4 c\u00e1t v\u00e0 ch\u00e0o m\u00e0o. \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i r\u1eafn trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n. H\u1ec7 sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i v\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n ho\u00e1 g\u1ed3m l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbu, d\u00ea, c\u1eebu, l\u1eeba v\u00e0 g\u00e0. Do c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sa m\u1ea1c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y th\u00e2n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e2y b\u1ee5i nh\u1ecf c\u1ea7n \u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e2y v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam Asir. Ch\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "\u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 huy, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 75% thu ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 90% thu nh\u1eadp xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, kho\u1ea3ng 80% ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea3o ngh\u1ecbch vi\u1ec7c suy gi\u1ea3m thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho thanh ni\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e1 kinh t\u1ebf, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 \u1edf, gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 45% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, trong khi khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm 40%. \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf 260 t\u1ef7 th\u00f9ng (4,1\u00d71010 m3), chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 cao khi\u1ebfn thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 11.700 USD v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf trong n\u0103m 1981 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 6.300 USD trong n\u0103m 1998. Gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean khi\u1ebfn GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n t\u0103ng l\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea1t 17.000 USD v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007 (kho\u1ea3ng 7.400 USD \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t), song gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng do gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 2014."}
+{"text": "Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2003\u20132013, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ho\u00e1: cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c, vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh tai n\u1ea1n \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ho\u00e1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y. Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2005, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat duy tr\u00ec vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, song ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u1edf c\u1eeda m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng, b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ho\u00e1 kinh t\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c thay th\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat song ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ng\u00e0nh khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0ng quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Mahd adh Dhahab v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khai kho\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i t\u00e2y nam) d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00e0 gia s\u00fac, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong m\u1ed7i d\u1ecbp h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng hajj. \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sa m\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n 300 t\u1ef7 m\u00b3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf linh l\u0103ng, ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 s\u1eefa t\u1ea1i hoang m\u1ea1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o khi\u1ebfn cho 4/5 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2012."}
+{"text": "\u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eed mu\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec7 sinh trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua. Kho\u1ea3ng 50% n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1eed mu\u1ed1i, 40% \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb khai th\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m v\u00e0 10% \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng n\u00fai non t\u00e2y nam). Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Riyard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1eed mu\u1ed1i b\u01a1m t\u1eeb v\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0 v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 467 km. Nh\u1edd thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n song v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i Riyadh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed7i 2,5 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011, c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i Jeddah ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc 9 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n."}
+{"text": "D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2016 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 28,1 tri\u1ec7u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 30% (kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 8 tri\u1ec7u) \u0111\u1ebfn 10 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, tuy nhi\u00ean gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e2ng kh\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1950 v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 3 tri\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t sinh cao nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 3% m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ed5ng t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t sinh n\u0103m 2016 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 2,11 tr\u1ebb em tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef."}
+{"text": "D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat kh\u00e1 tr\u1ebb v\u1edbi tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u01b0\u1edbi 25 tu\u1ed5i (2012). M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 mang qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. (The CIA Factbook \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2013[c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt] ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 21% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. C\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf v\u00e0 Th\u00f4ng tin Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2014 chi\u1ebfm 33% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 (10,1 tri\u1ec7u). Trong \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 1,3 tri\u1ec7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Pakistan c\u00f3 1,5 tri\u1ec7u (2012), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp: 900.000, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Yemen: 800.000, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bangladesh: 500.000, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Philippines: 500.000, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Jordan/Palestine: 260.000, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indonesia: 250.000, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sri Lanka: 350.000, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sudan: 250.000, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Syria: 100.000 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3: 100.000."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee7 10 n\u0103m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xin quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat (\u01b0u ti\u00ean cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Palestine tr\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat.) \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat kh\u00f4ng k\u00fd k\u1ebft C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ecb n\u1ea1n Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c 1951. Do d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7, khi\u1ebfn gia t\u0103ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat hy v\u1ecdng gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. Ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp Hejaz (kho\u1ea3ng 6 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i), ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp Najd (kho\u1ea3ng 8 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i), v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp V\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh (kho\u1ea3ng 0,2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i). Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khi\u1ebfm th\u00ednh. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1u l\u1edbn c\u0169ng n\u00f3i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Tagalog, ti\u1ebfng Rohingya, ti\u1ebfng Urdu, ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp Ai C\u1eadp. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00ec C\u00f4ng ty D\u1ea7u m\u1ecf \u1ea2 R\u1eadp-M\u1ef9 (SAMCO) chi ph\u1ed1i kinh t\u1ebf \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t, song nhi\u1ec1u khi ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi song song v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o., v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Khu v\u1ef1c Hejaz c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Mecca v\u00e0 Medina l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn trong cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng hajj, l\u00e0 hai th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ec7 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Sunni t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 75% \u0111\u1ebfn 90%, 10\u201325% c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Shia. Th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Sunni t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Wahhabi (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng chu\u1ed9ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Salafi, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn Wahhabi l\u00e0 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m) v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 'ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c', 'kh\u00f4ng khoan dung', hay 'c\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7', c\u00f2n c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 xem \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \"\u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c\". Ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y do Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII t\u1ea1i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Shia thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Wahabbi l\u00ean \u00e1n \u0111\u1ee9c tin Shia."}
+{"text": "Theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1,5 tri\u1ec7u t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, song kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 c\u00f4ng khai. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat theo C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, do c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u1ecfi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu vi ph\u1ea1m s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 60.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u1ea3i sang C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Theo Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Pew th\u00ec c\u00f3 390.000 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Theo ph\u00e1p l\u00fd t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2014, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2004[c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt] kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. 90% s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trao l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng, kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi phi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o trong 12 n\u0103m h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 40 trang. S\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb/t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c ho\u00e1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Do c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat thi\u1ebfu \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c to\u00e0 nh\u00e0, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7c k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o (phi-Wahhabi) nh\u01b0 sinh nh\u1eadt Muhammad v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y Ashura, (m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 10\u201325% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 theo H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Shia), ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoan dung khi c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Shia c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p theo \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Theo d\u00f5i Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i phi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 L\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh v\u00e0 L\u1ec5 Ph\u1ee5c Sinh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung th\u1ee9. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng phi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd (Diyya) ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Wahhabi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh n\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec lo ng\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh ho\u00e1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t (t\u1ea1i Mecca v\u00e0 Medina) n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Hejaz. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Saud, kho\u1ea3ng 95% to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Mecca \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 v\u00ec l\u00fd do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u00f9 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch cho r\u1eb1ng trong 50 n\u0103m, 300 di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Muhammad, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u00edt h\u01a1n 20 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Mecca c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Muhammad."}
+{"text": "Trang ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc hijab (nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong trang ph\u1ee5c). Qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 r\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean song che ph\u1ee7 to\u00e0n th\u00e2n, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu hoang m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nam gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eaft c\u00e1 ch\u00e2n d\u1ec7t t\u1eeb v\u1ea3i len ho\u1eb7c b\u00f4ng (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thawb), c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t keffiyeh (kh\u0103n k\u1ebb \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng b\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111ai agal) ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ghutra (m\u1ed9t kh\u0103n tr\u1eafng tuy\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ea3i b\u00f4ng m\u1ecbn, c\u0169ng gi\u1eef b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t agal) tr\u00f9m l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y l\u1ea1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y, nam gi\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat m\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f4ng l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 (bisht). T\u1ea1i n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, n\u1eef gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1eb7c abaya m\u00e0u \u0111en ho\u1eb7c trang ph\u1ee5c m\u00e0u \u0111en kh\u00e1c bao ph\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed5 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u00e0n tay, song h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft n\u1eef gi\u1edbi che \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00f4n k\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho n\u1eef gi\u1edbi phi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 h\u01a1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trang ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u1eef gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1 ti\u1ebft b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, ti\u1ec1n xu, sequin, s\u1ee3i kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u00ednh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn che m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng niq\u0101b c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng abaya bao ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi quy t\u1eafc Wahhabi. Trong phong tr\u00e0o Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cho \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m do c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c \u00e9p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i. N\u0103m 2017, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim m\u1edf c\u1eeda tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2018. Hai b\u1ed9 phim \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 hai phim ho\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh The Emoji Movie - \u0110\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie - Si\u00eau nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea7n chip. D\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn trong v\u00f2ng 12 n\u0103m t\u1edbi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 2.000 r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh, vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf c\u1eeda l\u1ea1i r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng sau h\u01a1n 3 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd s\u1ef1 \"c\u1edfi tr\u00f3i\" cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII tr\u1edf \u0111i, tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng Wahhabi l\u00e0m tho\u00e1i ch\u00ed c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi\u1ec7c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Sunni c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ecbu chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, hoa v\u0103n, ph\u00e1c ho\u1ea1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. Nh\u1edd thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 phong c\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 \u1edf, n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t v\u00e0 trang ph\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a sinh ho\u1ea1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi th\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e1t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 rab\u0101bah (gi\u1ed1ng v\u0129 c\u1ea7m 3 d\u00e2y), c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 g\u00f5 nh\u01b0 \u1e6dabl (tr\u1ed1ng) v\u00e0 \u1e6d\u0101r (tambourine). Trong c\u00e1c v\u0169 \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7u theo ki\u1ec3u th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f5 \u02bfar\u1e0dah, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng nam gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng mang theo g\u01b0\u01a1m ho\u1eb7c s\u00fang, nh\u1ea3y theo ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ed1ng. Th\u01a1 Bedouin (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp du c\u01b0), g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 naba\u1e6d\u012b, v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. L\u1eb7n bi\u1ec3n, l\u01b0\u1edbt v\u00e1n bu\u1ed3m, thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 c\u0169ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi ch\u01a1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat t\u1eebng gi\u00e0nh huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch ch\u00e2u \u00c1 n\u0103m 1999. C\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 \u0111ua l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970. M\u1ed9t s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Riyadh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. Gi\u1ea3i \u0111ua l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1974, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thi quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 tay \u0111ua t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp khu v\u1ef1c. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111i s\u0103n b\u1eb1ng chim \u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia xung quanh tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Ba T\u01b0 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi. Lu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh, theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ebft m\u1ed5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi halal. M\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0103n g\u1ed3m th\u1ecbt c\u1eebu non mang t\u00ean kh\u016bz\u012b l\u00e0 m\u00f3n \u0103n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c m\u00f3n Kebab \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 sh\u0101warm\u0101 (shawarma), m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n th\u1ecbt \u01b0\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbng g\u1ed3m th\u1ecbt c\u1eebu ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecbt g\u00e0. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n c\u01a1m v\u1edbi c\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 machb\u016bs (kabsa) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. B\u00e1nh m\u00ec d\u1eb9t, kh\u00f4ng men l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi b\u1eefa \u0103n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa qu\u1ea3. C\u00e0 ph\u00ea theo phong c\u00e1ch Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o, song c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quan t\u00e2m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p (10% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010), tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c \u0111oan t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. T\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Song m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, tr\u1ebb v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111ua xe b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ma tu\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ed3n qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p cao v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nam thanh ni\u00ean khinh th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e do\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ngh\u00e8o (theo chu\u1ea9n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc) l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 12,7% (2013) \u0111\u1ebfn 25% (2013)."}
+{"text": "Theo m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2010, m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n tr\u1ebb em t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng. H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng g\u1ea7n 45% tr\u1ebb em trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ec3u l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 2013, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 ho\u00e1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1ebb em. C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat do n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn n\u1eef gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 tra t\u1ea5n."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, n\u1eef gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi. B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u1edbi n\u1eef gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng\" t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u00edt quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb do ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, m\u1ecdi n\u1eef gi\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nam gi\u1edbi th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9\", c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p th\u00ec n\u1eef gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra ngo\u00e0i, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hay l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. N\u1eef gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb trong t\u00f2a \u00e1n, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nam gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a hai n\u1eef gi\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf. Nam gi\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 \u0111a th\u00ea, v\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ly h\u00f4n v\u1ee3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 bi\u1ec7n minh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd n\u00e0o. N\u1eef gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ly h\u00f4n n\u1ebfu ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb ch\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u1eef gi\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ly h\u00f4n theo ph\u00e1p l\u00fd."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed trong m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p h\u1ecdc. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1t 97% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 91,1% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1eef gi\u1edbi (2015). C\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n theo gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cao \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Saud \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1957, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Medina \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1961, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Abdulaziz t\u1ea1i Jeddah \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1967. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Abdullah, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 KAUST, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cao \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e0nh cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o. N\u1eef gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ri\u00eang. B\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 4 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch 980 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 2016-2017. C\u00f2n B\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Quacquarelli Symonds x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 19 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat trong 100 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp n\u0103m 2016."}
+{"text": "H\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kinh Qur'an, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 am hi\u1ec3u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o trong sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Do \u0111\u00f3, thanh ni\u00ean \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \"th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn\" theo \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a CIA. Theo m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Freedom House n\u0103m 2006, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f9 h\u1eadn nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o \"nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin theo\", bao g\u1ed3m t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00edn d\u1ed3 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng theo thuy\u1ebft Wahhabi, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00e1c. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua madrasah, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat b\u1ecb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Sau c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2001, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c \u0111oan v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e2m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u00f4ng qua ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \"Tatweer\". Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Tatweer \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch kho\u1ea3ng 2 t\u1ef7 USD v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc v\u1eb9t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch sinh vi\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n 1.400 n\u0103m. D\u1ea1ng c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Anh - m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Anglo-Frisia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o Anh b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anglo-Saxon v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ed5. Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfng Anh trung \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norman x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Anh; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p/Norman. Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y in \u00e9p \u1edf Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u00e0 Kinh Th\u00e1nh Vua James, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Great Vowel Shift. Nh\u1edd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh, ti\u1ebfng Anh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i lan r\u1ed9ng ra to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng in \u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng, ti\u1ebfng Anh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong giao ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, l\u00e0 lingua franca \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea1m vi chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, sau ti\u1ebfng Quan tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a g\u1ea7n 60 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef. Ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Anh v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Ireland, Hoa K\u1ef3, Canada, \u00dac, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ireland v\u00e0 New Zealand, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i Caribe, ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 Nam \u00c1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef German ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, chi\u1ebfm \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 70% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y. Kh\u1ed1i t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3."}
+{"text": "Ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfng Anh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e2u t\u1ef1 do, th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef mang t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u00edt bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed1, c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac SVO c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ti\u1ebfng Anh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00ec, th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng, nghi v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 gi\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef theo v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u2013 \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ng\u1eef \u00e2m v\u00e0 \u00e2m v\u1ecb, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng, ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1ea4n-\u00c2u, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef chi German T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef t\u1ed9c German. G\u1ea7n g\u0169i nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Frisia; ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng Frisia c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m Anglo-Frisia. Ti\u1ebfng Saxon c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng H\u1ea1 Saxon (H\u1ea1 \u0110\u1ee9c) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi, ti\u1ebfng H\u1ea1 Saxon, ti\u1ebfng Anh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng Frisia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m German bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc. Ti\u1ebfng Anh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u1eadu th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Anh trung \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ed5. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 trung \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef g\u1ed1c Anh kh\u00e1c, g\u1ed3m ti\u1ebfng Scots v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Fingallian v\u00e0 Forth and Bargy (Yola) t\u1ea1i Ireland."}
+{"text": "D\u1ea1ng c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ed5 hay ti\u1ebfng Anglo-Saxon (550\u20131066). Ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef German bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i d\u1ecdc theo v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Frisia, Niedersachsen, Jylland, v\u00e0 Nam Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c German g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Angle, Saxon, v\u00e0 Jute. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anglo-Saxon \u0111\u1ebfn Anh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea3o Anh. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anglo-Saxon \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Anh, thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Anh thu\u1ed9c La M\u00e3 (43\u2013409): ti\u1ebfng Britton chung, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Celt, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Latinh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o Anh b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3. Hai t\u1eeb England v\u00e0 English (ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u00c6nglaland v\u00e0 \u00c6nglisc) xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"Angle\"."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef: hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Angle, Mercia v\u00e0 Northumbria, v\u00e0 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Saxon, Kent v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Saxon. Nh\u1edd c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Vua Alfred v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IX v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Wessex, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef T\u00e2y Saxon tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef vi\u1ebft ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. S\u1eed thi Beowulf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef T\u00e2y Saxon, c\u00f2n b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t, C\u00e6dmon's Hymn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Northumbria. Ti\u1ebfng Anh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Mercia, c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfng Scots ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Northumbria. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc ng\u1eafn trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef rune. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI, b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Latinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. B\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef rune, \u1edf c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 wynn \u27e8\u01bf\u27e9 v\u00e0 thorn \u27e8\u00fe\u27e9. Ngo\u00e0i ra, eth \u27e8\u00f0\u27e9, v\u00e0 ash \u27e8\u00e6\u27e9 l\u00e0 hai k\u00fd t\u1ef1 Latinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ed5 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Anh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi n\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Frisia c\u1ed5. Danh t\u1eeb, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb, \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111u\u00f4i v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed1, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb th\u00ec t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Anh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ti\u1ebfng Anh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0u gi\u1eef d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb (he, him, his) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111u\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb (I have, he has), nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ed5 th\u00ec c\u00f2n bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed1 danh t\u1eeb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norman n\u0103m 1066, th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \"B\u1eafc \u00c2u h\u00f3a\" gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Norman c\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef R\u00f4man r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. Ti\u1ebfng Norman t\u1ea1i Anh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng Anglo-Norman. V\u00ec ti\u1ebfng Norman \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cao c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong khi th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anglo-Saxon, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfng Norman mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb ng\u1eef li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. Ti\u1ebfng Anh trung \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ecf b\u1edbt h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed1. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa danh c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea5t \u0111i (tr\u1eeb \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb), c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00e1ch b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1ch b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed1 \"quy t\u1eafc h\u00f3a\" nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t quy t\u1eafc, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p, khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e2u k\u00e9m m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo \u0111i. Trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh Wycliffe th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1380, \u0111o\u1ea1n Ph\u00fac \u00c2m M\u00e1tth\u00eau 8:20 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft"}
+{"text": "Great Vowel Shift \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean \u00e2m d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \"bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n\", t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u00e2m kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean \u00e2m v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean, v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \u0111\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \u0111\u00f4i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u1eeb bite ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb beet ng\u00e0y nay, nguy\u00ean \u00e2m th\u1ee9 hai trong t\u1eeb about \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng trong t\u1eeb boot ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y. Great Vowel Shift g\u00e2y n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft, v\u00ec ti\u1ebfng Anh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i duy tr\u00ec ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Anh trung \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao, c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u00e2m r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c khi so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng Anh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef uy t\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Henry V. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1430, T\u00f2a \u00e1n Chancery t\u1ea1i Westminster b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chancery Standard, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef th\u00e0nh Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u00e0 East Midlands. N\u0103m 1476, William Caxton gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u00e1y in \u00e9p t\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u00e0m lan r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a William Shakespeare v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n b\u1edfi Vua James I \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. Sau cu\u1ed9c Vowel Shift, ti\u1ebfng Anh trung \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eabn kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Anh ng\u00e0y nay: v\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m /kn \u0261n sw/ trong knight, gnat, v\u00e0 sword v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Shakespeare ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c hay l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Anh trung \u0110\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "T\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh \u0111\u00e3 lan r\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00ean h\u1ea7u kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, ngo\u1ea1i giao, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u. Ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef giao ti\u1ebfp to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Do n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh l\u1eadp n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Anh ri\u00eang. Ti\u1ebfng Anh hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ch\u00e2u Phi, Australasia, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c. Th\u1eddi h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecdn ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng sau Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 II \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c vi\u1ec7c lan r\u1ed9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y ra to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI, ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef l\u1edbn g\u1ed3m V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Anh v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Ireland, Hoa K\u1ef3, \u00dac, Canada, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ireland, v\u00e0 New Zealand, nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111a ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh, v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nam Phi, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Anh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t 231 tri\u1ec7u), V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Anh v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Ireland (60 tri\u1ec7u), Canada (19 tri\u1ec7u), \u00dac (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t 17 tri\u1ec7u), C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nam Phi (4,8 tri\u1ec7u), C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ireland (4,2 tri\u1ec7u), v\u00e0 New Zealand (3,7 tri\u1ec7u). \u1ede nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, con c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Anh t\u1eeb cha m\u1eb9, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba n\u00f3i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh."}
+{"text": "Trong b\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean, khi \u00e2m c\u1ea3n (t\u1eafc, t\u1eafc x\u00e1t, v\u00e0 x\u00e1t) \u0111i theo c\u1eb7p, nh\u01b0 /p b/, /t\u0283 d\u0292/, v\u00e0 /s z/, th\u00ec \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 fortis (m\u1ea1nh) v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 lenis (y\u1ebfu). Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m c\u1ea3n fortis (nh\u01b0 /p t\u0283 s/) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u0103ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u01a1i h\u01a1n ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m lenis (nh\u01b0 /b d\u0292 z/), v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n v\u00f4 thanh. Ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m lenis h\u1eefu thanh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n khi \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 h\u1eefu thanh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n khi n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa hai nguy\u00ean \u00e2m. Nh\u1eefng \u00e2m t\u1eafc fortis nh\u01b0 /p/ c\u00f3 th\u00eam v\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u1eef \u00e2m kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u0111a ph\u1ea7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef: n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m b\u1eadt h\u01a1i [p\u02b0] khi \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u00e2m ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadt h\u01a1i \u1edf \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 h\u01a1i [p\u031a ] hay \u00e2m h\u1ecdng h\u00f3a tr\u01b0\u1edbc [\u02c0p] \u1edf cu\u1ed1i \u00e2m ti\u1ebft. \u1ede t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n \u00e2m ti\u1ebft, nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m t\u1eafc fortis \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ng\u1eafn: n\u00ean nip c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean \u00e2m ng\u1eafn (v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u1eef \u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00e2m v\u1ecb) h\u01a1n nib [n\u026a\u02d1p\u032c]."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1ea4n-\u00c2u kh\u00e1c, ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 thay b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n x\u01b0ng duy tr\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c. Ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y l\u1edbp t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh: \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, danh t\u1eeb, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb, tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb, h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb (t\u1ee9c m\u1ea1o t\u1eeb), gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1eeb. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi danh t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o th\u00e1n t\u1eeb. Ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb phong ph\u00fa, nh\u01b0 have (ngh\u0129a \u0111en 'c\u00f3') v\u00e0 do ('l\u00e0m'). C\u00e2u nghi v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 do-support, v\u00e0 wh-movement (t\u1eeb h\u1ecfi wh- \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u)."}
+{"text": "Trong ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb, ri\u00eang trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 danh t\u1eeb l\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb, \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 referent c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb (referent l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 t\u1eeb hay \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn). \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong t\u00e1m b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1eddi n\u00f3i trong ti\u1ebfng Anh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (ti\u1ebfng Anh: determiner - m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfm, m\u1ea1o t\u1eeb, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb s\u1edf h\u1eefu,... x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh/gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n danh t\u1eeb, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a trong \"con m\u00e8o c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\"). T\u1eeb h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3, bao g\u1ed3m ti\u1ebfng Anh. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 big (to), old (c\u0169), v\u00e0 tired (m\u1ec7t),... Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c trong c\u00e2u, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00fa ph\u00e1p; v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"to be big\", v\u00e0 s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \"big-being house\" \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \"big house\" trong ti\u1ebfng Anh. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb th\u00ec t\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c; v\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong khi ti\u1ebfng Anh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \"to be hungry\" (hungry l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh t\u1eeb) th\u00ec ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \"avoir faim\" (ngh\u0129a theo t\u1eebng ch\u1eef = \"to have hunger\", hunger l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb), ti\u1ebfng Hebrew s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ednh t\u1eeb \"\u05d6\u05e7\u05d5\u05e7\" (zaq\u016bq, \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"in need of\") th\u00ec ti\u1ebfng Anh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \"to need\"."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u1eeb h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb, coi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u (hay c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng), nh\u01b0ng theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c t\u1eeb h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng. (Trong c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng Anh, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c t\u1eeb h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong c\u00e2u, c\u00e1c t\u1eeb h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o v\u1eeba l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb). C\u00e1c t\u1eeb h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh, n\u00f3i chung ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh (nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh a v\u00e0 the), s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh one (m\u1ed9t) v\u00e0 some (m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i) v\u00e0 many (nhi\u1ec1u)), hay t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Anh, danh t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh t\u1eeb. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb, danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed1 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh hay \u0111\u1ecbnh danh ng\u1eef) kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ng\u1eef; a beautiful park th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb9p (beautiful), nh\u01b0ng a car park kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \"car\"(xe h\u01a1i). Trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c (\"Virginia reel\"), ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (\"work clothes\"), ho\u1eb7c ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a patient (\"man eater\"). Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i sinh t\u1eeb danh t\u1eeb c\u0169ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 trong ti\u1ebfng Anh boyish, birdlike, behavioral, famous, manly, angelic, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 danh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn danh t\u1ed1. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, bao g\u1ed3m ti\u1ebfng Anh, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c danh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh t\u1eeb. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ti\u1ebfng Anh cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 relieved (qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb relieve, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh t\u1eeb trong c\u00e2u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \"I am so relieved to see you\"), spoken (nh\u01b0 trong \"the spoken word\"), v\u00e0 going (hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb go, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh t\u1eeb trong c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 \"Ten dollars per hour is the going rate\")."}
+{"text": "Trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, c\u00e1c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh. Trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i l\u00e0 to (big), to h\u01a1n (bigger) xe kh\u00e1c, hay to nh\u1ea5t biggest trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c xe. Tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb cho vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh; v\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh extinct (\u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft, l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t vong) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, vi\u1ec7c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y \"more extinct\" h\u01a1n c\u00e1i kia l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. Tuy nhi\u00ean ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh; v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi l\u00e0 \"more extinct\" h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng/t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p so s\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh t\u1eeb, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh t\u1eeb."}
+{"text": "Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ngay c\u1ea3 trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, hai h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0: h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 -er v\u00e0 -est, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb more,most. (Trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, xu th\u1ebf chung l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh t\u1eeb ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Anglo-Saxon s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng -er v\u00e0 -est, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb d\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, ti\u1ebfng Latin, ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng more v\u00e0 most.) Nh\u1edd c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y n\u00ean t\u00ednh t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng: nguy\u00ean th\u1ec3 (big), so s\u00e1nh h\u01a1n (bigger), v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh h\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t (biggest). Tuy nhi\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng so s\u00e1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn danh t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh referent c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y \"gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n\" reference c\u1ee7a n\u00f3), ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (gi\u00fap mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh). Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha, s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t; v\u00ed d\u1ee5, la tarea dif\u00edcil ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n\" trong ngh\u0129a \"the task that is difficult\" (h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh), trong khi \u0111\u00f3 la dif\u00edcil tarea c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"the difficult task\" trong ngh\u0129a \"the task, which is difficult\" (kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh). Trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u l\u00ean t\u00ednh t\u1eeb m\u00e0 l\u00ean m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 (s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa \"the man who recognized me was there\" v\u00e0 \"the man, who recognized me, was there\" l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh)."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111a n\u0103ng n\u00f3i chung. V\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a n\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m tay nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c MP3, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e8n giao th\u00f4ng, b\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c m\u00e1y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t vi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i vi v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eb1m g\u1ecdn trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u1ecf m\u00e1y l\u1edbn."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Apollo Guidance Computer (M\u00e1y t\u00ednh D\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Apollo) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi Charles Stark Draper t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc MIT. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u00e1y h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho t\u00ean l\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1961. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00e1y h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Autonetics D-17, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u0129a c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb. Khi Minuteman II \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1996, D-17 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh m\u1edbi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. T\u00ednh n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh Minuteman l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00ean l\u1eeda ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ean l\u1eeda, gi\u1ea3m tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 80, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t chip x\u1eed l\u00fd. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 vi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. V\u1edbi gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 th\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c vi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u chip x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u giao di\u1ec7n l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u song song truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c vi x\u1eed l\u00fd. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 80, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay."}
+{"text": "C\u00f2n trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda, c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u00fat b\u1ea5m \u1edf l\u1ec1 m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng; \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00fat b\u1ea5m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u00fat b\u1ea5m d\u1ea1ng c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec3u khi\u1ec3n (joystick button). S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u00fang m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n web th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ph\u00ed cho nh\u1eefng m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p khi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn, th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb xa, c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c router l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec7n \u00edch n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i: vi x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 vi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c vi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean chip nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac CPU \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u00fang nh\u01b0 ARM, MIPS, Coldfire/68k, PowerPC, x86, PIC, 8051, Atmel AVR, Renesas H8, SH, V850, FR-V, M32R, Z80, Z8 \u2026 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn PC/104 v\u00e0 PC/104++ l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng DOS, Linux, NetBSD ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh nh\u00fang th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 QNX hay VxWorks. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng on chip (System on a chip \u2013 SoC), m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (an application-specific integrated circuit \u2013 ASIC). Sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n CPU \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua v\u00e0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chip. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng FPGA (field-programmable gate array) v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh cho n\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean l\u00fd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 CPU."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1y h\u00e0ng n\u0103m tr\u1eddi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khi g\u1eb7p l\u1ed7i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb r\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u01b0 \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a, c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c n\u00fat b\u1ea5m th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khi g\u1eb7p l\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 watchdog timer \u2013 n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u watchdog \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00ec th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c truy c\u1eadp t\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chia s\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee3i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p (message queues), semaphores \u2026 V\u00ec nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00f3i tr\u00ean n\u00ean m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u1eefa."}
+{"text": "Trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh trong c\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n nh\u01b0 Linux hay Microsoft Windows v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n kh\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 Embedded Linux v\u00e0 Windows CE. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean nh\u01b0ng lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang n\u00e0y \u0111ang t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u00fang m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 Wireless router ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb GPS. L\u00fd do c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0:"}
+{"text": "L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb ba thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. L\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian su\u1ed1t b\u1ea3y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n sang tr\u1ecdng, ch\u00f9a mi\u1ebfu, hoa vi\u00ean, l\u0103ng m\u1ed9, t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng th\u00e0nh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c kho t\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn B\u1eafc Kinh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eebng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn trong th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady."}
+{"text": "B\u1eafc Kinh (\u5317\u4eac) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"Kinh \u0111\u00f4 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc\", ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng chung c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 khi kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u t\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Nam Kinh (\u5357\u4eac N\u00e1nj\u012bng, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"Kinh \u0111\u00f4 ph\u00eda nam\"), Tokyo (\u6771\u4eac, \"\u0110\u00f4ng Kinh\" theo ch\u1eef H\u00e1n), \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh (\u6771\u4eac D\u014dngj\u012bng, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"Kinh \u0111\u00f4 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng\", ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i); c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Kyoto (\u4eac\u90fd, \"Kinh \u0110\u00f4\") v\u00e0 Kinh Th\u00e0nh, (\u4eac\u57ce - c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"kinh \u0111\u00f4\", ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Seoul), T\u00e2y Kinh (\u897f\u4eac X\u012bj\u012bng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"Kinh \u0111\u00f4 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y\", nay l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng). \u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u1ea1i. Gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 1368 \u0111\u1ebfn 1405, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa t\u1eeb 1928 \u0111\u1ebfn 1949, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh (\u5317\u5e73; b\u00ednh \u00e2m: Beiping; Wade-Giles: Pei-p'ing), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \"h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh ph\u00eda b\u1eafc\" hay \"b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00eda b\u1eafc\". Trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i - b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ecf t\u1eeb \"kinh\" - \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Nam Kinh, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00e0 Minh, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 B\u1eafc Kinh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc Kinh n\u0103m 1949 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf \u0110\u00e0i Loan ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean n\u00e0y v\u00e0 trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 v\u00e0 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0110\u00e0i Loan g\u1ecdi B\u1eafc Kinh l\u00e0 B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa. Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0110\u00e0i Loan, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi B\u1eafc Kinh, d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u0169 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169. Y\u00ean Kinh (\u71d5\u4eac; B\u00ednh \u00e2m: Y\u0101nj\u012bng; Wade-Giles: Yen-ching) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Y\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Chu. T\u00ean n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m t\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 bia Y\u00ean Kinh, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y\u00ean Kinh, m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u1eafc Kinh. Trong th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean, B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh trong c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Long C\u1ed1t S\u01a1n (\u9f99\u9aa8\u5c71) g\u1ea7n Chu Kh\u1ea9u \u0110i\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Ph\u00f2ng S\u01a1n, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n B\u1eafc Kinh t\u1eebng sinh s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng (Homo erectus) t\u1eeb c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 230.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 250.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (homo sapiens) th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c B\u1eafc Kinh, t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 27.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee7 T\u1ec9nh t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m B\u1eafc Kinh."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y, khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed3i sinh khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u k\u00eanh m\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Cao C\u00e2u Ly c\u1ee7a T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ebf. U ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1edf ch\u1ec9 huy ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng, khu v\u1ef1c B\u1eafc Kinh trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Y\u00ean trong lo\u1ea1n An S\u1eed v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII. N\u0103m 936, nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu T\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu v\u1ef1c B\u1eafc Kinh cho nh\u00e0 Li\u00eau c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khi\u1ebft \u0110an. Hai n\u0103m sau, nh\u00e0 Li\u00eau l\u1eadp b\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Nam Kinh. m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Li\u00eau, bao g\u1ed3m Thi\u00ean Ninh t\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 Li\u00eau s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 Kim c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Kim \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn Nam Kinh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1153, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Trung \u0110\u00f4. Th\u00e0nh b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n bao v\u00e2y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1213 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb san b\u1eb1ng hai n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. Sau n\u00e0y, H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4 (Khanbaliq), t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4 cho tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e0n t\u00edch t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Kim. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb 1264 \u0111\u1ebfn 1293, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh n\u1eb1m \u1edf r\u00eca ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 C\u1ed5 L\u00e2u n\u1eb1m h\u01a1i l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb B\u1eafc Kinh hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 10 ng\u00e0y nay. T\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eafp b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Th\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh k\u1ebf v\u1ecb khi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng ta qua \u0111\u1eddi, th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Chu \u0110\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c \u0110\u1ebf. Do kinh th\u00e0nh \u1ee8ng Thi\u00ean (Nam Kinh) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y khi Chu \u0110\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp phong \u1ea5p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3ng kinh th\u00e0nh. Th\u00e0nh B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Thu\u1eadn Thi\u00ean \u2013 t\u1ee9c B\u1eafc Kinh ng\u00e0y nay v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1403. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0ng cung m\u1edbi, T\u1eed C\u1ea5m th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1406 \u0111\u1ebfn 1420; \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n nay, nh\u01b0 Thi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0n v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n (song qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1651 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecdn quang). Khi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1421, B\u1eafc Kinh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kinh s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c trong khi \u1ee8ng Thi\u00ean \u2013 m\u00e0 nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nam Kinh \u2013 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. (H\u1ed3ng Hi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1425 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 Nam Kinh, song \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 ngay sau \u0111\u00f3.)"}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u00e3 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay. T\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh th\u1eddi Minh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai 2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc Kinh t\u1eebng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, XVI, XVII, v\u00e0 XVIII. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1652 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Matteo Ricci tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3; nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Nam \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh Nha phi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n hai, qu\u00e2n Anh-Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 Vi\u00ean Minh Vi\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1860. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc Kinh khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i giao th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. N\u0103m 1900, \"phong tr\u00e0o Ngh\u0129a H\u00f2a \u0110o\u00e0n\" \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ti\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ea3i sang Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o, khi\u1ebfn B\u1eafc Kinh l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ngo\u1ea1i bang chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng. Trong giao tranh, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, bao g\u1ed3m H\u00e0n L\u00e2m Vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Di H\u00f2a Vi\u00ean."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1911 nh\u1eb1m thay th\u1ebf nh\u00e0 Thanh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn Nam Kinh. Khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Thanh l\u00e0 Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thanh tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c. Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i v\u1eabn gi\u1eef th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, r\u1ed3i x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1915. \u00d4ng ta qua \u0111\u1eddi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u2013 chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u1ef1c-Ho\u00e0n n\u0103m 1920 c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u1ef1c-Ph\u1ee5ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1922 v\u00e0 1924 \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4. Sau khi Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng' ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 Nam Kinh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1928. Ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 6 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1966 \u0111\u1ebfn 1976, phong tr\u00e0o H\u1ed3ng v\u1ec7 binh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thanh tr\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m 1966, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u h\u1ed3ng v\u1ec7 binh t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh trong t\u00e1m cu\u1ed9c mittinh t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n v\u1edbi Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1976, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang l\u1edbn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i T\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n bang v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n song \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1976, T\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n bang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i Trung Nam H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3i k\u1ebft. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1978, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00f3a 11 t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3o ngh\u1ecbch nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean \u00e1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u \"ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 m\u1edf c\u1eeda.\""}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai 2 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1981 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai 3, 4, 5 v\u00e0 6 v\u00e0o sau n\u00e0y. Theo m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005, quy m\u00f4 khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh r\u1ed9ng g\u1ea5p r\u01b0\u1ee1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee7 T\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0110an (\u897f\u5355) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng khu ph\u1ed1 mua s\u1eafm h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, trong khi Trung Quan Th\u00f4n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p, m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1eafc Kinh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u1ec9nh Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n n\u0103m 1989 v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i M\u00f9a h\u00e8 2008."}
+{"text": "\u1ede ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f3 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00fai n\u00e0y t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i th\u1ecb v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y quang \u0111\u00e3ng. T\u00e2y S\u01a1n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00fai ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i H\u00e0nh S\u01a1n- d\u00e3y n\u00fai ch\u1ea1y theo chi\u1ec1u b\u1eafc-nam v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 B\u1eafc. T\u00e2y S\u01a1n bao tr\u00f9m g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn Ph\u00f2ng S\u01a1n v\u00e0 M\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea7u C\u00e2u \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. \u0110\u00f4ng Linh S\u01a1n (\u4e1c\u7075\u5c71, cao 2,303 m\u00e9t (7 ft 6,7 in)), m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean ranh gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi H\u00e0 B\u1eafc, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh. \u0110\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 122 km (76 mi). T\u00e2y S\u01a1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf n\u00fai cao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ebbm n\u00fai s\u00f4ng, bao g\u1ed3m Th\u1eadp \u0110\u1ed9 (\u5341\u6e21). V\u00f9ng ch\u00e2n n\u00fai c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, bao g\u1ed3m H\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n (\u9999\u5c71)- m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch l\u1edbn v\u00e0 L\u00e3o S\u01a1n- n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra thi \u0111\u1ea5u xe \u0111\u1ea1p leo n\u00fai trong Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i M\u00f9a h\u00e8 2008."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m th\u1ee7y h\u1ec7 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh, ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb t\u00e2y sang \u0111\u00f4ng, g\u1ed3m: C\u1ef1 M\u00e3 H\u00e0 (\u62d2\u9a6c\u6cb3), V\u0129nh \u0110\u1ecbnh H\u00e0, B\u1eafc V\u1eadn H\u00e0 (\u5317\u8fd0\u6cb3), Tri\u1ec1u B\u1ea1ch H\u00e0 (\u6f6e\u767d\u6cb3), K\u1ebf V\u1eadn H\u00e0 (\u84df\u8fd0\u6cb3). C\u00e1c s\u00f4ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Cao nguy\u00ean N\u1ed9i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, ch\u1ea3y xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o H\u1ea3i H\u00e0- con s\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ra B\u1ed9t H\u1ea3i. Ng\u00e0y nay, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0o ch\u1ea3y qua khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh do qua h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00f2ng qua th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Nh\u1edd c\u00e1c h\u1ed3, k\u00eanh m\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u00e0o, c\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, song n\u1ed9i th\u1ecb B\u1eafc Kinh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1eeb l\u0169 l\u1ee5t do s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra. B\u1eafc Kinh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i V\u1eadn H\u00e0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng xuy\u00ean qua b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean Hoa B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u, \u0111o\u1ea1n B\u1eafc Kinh-Thi\u00ean T\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1eafc V\u1eadn H\u00e0. H\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a M\u1eadt V\u00e2n (\u5bc6\u4e91\u6c34\u5e93), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du Tri\u1ec1u B\u1ea1ch H\u00e0, l\u00e0 h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "Khu n\u1ed9i th\u1ecb B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ea3i. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 cho m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0ng cung \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4 xung quanh ch\u00fang. Sau n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00e0 Minh v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Thanh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ng\u1ef1 hoa vi\u00ean. Ng\u00e0y nay, ba h\u1ed3 c\u1ef1c b\u1eafc trong n\u1ed9i th\u1ecb l\u00e0 T\u00e2y H\u1ea3i, H\u1eadu H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n H\u1ea3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 Th\u1eadp S\u00e1t H\u1ea3i (\u4ec0\u5239\u6d77). \u1ede ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, B\u1eafc H\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00f2n Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 Nam H\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 Trung Nam H\u1ea3i. Chu\u1ed7i h\u1ed3 n\u00e0y t\u1eebng l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a V\u0129nh \u0110\u1ecbnh H\u00e0- cong s\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ea3y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 50\u201360 km (31\u201337 mi) v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. C\u00e1ch nay 1.800 n\u0103m, V\u0129nh \u0110\u1ecbnh H\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y qua T\u00edch Th\u1ee7y \u0110\u00e0m (\u79ef\u6c34\u6f6d) v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o h\u1ed3 Long \u0110\u00e0m v\u00e0 v\u00e0o Th\u00f4ng Ch\u00e2u."}
+{"text": "B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea9m ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a, kh\u00e1 kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n (ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu K\u00f6ppen Dwa), c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u1ea9m do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1; v\u00e0 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh, l\u1ed9ng gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4 do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00e1p cao Siberi. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u00e3o c\u00e1t th\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5m l\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng, song th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4. M\u00f9a thu c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a nh\u1ecf, song m\u00f9a n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed se l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ng\u1eafn. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh th\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 l\u00e0 \u22123,7 \u00b0C (25,3 \u00b0F), trong khi v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 l\u00e0 26,2 \u00b0C (79,2 \u00b0F). L\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 570 mm (22,4 in), v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u221227,4 \u00b0C (\u221217 \u00b0F) \u0111\u1ebfn 42,6 \u00b0C (109 \u00b0F)."}
+{"text": "Khu Trung t\u00e2m Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 B\u1eafc Kinh (\u5317\u4eac\u5546\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u533a), t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Qu\u1ed1c M\u1eadu (\u56fd\u8d38), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 khu trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khu mua s\u1eafm, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u1edf cao c\u1ea5p. Ph\u1ed1 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh B\u1eafc Kinh (\u5317\u4eac\u91d1\u878d\u8857) n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean hai khu v\u1ef1c Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng M\u00f4n (\u590d\u5174\u95e8) v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5 Th\u00e0nh M\u00f4n (\u961c\u6210\u95e8), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee7 T\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0110an l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ed1 mua s\u1eafm l\u1edbn. Trung Quan Th\u00f4n (\u4e2d\u5173\u6751), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t bi\u1ec7t danh l\u00e0 \"Thung l\u0169ng Silicon c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c\", ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Di\u1ec7c Trang (\u4ea6\u5e84), n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00f4ng nam khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin, v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Th\u1ea1ch C\u1ea3nh S\u01a1n, n\u1eb1m \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh. C\u00e1c khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t bao g\u1ed3m C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Khoa h\u1ecdc-K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Quan Th\u00f4n (\u4e2d\u5173\u6751\u79d1\u6280\u56ed\u533a), khu Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Kinh t\u1ebf V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c (\u6c38\u4e50\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f00\u53d1\u533a), Khu ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Kinh t\u1ebf-K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt B\u1eafc Kinh (\u5317\u4eac\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u533a), v\u00e0 Khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac (\u5929\u7afa\u7a7a\u6e2f\u5de5\u4e1a\u533a)."}
+{"text": "B\u1eafc Kinh th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013, s\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3i d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c, khi\u1ebfn cho \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng than t\u1eeb 24% trong n\u0103m 2012 xu\u1ed1ng 10% trong n\u0103m 2017, trong khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia ra l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u1eb7ng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2015 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2017 v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch.."}
+{"text": "Trung t\u00e2m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i T\u1eed C\u1ea5m th\u00e0nh, t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p cung \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00e0 Minh v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Thanh; T\u1eed C\u1ea5m th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng C\u1ed1 cung, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Xung quanh T\u1eed C\u1ea5m th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u1ef1 hoa vi\u00ean, c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean, khu c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt c\u0169, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 B\u1eafc H\u1ea3i, Th\u1eadp S\u00e1t H\u1ea3i, Trung Nam H\u1ea3i, C\u1ea3nh S\u01a1n v\u00e0 Trung S\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean B\u1eafc H\u1ea3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean l\u00e2m Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn do c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed; trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, Trung Nam H\u1ea3i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 nay l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7n. T\u1eeb qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n, \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi T\u1eed C\u1ea5m th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n, Ti\u1ec1n M\u00f4n (\u524d\u95e8), \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Qu\u1ed1c gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c, bia K\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Anh h\u00f9ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 L\u0103ng Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng. Di H\u00f2a Vi\u00ean v\u00e0 Vi\u00ean Minh Vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1; trong \u0111\u00f3 Di H\u00f2a Vi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a UNESCO."}
+{"text": "Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00f3 Thi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0n n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00f4ng nam, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a UNESCO, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00e0 Minh v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Thanh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea7u th\u1ea7n linh ph\u00f9 h\u1ed9 cho m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng b\u1ed9i thu. \u1ede ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba \u0110\u00e0n, trong khi Nh\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0n v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec7t \u0110\u00e0n n\u1eb1m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n ch\u00f9a n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh g\u1ed3m c\u00f3: mi\u1ebfu \u0110\u00f4ng Nh\u1ea1c B\u1eafc Kinh (\u4e1c\u5cb3\u5e99), ch\u00f9a \u0110\u00e0m Ch\u00e1 (\u6f6d\u67d8\u5bfa), ch\u00f9a Di\u1ec7u \u1ee8ng (\u5999\u5e94\u5bfa), B\u1ea1ch V\u00e2n Qu\u00e1n, Ung H\u00f2a cung, ch\u00f9a Ph\u00e1p Nguy\u00ean (\u6cd5\u6e90\u5bfa), ch\u00f9a V\u1ea1n Th\u1ecd (\u4e07\u5bff\u5bfa), ch\u00f9a \u0110\u1ea1i Chung (\u5927\u949f\u5bfa;). Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 B\u1eafc Kinh Kh\u1ed5ng Mi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Kinh Qu\u1ed1c T\u1eed Gi\u00e1m. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Tuy\u00ean V\u0169 M\u00f4n (\u5ba3\u6b66\u95e8\u5929\u4e3b\u5802) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1605 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u1edd Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh. Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Ng\u01b0u Nhai L\u1ec5 (\u725b\u8857\u793c\u62dc\u5bfa) l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh, v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4i th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1, nh\u01b0 th\u00e1p Thi\u00ean Ninh t\u1ef1 (\u5929\u5b81\u5bfa\u5854), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Li\u00eau trong kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1100 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1120, v\u00e0 Th\u00e1p T\u1eeb Th\u1ecd t\u1ef1 (\u6148\u5bff\u5bfa\u5854), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103m 1576 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Minh. C\u00e1c c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ed3m c\u1ea7u L\u01b0 C\u00e2u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, c\u1ea7u B\u00e1t L\u00fd (\u516b\u91cc\u6865) t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, c\u1ea7u Ng\u1ecdc \u0110\u1edbi (\u7389\u5e26\u6865) t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII. \u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t c\u1ed5 B\u1eafc Kinh tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u ti\u1ec1n k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Minh v\u00e0 Thanh. H\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khu phong c\u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c di t\u00edch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt vi\u00ean B\u1eafc Kinh tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y tr\u00ean 6.000 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7, c\u00e2y b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 c\u00e2y hoa, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u1eddn m\u1eabu \u0111\u01a1n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0o Nhi\u00ean \u0110\u00ecnh (\u9676\u7136\u4ead), Long \u0110\u00e0m h\u1ed3 (\u9f99\u6f6d\u6e56), Tri\u1ec1u D\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u671d\u9633), H\u1ea3i \u0110i\u1ebfn (\u6d77\u6dc0), Mi L\u1ed9c Uy\u1ec3n (\u9e8b\u9e7f\u82d1) v\u00e0 T\u1eed Tr\u00fac Vi\u1ec7n (\u7d2b\u7af9\u9662) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean ti\u00eau khi\u1ec3n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt vi\u00ean B\u1eafc Kinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 g\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbn."}
+{"text": "\u1ede khu ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 X\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f3 Th\u1eadp Tam L\u0103ng, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t m\u01b0\u1eddi ba v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00e0 Minh xa hoa v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 L\u0103ng t\u1ea9m ho\u00e0ng gia Minh-Thanh- m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a UNESCO. Di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n B\u1eafc Kinh t\u1ea1i Chu Kh\u1ea9u \u0110i\u1ebfm l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng (Homo erectus) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i linh c\u1ea9u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 Pachycrocuta brevirostris. T\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111o\u1ea1n V\u1ea1n L\u00fd Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh- m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a UNESCO, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 B\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea1t L\u0129nh, Kim S\u01a1n L\u0129nh (\u91d1\u5c71\u5cad), T\u01b0 M\u00e3 \u0110\u00e0i (\u53f8\u9a6c\u53f0) v\u00e0 M\u1ed9 \u0110i\u1ec1n D\u1ee5c (\u6155\u7530\u5cea)."}
+{"text": "Trong n\u1ed9i th\u1ecb B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f3 ba phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Hoa, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd minh h\u1ecda t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n, T\u1eed C\u1ea5m th\u00e0nh, Th\u00e1i Mi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0n. Ti\u1ebfp theo, l\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Trung-X\u00f4\", v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n d\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i khu Trung t\u00e2m Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh B\u1eafc Kinh."}
+{"text": "B\u1eafc Kinh c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1edd c\u00e1c t\u1ee9 h\u1ee3p vi\u1ec7n (\u56db\u5408\u9662), m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u dinh th\u1ef1 g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i nh\u00e0 bao quanh m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh s\u00e2n trong. Trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Cung V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng Kh\u00e1nh Linh c\u1ed1 c\u01b0 (\u5b8b\u5e86\u9f84\u6545\u5c45). Nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n trong n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f5 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng (\u80e1\u540c). C\u00e1c h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4ng sang t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u00f4 c\u1eeda ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eafc v\u00e0 nam nh\u1eb1m c\u00f3 Phong th\u1ee7y t\u1ed1t. Ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee7 cho m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qua c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. \u0110\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh, c\u00e1c t\u1ee9 h\u1ee3p vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111ang nhanh ch\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, khi ch\u00fang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c khu nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng thay th\u1ebf. C\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u0103n h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01a1i \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u00fd ngh\u0129a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \"h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng\","}
+{"text": "B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 thao qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i m\u00f9a h\u00e8 2008 v\u00e0 Paralympic c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh bao g\u1ed3m Universiade 2001 v\u00e0 Asian Games 1990. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thi \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ec3 thao qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01a1n bao g\u1ed3m Marathon B\u1eafc Kinh (h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1981), gi\u1ea3i tennis Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (1993-97, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2004), ISU Grand Prix Cup tr\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u0103ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c (2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009 and 2010)), WPBSA Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho Snooker (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2005), Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Cycliste Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Tour c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2011), Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch B\u00f3ng b\u00e0n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 1961, Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7u l\u00f4ng IBF n\u0103m 1987, Asian Cup 2004 AFC, v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i Barclays Asia Trophy 2009 (b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1). B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi IAAF n\u0103m 2015 v\u1ec1 \u0110i\u1ec1n kinh."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ec3 thao ch\u00ednh trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 bao g\u1ed3m S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1eafc Kinh, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00e2n \"T\u1ed5 Chim\", trung t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 thao d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1eafc Kinh, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Water Cube\", s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nh\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1eafc Kinh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Olympic \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1; Trung t\u00e2m MasterCard \u1edf Wukesong ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1; S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf Sanlitun ngay ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng Capital \u1edf Baishiqiao, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ec3 thao ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "B\u1eafc Kinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u00e1m tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft t\u1ecfa ra t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u1ebfn: Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i (tuy\u1ebfn Kinh-H\u1ed7), Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u (tuy\u1ebfn Kinh-Qu\u1ea3ng), C\u1eedu Long thu\u1ed9c H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng (tuy\u1ebfn Kinh-C\u1eedu), C\u00e1p Nh\u0129 T\u00e2n (tuy\u1ebfn Kinh-C\u00e1p), Bao \u0110\u1ea7u (tuy\u1ebfn Kinh-Bao), T\u1ea7n Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea3o (tuy\u1ebfn Kinh-T\u1ea7n), Th\u1eeba \u0110\u1ee9c (tuy\u1ebfn Kinh-Th\u1eeba) v\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean B\u00ecnh (Kinh-Nguy\u00ean). Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c: \u0111o\u1ea1n B\u1eafc Kinh-Th\u1ea1ch Gia Trang th\u00f4ng xe n\u0103m 2012 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c B\u1eafc Kinh - Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u - Th\u00e2m Quy\u1ebfn - H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c B\u1eafc Kinh - Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng xe v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft li\u00ean th\u00e0nh B\u1eafc Kinh - Thi\u00ean T\u00e2n th\u00f4ng xe v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008. C\u00e1c ga \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh l\u00e0 ga B\u1eafc Kinh- m\u1edf c\u1eeda t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1959; ga B\u1eafc Kinh T\u00e2y- m\u1edf c\u1eeda t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1996; v\u00e0 ga B\u1eafc Kinh Nam- \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ga \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008."}
+{"text": "B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, 9 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 11 tuy\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111i qua B\u1eafc Kinh. Giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb B\u1eafc Kinh d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o 5 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m bao quanh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 khu v\u1ef1c T\u1eed C\u1ea5m th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai. C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vanh \u0111ai 1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai 2 n\u1eb1m trong n\u1ed9i th\u1ecb. C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c khi ch\u00fang m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai 5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai 6 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c qu\u1ed1c gia, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 giao \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh. B\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xe bu\u00fdt, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 xe bu\u00fdt c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u1edd cao \u0111i\u1ec3m. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2010, B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f3 4 tri\u1ec7u \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2010, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o con s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 5 tri\u1ec7u. N\u0103m 2010, s\u1ed1 xe \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd m\u1edbi trung b\u00ecnh theo tu\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh l\u00e0 15.500."}
+{"text": "S\u00e2n bay ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh l\u00e0 S\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 B\u1eafc Kinh (IATA: PEK;), c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 20 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t (12 mi) v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc. S\u00e2n bay n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (sau s\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i M\u00f9a h\u00e8 2008, s\u00e2n bay hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ba nh\u00e0 ga, trong \u0111\u00f3 Nh\u00e0 ga 3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ga s\u00e2n bay l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb s\u00e2n bay n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Air China, China Souther Airlines v\u00e0 Hainan Airlines. S\u00e2n bay li\u00ean k\u1ebft B\u1eafc Kinh v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2013, kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch t\u1eeb 45 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u1edf l\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh trong v\u00f2ng 72 gi\u1edd. 45 qu\u1ed1c gia bao g\u1ed3m Singapore, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Hoa K\u1ef3, Canada, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc EU v\u00e0 EEA (tr\u1eeb Na Uy v\u00e0 Liechtenstein), Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, Brazil, Argentina v\u00e0 \u00dac. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111i c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi 72 gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p c\u01b0 tr\u00fa qu\u00e1 c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thay v\u00ec th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y bay c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong su\u1ed1t 72 gi\u1edd."}
+{"text": "B\u1eafc Kinh t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe \u0111\u1ea1p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1. Tuy v\u1eady, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00f4 t\u00f4, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 suy gi\u1ea3m, song v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i xe \u0111\u1ea1p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 B\u1eafc Kinh, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u00e0n ri\u00eang cho xe \u0111\u1ea1p. B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng, khi\u1ebfn cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i xe \u0111\u1ea1p tr\u1edf n\u00ean thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111\u1ea1p \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 xe m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chung m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh cho xe hai b\u00e1nh t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh. Do \u00f9n t\u1eafc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111i xe \u0111\u1ea1p, song kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 hay kh\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Sau \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn li\u00ean mi\u00ean, v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u0103m Pa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hai x\u1ee9 Nam Ch\u0103m v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Ch\u0103m. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII, Nam Ch\u0103m chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Panduranga (Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c), v\u00f9ng Kauthara t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng khu \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 linh thi\u00eang m\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n Po Nagar th\u1edd v\u1ecb n\u1eef th\u1ea7n m\u1eb9 x\u1ee9 s\u1edf Yang P\u00f4 Y Na Gar. \u0110\u1ebfn nay, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u bia k\u00fd ghi b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ch\u0103m c\u1ed5 r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1653, l\u1ea5y c\u1edb vua Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 B\u00e0 T\u1ea5m (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e0 B\u1eadt) qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, Ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 sai quan cai c\u01a1 H\u00f9ng L\u1ed9c H\u1ea7u (kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 h\u1ecd t\u00ean) \u0111em 3000 qu\u00e2n sang \u0111\u00e1nh. Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, vua Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh sai con mang th\u01b0 h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 xin d\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho Ch\u00faa t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng Phan Rang tr\u1edf ra \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean. Ch\u00faa ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t dinh Th\u00e1i Khang g\u1ed3m hai ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 Th\u00e1i Khang g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2n \u0110\u1ecbnh, Qu\u1ea3ng Ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc (nay l\u00e0 c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n Ninh H\u00f2a v\u00e0 V\u1ea1n Ninh) v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 Di\u00ean Ninh g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Di\u00ean, Hoa Ch\u00e2u, V\u0129nh X\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda nam (nay l\u00e0 c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh, Cam L\u00e2m, Kh\u00e1nh S\u01a1n, th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Cam Ranh, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nha Trang v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Ninh Thu\u1eadn), giao cho H\u00f9ng L\u1ed9c l\u00e0m th\u00e1i th\u00fa. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c khai kh\u1ea9n l\u1eadp l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh. D\u00e2n c\u01b0 s\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng Dinh v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng C\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1690, ph\u1ee7 Th\u00e1i Khang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee7 B\u00ecnh Khang. N\u0103m 1742, ph\u1ee7 Di\u00ean Ninh \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee7 Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1771, ba anh em nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n d\u1ea5y binh \u0111\u00e1nh Ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n. Ch\u1ec9 ba n\u0103m sau, qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb Quy Nh\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn. Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n l\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng Ph\u00fac H\u1ea1p k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n ra \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Dinh B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee7 Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai v\u00f9ng tr\u00ean. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1793, \u0110\u1ecbnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u00c1nh th\u00e2n chinh th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1i binh th\u1ee7y, b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh k\u00e9o ra Nha Trang. T\u1eeb Nha Trang t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng l\u00ean Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh. Qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7m c\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh v\u00e0 B\u00ecnh Khang. Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh, l\u1eadp x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y S\u01a1n l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Quang Di\u1ec7u c\u00f2n hai l\u1ea7n \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh n\u1eefa v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1794, 1795 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1802, sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac \u00c1nh l\u00ean ng\u00f4i l\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Gia Long. N\u0103m 1803, Dinh B\u00ecnh Khang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Dinh B\u00ecnh H\u00f2a, ph\u1ee7 B\u00ecnh Khang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee7 B\u00ecnh H\u00f2a nh\u01b0ng s\u1edf l\u1ef5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y sang ph\u1ee7 Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh. N\u0103m 1808, Dinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh Tr\u1ea5n. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1831 (n\u0103m Minh M\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 12), tr\u1ea5n B\u00ecnh H\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a, c\u00f2n ph\u1ee7 B\u00ecnh H\u00f2a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee7 Ninh H\u00f2a. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ec9nh Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a g\u1ed3m 2 ph\u1ee7, 4 huy\u1ec7n l\u00e0: Ph\u1ee7 Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh g\u1ed3m 2 huy\u1ec7n: Ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u00d0i\u1ec1n, V\u0129nh X\u01b0\u01a1ng; Ph\u1ee7 Ninh H\u00f2a g\u1ed3m 2 huy\u1ec7n: Qu\u1ea3ng Ph\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u00d0\u1ecbnh, t\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5 l\u00e0 Ph\u1ee7 Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1884, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n k\u00fd k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Patenotre v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh \u1edf x\u1ee9 Trung K\u1ef3, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a v\u1eabn l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nam tri\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p. Quan l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nam tri\u1ec1u g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c tu\u1ea7n v\u0169, \u00e1n s\u00e1t coi vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, l\u00e3nh binh coi vi\u1ec7c canh g\u00e1c v\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn an ninh trong t\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh. C\u01a1 quan b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh s\u1ee9, ph\u00f3 s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m binh, \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i Nha Trang. Nha Trang d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1955, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, t\u1ec9nh Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh qu\u1eadn. C\u00e1c l\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh x\u00e3. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1959, hai t\u1ed5ng Krang Ying v\u00e0 Krang Hinh thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1eafk L\u1eafk \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a v\u00e0 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh qu\u1eadn Kh\u00e1nh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1960, 12 th\u00f4n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn Cam L\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch ra kh\u1ecfi Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o qu\u1eadn Du Long t\u1ec9nh Ninh Thu\u1eadn. Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1965, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u1eadn Cam L\u00e2m \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Cam Ranh tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng (khu \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Cam Ranh)."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 1,2,3 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1975, qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n Ninh H\u00f2a, Nha Trang v\u00e0 Cam Ranh. Vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n di\u1ec5n ra trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat h\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng tuy\u1ebfn Phan Rang. Sau khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t hai t\u1ec9nh Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a v\u00e0 th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Cam Ranh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1975 th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh Ph\u00fa Kh\u00e1nh. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1977, th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Nha Trang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nha Trang, th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Cam Ranh nh\u1eadp l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o huy\u1ec7n Kh\u00e1nh S\u01a1n t\u1ec9nh Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh huy\u1ec7n Cam Ranh; h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t 2 huy\u1ec7n Kh\u00e1nh X\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Kh\u00e1nh V\u0129nh th\u00e0nh huy\u1ec7n Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh. Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1979, huy\u1ec7n Kh\u00e1nh Ninh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 2 huy\u1ec7n: Ninh H\u00f2a v\u00e0 V\u1ea1n Ninh."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2010, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Ninh H\u00f2a .Th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Ninh H\u00f2a c\u00f3 119.777 ha di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 233.558 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u; c\u00f3 27 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 07 ph\u01b0\u1eddng: Ninh Hi\u1ec7p (th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Ninh H\u00f2a tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y), Ninh Giang, Ninh \u0110a, Ninh H\u00e0, Ninh Di\u00eam, Ninh Th\u1ee7y, Ninh H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 20 x\u00e3: Ninh Trung, Ninh T\u00e2y, Ninh Xu\u00e2n, Ninh Th\u00e2n, Ninh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Ninh \u0110\u00f4ng, Ninh S\u01a1n, Ninh Th\u1ecd, Ninh Ph\u1ee5ng, Ninh B\u00ecnh, Ninh Ph\u01b0\u1edbc, Ninh Ph\u00fa, Ninh T\u00e2n, Ninh Quang, Ninh Sim, Ninh An, Ninh H\u01b0ng, Ninh L\u1ed9c, Ninh \u00cdch v\u00e0 Ninh V\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u00e0 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao thu\u1ed9c d\u00e3y V\u1ecdng Phu cao h\u01a1n 1000 m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 d\u00e3y Tam Phong g\u1ed3m ba \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao l\u00e0 H\u00f2n Gi\u1eef (cao 1264 m), H\u00f2n Ngang (1128 m) v\u00e0 H\u00f2n Gi\u00fap (1127 m). D\u00e3y V\u1ecdng Phu - Tam Phong c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2y nam - \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tr\u00ean 60 km, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ranh gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa hai t\u1ec9nh Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a, Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, \u0110\u1eafk L\u1eafk. C\u00e1c n\u00fai thu\u1ed9c \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao k\u00e9m h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e2m ra s\u00e1t bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb9p, g\u1eafn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i d\u00e2n gian v\u00e0 di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ebfn ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 t\u00e2y nam, l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u00fai r\u1ed9ng, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao tr\u00ean 1500 m \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean 2000 m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ec9nh H\u00f2n Giao (2062 m) thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n Kh\u00e1nh V\u0129nh, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a. Do c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai cao, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 chia c\u1eaft l\u1edbn b\u1edfi khe, su\u1ed1i, s\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ebbm, v\u1ef1c, Thung l\u0169ng s\u00e2u, g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho giao th\u00f4ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Thung l\u0169ng \u00d4 Kha, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng nguy hi\u1ec3m cho h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p, b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft b\u1edfi c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai \u0111\u00e2m ra bi\u1ec3n. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh r\u1eebng n\u00fai c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng ph\u00f9 sa, n\u00ean nh\u00ecn chung Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1edbn \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Nha Trang - Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh n\u1eb1m \u1edf hai b\u00ean s\u00f4ng C\u00e1i v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 135 km\u00b2; \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Ninh H\u00f2a do s\u00f4ng Dinh b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp, c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 100 km\u00b2. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 sa c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i pha l\u1eabn s\u1ecfi c\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1t ven bi\u1ec3n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hai v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng h\u1eb9p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng V\u1ea1n Ninh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Cam Ranh \u1edf ven bi\u1ec3n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch canh t\u00e1c nh\u1ecf \u1edf v\u00f9ng Thung l\u0169ng c\u1ee7a hai huy\u1ec7n mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai Kh\u00e1nh S\u01a1n v\u00e0 Kh\u00e1nh V\u0129nh."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb x\u00e3 \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00e3nh t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i v\u1ecbnh Cam Ranh, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 385 km t\u00ednh theo m\u00e9p n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eeda l\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u1ea7m, v\u1ecbnh, c\u00f9ng kho\u1ea3ng 200 \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn, nh\u1ecf ven b\u1edd. Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a c\u00f3 s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ea7m v\u00e0 v\u1ecbnh l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00e3nh, v\u1ecbnh V\u00e2n Phong, H\u00f2n Kh\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ea7m Nha Phu, v\u1ecbnh Nha Trang (C\u00f9 Hu\u00e2n) v\u00e0 v\u1ecbnh Cam Ranh. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t v\u1ecbnh Cam Ranh v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 16 km, chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng 32 km, th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng qua eo bi\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng 1,6 km, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u t\u1eeb 18\u201320 m, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 r\u1ed3i Li\u00ean X\u00f4 (sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Nga) nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ec9nh Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a r\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p. \u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh v\u00f9ng th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh n\u00fai Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e2m ra bi\u1ec3n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 d\u00e3y Ph\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00e0 S\u01a1n, n\u00fai H\u00f2n Kh\u00f4, d\u00e3y Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u01b0u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u0169i H\u00f2n Th\u1ecb, m\u0169i Khe G\u00e0 (Con R\u00f9a), m\u0169i \u0110\u00f4ng Ba... m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn. V\u00ec v\u1eady, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y n\u00fai ng\u1ea7m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u00f4 l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 h\u00f2n Tre, h\u00f2n Mi\u1ebfu, h\u00f2n Mun... Xen gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea3o n\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u1ea7m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng tr\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1y c\u00e1c v\u0169ng, v\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1ecbnh V\u00e2n Phong, v\u1ecbnh Nha Trang, v\u1ecbnh Cam Ranh."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e1 ven b\u1edd, Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o san h\u00f4 \u1edf huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 100 \u0111\u1ea3o b\u00e3i c\u1ea1n, b\u00e3i ng\u1ea7m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1eeb 160 \u0111\u1ebfn 180 ng\u00e0n km\u00b2, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 23 \u0111\u1ebfn 25 \u0111\u1ea3o, b\u00e3i c\u1ea1n n\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 10 km\u00b2. \u0110\u1ea3o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa l\u00e0 Ba B\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 r\u1ed9ng 0,65 km\u00b2. B\u00e3i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u00e3i Thuy\u1ec1n Ch\u00e0i, d\u00e0i 30 km; r\u1ed9ng 5 km (ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ec1u l\u00ean). \u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f5m \u0111\u00e1, v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i san h\u00f4, cao v\u00e0i ba m\u00e9t."}
+{"text": "C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 granit v\u00e0 ryolit, dacit c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c m\u00e1c ma x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c ph\u00fan tr\u00e0o ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 c\u00e1t, \u0111\u00e1 tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c r\u00eca ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng-Nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba kh\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 Kom Tom, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i C\u1ed5 sinh, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 570 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Trong \u0111\u1ea1i Trung sinh c\u00f3 2 chu k\u1ef3 t\u1ea1o s\u1ea3n in\u0111\u00f4xi v\u00e0 kim\u00eari c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a. Do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh phong h\u00f3a v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1 granit, ryolit \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb9p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea3y c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y - \u0110\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f9y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch n\u00fai ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c do \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 u\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ed5 ra bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng T\u00f4 H\u1ea1p, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb d\u00e3y n\u00fai ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec7n Kh\u00e1nh S\u01a1n, ch\u1ea3y qua c\u00e1c x\u00e3 S\u01a1n Trung, S\u01a1n B\u00ecnh, S\u01a1n Hi\u1ec7p, S\u01a1n L\u00e2m, Th\u00e0nh S\u01a1n r\u1ed3i ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Ninh Thu\u1eadn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 con s\u00f4ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh ch\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y. Hai con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 S\u00f4ng C\u00e1i (Nha Trang) v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Dinh. S\u00f4ng C\u00e1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i 79 km, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb h\u00f2n Gia L\u00ea cao 1.812 m ch\u1ea3y qua Kh\u00e1nh V\u0129nh, Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh, Nha Trang r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed5 ra bi\u1ec3n qua C\u1eeda B\u00e9 (Ti\u1ec3u C\u00f9 Hu\u00e2n) v\u00e0 C\u1eeda L\u1edbn (\u0110\u1ea1i C\u00f9 Hu\u00e2n). S\u00f4ng Dinh b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Ch\u01b0 H'M\u01b0 (\u0111\u1ec9nh cao 2.051 m) thu\u1ed9c d\u00e3y V\u1ecdng Phu, c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c 985 km\u00b2, ch\u1ea3y qua th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Ninh H\u00f2a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 ra \u0111\u1ea7m Nha Phu."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh \u1edf v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i c\u1ef1c Nam Trung B\u1ed9, n\u1eb1m trong khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi xavan. Song kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, th\u00e0nh ph\u00eda B\u1eafc t\u1eeb \u0110\u00e8o C\u1ea3 tr\u1edf ra v\u00e0 ph\u00eda Nam t\u1eeb Gh\u1ec1nh \u0110\u00e1 B\u1ea1c tr\u1edf v\u00e0o, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00f4n h\u00f2a h\u01a1n do mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 2 m\u00f9a r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a v\u00e0 m\u00f9a n\u1eafng. M\u00f9a m\u01b0a ng\u1eafn, t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 9 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 12 d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o 2 th\u00e1ng 10 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 11, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a th\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfm tr\u00ean 50% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a trong n\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u00f9a n\u1eafng, trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 2.600 gi\u1edd n\u1eafng. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a cao kho\u1ea3ng 26,7 \u00b0C ri\u00eang tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai H\u00f2n B\u00e0 (c\u00e1ch Nha Trang 30 km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chim bay) c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t. \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kho\u1ea3ng 80,5%."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 1 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 m\u00f9a kh\u00f4, th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a, tr\u1eddi m\u00e1t, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb 17-25 \u00b0C, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 5 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8 tr\u1eddi n\u00f3ng n\u1ef1c, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 34 \u00b0C (\u1edf Nha Trang) v\u00e0 37-38 \u00b0C (\u1edf Cam Ranh). Th\u00e1ng 9 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 20-27 \u00b0C (\u1edf Nha Trang) v\u00e0 20-26 \u00b0C (\u1edf Cam Ranh). Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u00edt gi\u00f3 b\u00e3o, t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 b\u00e3o \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a th\u1ea5p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 0,82 c\u01a1n b\u00e3o/n\u0103m so v\u1edbi 3,74 c\u01a1n b\u00e3o/n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00e1c tr\u1eadn b\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o Nam ho\u1eb7c tan ngay khi g\u1ea7n v\u00e0o b\u1edd. Tuy v\u1eady, do \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c cao n\u00ean khi c\u00f3 b\u00e3o k\u00e8m theo m\u01b0a l\u1edbn, l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2ng cao nhanh ch\u00f3ng, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u00f3ng b\u00e3o v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u d\u00e2ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u00fat ra bi\u1ec3n, n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra l\u0169 l\u1ee5t."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ec9nh, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 5 n\u0103m, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c... c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, m\u1ed9t Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t U\u1ef7 vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n Tu\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ec9nh b\u1ea7u n\u00ean \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, c\u01a1 quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, an ninh, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch. C\u00e1c s\u1edf, ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1ebd qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0 y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u1ea5p th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u1ecb x\u00e3, huy\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f2n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0110\u00e0i Ph\u00e1t thanh - Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng ty tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee6y ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ec9nh hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 \u00f4ng L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Vinh."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh v\u00e0 v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ec9nh, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 11,55%, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u2013 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u0103ng 15,5%, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00f4ng l\u00e2m th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n t\u0103ng 2,81%, ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 du l\u1ecbch t\u0103ng 14,5%. GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 2011 l\u00e0 1.710 USD cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n chung c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 - du l\u1ecbch chi\u1ebfm 45% c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p - x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 42%, c\u00f2n n\u00f4ng - l\u00e2m - th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfm 13%."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m du l\u1ecbch l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 200 km v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n 200 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecbnh bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 V\u00e2n Phong, Nha Trang (m\u1ed9t trong 12 v\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi), Cam Ranh... v\u1edbi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u00f4n h\u00f2a, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh 26\u2070\u00b0C, c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 300 ng\u00e0y n\u1eafng trong n\u0103m, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 danh lam th\u1eafng c\u1ea3nh, n\u00ean d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 - du l\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 du kh\u00e1ch h\u01a1n 1,6 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c du l\u1ecbch \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 du l\u1ecbch sinh th\u00e1i bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea3o, du l\u1ecbch tham quan - v\u00e3n c\u1ea3nh, du l\u1ecbch v\u0103n h\u00f3a... Trong c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n v\u00e0 khu ngh\u1ec9 m\u00e1t l\u1edbn \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khu du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 khu ngh\u1ec9 m\u00e1t Ana Mandara, Vinpearl Land, Sheraton Nha Trang hotel & spa, Novotel, hay khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cao c\u1ea5p Evason Hideaway (huy\u1ec7n Ninh H\u00f2a) c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Ana Mandara, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edd Sunday Times b\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 20 resort t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005. Nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 Th\u00e1p Po Nagar, th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh, c\u00e1c di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc Alexandre Yersin..."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i du l\u1ecbch, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ea1nh trong khu v\u1ef1c Mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean. C\u00e1c th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee7y h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, may m\u1eb7c... Ngo\u00e0i ra, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n; \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2003 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 72 m\u1ecf qu\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh. T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong n\u0103m 2009 c\u1ee7a Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1t 14.095 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn trong t\u1ec9nh nh\u01b0 Khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Su\u1ed1i D\u1ea7u, khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Ninh H\u00f2a, khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Nam Nha Trang, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, gi\u00fap cho Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong 10 t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf cao nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a hi\u1ec7n nay ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u. D\u00e2n c\u01b0 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nha Trang (chi\u1ebfm 1/3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh), trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh. Huy\u1ec7n Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Cam Ranh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1 cao (x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 400 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/km\u00b2) th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Ninh H\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch l\u1edbn v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh to\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh (kho\u1ea3ng 200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/km\u00b2), c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 Kh\u00e1nh S\u01a1n (62 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/km\u00b2) v\u00e0 Kh\u00e1nh V\u0129nh (29 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/km\u00b2). N\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa (0,39 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/km\u00b2). Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 2010 th\u00ec to\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 519.600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 648.100 sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 32 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a, trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Kinh c\u00f3 1.095.981 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eafp huy\u1ec7n, th\u1ecb, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u1ecb x\u00e3, th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Raglai v\u1edbi 45.915 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf hai huy\u1ec7n Kh\u00e1nh S\u01a1n, Kh\u00e1nh V\u0129nh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i x\u00e3 mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh, Cam L\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Cam Ranh trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n l\u00e0ng (pal\u00e2y). T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1p ranh v\u1edbi L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u0103k L\u0103k c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 4.778 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1-ho v\u00e0 3.396 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca-\u0111\u00ea sinh s\u1ed1ng. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Hoa c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 3.034 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nha Trang (kho\u1ea3ng 2.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi), th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Ninh H\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng huy\u1ec7n Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0y (1.704) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi N\u00f9ng (1.058) di c\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u00e0o trong cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 n\u0103m 1954 v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y sinh s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf huy\u1ec7n Kh\u00e1nh V\u0129nh. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm 1 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf trong d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 M\u01b0\u1eddng, Th\u00e1i, Ch\u0103m, Khmer, Th\u1ed5... Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m l\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a. Tuy nhi\u00ean do nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda Nam. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 290 ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Vi\u1ec7t Nam, to\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2009, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a c\u00f3 293.586 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o 170.980 ng\u01b0\u1eddi; ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o 101.616 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1o Tin L\u00e0nh 13.726 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1o Cao \u0110\u00e0i 6.819 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o 284 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Nha Trang (50,4%) v\u00e0 Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh; C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf Cam L\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ea1o Cao \u0110\u00e0i t\u1eadp trung \u1edf Cam Ranh; \u0111\u1ea1o Tin L\u00e0nh t\u1eadp trung \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh S\u01a1n v\u00e0 Kh\u00e1nh V\u0129nh. Ri\u00eang Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf x\u00e3 Ninh \u00cdch."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u1edbi 584.200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (n\u0103m 2011) chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 48,8% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2011, to\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 1 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i I (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nha Trang), 1 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i III (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Cam Ranh), 3 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i IV (th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Ninh H\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh, V\u1ea1n Gi\u00e3) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 7 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i V (c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Cam \u0110\u1ee9c, Kh\u00e1nh V\u0129nh, T\u00f4 H\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00e3nh, Su\u1ed1i Hi\u1ec7p, Su\u1ed1i T\u00e2n, Ninh Sim). Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i v\u00e0 d\u1ecdc theo qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 1A, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb kh\u00e1c n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh lang \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ven c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i l\u00ean T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee5c Ninh H\u00f2a - Ninh Sim n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Dinh v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 26 n\u1ed1i l\u00ean Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t. Tr\u1ee5c Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh - Kh\u00e1nh V\u0129nh n\u1eb1m ven theo s\u00f4ng C\u00e1i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 27C (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng 723 c\u0169) n\u1ed1i l\u00ean \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t."}
+{"text": "N\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hai c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n Pasteur Nha Trang v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1891, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1ec7 sinh d\u1ecbch t\u1ec5 v\u00e0 S\u1edf Ng\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1922 (ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecdc Nha Trang) chuy\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n. L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u1ef3 nam, duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng chim y\u1ebfn, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n,..."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, v\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf mang, l\u1ea1i xa kinh \u0111\u00f4, n\u00ean n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p g\u00ec trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng thi ph\u00fa. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi vua Gia Long, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1edbi cho l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y ch\u1eef \u1edf ph\u1ee7 Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh v\u00e0 B\u00ecnh H\u00f2a. H\u1ecdc sinh sau khi c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i ra Quy Nh\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc l\u00ean Trung h\u1ecdc, cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1936, khi tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf t\u1ea1i Nha Trang l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c Kim Y\u1ebfn (Institution Kim Y\u1ebfn), l\u00e0m n\u01a1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp cho h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1eeb Phan Thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn Quy Nh\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1947, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc Nha Trang (ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trung h\u1ecdc L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Tr\u1ecdng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Sang \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1952, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc V\u00f5 T\u00e1nh v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n nay. N\u0103m 1957, tr\u01b0\u1eddng V\u00f5 T\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p l\u00ean b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb c\u1ea5p (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eadc Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trung h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay). K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ea1i Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p T\u00fa t\u00e0i ngay t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh nh\u00e0 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u0103n g\u00f3i \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i. N\u0103m 1971, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Duy\u00ean H\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i Nha Trang. Sau ng\u00e0y th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n Nha Trang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0o. Hi\u1ec7n nay, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc h\u1ecdc, ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc sinh sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ea trong b\u1ea3ng ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi)."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Y t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Nam Trung B\u1ed9. Theo quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh 1047/Q\u0110-BYT c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Y t\u1ebf th\u00ec Nha Trang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 3 trung t\u00e2m y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Nam Trung B\u1ed9. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn 30/6/2017, To\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 b\u00e1c s\u1ef9 c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp/10.000 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 6,83; th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 29,5 gi\u01b0\u1eddng/10.000 d\u00e2n; t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 suy dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb9 c\u00e2n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em d\u01b0\u1edbi 5 tu\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1t 8,86% (ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau giao l\u00e0 9%); t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tham gia BHYT \u0111\u1ea1t 81,93%. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tuy\u1ebfn y t\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cho b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n trong ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf. \u0110\u1ebfn nay, to\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 137/140 x\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf x\u00e3 (ri\u00eang 3 tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec7n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa do Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd), Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3o huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa, To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5p huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n tuy\u1ebfn huy\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c trung t\u00e2m y t\u1ebf, 100% b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n tuy\u1ebfn huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n \u0110a Khoa T\u1ec9nh Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng I, 1 trong 10 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n \u0111a khoa c\u1ea5p v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc"}
+{"text": "Kh\u00e1nh h\u00f2a c\u00f3 11 di t\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a-l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, tr\u00f9ng tu b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c khi di t\u00edch c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee3t tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn thu h\u00fat h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n du kh\u00e1ch tham quan. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u0103n h\u00f3a phi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0: s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ra Glai, truy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ca v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n gian c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed9i V\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 d\u00e2n gian Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Kh\u00e1nh h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 nem Ninh H\u00f2a, b\u00fan c\u00e1 Nha Trang, b\u00fan s\u1ee9a, b\u00e1nh \u01b0\u1edbt Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh... Ngo\u00e0i ra d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa (s. s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac g\u1ea7n khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee3 \u0110\u1ea7m ph\u01b0\u1eddng X\u01b0\u01a1ng Hu\u00e2n), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p (t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn Nha Trang ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc di c\u01b0 v\u00e0o Nam sau n\u0103m 1954 t\u1ea1o cho Nha Trang phong c\u00e1ch \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c trong t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c Nam Trung B\u1ed9 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n nh\u01b0 ph\u1edf Nha Trang, b\u00e1nh m\u00ec Nha Trang, b\u00f2 n\u01b0\u1edbng L\u1ea1c C\u1ea3nh..."}
+{"text": "To\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 2.086 km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng. Trong \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng do trung \u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u00e0i 224,38 km, chi\u1ebfm 10,75%; \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng do t\u1ec9nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u00e0i 254,95 km, chi\u1ebfm 12,21%; \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng do huy\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u00e0i 327,47 km, chi\u1ebfm 15,69% v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng do x\u00e3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u00e0i 1.566,97 km, chi\u1ebfm 75%. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9: \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5p ph\u1ed1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 d\u0103m d\u00e0i 399,52 km chi\u1ebfm 19,14%; \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ef1a d\u00e0i 362,77 km, chi\u1ebfm 17,38% c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn trung t\u00e2m x\u00e3. Hi\u1ec7n nay, Nha Trang \u0111ang c\u00f3 6 tuy\u1ebfn xe bu\u00fdt ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "Do v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1i quan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecdn Nha Trang l\u00e0m n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 quan b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, n\u00ean Nha Trang \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft do Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - Nha Trang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1900 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1913 m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft l\u00e0 Ga Ph\u00fa Vinh, n\u1eb1m c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng 23 th\u00e1ng 10 hi\u1ec7n nay, t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 V\u0129nh Th\u1ea1nh, Nha Trang. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1928, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p kh\u1edfi c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng \u0111\u1ebfn Nha Trang d\u00e0i 532 km \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft xuy\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Ga Nha Trang v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3nh quan h\u00e0i h\u00f2a. Ga Nha Trang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1936 v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft xuy\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Ga Nha Trang ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac nh\u00e0 ga c\u00f9ng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft h\u00ecnh \"b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n\" \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "Malaysia (ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3 Lai: Malaysia; ti\u1ebfng Trung: \u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a; b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Jawi: \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627; phi\u00ean \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: Ma-lai-xi-a, H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t: M\u00e3 Lai T\u00e2y \u00c1) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn li\u00ean bang t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. Qu\u1ed1c gia bao g\u1ed3m 13 bang v\u00e0 ba l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 li\u00ean bang v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 329.847 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng (127.350 sq mi). Malaysia b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n qua bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng: Malaysia b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 Borneo thu\u1ed9c Malaysia. Malaysia c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi Th\u00e1i Lan, Indonesia, v\u00e0 Brunei, trong khi c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi Singapore, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 Philippines. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 Kuala Lumpur, song n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang l\u00e0 Putrajaya. N\u0103m 2010, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Malaysia l\u00e0 28,33 tri\u1ec7u, trong \u0111\u00f3 22,6 tri\u1ec7u sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o. Malaysia c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c \u00c1-\u00c2u l\u00e0 Tanjung Piai. Malaysia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 17 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc si\u00eau c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu."}
+{"text": "Malaysia c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c M\u00e3 Lai hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong khu v\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Anh Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 Eo bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i Malaysia b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Malaya v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1946. Malaya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh Li\u00ean bang Malaya v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1948, v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1957. Malaya h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi B\u1eafc Borneo, Sarawak, v\u00e0 Singapore v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1963, v\u1edbi t\u1eeb si \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u m\u1edbi l\u00e0 Malaysia. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1965, Singapore b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi li\u00ean bang."}
+{"text": "Malaysia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111a v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 l\u1edbn trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o trong khi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Malaysia c\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Westminster v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng lu\u1eadt. Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 k\u1ebf t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00edn bang M\u00e3 Lai theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau m\u1ed7i 5 n\u0103m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Malaysia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1, GDP t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trung b\u00ecnh 6,5% trong g\u1ea7n 50 n\u0103m. V\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kinh t\u1ebf Malaysia l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, song qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc, du l\u1ecbch, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i hay du l\u1ecbch y t\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0y nay, Malaysia c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 GDP danh ngh\u0129a x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 ba t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 29 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Malaysia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u1ea5p cao \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 v\u00e0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c Kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 Phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Malaysia c\u00e1ch nay 40.000 n\u0103m. T\u1ea1i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai, c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Negrito. C\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I CN, l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II v\u00e0 III. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi\u1ebfn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV ho\u1eb7c V. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Langkasuka n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c b\u1eafc b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nam b\u1ed9 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i Srivijaya. Sau khi Srivijaya s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Majapahit c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft Malaysia b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai. H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 Lai v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng th\u1ea5t Srivijaya l\u00e0 Parameswara th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Malacca, \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, Malacca l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1511, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha chinh ph\u1ee5c Malacca, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1641 th\u00ec l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t. N\u0103m 1786, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Malaya, khi \u0111\u00f3 Sultan c\u1ee7a Kedah cho C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n Anh thu\u00ea Penang. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Singapore v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1819, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1824 th\u00ec \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Malacca sau Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Anh-H\u00e0 Lan. N\u0103m 1826, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp Penang, Malacca, Singapore, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Labuan. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Pahang, Selangor, Perak, v\u00e0 Negeri Sembilan, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia M\u00e3 Lai li\u00ean minh, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u00e3 Lai theo \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1eebng k\u00fd. N\u0103m qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia M\u00e3 Lai phi li\u00ean minh, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, song c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. Ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 Borneo nh\u00ecn chung l\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh cai tr\u1ecb, h\u1ecd khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lao c\u00f4ng. Khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 nay l\u00e0 Sabah n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi B\u1eafc Borneo khi c\u1ea3 Sultan c\u1ee7a Brunei v\u00e0 Sultan c\u1ee7a Sulu chuy\u1ec3n giao quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1877 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1878. N\u0103m 1842, Sultan c\u1ee7a Brunei nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng Sarawak cho James Brooke, c\u00e1c Rajah da tr\u1eafng k\u1ebf t\u1eadp cai tr\u1ecb V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Sarawak \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5t Anh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1946."}
+{"text": "H\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c cai qu\u1ea3n Malaya trong m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5t duy nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Malaya (Malayan Union), tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 Lai ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 Lai ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u00e3 Lai suy y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c trao quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Hoa. Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Malaya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1946 v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Singapore, song ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi Li\u00ean bang Malaya (Federation of Malaya), ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia M\u00e3 Lai d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Malaya, qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Hoa ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng du k\u00edch v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh ra kh\u1ecfi Malaya. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p Malaya k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1948 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1960, v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u01a1ng chung t\u1ea1i Malaya. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nh\u1eb1m Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Malaya v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5t B\u1eafc Borneo (gia nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi t\u00ean Sabah), Sarawak, v\u00e0 Singapore. Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh li\u00ean bang l\u00e0 31 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1963, tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ecb tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1963 do ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Indonesia d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Sukarno v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Sarawak."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp li\u00ean bang khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng t\u0103ng cao, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi Indonesia, Singapore b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1965, v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1969. Sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Tun Abdul Razak \u0111\u01b0a ra Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao ph\u1ea7n s\u1edf h\u1eefu kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a bumiputera. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Mahathir Mohamad, Malaysia tr\u1ea3i qua t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Kinh t\u1ebf Malaysia chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sang d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nhi\u1ec1u si\u00eau d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u00e1p \u0111\u00f4i Petronas, xa l\u1ed9 Nam-B\u1eafc, h\u00e0nh lang \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n si\u00eau c\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh li\u00ean bang m\u1edbi Putrajaya. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ch\u00e2u \u00c1 su\u00fdt khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ed3ng Ringgit c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Malaysia s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "13 bang c\u1ee7a Malaysia d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c M\u00e3 Lai l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, 9 trong s\u1ed1 11 bang B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c gia t\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bang M\u00e3 Lai. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed t\u1eeb ch\u00edn qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 5 n\u0103m. M\u1ed7i bang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p bang. M\u1ed7i bang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh mukim. T\u1ea1i Sabah v\u00e0 Sarawak c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh. Sabah v\u00e0 Sarawak c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bang kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 ri\u00eang."}
+{"text": "Malaysia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn li\u00ean bang. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Westminster, m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh. Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 Yang di-Pertuan Agong, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u theo m\u1ed7i nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 5 n\u0103m t\u1eeb ch\u00edn qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 k\u1ebf t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bang M\u00e3 Lai; b\u1ed1n bang c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a song kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1a. Theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd do qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u00edn bang lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean n\u1eafm gi\u1eef, Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn mang t\u00ednh l\u1ec5 nghi k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994."}
+{"text": "Quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 bang. Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n li\u00ean bang c\u1ee7a Malaysia bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n. H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 222 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 5 n\u0103m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 70 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 3 n\u0103m; 26 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 13 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i bang tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn, 44 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m theo ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Malaysia theo m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 ch\u1ebf. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Malaysia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Barisan Nasional."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed7i bang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01a1n vi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb b\u1ea7u c\u1eed m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 bang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 hi\u1ebfn (Chief Minister), h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c bang c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 k\u1ebf t\u1eadp, th\u1ee7 hi\u1ebfn theo th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 Lai, do qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m theo ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c 5 n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c c\u1eed tri \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd 21 tu\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i bang \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c bang. B\u1ea7u c\u1eed kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Sarawak, cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ea5p bang t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi b\u1ea7u c\u1eed li\u00ean bang."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Malaysia d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng lu\u1eadt Anh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, song s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ea5u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n thi\u1ebfu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch. T\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 T\u00f2a \u00e1n Li\u00ean bang, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 hai T\u00f2a cao \u0111\u1eb3ng, m\u1ed9t cho Malaysia b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cho \u0110\u00f4ng Malaysia. Malaysia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n do Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0a ra ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n Syariah t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, c\u00e1c t\u00f2a n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt Sharia trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Malaysia v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh song song v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f2a \u00e1n th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt An ninh N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba cho ph\u00e9p giam gi\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n x\u00e9t x\u1eed, v\u00e0 \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ma t\u00fay."}
+{"text": "S\u1eafc t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Malaysia, nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a bumiputera, bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 Lai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi bumiputera nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Malaysia g\u1ed1c Hoa v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Malaysia g\u1ed1c \u1ea4n. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i cho bumiputera trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng, kinh doanh, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c."}
+{"text": "Malaysia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 (ASEAN) T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o (OIC), v\u00e0 c\u0169ng tham gia v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c Kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 Phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft (NAM). Malaysia t\u1eebng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ASEAN, OIC, v\u00e0 NAM. Do l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh Qu\u1ed1c, Malaysia c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. Kuala Lumpur l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m di\u1ec5n ra H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Malaysia v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc trung l\u1eadp v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eb7t \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi an ninh v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c trong khu v\u1ef1c. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda Malaysia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong khi t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. Trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Malaysia, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia trong vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Malaysia theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c ra T\u00f2a \u00e1n C\u00f4ng l\u00fd Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia trong khu v\u1ef1c tranh ch\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa. Brunei v\u00e0 Malaysia v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhau, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n. Philippines c\u00f3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Sabah. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Singapore g\u00e2y ra c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean, v\u00e0 Malaysia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tranh ch\u1ea5p bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi Indonesia."}
+{"text": "Malaysia l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 67 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, v\u1edbi 329.847 km2 (127.355 sq mi). T\u00e2y Malaysia c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi Th\u00e1i Lan, \u0110\u00f4ng Malaysia c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi Indonesia v\u00e0 Brunei. Malaysia k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Singapore th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eafp cao h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u. Malaysia c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Philippines. Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u00f4ng Perlis, s\u00f4ng Golok v\u00e0 k\u00eanh Pagalayan, trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0111ang l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 tranh ch\u1ea5p. Brunei h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb Malaysia bao quanh, bang Sarawak c\u1ee7a Malaysia chia Brunei th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n. Malaysia l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u1eb1m c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai. \u0110i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c nam c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c1 l\u00e0 Tanjung Piai, thu\u1ed9c bang nam b\u1ed9 Johor. Eo bi\u1ec3n Malacca n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea3o Sumatra v\u00e0 Malaysia b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "Hai ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Malaysia t\u00e1ch nhau qua bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng, tuy nhi\u00ean hai ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh quan ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i r\u1ed3i cao l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i v\u00e0 n\u00fai. Malaysia b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o chi\u1ebfm 40% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Malaysia, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i 740 km (460 mi) t\u1eeb b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nam, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 322 km (200 mi). D\u00e3y Titiwangsa ph\u00e2n chia b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2y t\u1ea1i Malaysia b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o, d\u00e3y n\u00fai n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t d\u00e3y n\u00fai ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 r\u1eebng bao ph\u1ee7 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e1 hoa c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 l\u1eeda kh\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3nh quan karst. D\u00e3y n\u00fai l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Malaysia b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i bao quanh b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o, c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 50 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t (31 mi), v\u00e0 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o d\u00e0i 1.931 km (1.200 mi), song c\u00e1c b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf b\u1edd ph\u00eda t\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00f4ng Malaysia n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Borneo, c\u00f3 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i 2.607 km (1.620 mi). Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n ven bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ed3i v\u00e0 thung l\u0169ng, v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai. D\u00e3y Crocker tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc t\u1eeb Sarawak, ph\u00e2n chia bang Sabah. Tr\u00ean d\u00e3y n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u00fai Kinabalu v\u1edbi cao \u0111\u1ed9 4.095,2 m (13.436 ft), l\u00e0 n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t Malaysia. N\u00fai Kinabalu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Kinabalu- m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a UNESCO. C\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa Malaysia v\u00e0 Indonesia. qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hang Mulu t\u1ea1i Sarawak n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hang l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Xung quanh hai ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Malaysia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Banggi. Malaysia c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a t\u00e2y nam (th\u00e1ng 4 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10) v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc (th\u00e1ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 2). C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n xung quanh gi\u00fap \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cho Malaysia. \u1ea8m \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng cao, v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0 250 cm (98 in). Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu t\u1ea1i B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i t\u1eeb l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, trong khi \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu mang t\u00ednh h\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh: v\u00f9ng cao, v\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i. Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a, t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 l\u0169 l\u1ee5t v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n."}
+{"text": "Malaysia k\u00fd k\u1ebft C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Rio v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1993, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1994. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Malaysia \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh v\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1998. Malaysia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh v\u1eadt si\u00eau c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu cao. Theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh, Malaysia c\u00f3 20% s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Borneo, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c \u1edf c\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p."}
+{"text": "Malaysia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a m\u1edbi. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4, song vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y \u0111ang gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng. Malaysia s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1, GDP t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trung b\u00ecnh 6,5% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 1957 \u0111\u1ebfn 2005. N\u0103m 2016, GDP c\u1ee7a Malaysia l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 302 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 trong ASEAN, l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 14 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 38 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1991, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Malaysia \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 Mahathir Mohamad ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong \"T\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn 2020\", theo \u0111\u00f3 Malaysia s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a t\u1ef1 t\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2020. Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 Najib Razak n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Malaysia s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2018, s\u1edbm h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2020, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o khai m\u1ecf v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Malaysia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u01a1n. T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao, d\u1eabn d\u1eaft t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Sau Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ch\u00e2u \u00c1 1997, kinh t\u1ebf Malaysia ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i s\u1edbm h\u01a1n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ec1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 14.800 \u0111\u00f4 la. B\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 song l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm 70% gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ed1n h\u00f3a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia."}
+{"text": "Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Malaysia c\u00f3 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i do n\u1eb1m s\u00e1t tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y qua eo bi\u1ec3n Malacca, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c then ch\u1ed1t. Malaysia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n, d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh. Malaysia t\u1eebng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng thi\u1ebfc, cao su v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u c\u1ecd tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn trong kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia, song c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Malaysia \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y. Malaysia v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ea7u c\u1ecd l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn Malaysia trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 du l\u1ecbch tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n thu ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Malaysia, song n\u00f3 \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda do nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u1ea1n ph\u00e1 r\u1eebng. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2013-2014, Malaysia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 3 theo Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 h\u01b0u tr\u00ed to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \"Malaysia My Second Home\", theo \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Malaysia theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb th\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn 10 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Malaysia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 n\u1eef lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cao nh\u1ea5t trong ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tri th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia, Malaysia ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u01b0 h\u1eefu h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 h\u1eefu h\u00f3a t\u1ea1o ra ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1999 th\u00ec n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng Malaysia. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed9 Khoa h\u1ecdc, C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch t\u00e2n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Malaysia. Malaysia n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. Malaysia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2006, Nga \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Malaysia l\u00ean Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 18 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u01a1 Sukhoi Su-30MKM tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Malaysia \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 tinh th\u00f4ng qua ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh RazakSAT."}
+{"text": "Malaysia c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau Singapore t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, v\u1edbi 4,7 tri\u1ec7u thu\u00ea bao \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tr\u00ean 30 tri\u1ec7u thu\u00ea bao \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng. Malaysia c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y c\u1ea3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng Klang. Malaysia c\u00f3 200 khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean khu nh\u01b0 Khu C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Malaysia hay Khu C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao Kulim. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 an ninh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng, song v\u1eabn t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 b\u1edd T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Malaysia b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Malaysia tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i 98.721 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t (61.342 mi) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 1.821 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t (1.132 mi) \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c. Xa l\u1ed9 d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t Malaysia l\u00e0 xa l\u1ed9 Nam-B\u1eafc v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i tr\u00ean 800 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t (497 mi) t\u1eeb bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi Th\u00e1i Lan \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi Singapore. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Malaysia k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi Malaysia b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o. Malaysia c\u00f3 118 s\u00e2n bay, trong \u0111\u00f3 38 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1t. H\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Malaysia Airlines, cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 1.849 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t (1.149 mi). C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft nh\u1eb9 tr\u00ean cao c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ebb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 Kuala Lumpur."}
+{"text": "Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2010, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Malaysia l\u00e0 28.334.135, l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ee9 42 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Malaysia bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. N\u0103m 2010, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Malaysia chi\u1ebfm 91,8% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1,trong \u0111\u00f3 bumiputera l\u00e0 67,4%,. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 Lai l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u00e3 Lai. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 chi ph\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Th\u00e2n th\u1ebf Bumiputera c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i Sabah v\u00e0 Sarawak. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bumiputera phi M\u00e3 Lai chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 bang Sarawak v\u00e0 h\u01a1n hai ph\u1ea7n ba d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 bang Sabah. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n Malaysia b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o song v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 Orang Asli. Lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p th\u00e2n th\u1ebf bumiputera kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bang."}
+{"text": "Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Malaysia kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea5p cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra t\u1ea1i Malaysia, song m\u1ed9t tr\u1ebb em sinh t\u1ea1i ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 cha m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Malaysia th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Malaysia. S\u1edf h\u1eefu qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch k\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1i Malaysia. C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c bang Sabah v\u00e0 Sarawak tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Borneo c\u1ee7a Malaysia b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Malaysia b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eadp c\u01b0. M\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t th\u1ebb nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng ch\u00edp nh\u00e2n tr\u1eafc h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 MyKad \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 12, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n mang theo th\u1ebb."}
+{"text": "Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Malaysia, m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc 6 n\u0103m l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc 5 n\u0103m l\u00e0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i: c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c gia d\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3 Lai, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ed5 ng\u1eef d\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfng Tamil. V\u00e0o n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i trung h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh tham gia kh\u1ea3o th\u00ed V\u0103n b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Malaysia. T\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ef1 khoa v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 12 th\u00e1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng d\u1ef1 khoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1 khoa, ch\u1ec9 10% s\u1ed1 ch\u1ed7 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean phi bumiputera."}
+{"text": "T\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t t\u1eed vong c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh n\u0103m 2009 l\u00e0 6\u2030, v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009 l\u00e0 75 n\u0103m. V\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Malaysia th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch y t\u1ebf, 5% ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i Malaysia b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1edbi 20 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 28 tri\u1ec7u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Malaysia. 70% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. Kuala Lumpur l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Malaysia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u1edbn. Putrajaya l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1999, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, do nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e1nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng t\u1ea1i Kuala Lumpur."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Malaysia \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u1edf n\u0103m 2010, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean cao gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. X\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 61,3% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, 19,8% th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, 9,2% th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, 6,3% th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 1,3% th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Nho gi\u00e1o, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Hoa. 0,7% tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 1,4% c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o. Trong s\u1ed1 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e1i Sunni chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong khi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o phi gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f4ng th\u1ee9 hai v\u1edbi 18%."}
+{"text": "Theo Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 Lai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2010 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng 83,6% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 theo \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o (3,4%) v\u00e0 Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o (11,1%), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 Penang. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 theo \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o (86,2%), v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o (6,0%) hay H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o (4,1%). Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng bumiputera phi M\u00e3 Lai (46,5%), v\u00e0 th\u00eam 40,4% x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n Syariah trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Shafi`i c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, madh'hab ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Malaysia. Quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n Shariah b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, ly d\u1ecb, b\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o, c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee5 l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1ee9 hai \u0111ang d\u00f9ng, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u0103m 1967 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Anh trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y to\u00e1n v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng. Ti\u1ebfng Anh Malaysia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Anh b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh Anh. Ti\u1ebfng Anh Malaysia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong giao d\u1ecbch c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng b\u1ed3i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Manglish. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3 Lai phi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i Malaysia, t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i 137 th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Malaysia b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i 41 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Malaysia c\u00f3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 song d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3 Lai. Ti\u1ebfng Iban l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i Sarawak trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i Sabah n\u00f3i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Dusun. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Malaysia g\u1ed1c Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00f3i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00f4n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Hoa Nam. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00f4n ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Malaysia l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Quan tho\u1ea1i, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, ti\u1ebfng Kh\u00e1ch Gia, ti\u1ebfng H\u1ea3i Nam v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00fac Ch\u00e2u. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Tamil l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tamil, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Malaysia g\u1ed1c \u1ea4n. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Nam \u00c1 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Malaysia, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Th\u00e1i Lan. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Malaysia c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 n\u00f3i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng b\u1ed3i Malacca d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Chavacano d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1971, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \"Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u1ed1c gia\", x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a Malaysia. Theo \u0111\u00f3, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Malaysia ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Malaysia, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dung n\u1ea1p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trong \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3 Lai \u1edf cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c phi M\u00e3 Lai b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c b\u1ecb vong l\u1ee5c l\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u00f3a phi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa Malaysia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Indonesia. Hai qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00f3 chung nhi\u1ec1u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, di\u1ec5n ra tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n cho \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c ca c\u1ee7a Malaysia. T\u1ea1i Indonesia c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u1ed1c gia. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Malaysia v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Indonesia c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac nh\u1eb1m xoa d\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u0103n h\u00f3a. T\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1i Malaysia, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a chung."}
+{"text": "Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Malaysia ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung quanh c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc, d\u1ec7t v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecf \u0111an th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e2n s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh M\u00e3 Lai. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn vao g\u1ed3m dao g\u0103m (kris) trang s\u1ee9c, b\u1ed9 gi\u00e3 h\u1ea1t cau, v\u1ea3i d\u1ec7t batik v\u00e0 songket. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Malaysia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7. M\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 \u00edt s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt M\u00e3 Lai th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n M\u00e3 Lai c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c Kelantan-Pattani v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 Indonesia. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 g\u00f5, quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gendang (tr\u1ed1ng). C\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 14 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Tr\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 g\u00f5 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbp nh\u01b0 v\u1ee5 g\u1eb7t. N\u00f3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i. T\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Malaysia, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 agung v\u00e0 kulintang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 tang l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 h\u00f4n l\u1ec5. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Mindanao t\u1ea1i Philippines, Kalimantan t\u1ea1i Indonesia, v\u00e0 Brunei."}
+{"text": "Malaysia m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng, lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay. M\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o M\u00e3 Lai h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc M\u00e3 Lai \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. B\u1ea3n v\u0103n M\u00e3 Lai \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 Terengganu, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1303. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1ea1i Malaysia, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. N\u0103m 1971, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i nh\u1eb1m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3 Lai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"v\u0103n h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Malaysia\", v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef bumiputera kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"v\u0103n h\u1ecdc khu v\u1ef1c\", trong khi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp\". Th\u01a1 M\u00e3 Lai c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 th\u01a1, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Hikayat, v\u00e0 pantun \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3 Lai sang c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Malaysia ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Malaysia. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u00e3 Lai, Trung Hoa, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Th\u00e1i Lan, Java, v\u00e0 Sumatra, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 do qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u1ea8m th\u1ef1c Malaysia r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Singapore v\u00e0 Brunei, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng mang c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Philippines. C\u00e1c bang kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u00f3n \u0103n."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c b\u00e1o ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Malaysia thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng trong li\u00ean minh c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, song m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp l\u1edbn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u00e1o ri\u00eang, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n c\u00f4ng khai c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ch\u00ednh quy. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i hai ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o k\u00e9m \u01b0u ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tin t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xem c\u00e1c bang ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c gia t\u0103ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa Indonesia v\u00e0 Malaysia, mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Malaysia m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh x\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indonesia. Malaysia c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3 Lai, ti\u1ebfng Anh, ti\u1ebfng Trung, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Tamil."}
+{"text": "Malaysia c\u1eed h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i trong n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 to\u00e0n li\u00ean bang, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u1eebng bang. C\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c do c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1eed h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh trang tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Hari Merdeka (ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp) v\u00e0o 31 th\u00e1ng 8, k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p bang Malaya \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1957. Ng\u00e0y Malaysia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 9 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp li\u00ean bang v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1963. Ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (1 th\u00e1ng 5) v\u00e0 sinh nh\u1eadt Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt do H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o; Hari Raya Puasa (c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hari Raya Aidilfitri, t\u00ean ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3 Lai c\u1ee7a Eid al-Fitr), Hari Raya Haji (c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hari Raya Aidiladha, t\u1ee9c Eid ul-Adha), Maulidur Rasul (sinh nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ti\u00ean tri), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Malaysia g\u1ed1c Hoa t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 t\u1ebft Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. T\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Malaysia t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Deepavali, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, trong khi Thaipusam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng Batu. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o Malaysia t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng sinh v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5c sinh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Malaysia c\u0169ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i mang t\u00ean Gawai."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Malaysia g\u1ed3m b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1, c\u1ea7u l\u00f4ng, kh\u00fac c\u00f4n c\u1ea7u, b\u00f3ng g\u1ed7, qu\u1ea7n v\u1ee3t, b\u00f3ng qu\u1ea7n, v\u00f5 thu\u1eadt, c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a, thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e1n. B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Malaysia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ee9ng c\u1eed l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a C\u00fap b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 2034. C\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ea7u l\u00f4ng thu h\u00fat h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1948 th\u00ec Malaysia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1eebng gi\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch Thomas Cup. Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n b\u00f3ng g\u1ed7 Malaysia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0a m\u00f4n b\u00f3ng qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn Malaysia, cu\u1ed9c thi \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1939. Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng qu\u1ea7n Malaysia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1972. \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n kh\u00fac c\u00f4n c\u1ea7u nam qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Malaysia x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 13 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2013. C\u00fap Kh\u00fac c\u00f4n c\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 10 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ua c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c 1 ri\u00eang l\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ua qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Sepang. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ua t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i Grand Prix \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Olympic Malaya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1953, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c IOC c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1954. Malaysia l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tham gia Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1956 t\u1ea1i Melbourne. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean h\u00e0nh H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Olympic Malaysia v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1964, v\u00e0 tham gia h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ra \u0111\u1eddi (tr\u1eeb Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1980 t\u1ea1i Moskva). S\u1ed1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Malaysia c\u1eed tham gia Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 57 trong Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i M\u00f9a h\u00e8 1972. C\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean Malaysia gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng s\u00e1u huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 n\u0103m huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i m\u00f4n c\u1ea7u l\u00f4ng. Qu\u1ed1c gia tranh t\u00e0i trong \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i th\u1ec3 thao Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1950 v\u1edbi t\u00ean Malaya, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1966 v\u1edbi t\u00ean Malaysia, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Kuala Lumpur v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ed1i cao hay Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb Brahma (\u0110\u1ea1i Ng\u00e3, Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean) c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, Waheguru c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Sikh, Jah c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o Rastafari cho \u0111\u1ebfn Giav\u00ea c\u1ee7a Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, Allah c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ba ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa."}
+{"text": "Thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n (theism) cho r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1eeba si\u00eau nhi\u00ean v\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Ch\u00faa c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c tin r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u0129nh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. H\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 to\u00e0n n\u0103ng, to\u00e0n tri v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb, song ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng tra v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i \u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn h\u1eefu C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00ec theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0i. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, trong v\u00f2ng h\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng xem Allah c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5ng Messiah c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o (Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu) l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u1ef1 do (liberalism) trong C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o xem m\u1ecdi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa."}
+{"text": "Hai thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh to\u00e0n n\u0103ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n tri c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, theo mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Kinh Th\u00e1nh, li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Khi t\u1ecf cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 quan ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, Gi\u00ea-xu n\u00f3i, \"Ngay c\u1ea3 t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c con c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfm h\u1ebft r\u1ed3i.\" (Matt. 10: 30). M\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c trong T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \"Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i th\u1ecd t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 che gi\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t Ch\u00faa, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i v\u00e0 ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u0110\u1ea5ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i khai tr\u00ecnh.\" (H\u00eabr\u01a1 4: 13)."}
+{"text": "Trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh, c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ban cho h\u1ecd s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi. Theo Kinh Th\u00e1nh, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, S\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 Gioan \u0111\u00e3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \"Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng.\" (1 Gioan 4:8). Khi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t tu\u00e2n, sa ng\u00e3, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u01a1n th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. V\u00ec Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh, s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su tr\u00ean c\u00e2y th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i thay cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, theo Kinh Th\u00e1nh, l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean Kinh Th\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, l\u1ea1i cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh thi v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao gi\u1eefa Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo nh\u00e0 th\u00e1nh kinh s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Yehezkal Kaufmann, ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Kinh Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00faa hay kh\u00f4ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u tin r\u1eb1ng Kinh Th\u00e1nh n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, song nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Abraham Joshua Heschel mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m anthropopathic, theo \u0111\u00f3 Kinh Th\u00e1nh n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa."}
+{"text": "T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n khi d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u00e2n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-xu trong khi v\u1eabn l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u1ed9t cung c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn trong khi v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch si\u00eau nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong Kinh th\u00e1nh H\u00eabr\u01a1, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Ba Ng\u00f4i."}
+{"text": "Michael Joseph Jackson (29 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1958 \u2013 25 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2009) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ca s\u0129, nh\u1ea1c s\u0129, nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu \u00e2m, v\u0169 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \"Vua nh\u1ea1c pop\" hay \"\u00d4ng ho\u00e0ng nh\u1ea1c pop\" (ti\u1ebfng Anh: \"King of pop\"). V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, khi\u00eau v\u0169, th\u1eddi trang c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng xung quanh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, Jackson \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con th\u1ee9 8 trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Jackson, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb n\u0103m l\u00ean 11 v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u00fat trong nh\u00f3m nh\u1ea1c The Jackson 5 v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01a1n ca n\u0103m 1971. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 80, Jackson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c video ca nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \"Beat It\", \"Billie Jean\" v\u00e0 \"Thriller\" \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng t\u1ea7m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a video ca nh\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng video n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c non tr\u1ebb l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 MTV tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Nh\u1eefng video sau n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 \"Black or White\" hay \"Scream\" ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u00ean MTV trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng danh ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01a1n ca. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00e0n bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u hay trong video ca nh\u1ea1c, Jackson gi\u00fap ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0n v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 robot hay moonwalk. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ecdng ca v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch h\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 nh\u1ea1c hip-hop, pop v\u00e0 R&B \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i sau n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Thriller ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1982 l\u00e0 album b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng album kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Jackson, nh\u01b0: Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991) v\u00e0 HIStory (1995) c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u0129a nh\u1ea1c b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 hai l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh danh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ea3nh Danh v\u1ecdng Rock and Roll, Jackson c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c Guinness, 13 gi\u1ea3i Grammy, 13 \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n qu\u00e1n qu\u00e2n tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng Billboard Hot 100 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9\u2013nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nam ca s\u0129 \u0111\u01a1n ca n\u00e0o trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean Hot 100 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean 400 tri\u1ec7u album \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.[GC] Jackson \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 thu \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao th\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. Jackson l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ca kh\u00fac n\u1eb1m trong top 10 Billboard Hot 100 trong 5 th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 kh\u00e1c nhau khi \"Love Never Felt So Good\" \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 9 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2014. Jackson th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tham gia c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u00f4n vinh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000, s\u00e1ch k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c Guinness c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u01a1n 39 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 xung quanh \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i c\u01b0 x\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Jackson. Gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean tr\u1eafng \u00e1n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9. N\u0103m 2005, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa Jackson ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea7u t\u00f2a v\u00ec l\u1eddi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i danh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1; sau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n v\u00e0 x\u00e9t x\u1eed r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i, Jackson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u1eafng \u00e1n v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i danh. Trong khi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t bu\u1ed5i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i mang t\u00ean This Is It, \u00f4ng khong may qua \u0111\u1eddi do c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh propofol v\u00e0 benzodiazepine v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2009, sau khi tim ng\u1eebng \u0111\u1eadp. T\u00f2a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea9m Los Angles (M\u1ef9) li\u1ec7t c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Jackson l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Murray, b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i ng\u1ed9 s\u00e1t. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Jackson g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00f4ng khai tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Forbes x\u1ebfp Jackson l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t, danh hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng su\u1ed1t 6 n\u0103m li\u1ec1n, v\u1edbi thu nh\u1eadp 115 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Michael Joseph Jackson sinh ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1958. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 con th\u1ee9 8 trong s\u1ed1 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi, sinh s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0 3 ph\u00f2ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Jackson, thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Gary, Indiana, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Chicago. M\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Katherine Esther Scruse l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng Gi\u00ea-h\u00f4-va. B\u00e0 t\u1eebng mong mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ca s\u0129 nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00ea v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ca, ch\u01a1i clarinet v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i h\u00e3ng Sears \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Cha c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Joseph Walter \"Joe\" Jackson l\u00e0m thu\u00ea cho T\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng ty Th\u00e9p Hoa K\u1ef3. Joe t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f5 s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ban nh\u1ea1c R&B c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \"The Falcons\" \u0111\u1ec3 trang tr\u1ea3i thu nh\u1eadp cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Michael l\u1edbn l\u00ean c\u00f9ng 3 ch\u1ecb em g\u00e1i (Rebbie, La Toya v\u00e0 Janet) v\u00e0 5 anh em trai (Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon v\u00e0 Randy). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, Brandon, l\u00e0 anh em sinh \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi Marlon, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t khi v\u1eeba k\u1ecbp ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Michael c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1edbi cha c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Joe. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003, Joe th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh Jackson khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf. Joe c\u00f2n l\u0103ng m\u1ea1 con trai m\u00ecnh, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o Jackson l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 \"m\u0169i to\". Jackson kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha ru\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c l\u1eabn tinh th\u1ea7n, tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edbt, nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00f2n roi v\u00e0 ch\u1eedi r\u1ee7a, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a cha m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 l\u1edbn trong s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u00f9ng Oprah Winfrey v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1993, Jackson th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n g\u1eb7p \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ea5t ng\u1ee7 kinh ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a Jackson, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e1i qu\u00e1, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi cha c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00f9ng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch tr\u1ebb con trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u. Trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi Martin Bashir trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Living with Michael Jackson v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003, Jackson th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb cha l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf, g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i khi Joseph ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf, tr\u00ean tay l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng da trong khi c\u00e1c con \u0111ang luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i \"n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ed1 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n, \u00f4ng ta s\u1ebd x\u00e9 x\u00e1c b\u1ea1n.\" Cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Jackson kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c tr\u00ean, khi Katherine kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f2n roi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt con tr\u1ebb. Jackie, Tito, Jermaine v\u00e0 Marlon c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng cha m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1964, Michael v\u00e0 Marlon gia nh\u1eadp The Jackson Brothers\u2014m\u1ed9t ban nh\u1ea1c do cha h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c anh em trai Jackie, Tito v\u00e0 Jermaine\u2014trong vai tr\u00f2 nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u01a1i conga v\u00e0 tambourine. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1965, Jackson b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e1t ch\u00ednh c\u00f9ng anh trai Jermaine, v\u1edbi t\u00ean nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i sang The Jackson 5. N\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00f3m th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm t\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u1edbn, khi Jackson tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u1ea3y theo b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \u0103n kh\u00e1ch n\u0103m 1965 c\u1ee7a Robert Parker l\u00e0 \"Barefootin'\". T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1966 \u0111\u1ebfn 1968, ban nh\u1ea1c chu du kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng Trung T\u00e2y Hoa K\u1ef3, th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 nh\u01b0 Sam & Dave, the O'Jays, Gladys Knight v\u00e0 Etta James t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i t\u00ean \"chitlin' circuit\". Nh\u00f3m c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p \u0111\u00eam v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7y r\u01b0\u1ee3u, n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c ti\u1ebft m\u1ee5c tho\u00e1t y; h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1967, trong l\u00fac l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n t\u1ea1i b\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u00f3m gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n \u1edf Apollo Theater, Harlem."}
+{"text": "The Jackson 5 thu \u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u00e1t, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \"Big Boy\" (1968) l\u00e0 \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00f9ng Steeltown Records, m\u1ed9t h\u00e3ng thu \u00e2m t\u1ea1i Gary, Indiana; tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u00fd k\u1ebft c\u00f9ng h\u00e3ng \u0111\u0129a Motown v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1969. The Jackson 5 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Gary v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1969 v\u00e0 d\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c Los Angeles, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thu \u00e2m cho Motown. Rolling Stone sau n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Michael th\u1eddi non tr\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng\" v\u1edbi \"kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c tr\u1eddi ph\u00fa,\" vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \"nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu h\u00fat v\u00e0 gi\u1ecdng ca ch\u00ednh.\" Nh\u00f3m m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi, khi ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh 4 \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea7u tay \"I Want You Back\" (1969), \"ABC\" (1970), \"The Love You Save\" (1970) v\u00e0 \"I'll Be There\" (1970)\u2014\u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed qu\u00e1n qu\u00e2n tr\u00ean Billboard Hot 100. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1971, gia \u0111\u00ecnh Jackson d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i Encino, California, n\u01a1i Michael tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ca s\u0129 nh\u00ed sang m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tu\u1ed5i thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean. Khi Jackson chuy\u1ec3n sang s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01a1n ca v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi Jackson 5 v\u00e0 Motown. Gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1972 v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1975, Michael ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh 4 album ph\u00f2ng thu c\u00f9ng Motown: Got to Be There (1972), Ben (1972), Music & Me (1973) v\u00e0 Forever, Michael (1975). \"Got to Be There\" v\u00e0 \"Ben\", c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u00e1t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00edch t\u1eeb hai album \u0111\u01a1n ca \u0111\u1ea7u tay c\u1ee7a Michael, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \"Rockin' Robin\" c\u1ee7a Bobby Day."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1975, The Jackson 5 k\u00fd h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Epic Records, m\u1ed9t h\u00e3ng \u0111\u0129a thu\u1ed9c bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a CBS Records v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh The Jacksons. Em trai Randy ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c gia nh\u1eadp ban nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, trong khi Jermaine ch\u1ecdn \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi h\u00e3ng Motown v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p solo. The Jacksons ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh th\u00eam 6 album n\u1eefa t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1976 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1984. Michael, nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u n\u00ean b\u00e0i h\u00e1t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)\" (1979), \"This Place Hotel\" (1980) v\u00e0 \"Can You Feel It\" (1980). Jackson b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u1ec7p di\u1ec5n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1978, khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn r\u01a1m Scarecrow trong The Wiz, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n Sidney Lumet c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Diana Ross, Nipsey Russell v\u00e0 Ted Ross. Phim l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 doanh thu. Tr\u00ean phim tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Jackson g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 Quincy Jones, ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean t\u1eadp ph\u1ea7n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho b\u1ed9 phim v\u00e0 Jones \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t album \u0111\u01a1n ca ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a Jackson, Off the Wall. N\u0103m 1979, Jackson b\u1ecb g\u00e3y m\u0169i khi \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, cu\u1ed9c ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn; \u00f4ng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u00ec kh\u00f3 th\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi B\u00e1c s\u0129 Steven Hoefflin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1eeda m\u0169i th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Jackson."}
+{"text": "Off the Wall (1979), m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa Jackson v\u00e0 Jones, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t Jackson t\u1eeb xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c bubblegum pop thu\u1edf nh\u1ecf sang \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ch\u1eefng ch\u1ea1c, tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n. Ngo\u00e0i Jackson, c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 kh\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong album bao g\u1ed3m Rod Temperton, Stevie Wonder v\u00e0 Paul McCartney. Album \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh album \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ra m\u1eaft 4 \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n n\u1eb1m trong top 10 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n qu\u00e1n qu\u00e2n \"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough\" v\u00e0 \"Rock With You\". Album n\u00e0y v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 3 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng album Billboard 200 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u01a1n 20 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1980, Jackson th\u1eafng 3 gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c M\u1ef9: \"Album Soul/R&B \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t\" cho Off the Wall, \"Nam ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Soul/R&B \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t\" v\u00e0 \"B\u00e0i h\u00e1t Soul/R&B \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t\" cho \"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough\". \u00d4ng c\u0169ng gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Billboard Year-End cho \"Ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 da m\u00e0u xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t\" v\u00e0 \"Album da m\u00e0u xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t\"; gi\u1ea3i Grammy \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p cho \"Tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n gi\u1ecdng R&B nam xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t\" c\u00f9ng \"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough\" v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1979. D\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, Jackson l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y Off the Wall c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ebfp theo ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1980, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ee9c ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n cao nh\u1ea5t trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd: 37% ti\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn album."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1982, Jackson thu \u00e2m ca kh\u00fac \"Someone in the Dark\" cho album nh\u1ea1c truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 phim E.T the Extra-Terrestrial. B\u00e0i h\u00e1t do Quincy Jones s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y gi\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i Grammy cho \"Album xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t d\u00e0nh cho tr\u1ebb em\" v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, Jackson ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh album Thriller, gi\u00fap \u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh th\u00eam 7 gi\u1ea3i Grammy, 8 gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Jackson l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1t Gi\u1ea3i Merit. Thriller v\u1eabn \u0111ang l\u00e0 album b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n ra \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 65 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n; ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 album \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 32 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn B\u1ea1ch kim, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 32 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n ti\u00eau th\u1ee5. Album g\u00f3p m\u1eb7t trong top 10 Billboard 200 su\u1ed1t 80 tu\u1ea7n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp, trong khi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u 37 tu\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 album \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 7 \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o top 10 Billboard Hot 100, bao g\u1ed3m \"Billie Jean\", \"Beat It\" v\u00e0 \"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'\". V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983, Jackson ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \"Thriller\", m\u1ed9t video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00e0i 14 ph\u00fat do John Landis \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n. \"Thriller\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c \"quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c\" tr\u00ean Music Television Channel (MTV), m\u1ed9t k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed non tr\u1ebb v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2009, Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c n\u00e0y trong s\u1ed1 25 b\u1ed9 phim xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef phim qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \"nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m mang t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u1ef9\" v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \"\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n cho m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.\" T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2009, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 video duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m."}
+{"text": "Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Jackson, John Branca nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng \u0111ang s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf su\u1ea5t trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3: kho\u1ea3ng 2 \u0111\u00f4-la cho m\u1ed7i album b\u00e1n ra. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng thu v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c t\u1eeb doanh s\u1ed1 \u0111\u0129a nh\u1ea1c. Cu\u1ed1n video phim t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller b\u00e1n h\u01a1n 350.000 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Grammy cho \"Video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t\". Nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 b\u00fap b\u00ea h\u00ecnh Michael Jackson, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u1eeda hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1984. Nh\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed J. Randy Taraborrelli vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \"Thriller kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed\u2014m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, con b\u00fap b\u00ea, v\u00e9 xem phim\u2014m\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u01a1n.\" T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Time m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Jackson v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \"ng\u00f4i sao c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u0129a h\u00e1t, s\u00f3ng truy\u1ec1n thanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng video nh\u1ea1c rock; ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1eadp cho th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, m\u1ed9t v\u0169 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean ph\u1ed1 x\u00e1 v\u1edbi v\u0169 \u0111i\u1ec7u l\u1ea1 m\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t ca s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu, phong c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u00e0u da.\" The New York Times vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \"Trong l\u00e0ng nh\u1ea1c Pop th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 Michael Jackson v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\"."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1983, Jackson \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 v\u1edbi anh em c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 25 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Motown mang t\u00ean Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Pasadena Civic Auditorium, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1983 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i NBC, thu h\u00fat kho\u1ea3ng 47 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem. Jackson ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh; d\u00f9 v\u1eady, theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Berry Gordy, Jackson nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01a1n ca. Trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, Jackson bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \"Billie Jean\" trong chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o kho\u00e1c sequin \u0111en v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc g\u0103ng tay \u0111\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u0111i\u1ec7u moonwalk n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. \u0110i\u1ec7u nh\u1ea3y do c\u1ef1u v\u0169 c\u00f4ng Soul Train v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean nh\u00f3m Shalamar Jeffrey Daniel d\u1ea1y cho \u00f4ng 3 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Theo Mikal Gilmore t\u1eeb Rolling Stone, \"C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111ang nghe hay th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec7u k\u1ef3...\u0111i\u1ec1u phi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u00f3.\" Ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a Jackson nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Elvis Presley v\u00e0 the Beatles tr\u00ean The Ed Sullivan Show. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n gi\u00fap Jackson gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed gi\u1ea3i Emmy \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Berry Gordy chia s\u1ebb \"t\u1eeb nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Billie Jean, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0 khi anh \u1ea5y tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n m\u00e0n v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb s\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ma thu\u1eadt, Michael Jackson \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd sa s\u00fat.\""}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1983, Jackson c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o v\u1edbi h\u00e3ng PepsiCo v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c th\u00f9 lao 5 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9, ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ecdi k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Pepsi di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1983-1984, v\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \"Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi\" (\"New Generation\"); bao g\u1ed3m qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o, t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 trong c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1984, Michael v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a the Jacksons \u0111ang ghi h\u00ecnh cho m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o Pepsi Cola do Phil Dusenberry v\u00e0 Alan Pottasch gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam nh\u1ea1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t t\u00e0n ph\u00e1o hoa v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh r\u01a1i tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ea7u Jackson, khi\u1ebfn da \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecfng 2 \u0111\u1ed9. Jackson ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1edd v\u1ebft s\u1eb9o tr\u00ean da \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1eeda m\u0169i th\u1ee9 3 sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u. Pepsi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Jackson \u0111\u00e3 trao t\u1eb7ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 1.5 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn Trung t\u00e2m Y t\u1ebf Brotman \u1edf Culver City, California. Trung t\u00e2m tr\u1ecb b\u1ecfng Michael Jackson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cao qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Jackson k\u00fd th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Pepsi v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 v\u1edbi tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 10 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 20 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 cho album Bad c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ebfn l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f9ng t\u00ean (1987-88). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Jackson \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 LA Gear, Suzuki v\u00e0 Sony, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1eb7t Pepsi, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4i sao ca nh\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Britney Spears v\u00e0 Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Jackson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1984, khi \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ronald Reagan cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng ma t\u00fay c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n \"Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e1i xe trong l\u00fac say r\u01b0\u1ee3u\" c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5c Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd an to\u00e0n giao th\u00f4ng. Jackson c\u0169ng \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \"Beat It\" cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng album sau n\u00e0y, Thriller kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ebfn l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng Victory Tour v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1984 l\u1ea1i ph\u00f4 di\u1ec5n nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \u0111\u01a1n ca c\u1ee7a Jackson \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng anh em c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Sau khi g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 v\u00e9, Jackson t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o quy\u00ean g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn t\u1eeb Victory Tour cho t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 3-5 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Jackson \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u00f9ng Lionel Richie trong \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n \"We Are the World\" (1985). B\u00e0i h\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu \u00e2m v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1985 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1985 nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi. B\u00e0i h\u00e1t thu v\u1ec1 63 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi 20 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n ti\u00eau th\u1ee5. \"We Are the World\" gi\u00e0nh 4 gi\u1ea3i Grammy v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1985, bao g\u1ed3m gi\u1ea3i \"B\u00e0i h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a n\u0103m\". D\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c M\u1ef9 g\u1ee1 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi l\u1ec5 trao gi\u1ea3i v\u00ec c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n vinh trong d\u1ecbp k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 1 n\u0103m. Nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u00e0nh th\u00eam 2 gi\u1ea3i AMA: m\u1ed9t cho s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u00e0i h\u00e1t v\u00e0 cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng USA for Africa. Jackson, Quincy Jones v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 Ken Kragan nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho vai tr\u00f2 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c n\u00ean b\u00e0i h\u00e1t."}
+{"text": "Jackson b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c sau khi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Paul McCartney v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980. \u00d4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c McCartney thu v\u1ec1 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 40 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u1eeb \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n b\u00e0i h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1983, Jackson \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn mua l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u00edt trong s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c l\u1eddi m\u1eddi. C\u00e1c danh m\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn bao g\u1ed3m Sly Stone v\u1edbi \"Everyday People\" (1968), Len Barry v\u1edbi \"1-2-3\" (1965) v\u00e0 Dion DiMucci c\u00f9ng \"The Wanderer\" (1961) v\u00e0 \"Runaround Sue\" (1961); d\u00f9 v\u1eady, l\u1ea7n b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Jackson di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1985, khi \u00f4ng mua l\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n trong ATV Music Publishing sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. ATV s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh g\u1ea7n 4000 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t, bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n thu \u00e2m c\u1ee7a the Beatles do Lennon-McCartney s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, thu\u1ed9c danh m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Northern Songs."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1984, nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dac Robert Holmes \u00e0 Court, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu ATV Music Publishing, th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o rao b\u00e1n danh m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1981, McCartney l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ch\u00e0o mua v\u1edbi 20 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3ng Anh (40 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9). Theo McCartney, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Yoko Ono \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng mua l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1 10 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3ng Anh, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu duy nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a the Beatles, McCartney \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Jackson l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, John Branca v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1984. Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a McCartney c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u1edbi Branca r\u1eb1ng McCartney kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa trong chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u. McCartney ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \"V\u1ee5 n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf\" trong khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n mua l\u1ea1i. Jackson \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n 46 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1984. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1985, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Jackson ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n sau khi ph\u1ea3i chi tr\u1ea3 h\u01a1n 1 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 trong su\u1ed1t 4 th\u00e1ng mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1985, Jackson v\u00e0 Branca bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u00f4ng ty Gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Charles Koppelman v\u00e0 Marty Bandier \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn th\u0103m d\u00f2 c\u00f9ng Holmes \u00e0 Court \u0111\u1ec3 mua l\u1ea1i ATV Music v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n 50 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9; d\u00f9 v\u1eady, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 8, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Holmes \u00e0 Court \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Jackson \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i. V\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1985, khi Jackson n\u00e2ng gi\u00e1 l\u00ean 47.5 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0n da c\u1ee7a Jackson thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e2u trung b\u00ecnh trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 th\u00ec da c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e1ng m\u00e0u. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u ho\u00e0i nghi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 tin \u0111\u1ed3n \u00f4ng \u0111ang t\u1ea9y da. Theo ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a J. Randy Taraborrelli, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1984, Jackson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 luput, khi\u1ebfn m\u00e0u da \u00f4ng tr\u1eafng d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m da \u00f4ng nh\u1ea1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea5n trang \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 che \u0111i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng da x\u1ea5u tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t c\u0169ng l\u00e0m Jackson tr\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng. Jackson kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt n\u00e2ng m\u0169i 2 l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda n\u00e0o tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3m c\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980 do thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \"th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 c\u00f4ng\". Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Jackson th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean hoa m\u1eaft ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfng \u0103n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3m c\u00e2n sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Jackson tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i cho nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1o c\u00e1o nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986, b\u00e1o l\u00e1 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a tin Jackson ng\u1ee7 trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng b\u1ed9i \u00e1p kh\u00ed \u00f4xy \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e3o h\u00f3a; v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p trong su\u1ed1t. D\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng khai th\u00e1c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, khi\u1ebfn Jackson ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. Sau khi Jackson nh\u1eadn nu\u00f4i m\u1ed9t con tinh tinh t\u00ean l\u00e0 Bubbles t\u1eeb ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y s\u1ed1ng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Jackson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi mua l\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Joseph Merrick (\"The Elephant Man\") v\u00e0 cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, Jackson c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. Tuy ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, Jackson l\u1ea1i d\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 m\u1eadp m\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Do v\u1eady, gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 th\u00eau d\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t danh m\u00e0 Jackson khinh r\u1ebb, \"Wacko Jacko\"."}
+{"text": "Jackson h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi George Lucas v\u00e0 Francis Ford Coppola trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n phim 3D d\u00e0i 17 ph\u00fat mang t\u00ean Captain EO, ra m\u1eaft v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1986 t\u1ea1i Disneyland v\u00e0 EPCOT \u1edf Florida; v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1987 t\u1ea1i Tokyo Disneyland. B\u1ed9 phim c\u00f3 kinh ph\u00ed 30 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u1edf c\u1ea3 ba c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean. S\u1ef1 thu h\u00fat v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90 khi Euro Disneyland m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu n\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m v\u1ec1 sau, l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998. Captain EO sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Disneyland v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010 sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Jackson. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1987, Jackson t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u00e2n Ch\u1ee9ng Gi\u00ea-h\u00f4-va khi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn video Thriller."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i l\u1edbn t\u1eeb ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, Jackson ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh album \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau 5 n\u0103m, Bad v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1987. Album b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 30-45 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u0129a tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; gi\u00e0nh 2 gi\u1ea3i Grammy, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i \"Video d\u1ea1ng ng\u1eafn xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t\" cho \"Leave Me Alone\" v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, Jackson gi\u00e0nh \"Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u\" t\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c M\u1ef9 cho nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c c\u00f9ng Bad: l\u00e0 album \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 5 ca kh\u00fac leo l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed qu\u00e1n qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\", \"Bad\", \"The Way You Make Me Feel\", \"Man in the Mirror\" v\u00e0 \"Dirty Diana\"; l\u00e0 album \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i 25 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 l\u00e0 album b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong n\u0103m 1987-88. Jackson m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ebfn l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01a1n ca \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Bad World Tour v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1987 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1989. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 14 bu\u1ed5i di\u1ec5n ch\u00e1y v\u00e9 v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat 570.000 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, g\u1ea5p g\u1ea7n 3 l\u1ea7n k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi 200.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n. Jackson ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c Guinness khi c\u00f3 504.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 7 \u0111\u00eam di\u1ec5n ch\u00e1y v\u00e9 t\u1ea1i s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Wembley. Chuy\u1ebfn l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 16 th\u00e1ng g\u1ed3m 123 bu\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n, thu h\u00fat 4,4 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1988, Jackson ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Moonwalk sau 4 n\u0103m v\u00e0 b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 200.000 b\u1ea3n. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ban nh\u1ea1c The Jackson 5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Moonwalk d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u danh s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a The New York Times. \u00d4ng sau \u0111\u00f3 cho ra m\u1eaft m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim mang t\u00ean Moonwalker, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng m\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc phim ng\u1eafn, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Jackson v\u00e0 Joe Pesci. B\u1ed9 phim ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfu r\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng do c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, b\u1ed9 phim ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng video t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0. Phim d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng Billboard Top Music Video Cassette trong 22 tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 b\u1edfi Michael Jackson: The Legend Continues. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1988, Jackson mua m\u1ed9t khu \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n Santa Ynez, California \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng khu \u0111i\u1ec1n trang Neverland v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 17 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4. \u00d4ng cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng khu vui ch\u01a1i trong khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng 2.700 m\u1eabu Anh (11 km2), bao g\u1ed3m b\u00e1nh xe \u0111u quay, \u0111u ng\u1ef1a g\u1ed7, r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00fa; v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 40 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003, n\u01a1i n\u00e0y tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 100 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, thu nh\u1eadp h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Jackson t\u1eeb doanh s\u1ed1 album, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00eam di\u1ec5n \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1t 125 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean X\u00f4. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp, Jackson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u00ed von l\u00e0 \"Vua nh\u1ea1c pop\". C\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u00e0y do Elizabeth Taylor \u0111\u1eb7t ra khi b\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i \"Soul Train Heritage Award\" v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng: \"Anh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea1c pop, rock v\u00e0 soul.\" V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng George H. W. Bush tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trao gi\u1ea3i \"Ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean\" cho Jackson. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1985 \u0111\u1ebfn 1990, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quy\u00ean g\u00f3p 455.000 \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn United Negro College Fund v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn t\u1eeb \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n \"Man in the Mirror\" cho t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, M\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \"You Were There\" c\u1ee7a Jackson t\u1ea1i sinh nh\u1eadt l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 60 c\u1ee7a Sammy Davis Jr. \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed gi\u1ea3i Emmy l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 2."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1991, Jackson gia h\u1ea1n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f9ng h\u00e3ng Sony v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c 65 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Neil Diamond v\u1edbi Columbia Records. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991, Jackson ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh album th\u1ee9 8, Dangerous m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng Teddy Riley. Dangerous \u0111\u1ea1t 7 l\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u0129a B\u1ea1ch kim t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1m m\u1ed1c 30 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008. \u0110\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \"Black or White\" \u0111o\u1ea1t ng\u00f4i qu\u00e1n qu\u00e2n Billboard Hot 100 trong 7 tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ee9 hai, \"Remember the Time\" c\u00f3 8 tu\u1ea7n l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o top 5 v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 3 t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. Dangerous l\u00e0 album b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1992 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \"Black or White\" gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i \"\u0110\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u0103m\" t\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c Billboard. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i \"Ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980.\". V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1993, Jackson tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u00e0i h\u00e1t t\u1ea1i Soul Train Music Awards tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf, khi \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00fac t\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1ee3t. T\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c, \"Heal the World\" l\u00e0 \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi 450.000 b\u1ea3n ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u00c1 qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Anh trong 5 tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992."}
+{"text": "Jackson th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u00ean Qu\u1ef9 Heal the World v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y mang nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u1ebfn trang tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Jackson \u0111\u1ec3 vui ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed; g\u1eedi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1edfi chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m n\u00e0y, Jackson xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 hai, Dancing the Dream. Tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp th\u01a1 n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n \u1edf Jackson v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Chuy\u1ebfn l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n Dangerous World Tour m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1992 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1993, thu v\u1ec1 100 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 t\u1eeb 70 \u0111\u00eam nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 3.5 tri\u1ec7u kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3. \u00d4ng b\u00e1n b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng bu\u1ed5i tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u1edf Bucharest, Rumani cho h\u00e3ng HBO v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 20 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9, ph\u00e1 k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ryan White, Jackson gi\u00fap c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ea7m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh HIV/AIDS; \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng khai y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Clinton t\u1ea1i Gala nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Bill Clinton chu c\u1ea5p th\u00eam ti\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u HIV/AIDS. Trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u Phi, Jackson t\u1edbi th\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Gabon v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp. \u0110i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Gabon, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef: \"Ch\u00e0o m\u1eebng anh \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, Michael.\" T\u1ea1i B\u1edd Bi\u1ec3n Ng\u00e0, Jackson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Vua Sani\". Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m \u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u1eabn ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m 1993, Jackson b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 13 tu\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Jordan Chandler v\u00e0 cha c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu, Evan Chandler. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Chandler y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Jackson b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. Jordan Chandler sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb Jackson x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c. Chandler t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \"N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i th\u1eafng v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0o t\u00f4i thua c\u1ea3. T\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Michael s\u1ebd tan t\u00e0nh m\u00e2y kh\u00f3i.\" V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1994, sau khi \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Chandler, lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 ph\u00f3 Qu\u1eadn Los Angeles, Michael J. Montagna kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t do thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c t\u1eeb Jackson v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1993, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t l\u1ee5c so\u00e1t t\u01b0 gia c\u1ee7a Jackson v\u00e0, theo ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u00f2a \u00e1n, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng b\u00e9 trai trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o \u1edf ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, b\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng truy t\u1ed1 Jackson. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1993, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t kh\u00e1m nghi\u1ec7m c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 Jackson d\u1ef1a theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Jordan Chandler. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Qu\u1eadn v\u1eabn tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n khai tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 s\u1ebd cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa cho Jackson di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng b\u1ecb b\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n truy t\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi sai tr\u00e1i."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i n\u00e0o. Jackson m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7y x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1994, Jackson d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Chandler b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i phi\u00ean t\u00f2a v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n 22 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9. B\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n Qu\u1eadn Santa Barbara v\u00e0 b\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n Qu\u1eadn Los Angeles gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1994, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi t\u1ed1 Jackson; nh\u00e0 Chandler ng\u1eebng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1994. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp ngo\u00e0i t\u00f2a th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn Jackson kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi sai tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd; gia \u0111\u00ecnh Chandler v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Larry Feldman k\u00fd k\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o. Theo m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a FBI v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thu th\u1eadp trong g\u1ea7n 20 n\u0103m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o ghi nh\u1eadn Jackson x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c hay c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 khi\u1ebfm nh\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean. Theo c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a DCFS, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh vi sai tr\u00e1i \u1edf Jackson."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1994, Jackson k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Lisa Marie Presley, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Elvis v\u00e0 Priscilla Presley. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p nhau l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1975, khi Lisa m\u1edbi 7 tu\u1ed5i, trong l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00ednh h\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh Jackson t\u1ea1i MGM Grand v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 qua m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n. Theo m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Presley, \"t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1992 t\u1ea1i L.A.\" H\u1ecd li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nhau h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i. Khi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f4ng khai, Jackson nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb Lisa; c\u00f4 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe s\u00fat k\u00e9m v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Jackson. Presley gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \"T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng anh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec sai v\u00e0 b\u1ecb vu c\u00e1o. V\u00e0 t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u y\u00eau anh \u1ea5y. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 anh. T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3.\" Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Jackson gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ee5 b\u00ea b\u1ed1i x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em ngo\u00e0i t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111i cai nghi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "Jackson c\u1ea7u h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Presley qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0o m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m 1993, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"N\u1ebfu anh mu\u1ed1n c\u01b0\u1edbi em, em s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ch\u1ee9?\" Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n t\u1ea1i C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Dominica trong v\u00f2ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00e0 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbi nhau trong g\u1ea7n hai th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e1o l\u00e1 c\u1ea3i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1nh kh\u00f3e ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 cho h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Jackson. Cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y hai n\u0103m v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac trong th\u00e2n t\u00ecnh. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010, khi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u00f9ng Oprah, Presley th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn h\u1ecd quay l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng nhau th\u00eam 4 n\u0103m sau cu\u1ed9c ly h\u00f4n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f4 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1995, Jackson s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ATV Music v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Sony \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Jackson gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eeda quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty, nh\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc 95 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u00e1t h\u01a1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh album-k\u00e9p HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. \u0110\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, HIStory Begins l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t album tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp g\u1ed3m 15 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001. \u0110\u0129a th\u1ee9 hai, HIStory Continues ch\u1ee9a 13 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t m\u1edbi v\u00e0 2 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1ea1i. Album \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn 7 \u0111\u0129a B\u1ea1ch kim \u1edf M\u1ef9. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 album \u0111a \u0111\u0129a b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 20 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n (t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 40 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u0129a) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n ra tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. HIStory c\u0169ng gi\u00e0nh th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed gi\u1ea3i Grammy cho \"Album c\u1ee7a n\u0103m\"."}
+{"text": "\"Scream/Childhood\" l\u00e0 \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh trong album; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n song ca v\u1edbi em g\u00e1i Janet Jackson, mang n\u1ed9i dung ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra xung quanh v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ebb em c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1993. Video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i h\u00e1t n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111ang gi\u1eef k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 7 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9; trong khi b\u00e0i h\u00e1t m\u1edf m\u00e0n \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 5 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed gi\u1ea3i Grammy \u1edf h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c \"H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1ecdng pop xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t\". \u0110\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n ti\u1ebfp theo, \"You Are Not Alone\" n\u1eafm gi\u1eef K\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c Guinness Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khi l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t ngay trong tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng Billboard Hot 100. B\u00e0i h\u00e1t c\u0169ng mang v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed gi\u1ea3i Grammy kh\u00e1c cho \"Tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n gi\u1ecdng pop xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t\"."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1995, Jackson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n sau khi \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t ng\u1ea5t x\u1ec9u trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp cho bu\u1ed5i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh; nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n do ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng. \u0110\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ee9 3, \"Earth Song\" \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed qu\u00e1n qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i UK Singles Chart trong 6 tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0o m\u00f9a Gi\u00e1ng sinh n\u0103m 1995; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Jackson t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 1 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n ti\u00eau th\u1ee5. \u0110\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n \"They Don't Care About Us\" sau khi ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n l\u1eddi ca kh\u00fac c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i. Jackson sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda l\u1eddi ca v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m 1996, Jackson gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Grammy \"Video d\u1ea1ng ng\u1eafn xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t\" cho \"Scream\" v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c M\u1ef9 cho \"Nam ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Pop/Rock xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t\"."}
+{"text": "Chuy\u1ebfn l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n HIStory World Tour b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1996 \u0111\u1ebfn 15 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1997, thu v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 165 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9. Jackson tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n 82 \u0111\u00eam nh\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i 58 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, \u0111i qua 5 ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 35 qu\u1ed1c gia, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 h\u01a1n 4.5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Jackson v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1996, trong chuy\u1ebfn l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n HIStory World Tour, Jackson k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi y t\u00e1 da li\u1ec5u Deborah Jeanne Rowe t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i Sydney, \u00dac. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 80 khi Jackson b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ea1ch bi\u1ebfn. Rowe gi\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean Jackson v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u y\u00eau nhau. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 c\u01b0\u1edbi, Rowe \u0111\u00e3 mang thai \u0111\u1ee9a con \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Jackson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 6 th\u00e1ng. C\u1ea3 hai ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Jackson \u0111\u00e3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecd c\u01b0\u1edbi nhau. Michael Joseph Jackson Jr (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean \"Prince\") ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1997; Rowe h\u1ea1 sinh th\u00eam b\u00e9 g\u00e1i Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1998. C\u1ea3 hai ly h\u00f4n n\u0103m 1999 trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 Rowe trao h\u1ebft quy\u1ec1n nu\u00f4i con cho Jackson."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1997, Jackson ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p b\u1ea3n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n t\u1eeb HISory v\u00e0 5 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t m\u1edbi. V\u1edbi 6 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u0129a b\u00e1n ra, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 album ph\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Album v\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Anh. T\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, album \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn B\u1ea1ch kim, tuy ch\u1ec9 v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 24. Forbes \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Jackson \u1edf m\u1ee9c 35 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 trong n\u0103m 1996 v\u00e0 20 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1999, Jackson \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Luciano Pavarotti \u1edf Modena, \u00dd. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn War Child v\u00e0 tr\u00edch ra m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n Kosovo, Nam T\u01b0, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung kinh ph\u00ed cho c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em \u1edf Guatemala. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3, Jackson t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n \"Michael Jackson & Friends\" \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 tham gia bao g\u1ed3m Slash, The Scorpions, Boyz II Men, Luther Vandross, Mariah Carey, A. R. Rahman, Prabhu Deva Sundaram, Shobana, Andrea Bocelli v\u00e0 Luciano Pavarotti. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 doanh thu \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u00ean g\u00f3p cho Qu\u1ef9 Nelson Mandela cho tr\u1ebb em, c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Ch\u1eef th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 UNESCO."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000 v\u00e0 2001, Jackson l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng thu c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 nh\u01b0 Teddy Riley v\u00e0 Rodney Jerkins. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2001, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh Invincible; album d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Jackson trong 6 n\u0103m v\u00e0 l\u00e0 album ph\u00f2ng thu cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh khi \u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng. Trong th\u1eddi gian, Jackson c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tranh ch\u1ea5p c\u00f9ng h\u00e3ng thu \u00e2m Sony Music Entertainment. Jackson k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p s\u1edf h\u1eefu album, gi\u00fap \u00f4ng qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 album c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n trong h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e3n ng\u00e0y thu h\u1ed3i sang nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m t\u1edbi. Jackson bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u00f4ng trong b\u1ea3n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Sony. Jackson c\u0169ng lo l\u1eafng h\u00e3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 rao b\u00e1n danh m\u1ee5c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n s\u1edbm k\u1ebft th\u00fac h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng."}
+{"text": "Invincible l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, leo l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i 13 qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 13 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u0129a tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, album 2 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn B\u1ea1ch kim. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, doanh s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Invincible l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng album tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Jackson, do thi\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 v\u00e0 tranh ch\u1ea5p c\u00f9ng h\u00e3ng \u0111\u0129a. Album c\u0169ng ra m\u1eaft trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u1ea5u trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Album ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n 30 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m chi ph\u00ed qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o. Invincible ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh 3 \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n l\u00e0 \"You Rock My World\", \"Cry\" v\u00e0 \"Butterflies\". V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2002, Jackson c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ch\u1ee7 h\u00e3ng thu \u00e2m Sony Music l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, Tommy Mottola l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"con qu\u1ef7 d\u1eef\", m\u1ed9t \"k\u1ebb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c\" kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 M\u1ef9 Phi. Jackson c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 h\u00e3ng \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p Irv Gotti l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t th\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi b\u00e9o\" (\"fat nigger\"). Sony t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i gia h\u1ea1n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f9ng Jackson, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 25 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00ec Jackson kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "C\u00f9ng n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ee9a con th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Jackson, Prince Michael Jackson Jr II (bi\u1ec7t danh \"Blanket\") ra \u0111\u1eddi. Jackson ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 danh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, ch\u1ec9 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 tinh trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, Jackson \u0111em con trai m\u00ecnh ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc ban c\u00f4ng n\u01a1i Kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Adlon, Berlin; \u00f4ng b\u1ebf con m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng tay ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 gi\u01a1 con m\u00ecnh ra ngo\u00e0i lan can ban c\u00f4ng trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 khoe v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch. Jackson sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xin l\u1ed7i v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c, g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7\". Sony ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh Number Ones, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u0129a h\u00e1t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ca kh\u00fac th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Jackson d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng CD v\u00e0 DVD. T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, album \u0111\u1ea1t 3 l\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn B\u1ea1ch kim b\u1edfi RIAA; 6 l\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn B\u1ea1ch kim t\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Anh v\u1edbi doanh s\u1ed1 1.2 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "Sau khi c\u1eadu b\u00e9, t\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0 Gavin Arvizo, c\u00f9ng m\u1eb9 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o Jackson c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang m\u1ef1c, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb s\u1edf c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t qu\u1eadn Santa Barbara, California b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2003, khi \u0111ang quay video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c cho b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \"One More Chance\" t\u1ea1i Las Vegas. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i \u1edf 7 \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng say x\u1ec9n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u1eadu b\u00e9 Arvizo trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. Jackson b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ec7c ng\u1ee7 l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t g\u1ee3i d\u1ee5c. Phi\u00ean t\u00f2a di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2005 t\u1ea1i Santa Maria, California v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 5 th\u00e1ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u00e1ng 5. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian h\u1ea7u t\u00f2a, Jackson tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3m \u0111au g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 morphine hay demetrol, ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u1ed1m v\u00ec c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 s\u00fat c\u00e2n, c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i dung nhan c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2005, Jackson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn tr\u1eafng \u00e1n \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec3m lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c Bahrain \u1edf v\u1ecbnh Persian, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Sheikh Abdullah."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2006, c\u0103n nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i khu \u0111i\u1ec1n trang Neverland b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda do bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Jackson g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y. Jackson ch\u01b0a thanh to\u00e1n kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 270 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o mang v\u1ec1 75 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Bank of America nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 n\u00e0y cho Fortress Investments. H\u00e3ng Sony \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn t\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u, gi\u00fap h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Jackson trong c\u00f4ng ty xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung (\u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho Jackson 25% c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n). Jackson ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn t\u00e1i c\u1ea5p v\u1ed1n do Sony h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2006, d\u00f9 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2006, Jackson v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u0169 Debbie Rowe x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn h\u1ecd \u0111ang th\u1ea3o l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n nu\u00f4i con. N\u1ed9i dung ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, khi Jackson ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb."}
+{"text": "M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 2007, Jackson v\u00e0 Sony h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c mua l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u00e3ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c: Famous Music LLC, do Viacom s\u1edf h\u1eefu. H\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u00f4ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u00e1t nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Eminem, Shakira v\u00e0 Beck. Jackson thu \u00e2m c\u00f9ng will.i.am trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i New York v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Las Vegas v\u1edbi Akon v\u00e0 RedOne. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2007, Jackson v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111ang h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u00f9ng will.i.am, nh\u01b0ng album n\u00e0y sau c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008, Jackson v\u00e0 Sony ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh Thriller 25 nh\u1eb1m k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 25 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi album Thriller. Album n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i h\u00e1t ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \"For All Time\" c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ph\u1ed1i kh\u00ed l\u1ea1i, n\u01a1i Jackson h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i. Thriller 25 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh 2 \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n: \"The Girl Is Mine 2008\" (c\u00f9ng will.i.am) v\u00e0 \"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008\" (c\u00f9ng Akon). Trong d\u1ecbp sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 50 c\u1ee7a Jackson, Sony BMG ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t album tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp mang t\u00ean King of Pop. Album n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u danh s\u00e1ch ca kh\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia. King of Pop \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn top 10 t\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 doanh s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1t t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2008, Fortress Investments \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec1n trang Neverland, n\u01a1i Jackson s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p cho s\u1ed1 n\u1ee3 10 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9. D\u00f9 v\u1eady Fortress ch\u1ecdn b\u00e1n \u0111i s\u1ed1 n\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Jackson cho Colony Capital LLC. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11, Jackson \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1n trang th\u00e0nh Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 li\u00ean doanh gi\u1eefa Jackson v\u00e0 Colony Capital LLC. H\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y x\u00f3a \u0111i kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Jackson v\u00e0 mang v\u1ec1 th\u00eam 35 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Jackson qua \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i Neverland/Sycamore Valley, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i dung. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2008, Jackson \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Julien's Auction House \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp k\u1ef7 v\u1eadt l\u1edbn, v\u1edbi x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 1.390 m\u00f3n v\u1eadt. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch di\u1ec5n ra gi\u1eefa ng\u00e0y 22 v\u00e0 25 th\u00e1ng 4. Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m k\u1ef7 v\u1eadt m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 4, nh\u01b0ng bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Jackson."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2009, Jackson ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o t\u1ea1i O2 Arena, Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t bu\u1ed5i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i mang t\u00ean This Is It. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Jackson t\u1eeb khi HIStory World Tour k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997. Jackson g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p sau ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 10 \u0111\u00eam nh\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, Paris, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York v\u00e0 Mumbai. Randy Phillips, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a AEG Live kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang 10 bu\u1ed5i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 mang v\u1ec1 cho Jackson kho\u1ea3n thu nh\u1eadp g\u1ea7n 50 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3ng Anh. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n t\u0103ng l\u00ean 50 \u0111\u00eam nh\u1ea1c sau khi ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c b\u00e1n v\u00e9: h\u01a1n 1 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e9 b\u00e1n ra trong ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 2 ti\u1ebfng. Jackson luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Staples Center, Los Angeles trong tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc bu\u1ed5i di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o Kenny Ortega. Chu\u1ed7i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2009 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2010, song ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin \u00f4ng m\u1edf m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi trang m\u1edbi c\u00f9ng Christian Audigier."}
+{"text": "Jackson \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ea1i Staples Center v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 6:30 chi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 4, ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2009. \u00d4ng than phi\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f9a v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam thanh qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1eadp l\u00fac 9 gi\u1edd t\u1ed1i, khi \"tr\u00f4ng v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\" Bu\u1ed5i t\u1eadp di\u1ec5n ra qu\u00e1 n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam. S\u00e1ng h\u00f4m sau, Jackson kh\u00f4ng ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u00f2ng. B\u00e1c s\u0129 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Jackson, Conrad Murray ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y Jackson tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1edf nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea1ch v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eadp y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u1ed3i s\u1ee9c tim nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. S\u1edf c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa Los Angeles nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi 9-1-1 l\u00fac 12:22 chi\u1ec1u (theo gi\u1edd PDT, 19:22 UTC). Xe c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1edbi n\u01a1i mu\u1ed9n m\u1ea5t 3 ph\u00fat 22 gi\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a Jackson \u0111i c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m y t\u1ebf Ronald Reagan UCLA. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ng\u1eebng th\u1edf v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ra sau h\u01a1n 1 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ebfn UCLA v\u00e0o l\u00fac 1:13 chi\u1ec1u (20:13 UTC). \u00d4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o l\u00fac 2:26 chi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (21:25 UTC), ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 3 tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u00eam di\u1ec5n This Is It \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 bu\u1ed5i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e1y v\u00e9."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 51 c\u1ee7a Jackson, \u0110i\u1ec1u tra vi\u00ean qu\u1eadn Los Angeles k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Jackson l\u00e0 do ng\u1ed9 s\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Jackson ng\u1eebng th\u1edf kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eam ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t propofol v\u00e0 hai li\u1ec1u benzodiazepines ch\u1ed1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng\u2014lorazepam v\u00e0 midazolam\u2014t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ecnh nghi, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2010, Murray b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i ng\u1ed9 s\u00e1t b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 vi\u00ean Los Angeles. Murray kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u00e3nh sau khi n\u1ed9p ph\u1ea1t 75.000 \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9. M\u1ed9t phi\u00ean t\u00f2a x\u00e9t x\u1eed di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2011 sau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2011, Murray b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n ng\u1ed9 s\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u1ea1m giam kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd tuy\u00ean \u00e1n. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2011, Murray nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n \u00e1n t\u1ed1i \u0111a 4 n\u0103m t\u00f9. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2013, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 khi nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 California qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t."}
+{"text": "Tin t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Jackson l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean trang TMZ.com v\u00e0 Los Angeles Times, g\u00e2y n\u00ean t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai trang m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y. Google tin r\u1eb1ng do c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy c\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \"Michael Jackson\" n\u00ean c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng DDoS v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm li\u00ean quan trong v\u00f2ng 30 ph\u00fat. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Twitter v\u00e0 Wikipedia c\u0169ng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1eadp v\u00e0o l\u00fac 3:15 chi\u1ec1u theo gi\u1edd PDT (22:15 UTC). Qu\u1ef9 Wikimedia c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 1 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t xem ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Jackson trong ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 1 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 1 ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0o trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Wikipedia. AOL Instant Messenger g\u1eb7p t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i trong v\u00f2ng 40 ph\u00fat. AOL g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \"th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Internet\", cho r\u1eb1ng \"Ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf khi c\u00f3 ai qua \u0111\u1eddi.\""}
+{"text": "Kho\u1ea3ng 15% b\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean Twitter (5.000 tweet m\u1ed7i ph\u00fat) c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Jackson sau khi th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan truy\u1ec1n, so v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 5% \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Iran hay \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch c\u00fam 2009 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c, l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng web t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 11% hay \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 20% h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Theo ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Global Language Monitor, sau khi qua \u0111\u1eddi 72 gi\u1edd, Jackson \u0111\u1ea1t h\u1ea1ng 9 trong in \u1ea5n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi internet, blog hay m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Jackson nh\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 2, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau l\u1ea7n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 Barack Obama. K\u00eanh MTV v\u00e0 BET li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t c\u00e1c video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Jackson. Trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a Pew Research Center, c\u1ee9 2 tr\u00ean 3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Jackson ph\u1ee7 s\u00f3ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, trong khi 3% c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. T\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c, BBC nh\u1eadn h\u01a1n 700 l\u1eddi ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem, khi cho r\u1eb1ng tin t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Jackson \u0111ang chi ph\u1ed1i m\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n tin qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 Barack Obama g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 chia bu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn gia \u0111\u00ecnh Jackson v\u00e0 H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng gi\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng. Obama sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh Jackson \"s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1edb trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.\" C\u1ef1u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Nam Phi Nelson Mandela \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng qua qu\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t mang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Jackson. Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ban Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Tsutomu Sato ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \"T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111au l\u00f2ng khi m\u00ecnh t\u1eebng xem \u00f4ng \u1ea5y k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Jackson Five.\" Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh Gordon Brown chia s\u1ebb ng\u1eafn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Jackson: \"\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tin r\u1ea5t bu\u1ed3n cho h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 Jackson t\u1ea1i Anh v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi,\" trong khi nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng B\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 David Cameron ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \"D\u00f9 g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i.\" Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n l\u00e2u n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Jackson, Elizabeth Taylor ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi s\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebfu \u00f4ng \u1ea5y."}
+{"text": "Bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb Michael Jackson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Staples Center, Los Angeles v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2009, theo sau bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang gia \u0111\u00ecnh Jackson t\u1ea1i Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty. V\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u t\u0103ng cao, ch\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i v\u00e9 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang theo ki\u1ec3u x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1; c\u00f3 1.6 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd ch\u1ec9 trong th\u1eddi gian 2 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 8.750 c\u00e1i t\u00ean ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eadn 2 v\u00e9. Chi\u1ebfc quan t\u00e0i m\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ngay d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u trong su\u1ed1t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i an ngh\u1ec9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n thu h\u00fat l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed streaming, v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 31.1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo d\u00f5i t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, so v\u1edbi x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 35.1 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t xem l\u1ec5 ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t c\u1ef1u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ronald Reagan (2004) v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 33.1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo d\u00f5i l\u1ec5 tang c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng Diana (1997). Mariah Carey, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, John Mayer, Jennifer Hudson, Usher, Jermaine Jackson v\u00e0 Shaheen Jafargholi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n t\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. Berry Gordy v\u00e0 Smokey Robinson \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n, trong khi Queen Latifah \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Maya Angelou, \"We had him\". Al Sharpton nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e0ng v\u1ed7 tay khi \u00f4ng b\u1ea3o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c con c\u1ee7a Jackson, \"Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u1edf b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u00e1u. \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u00e1u ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi ch\u00fang.\""}
+{"text": "B\u00e0i h\u00e1t ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau khi qua \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Jackson mang t\u00ean \"This Is It\", do \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u00f9ng Paul Anka v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980. B\u00e0i h\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u00eam nh\u1ea1c c\u00f9ng t\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n thu \u00e2m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n thu th\u1eed c\u0169. C\u00e1c anh em c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Jackson \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng thu l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1989 \u0111\u1ec3 thu gi\u1ecdng b\u00e8 cho b\u00e0i h\u00e1t n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2009, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 kh\u00e2u t\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1ee3t cho \u0111\u00eam di\u1ec5n mang t\u00ean Michael Jackson's This Is It \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra m\u1eaft. D\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh trong 2 tu\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 phim t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u hay \u0111\u00eam di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t doanh thu cao nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi 260 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Jackson thu v\u1ec1 90% l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. B\u1ed9 phim ra m\u1eaft c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t album t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00f9ng t\u00ean. Hai phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i h\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong album n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u0129a b\u1ed5 sung v\u1edbi b\u00e0i th\u01a1 mang t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \"Planet Earth\". T\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c M\u1ef9 2009, Jackson th\u1eb1ng 4 gi\u1ea3i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 2 gi\u1ea3i cho Number Ones."}
+{"text": "Sau khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, Jackson tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng doanh s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 album l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m 2009, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 8.2 tri\u1ec7u album \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n ra t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 35 tri\u1ec7u album tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 12 th\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Jackson c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1n m\u1ed1c 1 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ea3i nh\u1ea1c s\u1ed1 trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n, v\u1edbi doanh s\u1ed1 k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c 2,6 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, 3 tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c album ph\u00f2ng thu m\u00e0 Jackson ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh l\u00fac c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 album m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh n\u00e0o trong tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Theo danh s\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft 20 album b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, Jackson tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 4 album g\u00f3p m\u1eb7t trong danh s\u00e1ch. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 doanh s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, Sony tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Jackson, trong \u0111\u00f3 Sony Music gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2015. Ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2010, Sony Music Entertainment, trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty con Columbia/Epic Label Group, \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Jackson v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u0103m 2017, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi album v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2010, Sony c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh Michael, album di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Jackson v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 12, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 tr\u00ean radio \"Breaking News\", ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 11.. Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1eaft gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 h\u00e1t \u0111\u01a1n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed; theo nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o li\u00ean quan, Sony Music \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 250 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Jackson c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chia s\u1ebb ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh. Nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n video game Ubisoft c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i h\u00e1t v\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Michael Jackson cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng Xbox 360 v\u00e0 PlayStation 3 trong d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 n\u0103m 2010, mang t\u00ean Michael Jackson: The Experience."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2010, t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u Cirque du Soleil tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2011 t\u1ea1i Montreal, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i Las Vegas. Nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 57 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 90 ph\u00fat m\u1ed7i bu\u1ed5i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Jackson v\u00e0 qua b\u00e0n tay d\u00e0n d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Cirque. Chuy\u1ebfn l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n b\u1edfi Jamie King Ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2011, album t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p 40 b\u1ea3n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong chuy\u1ebfn l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n Immortal \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i do Kevin Antunes th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee9 hai, l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Cirque c\u00f3 t\u00ean Michael Jackson: One \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00ec t\u1ea1i khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng Mandalay Bay \u1edf Las Vegas \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2013. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 5 trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n l\u1eabn th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2014, Epic Records th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng album di s\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a Jackson, Xscape, bao g\u1ed3m 8 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi \u00e2m nh\u00e1p m\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00fac c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 5. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 cho album, m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \"Slave to the Rhythm\", m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t n\u1eb1m trong Xscape v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh 3 chi\u1ec1u hologram, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Billboard n\u0103m 2014. Thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Jackson \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi. Theo Forbes, \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng qua \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi (t\u00ednh ri\u00eang n\u0103m 2015 l\u00e0 115 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9)."}
+{"text": "Jackson l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 nh\u01b0 Little Richard, James Brown, Jackie Wilson, Diana Ross, Fred Astaire, Sammy Davis Jr., Gene Kelly, David Ruffin, the Isley Brothers, the Bee Gees v\u00e0 v\u0169 c\u00f4ng trong v\u1edf nh\u1ea1c k\u1ecbch West Side Story, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng tri \u00e2n trong video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \"Beat It\" v\u00e0 \"Bad\". Theo David Winters, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng Jackson trong khi bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Diana! c\u1ee7a Diana Ross v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1971, Jackson xem West Side Story g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 phim \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Trong khi Little Richard c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Jackson, James Brown m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Brown, Jackson kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \"T\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn 6 tu\u1ed5i, m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n g\u1ecdi t\u00f4i d\u1eady, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian hay v\u00e0o l\u00fac t\u00f4i \u0111ang ng\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u00f4ng \u1ea5y tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh. T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ed7i khi th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng \u1ea5y di chuy\u1ec3n. T\u00f4i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 James Brown v\u00e0 ngay th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec James Brown.\""}
+{"text": "Michael Jackson th\u1eddi non tr\u1ebb mang k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ecdng h\u00e1t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn b\u1edfi Diana Ross. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 mang m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c, Ross c\u00f2n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t Jackson t\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1ee3t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng sau n\u00e0y th\u1ed5 l\u1ed9: \"T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft b\u00e0 \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5. B\u00e0 \u1ea5y d\u1ea1y cho t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. T\u00f4i t\u1eebng ng\u1ed3i xem b\u00e0 \u1ea5y tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00f4i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch b\u00e0 \u1ea5y di chuy\u1ec3n, c\u00e1ch b\u00e0 \u1ea5y c\u1ea5t gi\u1ecdng.\" Jackson c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o Ross: \"T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 b\u00e0, Diana \u1ea1.\" B\u00e0 \u1ea5y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \"C\u1eadu h\u00e3y c\u1ee9 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.\" Trong phong c\u00e1ch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Jackson, \u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e1n t\u1eeb oooh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn Ross. T\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u00e9, Jackson th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e1t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n oooh c\u1ea3m th\u00e1n b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t. Diana Ross th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u00e1t thu \u00e2m c\u00f9ng the Supremes."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 kh\u00e1c, Jackson kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng thu \u00e2m b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y thu thanh v\u00e0 h\u00e1t l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 \"Billie Jean\", \"Who Is It\" v\u00e0 \"Tabloid Junkie\", Jackson th\u01b0\u1eddng beatbox hay b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ecdng h\u00e1t thay v\u00ec ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 th\u1eadt, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh kh\u00e1c. Steve Huey c\u1ee7a Allmusic kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng trong su\u1ed1t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01a1n ca, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Jackson \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1eed s\u1ee9c v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c s\u0129, \u00f4ng t\u1eebng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, bao g\u1ed3m pop, soul, rhythm and blues, funk, rock, disco, post-disco, dance-pop v\u00e0 new jack swing."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng theo Huey, Thriller l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trau chu\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Off the Wall; nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n dance v\u00e0 rock tr\u1edf n\u00ean k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, trong khi nh\u1eefng giai \u0111i\u1ec7u pop v\u00e0 ballad d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n. Ca kh\u00fac n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ballad \"The Lady in My Life\", \"Human Nature\" v\u00e0 \"The Girl Is Mine\"; m\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea1c funk g\u1ed3m \"Billie Jean\" v\u00e0 \"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'\"; disco th\u00ec c\u00f3 \"Baby Be Mine\" and \"P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)\". V\u1edbi Thriller, Christopher Conelly c\u1ee7a Rolling Stone b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Jackson \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u00ed \u1ea9n. Stephen Thomas Erlewine c\u1ee7a Allmusic nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u1edf nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t nh\u01b0 \"Billie Jean\" hay \"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'\". V\u1edbi \"Billie Jean\", Jackson h\u00e1t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 coi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u00f4 ta C\u00f2n v\u1edbi \"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'\", \u00f4ng th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m ph\u00e0o c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. Ca kh\u00fac rock \"Beat It\" mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong nh\u1eefng b\u0103ng nh\u00f3m, tri \u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn West Side Story v\u00e0 Huey coi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t rock th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Jackson. Huey nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y trong ca kh\u00fac c\u00f9ng t\u00ean album, \"Thriller\" Jackson b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng si\u00eau nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. N\u0103m 1985, Jackson \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ca kh\u00fac t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n \"We Are The World\"; n\u1ed9i dung nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn trong h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "\u1ede Bad, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Jackson v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf b\u00e0i \"Dirty Diana\". \u0110\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\" l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ballad t\u00ecnh y\u00eau truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, trong khi \"Man In The Mirror\" l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m. \"Smooth Criminal\" th\u00ec g\u1ee3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c x\u00f4 x\u00e1t \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u, hi\u1ebfp d\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Stephen Erlewine cho r\u1eb1ng Dangerous b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 Jackson nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi. \u00d4ng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng album \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n Bad, khi v\u1eeba h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i urban l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba thu h\u00fat gi\u1edbi trung l\u01b0u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t nh\u01b0 \"Heal the World\". N\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a album h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng new jack swing bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i nh\u01b0 \"Jam\" v\u00e0 \"Remember The Time\". \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 album \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Jackson l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh; \"Why You Wanna Trip on Me\" l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i, AIDS, nghi\u1ec7n h\u00fat v\u00e0 v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Dangerous c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 trong \"In The Closet\". B\u00e0i h\u00e1t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c. N\u1eeda sau c\u1ee7a album bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ca kh\u00fac mang t\u00ednh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t mang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u00fac \u00e2m \"Will You Be There\", \"Heal the World\" v\u00e0 \"Keep the Faith\"; \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i lo l\u1eafng. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft ca kh\u00fac \"Gone Too Soon\" \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n Ryan White v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9 kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ec7nh AIDS."}
+{"text": "HIStory th\u00ec t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7y m\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a album t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gian kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a Jackson trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. B\u00e0i h\u00e1t new jack swing-funk-rock \"Scream\" v\u00e0 \"Tabloid Junkie\", c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ballad R&B \"You Are Not Alone\" l\u00e0 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng soi m\u00f3i th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. Trong b\u1ea3n ballad \"Stranger in Moscow\", Jackson than th\u1edf v\u1ec1 \"s\u1ef1 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eafm say\", trong khi \"Earth Song\", \"Childhood\", \"Little Susie\" v\u00e0 \"Smile\" mang giai \u0111i\u1ec7u pop opera. V\u1edbi \"D.S.\", Jackson ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Tom Sneddon nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, k\u1ebb coi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t. Invincible cho th\u1ea5y Jackson \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Rodney. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n thu \u00e2m t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea1c urban soul nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i \"Cry\", \"The Lost Children\", nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ballad nh\u01b0 \"Speechless\", \"Break of Dawn\" v\u00e0 \"Butterflies\", pha tr\u1ed9n th\u00eam hip-hop, pop, rap trong \"2000 Watts\", \"Heartbreaker\" v\u00e0 \"Invincible\"."}
+{"text": "Jackson b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e1t khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, tr\u1ea3i qua n\u0103m th\u00e1ng th\u00ec gi\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1971 \u0111\u1ebfn 1975, \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb gi\u1ecdng nam cao (\"boy soprano\") sang ki\u1ec3u gi\u1ecdng m\u00e1i (\"high tenor\"). Qu\u00e3ng gi\u1ecdng khi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Jackson tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb F2-E\u266d6. Jackson l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ecdng n\u1ea5c (\"vocal hiccup\") v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1973, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \"It's Too Late to Change the Time\" c\u1ee7a album G.I.T.: Get It Together c\u1ee7a the Jackson 5. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi thu \u00e2m Off the Wall, \u00f4ng m\u1edbi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y\u2014kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c nu\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ho\u1eb7c th\u1edf h\u1ed5n h\u1ec3n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n trong video qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 \"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)\". V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Off the Wall cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Jackson nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ca s\u0129 th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, Rolling Stone so s\u00e1nh gi\u1ecdng \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \"n\u00f3i l\u1eafp n\u00edn th\u1edf, v\u1ea9n v\u01a1\" theo ki\u1ec3u Stevie Wonder. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1eb1ng \"gi\u1ecdng h\u00e1t v\u1eeba m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i v\u1eeba c\u1ee9ng c\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Jackson th\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. N\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1edbt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ecdng falsetto \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o\". N\u0103m 1982 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Thriller, Rolling Stone cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111ang h\u00e1t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \"gi\u1ecdng h\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh\" m\u00e0 \"\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m ch\u00fat bu\u1ed3n\"."}
+{"text": "Jackson th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t \u00e2m sai c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \"come on\", th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh \"c'mon\", \"cha'mone\" hay \"shamone\", nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh Dangerous mang nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m. Th\u1eddi b\u00e1o New York nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u00e1t, \u00f4ng \"n\u00edn th\u1edf, gi\u1ecdng run run khi nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i lo toan hay chuy\u1ec3n sang th\u00ec th\u1ea7m nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, r\u00edt l\u00ean gi\u1eadn d\u1eef qua nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng nghi\u1ebfn r\u0103ng\" v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \"gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111au kh\u1ed5\". C\u00f2n khi h\u00e1t v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh anh em hay l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, gi\u1ecdng ca c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \"m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i\" h\u01a1n. Khi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 Invincible, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Rolling Stone cho r\u1eb1ng Jackson \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 43 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \"nh\u1eefng ca kh\u00fac mang giai \u0111i\u1ec7u gi\u1ecdng thanh tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a gi\u1ecdng ng\u00e2n vang\". Nelson George k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn gi\u1ecdng h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Jackson r\u1eb1ng \"S\u1ef1 thanh nh\u00e3, ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, tr\u1ebb con, ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ecdng m\u00e1i, s\u1ef1 m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i\u2014t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m n\u00ean t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng ca l\u1edbn\". Nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a Joseph Vogel nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \"phong c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t [c\u1ee7a Jackson] n\u1eb1m \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef: nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m ng\u1ea5u nghi\u1ebfn, c\u00e0u nh\u00e0u, th\u1edf h\u1ed5n h\u1ec3n, kh\u00f3c, c\u1ea3m th\u00e1n tr\u1ee9 danh; \u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u1eb7n v\u1eb9o t\u1eeb ng\u1eef cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa.\" Neil McCormick cho r\u1eb1ng phong c\u00e1ch ca h\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Jackson \"d\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ecdng falsetto thanh khi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e2m gi\u1eefa nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o; s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n li\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ch gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t n\u1ed1t nhanh [...] Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng nh\u1ea1c soul truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n thu\u1ea7n ballad, nh\u01b0ng khi \u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang (t\u1eeb 'Ben' \u0111\u1ebfn 'She's Out of My Life') hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y tr\u1ee3 n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c.\""}
+{"text": "Jackson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh danh l\u00e0 \"\u00d4ng ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c\". Steve Huey t\u1eeb AllMusic nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Jackson chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c sang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc Thriller, Jackson g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1eeb MTV do \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb CBS Records, MTV tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu \"Billie Jean\" v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"Beat It\", ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u00f9ng Jackson, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 da m\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. 5 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean t\u1eeb MTV ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c hay s\u1ee9c \u00e9p n\u00e0o tr\u00ean k\u00eanh n\u00e0y; MTV v\u1eabn ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c rock t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Jackson tr\u00ean MTV gi\u00fap cho k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00fa \u00fd; tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a k\u00eanh sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n sang pop v\u00e0 R&B. M\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i quy m\u00f4 d\u00e0n d\u1ef1ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp; \"M\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n 'Billie Jean' nh\u00e9p m\u00f4i \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a Jackson, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u phi th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng; tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay nh\u00e9p m\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3\", t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u01a1i ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c l\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u. Nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u1edbc phim ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0 Thriller v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, trong khi v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o trong \"Beat It\" th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. V\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o trong Thriller tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, Thriller kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a video ca nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c K\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Guinness vinh danh l\u00e0 video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Trong video \"Bad\" d\u00e0i 18 ph\u00fat do Martin Scorsese \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n, Jackson b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. \u00d4ng th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng t\u00fam l\u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o ng\u1ef1c, th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 b\u1ed9. Khi \u00f4ng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00faa\", \"Bad\" nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng khen ch\u00ea l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 l\u1eabn ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Time coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \"\u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n\". V\u1edbi \"Smooth Criminal\", Jackson s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00fa \"ng\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c\"\u2014khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n nghi\u00eang m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c 45 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb t\u00e2m tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i gi\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u00fap gi\u1eef ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u0169 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u. \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf \u1edf M\u1ef9 s\u1ed1 5,225,452. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 video ca nh\u1ea1c \"Leave Me Alone\" (1989) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, video n\u00e0y gi\u00e0nh 3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed gi\u1ea3i Billboard h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c video ca nh\u1ea1c; c\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, video c\u0169ng gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng S\u01b0 T\u1eed V\u00e0ng cho ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. N\u0103m 1990, \"Leave Me Alone\" gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Grammy cho h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c \"Video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u1ea1ng ng\u1eafn xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t\"."}
+{"text": "\u00d4ng gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a MTV v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1988 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i MTV Ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 video c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 nh\u1eb1m t\u00f4n vinh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trong video ca nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991, gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i sang t\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh \u00f4ng. Video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i \"Black or White\" kh\u1edfi chi\u1ebfu c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1991 t\u1ea1i 27 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem l\u00ean t\u1edbi 500 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Video c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3nh mang t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh quay g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u1edf n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i video d\u00e0i 14 ph\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 Jackson \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng xin l\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Jackson, nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Macaulay Culkin, Peggy Lipton v\u00e0 George Wendt c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong video. Video \"Remember the Time\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng video d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u1edbi th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n 9 ph\u00fat. L\u1ea5y b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean Eddie Murphy, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eabu Iman v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 Magic Johnson trong nhi\u1ec1u v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. \"In the Closet\" l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng video g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Jackson; si\u00eau m\u1eabu Naomi Campbell xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong video v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa t\u00ecnh t\u1ee9 v\u1edbi Jackson. Video b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m chi\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i Nam Phi."}
+{"text": "Video ca nh\u1ea1c \"Scream\", do Mark Romanek \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi Tom Foden, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng video \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hoan ngh\u00eanh t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 1995, video mang v\u1ec1 11 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed gi\u1ea3i Video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a MTV\u2014nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 video n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c\u2014v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \"Video nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t\", \"B\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t\" v\u00e0 \"Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t\". B\u00e0i h\u00e1t v\u00e0 video \"Scream\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a hai anh em Jackson \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em n\u0103m 1993. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, video gi\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i Grammy h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c \"Video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u1ea1ng ng\u1eafn xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t\" v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ch k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c Guinness ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 video ca nh\u1ea1c c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi 7 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4-la M\u1ef9. \"Earth Song\" c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng phu v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn t\u1ed1t, mang v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed gi\u1ea3i Grammy v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997. Video mang ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh quay v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i th\u00fa v\u1eadt, ph\u00e1 r\u1eebng, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh. Ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1997 v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi chi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean hoan phim Cannes, Ghosts l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim ng\u1eafn do Jackson v\u00e0 Stephen King s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n b\u1edfi Stan Winston. Video Ghosts d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 38 ph\u00fat v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang gi\u1eef k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c l\u00e0 video ca nh\u1ea1c d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo S\u00e1ch k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c Guinness."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4n vinh Jackson l\u00e0 \"Vua nh\u1ea1c Pop\" b\u1edfi v\u00ec, trong su\u1ed1t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho n\u1ec1n nh\u1ea1c pop hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o Tom Utley t\u1edd The Daily Telegraph \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Jackson v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003 l\u00e0 \"c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng\" v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"thi\u00ean t\u00e0i\". Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \"kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u00e1nh k\u1ecbp\" \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u1ec1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 video c\u1ee7a Jackson, nh\u01b0 Thriller, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean k\u00eanh MTV, \u0111\u01b0a k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u00f2n non tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a k\u00eanh t\u1eeb rock sang nh\u1ea1c pop v\u00e0 R&B, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Jackson c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c nhau. BET m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Jackson \"\u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\" v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \"m\u1edf m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u1ea3y nh\u01b0 moonwalk \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\""}
+{"text": "Steve Huey c\u1ee7a AllMusic m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Jackson l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t g\u00e3 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n ph\u00e1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng: m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng h\u00e1t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n, t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 v\u00e0n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao\". V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Time, Jay Cocks nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \"Jackson l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb the Beatles. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Elvis Presley. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ca s\u0129 da m\u00e0u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t\". V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990, Vanity Fair g\u1ecdi Jackson l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007, Jackson ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \"\u00c2m nh\u1ea1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t, l\u00e0 m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u1ed9 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u00f4ng qua \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n m\u00e3i m\u00e3i.\""}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi Jackson m\u1ea5t, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2009, MTV quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng. K\u00eanh tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu video \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng h\u00e0ng gi\u1edd li\u1ec1n, c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n tin tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 MTV. Trong bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 tang v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2009, nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp h\u00e3ng Motown Berry Gordy g\u1ecdi Jackson l\u00e0 \"nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\". V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2009, Vi\u1ec7n phim M\u1ef9 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Jackson l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i\" khi \"g\u00e2y n\u1ed7i \u0111au bu\u1ed3n tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ca t\u1ee5ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u\". V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015, hai th\u1ee7 th\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Jackson trong h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. C\u1ea3 hai t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00fa th\u00edch. T\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Jackson trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh t\u00edch n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Jackson c\u00f2n l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c Guinness (ghi th\u00eam 6 k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang n\u0103m 2006), 13 gi\u1ea3i Grammy (bao g\u1ed3m Gi\u1ea3i Grammy Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i Grammy Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi), 26 gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c M\u1ef9 (bao g\u1ed3m gi\u1ea3i \"Ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7\" v\u00e0 \"Ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980\"),\u2014nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 n\u00e0o, 13 \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n qu\u00e1n qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01a1n ca\u2014nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nam ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 n\u00e0o trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hot 100\u2014v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 400 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u0129a nh\u1ea1c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u,[GC] gi\u00fap \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 b\u00e1n \u0111\u0129a ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Jackson c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1eb1ng Doctor of Humane Letters t\u1eeb United Negro College Fund v\u00e0 Hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Doctorate of Humane Letters t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Fisk."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i (ti\u1ebfng Hebrew: \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd ISO 259-3 Yehudim, ph\u00e1t \u00e2m [jehu\u02c8dim]) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Israel, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hebrew, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00f9ng C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau, khi m\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i, cho d\u00f9 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, t\u1eeb tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t cho t\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng trong thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Levant \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Israel. Merneptah Stele kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Israel n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 trong v\u00f9ng Canaan t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XIII tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean (cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Israel ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Canaanite, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Israel v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Judah. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng Canaan n\u00e0y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m du m\u1ee5c di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hebrew. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ngu\u1ed3n chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u01b0u vong, kinh nghi\u1ec7m cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng vong qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, t\u1eeb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Levant, \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Assyria v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y, cho \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylonian v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, cho \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Seleukos, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tha h\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u1ec5n x\u1ee9, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u1edbi qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd sau \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau; d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 16,7 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 0,7% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kho\u1ea3ng 6 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi do th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong su\u1ed1t n\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng Do Th\u00e1i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng ch\u1eadm tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014, theo North American Jewish Data Bank, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 14,2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n 0,2% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t trong 514 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i). D\u1ef1a theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, kho\u1ea3ng 44% trong s\u1ed1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Israel (6,3 tri\u1ec7u), v\u00e0 40% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 (5,7 tri\u1ec7u), ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (1,4 tri\u1ec7u) v\u00e0 Canada (0,4 tri\u1ec7u). Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n d\u1ea1ng theo lu\u1eadt Do Th\u00e1i halakhic, th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 ai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c. Israel l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Israel hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Do th\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong b\u1ea3ng Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 S\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia Israel trao quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i n\u00e0o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Israel."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1948 v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1958, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Do Th\u00e1i t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 800.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn hai tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm 75,4% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Israel, hay 6 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Israel \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t sau cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Holocaust v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. Israel c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ethiopia, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Israel v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1974 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1979 g\u1ea7n 227.258 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 Do th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn Israel, kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0o Israel t\u1eeb T\u00e2y \u00c2u, Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc d\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ashkenazi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t sau n\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Holocaust, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3, Argentina, \u00dac, Chil\u00ea v\u00e0 Nam Phi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 di c\u01b0 ra kh\u1ecfi Israel r\u1ed3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Israel di c\u01b0 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ed1c gia Israel \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 yordim."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf Nga, nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong n\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i Holocaust, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Israel, cu\u1ed9c di d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX."}
+{"text": "H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i (xem B\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n s\u1ed1). Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Israel, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb 5.2 cho \u0111\u1ebfn 6.4 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf Canada (315.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i), Argentina (180.000-300.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i), v\u00e0 Braxin (196.000-600.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i), v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u00edt \u1ecfi h\u01a1n \u1edf Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile, Colombia v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c (xem L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Do Th\u00e1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n qu\u1ed1c gia Israel hay kh\u00f4ng, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng Israel \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000, trong khi nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Israel \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i."}
+{"text": "T\u00e2y \u00c2u c\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 483.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 500.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc Phi nh\u01b0 Alg\u00e9rie, Ma-r\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Tunisia (ho\u1eb7c con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd). V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i l\u00e0 292.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. \u1ede \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf Nga r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 (\u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa hai l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn bao g\u1ed3m \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga\" v\u00e0 \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i\") ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0o Israel (\u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u \u00f4ng b\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i). Theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed sau, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Nga kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 1,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho aliyah \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c Israel. T\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 102.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc d\u00e2n c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111ang gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n, m\u1eb7c cho c\u00f3 l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i t\u1eeb Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u0169 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Israel \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, d\u00f9 cho l\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd do kinh t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1948, kho\u1ea3ng 800.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea2r\u1eadp (kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 Israel). Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1edbi hai ph\u1ea7n ba s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng Maghreb do Ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, 15-20% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Iraq, kho\u1ea3ng 10% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 7% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Yemen. H\u01a1n 200.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Pahlavi Iran v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. Ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00ec c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 26.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 30.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Iran v\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 aliyah \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Yemen v\u00e0 Syria."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn xung quanh h\u1ecd, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0169 l\u1ef1c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a th\u00ec ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf \u0111i b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Do Th\u00e1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf danh t\u00ednh c\u0169 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i khai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t theo c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp ngay t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh c\u1ea3 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Israel, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m d\u1ea7y d\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Do Th\u00e1i. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c di d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n v\u00ec \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c:"}
+{"text": "3. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Assyria l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf s\u1eafc d\u00e2n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 4.500.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb giam c\u1ea7m ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf s\u1eafc d\u00e2n trong ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 theo lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 Assyria. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Israel, Tiglath-Pileser III tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t 80% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u Galilee, kho\u1ea3ng 13.520 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kho\u1ea3ng 27.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, 20-25% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Israel, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi Sargon II, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc d\u00e2n b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i b\u1ecb l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n b\u1edfi Assyria \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u Mesopotamian c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Assyrian,"}
+{"text": "5. S\u1ef1 l\u01b0u vong 2.000 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i trong \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di c\u01b0, trung t\u00e2m cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng Do Th\u00e1i di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Babylonia \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Ba Lan r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Israel."}
+{"text": "Israel l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c qua s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua l\u00e0n s\u1ed1ng di d\u00e2n nh\u1eadp c\u01b0. Trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i n\u00f3i chung \u0111ang suy gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang \u1edf trong m\u1ee9c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Haredi, trong hai c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ebb v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, hai c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i tr\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nhanh nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb ph\u00e1i Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Do Th\u00e1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n kh\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n kh\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, trong 25 n\u0103m qua \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Baal Teshuva) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a S\u1ef1 L\u1ef1a Ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gia nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Do Th\u00e1i."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng Hebrew l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lashon ha-kodesh, \"ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh\") Ti\u1ebfng Hebrew l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i (Tanakh) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i n\u00f3i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, ti\u1ebfng Aramaic c\u00f3 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Hebrew, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Aramaic \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Hebrew v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf x\u1ee9 Judea. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Yiddish l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u1ee9c Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ashkenazi di c\u01b0 sang Trung \u00c2u. Ladino l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Do Th\u00e1i-T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Sephardic di c\u01b0 sang b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia. Do nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Holocaust \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea2 r\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di c\u01b0 tr\u00e0n lan t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i, bao g\u1ed3m Do Th\u00e1i Georgian, Do Th\u00e1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, Do Th\u00e1i Berber, Krymchak, Do Th\u00e1i Malayalam v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1eefa."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1ea3i qua h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ti\u1ebfng Hebrew \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft trong vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecdc kinh c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Hebrew duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y Sa b\u00e1t. Ti\u1ebfng Hebrew \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Eliezer ben Yehuda h\u1ed3i sinh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfng Hebrew s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Palestine n\u0103m 1881. Ti\u1ebfng Hebrew \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Tannaic. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Hebrew hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Israel c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1ea2 R\u1eadp hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng Hebrew \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Yiddish v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ladino th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Do Th\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ng\u00e0y nay thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c; v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Ba ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u1ea3i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Hebrew, ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Nga. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Romance, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Tr\u1ea3i qua chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Do Th\u00e1i, ti\u1ebfng Yiddish \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Do Th\u00e1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay sau cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Holocaust v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Hebrew hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i theo cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Israel th\u00ec ti\u1ebfng Yiddish \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "\u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u1edf Quebec, \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ashkenazi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Sephardi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Nam Phi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Anh thay v\u00ec ti\u1ebfng Afrikaans. Do c\u1ea3 hai ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Czarist v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Ti\u1ebfng Nga \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfng Yiddish l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Nga, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. Ng\u00e0y nay, ti\u1ebfng Nga l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1eadu X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Ukraine v\u00e0 Uzbekistan, c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ashkenazi \u1edf Azerbaijan, Georgia, v\u00e0 Tajikistan. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u00edt \u1ecfi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef sang m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t (ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Alg\u00e9rie, Morocco, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Tunis."}
+{"text": "Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 1800 TCN v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ghi l\u1ea1i trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i. Merneptah Stele, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 1200 TCN, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i sinh s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Israel, n\u01a1i Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan t\u00f2a t\u1eeb Othniel cho t\u1edbi Samson, sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1000 TCN, vua David thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Jerusalem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Israel v\u00e0 Judah Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cai qu\u1ea3n M\u01b0\u1eddi hai chi t\u1ed9c Israel."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 970 TCN, con c\u1ee7a vua David l\u00e0 vua Solomon tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vua c\u1ee7a Israel. Trong v\u00f2ng m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m, Solomon b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Khi Solomon ch\u1ebft (kho\u1ea3ng 930 TCN), m\u01b0\u1eddi chi t\u1ed9c ph\u00eda b\u1eafc t\u00e1ch ra \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Israel. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 722 TCN ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 Assyria chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Israel v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Israel ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, d\u00e2n di c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd."}
+{"text": "Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ec1n Th\u1edd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 586 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, khi vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Babylon l\u00e0 Nebuchadnezzar II th\u00e2n chinh \u0111\u1ed1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i binh ph\u1ea1t V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Judah v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd Do Th\u00e1i. \u00d4ng ta c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c s\u1ea1ch s\u00e0nh sanh c\u00e1c kho b\u00e1u trong \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e0y \u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i tha h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 538 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, vua Belshazzar khi \u0111ang d\u1ef1 y\u1ebfn ti\u1ec7c \u1edf kinh th\u00e0nh Babylon th\u00ec b\u1ed7ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u00e0n tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n ra vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef l\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh, v\u1ed9i tri\u1ec7u ti\u00ean tri Daniel v\u00e0o h\u1ecfi th\u00ec \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef, r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Babylon \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3i di\u1ec7t vong. Qu\u1ea3 nhi\u00ean, vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba T\u01b0 th\u00e2n chinh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng binh m\u00e3 tinh nhu\u1ec7 ph\u1ea1t n\u01b0\u1edbc Babylon v\u00e0 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Belshazzar, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Sau th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i vang d\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, Cyrus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf li\u1ec1n ban b\u1ed1 th\u00e1nh ch\u1ec9:"}
+{"text": "Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0y trong \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Babylon \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Cyrus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf ban b\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 do cho tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u01a1ng. Kh\u00e1c xa c\u00e1c vua Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 Babylon tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua anh minh, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u1ef1 b\u00fat vi\u1ebft: \"Tr\u1eabm \u0111\u00e3 quy t\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 Tr\u1eabm cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd\". Theo hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, quan T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c t\u1ec9nh Judah l\u00e0 Sheshbazzar - ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i vua David - d\u1eabn nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh Jerusalem. Hai n\u0103m sau, t\u1ee9c n\u0103m 536 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a David l\u00e0 Zerubabbel d\u1eabn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ki\u1ebfp t\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3nh hoang t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh Jerusalem h\u1ecd h\u1ebft m\u1ef1c \u0111au bu\u1ed3n. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Cyrus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf, d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Iran. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng ban c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd cho v\u1ecb quan T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 538 TCN cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 535 TCN, quan T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c Zerubabbel \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Cyrus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf c\u00f2n b\u1ecf ra ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia Ba T\u01b0 gi\u00fap nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 516 TCN d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u vua Darius \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf 70 n\u0103m sau khi \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. Khi Alexander \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Israel r\u01a1i v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 (Hellenistic Greek), cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o tay V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ptolemaios r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o tay V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Seleukos."}
+{"text": "Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Seleukos c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i Jerusalem khi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 theo v\u0103n minh Hy L\u1ea1p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u sau kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Maqabim th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u0103m 168 TCN l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi tu s\u1ef9 Mattathias c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Antiochus Epiphanes, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Hasmoneus n\u0103m 152 TCN v\u1edbi Jerusalem m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Hasmoneus k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 khi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a Herod l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a vua Herod c\u0169ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m. B\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Do Th\u00e1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m 70, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Do Th\u00e1i - La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Bar Kokhba n\u0103m 135 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, do m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Israel b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb b\u00e1n l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong to\u00e0n \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Trung \u0110\u00f4ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i, \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng (xem: ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i, Holocaust), v\u1edbi th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, \u0110\u1ee9c, Ba Lan v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3)."}
+{"text": "Cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, t\u1eeb Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 theo \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 theo \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Khai s\u00e1ng chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u1ed5 l\u00e0 Friedrich II \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh khoan dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1750, \u00f4ng ra Th\u00e1nh ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Theo sau Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Haskalah t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Do Th\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Do Th\u00e1i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb \"Yehudi\" (s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u Yehudim) trong ti\u1ebfng Hebrew nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 chi t\u1ed9c Judah. Sau n\u00e0y, khi ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Israel Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda nam, th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean theo c\u1ee7a chi t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Judah. T\u1eeb n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1eeb B'nei Yisrael (Israelite, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Israel) v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m. Sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Assyria chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00eda nam c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb Yehudim d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong chi t\u1ed9c hay l\u00e0 trong V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Judah. T\u1eeb Jew trong ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Yehudi (xem #Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef). S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong Kinh th\u00e1nh Tanakh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong S\u00e1ch Esther."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i th\u00ec r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c d\u1ef1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 3.000 n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1edf v\u00f9ng c\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u chi nh\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, sinh h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i. Nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u01a1 khai nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c n\u00f3i ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Semetic th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Israel s\u1ed1ng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t Canaan trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u00e1nh th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Judah \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Israel, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a chi t\u1ed9c Judah v\u00e0 chi t\u1ed9c Benjamin k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ph\u00eda B\u1eafc b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t sau khi h\u1ecd b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam \u1edf Assyria."}
+{"text": "Theo b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt Kinh Th\u00e1nh Hebrew, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy ra l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1eadc t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 trong Kinh th\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 Abraham, con trai c\u1ee7a Abraham l\u00e0 Isaac, con trai c\u1ee7a Isaac l\u00e0 Jacob, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Sarah, Rebecca, Leah v\u00e0 Rachel, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Canaan. M\u01b0\u1eddi hai b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai c\u1ee7a Jacob. Jacob v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh tay Pharaoh m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi con c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Joseph. D\u00f2ng d\u00f5i con ch\u00e1u h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Moses d\u1eabn d\u1eaft. Joshua l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebft vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Do Th\u00e1i sau khi Moses qua \u0111\u1eddi. Joshua l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 huy ng\u01b0\u1eddi Israel x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canaan."}
+{"text": "Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt Kinh Th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y, v\u00ec b\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i mang kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Israel. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Israel v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, theo c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canaan b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Israel \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Canaan v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o Yahweh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Canaan. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Yahweh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u0103n ho\u00e1, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Israel kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canaan kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u di truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n di truy\u1ec1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 chung t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Tr\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m M\u00e0u m\u1ee1. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m gien di truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb 4.000 n\u0103m nay, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nhau l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung trong v\u0103n ho\u00e1, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef."}
+{"text": "Sau \u0111\u00f3 trong T\u00e2y \u00c2u th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ee9c h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp T\u1ef1 chinh - khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecb th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t - v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee3t tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha sau khi Reconquista (Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia), n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Sephardi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cai tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Moors \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 dhimmis, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ebf jizya (thu\u1ebf b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o) sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "Dhimmis c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m h\u01a1n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mang v\u0169 kh\u00ed ph\u00f2ng th\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi khai t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a \u00e1n trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. S\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Bernard Lewis l\u00e0 \"l\u00e0m suy nh\u1ed3i nh\u1ea5t\" M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e0y \u1ea3i, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u00edt khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u00e1n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u01a1i \u1edf v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd bao g\u1ed3m v\u1ee5 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Almohad \u1edf Al-Andalus v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u1edf H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Ba T\u01b0, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ma R\u1ed1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khu ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 mellahs b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 Hezbollah v\u00e0 Hamas, trong c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Iran, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong c\u00e1c t\u1edd b\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 Refah Partisi. \""}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bao g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t Do Th\u00e1i sang di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng Do Th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n; trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ef1c \u0111oan n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m im l\u1eb7ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i bao g\u1ed3m cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i; cu\u1ed9c b\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o T\u00e2y Ban Nha (d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi Tom\u00e1s de Torquemada) v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c b\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o B\u1ed3 B\u00e0o Nha, v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu M\u1edbi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Marrano; v\u1ee5 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t Bohdan Chmielnicki Cossack \u1edf Ukraine; nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t Pogrom \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c Sa ho\u00e0ng Nga; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, Anh, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Theo m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u0103m 2008 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Journal of Human Genetics c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, 19,8% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Iberia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Sephardi, cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn ban \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "N\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Holocaust l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i B\u1eafc Phi b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Phi) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 II do \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra th\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ee9c h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. T\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 II b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 ra. C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb tr\u00fang b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u1ee9 ba chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u1edbi n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Einsatzgruppen \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 s\u00fang h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed7i s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c Do Th\u00e1i mang m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1edf trong m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i, bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i n\u00f3i, s\u1edf th\u00edch \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c gien di truy\u1ec1n."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i hai nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c Do Th\u00e1i ch\u00ednh kia, th\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c Do Th\u00e1i thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Do Th\u00e1i bao g\u1ed3m Bene Israel, Bnei Menashe, Cochin Do Th\u00e1i, v\u00e0 Bene Ephraim. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Romaniotes c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i \u00dd (\"Italkim\" ho\u1eb7c \"Ben\u00e9 Roma\"); Teimanim t\u1eeb Yemen; nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ch\u00e2u Phi kh\u00e1c nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Beta Israel c\u1ee7a Ethiopia; v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa Do Th\u00e1i, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khai Phong Do Th\u00e1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng."}
+{"text": "Sephardi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha hay Hispanic c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb danh t\u1eeb Sepharad l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba danh trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sephardi Do Th\u00e1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV. V\u00ec l\u00fd do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Sephardi ph\u1ea3i di c\u01b0 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1492. Con ch\u00e1u h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i n\u00e0y cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 sinh ra \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sephardi Do Th\u00e1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u01b0u vong t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Maghreb, Ai C\u1eadp, \u00dd, Hy L\u1ea1p, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, Syria, \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh, H\u00e0 Lan, v\u00e0 T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sephardi Do Th\u00e1i n\u00f3i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Ladino hay ti\u1ebfng Do Th\u00e1i T\u00e2y Ban Nha, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Sephardi c\u00f3 phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nghi th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Do Th\u00e1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u0103m 1924, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng Don Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, Marquis \u0111\u1ec7 Nh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Estella, th\u1ee9 22 c\u1ee7a Sobremonte, Hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 c\u1ee7a Calatrava \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch T\u00e2y Ban Nha cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Sephardi v\u00ec l\u00fd do \"l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\" v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 Hai. L\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u00c1ngel Sanz Briz \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5200 m\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf Hungary \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi n\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Holocaust b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd gi\u1ea3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Hungary. Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Sephardic l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sephardi Do Th\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 T\u00e2y Ban Nha."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u do C\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Israel (ICBS) ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Mizrahi \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng theo h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ashkenazi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ashkenazi sinh ra \u1edf Israel c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng theo h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc cao g\u1ea5p hai l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Mizrahi \u1edf Israel. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Mizrahi theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m di d\u00e2n th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ashkenazi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga. Theo m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Trung t\u00e2m Adva, thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ashkenazi cao h\u01a1n 36% so v\u1edbi thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Mizrahi n\u0103m 2004."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ashkenazi Do Th\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 70% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 90% tr\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi II v\u00e0 Holocaust). Do s\u1ef1 di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Ashkenazim c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi M\u1edbi, \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3, Gia N\u00e3 \u0110\u1ea1i, \u00c1 C\u0103n \u0110\u00ecnh, \u00dac v\u00e0 Brasil. Hi\u1ec7n nay th\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ashkenazi Do Th\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm 90% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. \u1ede x\u1ee9 Ph\u00e1p, s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i t\u1eeb Alg\u00e9rie (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Sephardi) \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ashkenazi."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i Israel th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i g\u1ed1c Ashkenazi chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 47,5% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf Israel (v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i g\u1ed1c Ashkenazi chi\u1ebfm 35-36% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Israel). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ashkenazi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia Israel k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Israel hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Israel t\u1eeb khi qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1948 cho \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ashkenazi Do Th\u00e1i."}
+{"text": "Trong n\u0103m 2009, h\u1ecdc sinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ethiopia \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o ba tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1n c\u00f4ng Haredi \u1edf Petah Tikva. M\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Israel \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Petah Tikva v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n Shas Ovadia Yosef \u0111e do\u1ea1 s\u1ebd \u0111u\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Shas, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u1eadn h\u1ecdc sinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ethiopia. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Israel quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00fat kinh ph\u00ed kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc Lamerhav, Da'at Mevinim v\u00e0 Darkei Noam, nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn sinh vi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ethiopia. Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Israel Benjamin Netanyahu \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u1ebb em Ethiopia, g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\""}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2015, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh Ethiopia trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i IDF tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh khi\u00eau kh\u00edch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh Ethiopia b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Israel \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0 v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean video. T\u1edd b\u00e1o Do Th\u00e1i Jerusalem Post ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015 r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o trong b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Israel v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi do th\u00e1i Ethiopia \u1edf Israel, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1996, t\u1edd Ma'ariv \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Magen David Adom g\u00e2y ch\u00fa \u00fd d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 \u1edf Israel v\u00e0 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Theo ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 B\u1ed9 Y t\u1ebf Israel hay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c m\u1eabu hi\u1ebfn m\u00e1u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 Ethiopia v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ed m\u1eadt. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00f4ng khai l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u sai v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u0103m 1984 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u c\u00e1c m\u1eabu hi\u1ebfn m\u00e1u t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 Ethiopia do t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cao b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m vi khu\u1ea9n HBsAg v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ca nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam gan B r\u1ea5t cao trong c\u00e1c m\u1eabu m\u00e1u l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0i ng\u00e0y sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ethiopia \u0111\u00e3 bao v\u00e2y quanh V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho v\u1ee5 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t n\u00e0y, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ethiopia n\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng g\u1eady v\u00e0 thanh th\u00e9p. C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1n cao su, s\u00fang n\u01b0\u1edbc. 41 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 200 chi\u1ebfc xe thu\u1ed9c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng."}
+{"text": "Theo m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 Ethiopia l\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p thu\u1ed1c ng\u1eeba thai Depo-Provera m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 B\u1ed9 Y t\u1ebf Israel \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y tr\u1eeb khi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Do Th\u00e1i Ethiopia \u0111ang ch\u1edd h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng aliyah \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c sinh \u0111\u1ebb trong khi \u0111ang \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp. Thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u1eeba thai n\u00e0y \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c Depo-Provera k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong v\u00f2ng ba th\u00e1ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 Y c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch ra v\u00e0 \u0111i theo nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng di c\u01b0 kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 Do Th\u00e1i, nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ashkenazi chia s\u1ebb nhi\u1ec1u d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i h\u1ec7 cha ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung \u0110\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thung l\u0169ng Rhine c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Do Th\u00e1i tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Do Th\u00e1i, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ADN ty th\u1ec3, n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Harry Ostrer v\u00e0 Raphael Falk tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u nam gi\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i h\u1ecd di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng di d\u00e2n sau khi b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ed1c gia Israel c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, Behar \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 40% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ashkenazi c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Sephardi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Mizrahi \"cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u00edt. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a Feder et al. \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ashkenazi. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ashkenazi. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: \"R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua khi d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong so s\u00e1nh."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0u vong c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ashkenazi, Sephardi v\u00e0 Mizrahi \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. Theo Behar, l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t cho t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Trung \u0110\u00f4ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \"ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hebrew v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf v\u00f9ng Levant\" v\u00e0 \"s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n l\u01b0u vong c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Israel c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i trong C\u1ef1u Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi C\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i l\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd g\u1eafn b\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i b\u1ecb sinh ra trong d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Do Th\u00e1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o sang Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Do Th\u00e1i, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i h\u1ea1ng hai b\u1ecb coi th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb khinh b\u1ec9 b\u1ecb xem th\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Do Th\u00e1i (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o g\u1ed1c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i ch\u00ednh t\u00f4ng mang huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1u m\u1ee7 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Do Th\u00e1i). S\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n gian nan ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. \u0110a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ch\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i."}
+{"text": "Kinh th\u00e1nh Hebrew, theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Abraham, hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a b\u1edfi 54% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Do Th\u00e1i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong c\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n l\u1eabn ni\u1ec1m tin, v\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng\" c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho \u0110\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Do Th\u00e1i, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Do Th\u00e1i. Trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai s\u00e1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e0o nha Al-Andalus \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u1edf Trung Hoa hay ngay c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Do Th\u00e1i Israel n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ea5t Do Th\u00e1i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ea5t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m nh\u1ecf nh\u1eafn r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i trong t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, bao g\u1ed3m l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh doanh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i b\u00e1n bu\u00f4n, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, phim \u1ea3nh k\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n y d\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u1eabn th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Babylon l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn sau cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 sau khi cu\u1ed9c Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Bar Kokhba k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 135. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i t\u0103ng l\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 2 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 200 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 500. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Israel, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 1/6 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Do Th\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn 8-10 tri\u1ec7u trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c tin r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, do nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi La M\u00e3 t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II. M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o Halakha v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft bao quy \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Thu\u1ebf d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i trong \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 70 c\u0169ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n h\u00e0o Mark Twain c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i qua cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon, v\u00e0 Hoa H\u1ed3ng Ba T\u01b0 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba T\u01b0), ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sinh s\u00f4i n\u1ea3y n\u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi danh ti\u1ebfng vang d\u1ed9i l\u1eaby l\u1eebng v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng huy ho\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean phai m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t nh\u00f2a nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y theo b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m l\u1eaby l\u1eebng th\u1eadt l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i qua; nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u01a1 cao ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c vinh quang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0ng ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ng\u1ed3i trong \u00e1nh ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n, ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb suy \u0111\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u01b0u m\u1edd v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed r\u1ea5t hung h\u0103ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. B\u00ed m\u1eadt trong s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\""}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi gian cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 58 n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 sau ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 t\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5, Louis XIV. N\u0103m 1745, \u00f4ng th\u00e2n chinh v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn Fontenoy chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nam H\u00e0 Lan t\u1eeb tay \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u00c1o nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o n\u0103m 1748. N\u0103m 1763, \u00f4ng c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea5t T\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 cho T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Anh sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1ea3y n\u0103m. Ngo\u00e0i ra \u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Lorraine v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Corse v\u00e0o V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p. Louis XV qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1774 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Louis XVI, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Louis XVIII v\u00e0 Charles X, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t gi\u1eef ng\u00f4i vua sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Napoleon Bonapate. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7, v\u1edbi li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1ed5 ra l\u00e0m hao m\u00f2n ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c trong ph\u1ee7 kh\u1ed1 r\u1ed3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy vong c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1780."}
+{"text": "Louis XV l\u00e0 t\u1eb1ng t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Louis XIV v\u00e0 l\u00e0 con trai th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Bourgogne (1682-1712), c\u00f9ng v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 Marie Ad\u00e9la\u00efde x\u1ee9 Savoia, tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eef c\u1ee7a Victor Amadeus II, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Savoia. \u00d4ng ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Versailles ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1710. Sau khi ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5n phong l\u00e0m Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Anjou. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebf v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng khi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng cao; \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng sau t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, Louis \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u00e1i t\u1eed (Grand Dauphin), c\u00f2n c\u00f3 cha v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng huynh trong danh s\u00e1ch th\u1eeba k\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u00e1i t\u1eed ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1711. Ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1712, m\u1eabu th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Louis, Marie Ad\u00e9la\u00efde, sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 2 l\u00e0 cha c\u1ee7a Louis, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Bourgogne, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh s\u1edfi v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 3, c\u1ea3 Louis v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng huynh, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Bretagne, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh s\u1edfi. Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Bretagne \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb theo c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ch\u00edch m\u00e1u. Kho\u1ea3ng t\u1ed1i ng\u00e0y 8 r\u1ea1ng s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 3, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Bretagne ch\u1ebft m\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 do c\u1ea3 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb sai l\u1ea7m. B\u1ea3o m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a Louis, Madame de Ventadour, kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 l\u1ea5y m\u00e1u, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t \u0111au nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. Khi Louis XIV qua \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1715, Louis, m\u1edbi 5 tu\u1ed5i, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ho\u00e0ng v\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "Theo ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh Vincennes n\u0103m 1374, v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh v\u01b0\u01a1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Louis l\u00ean 13 tu\u1ed5i. Danh hi\u1ec7u Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 con g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua Philippe, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Orleans. Louis XIV, tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m Philippe, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 vua coi l\u00e0 k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o. Nh\u00e0 vua g\u1ecdi Philippe l\u00e0 Fanfaron des crimes (\"\u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i \u00e1c)\" Louis XIV mu\u1ed1n quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i giao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi con ngo\u1ea1i h\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Maine (con tri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Louis XIV v\u1edbi Madame de Montespan). Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1714, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft, nh\u00e0 vua vi\u1ebft di chi\u1ebfu l\u1ec7nh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh; theo \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh g\u1ed3m 14 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m t\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng 13 tu\u1ed5i. Philippe l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u g\u1ecdi Louis XIV l\u00e0 b\u00e1c, l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Maine c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban xu\u1ed1ng theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf b\u1edfi nh\u00f3m Maine. Orl\u00e9ans nh\u00ecn ra \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 ngay sau khi nh\u00e0 vua qua \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Paris, m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf t\u1edd di chi\u1ebfu. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Orl\u00e9ans cho kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c droit de remontrance (quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i) c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n - v\u1ed1n b\u1ecb Louis XIV tri\u1ec7t b\u1ecf t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, theo \u0111\u00f3 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1789."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1715, Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh d\u1eabn nh\u00e0 vua r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Versailles v\u1ec1 Paris, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh \u1edf t\u1ea1i t\u01b0 gia thu\u1ed9c Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia. Ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 9, \u00f4ng ra s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, khai m\u1ea1c T\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1715 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1716 \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Chateau de Vincennes, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Tuileries. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1717, \u00f4ng v\u1eeba tr\u00f2n 7 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o m\u1eabu l\u00e0 Madame Ventadour v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u1ee7a Francois de Villeroy, v\u1ecb Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng 73 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 Marechal de France, g\u1ecdi theo ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb m\u00e0 Louis XIV \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n phong cho \u00f4ng trong t\u1edd di m\u1ec7nh th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1714. Villeroy h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1ebb nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 nghi cung \u0111\u00ecnh, d\u1ea1y \u00f4ng c\u00e1ch duy\u1ec7t binh, v\u00e0 nghi th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1ch trong ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp bao g\u1ed3m Sa ho\u00e0ng Pyotr \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf n\u0103m 1717; tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi nghi th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ecb Sa ho\u00e0ng cao 2 m\u00e9t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ebf \u00f4ng l\u00ean tay v\u00e0 h\u00f4n \u00f4ng. Louis c\u0169ng h\u1ecdc c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 b\u1eafn cung, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1ebb nhanh ch\u00f3ng say m\u00ea nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y. N\u0103m 1720, theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng Louis XIV, Villeroy b\u1ea3o nh\u00e0 vua Louis m\u00faa tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang hai \u0111i\u1ec7u ballets t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Tuileries ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1720, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n The Ballet des Elements ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1721. Louis nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd m\u00faa ballet l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o n\u1eefa."}
+{"text": "Gia s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua l\u00e0 Tu vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Andr\u00e9-Hercule de Fleury, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c x\u1ee9 Frejus, (v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh H\u1ed3ng y de Fleury), d\u1ea1y cho \u00f4ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Latin, \u00dd, c\u00e1c m\u00f4n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, thi\u00ean v\u0103n, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, m\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3. Khi Sa ho\u00e0ng Nga c\u00f3 chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, nh\u00e0 vua khi\u1ebfn Sa ho\u00e0ng th\u00edch th\u00fa khi \u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng con s\u00f4ng, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Nga. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 vua v\u1eabn \u0111am m\u00ea v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd; \u00f4ng l\u1eadp ra Khoa V\u1eadt l\u00fd (1769) v\u00e0 C\u01a1 kh\u00ed (1773) t\u1ea1i Coll\u00e8ge de France., v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, Cartes de Cassini. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1720 \u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eddi k\u00ec Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh; nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland, John Law \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5n phong l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1716, \u00f4ng khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Banque G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Priv\u00e9e (\"Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng T\u01b0 nh\u00e2n T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p\"), n\u01a1i n\u00e0y s\u1edbm tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Ho\u00e0ng gia. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u1edf Paris \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o C\u00f4ng ty Mississippiy, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Louisiana. C\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng nhanh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1720, s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u \u1edf Paris mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ti\u1ebfp theo v\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y thay cho v\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1719, Ph\u00e1p, li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Anh v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u00e0 Lan, tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 b\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau ph\u1ea3i xin gi\u1ea3ng h\u00f2a. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p - T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ed k\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1721. Hai ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean h\u00f4n v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa Louis v\u1edbi Mariana Victoria c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha, c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i b\u1ea3y tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua Felipe V c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha - m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Louis XIV, ch\u00fa ru\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a Louis XV. Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ed ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 11, v\u00e0 c\u00f4 d\u00e2u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Louvre. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh cho r\u1eb1ng Mariana qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 sinh con, v\u00e0 g\u1eedi c\u00f4 b\u00e9 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Su\u1ed1t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1720, Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ra s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Montesquieu v\u00e0 Voltaire xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 Th\u1eddi k\u00ec Khai s\u00e1ng \u1edf Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch y\u00ean b\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1722, Louis s\u1eafp l\u00ean 13 (tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh), v\u00e0 r\u1eddi Paris tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Versailles, k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng vui v\u1ebb th\u1eddi ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 10, Louis \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia mi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh t\u00f2a \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0 Reims. Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1723, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Paris tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Louis, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Orleans ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5n phong l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1723, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean vui \u0111\u00f9a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh, tr\u00e1nh xa tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u1ef1 y. Orleans ch\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3. Theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00e2n s\u01b0 l\u00e0 Fleury, Louis XV b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00fa h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Louis Henri, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Bourbon, l\u00ean thay Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Orl\u00e9ans v\u1eeba t\u1ea1 th\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Bourbon l\u00e0 t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 d\u00e2u cho nh\u00e0 vua, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n nh\u00e0 Orleans, \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngai v\u00e0ng. V\u1ecb qu\u1eadn ch\u00faa 21 tu\u1ed5i Marie Leszczy\u0144ska, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Stanis\u0142aw I, v\u1ecb vua b\u1ecb tru\u1ea5t ph\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ba Lan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn. H\u00f4n l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1725 khi nh\u00e0 vua l\u00ean 15. T\u1eeb 1727 \u0111\u1ebfn 1737, b\u00e0 sinh cho vua 10 \u0111\u1ee9a con, 8 g\u00e1i 2 trai, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Louis (1729-1765) S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb 1712, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i r\u00ecnh rang kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m 1747, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed c\u01b0\u1edbi Maria Josephina x\u1ee9 Saxon, b\u00e0 sinh ra ba v\u1ecb vua Ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng: Louis XVI, Louis XVIII, v\u00e0 Charles X."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u Louis XV l\u00e0 tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u1eafc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Unigenitus. Nh\u00e0 vua Louis XV \u0111\u00f2i Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pope Clement XI ban m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o s\u1eafc v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1713. N\u1ed9i dung t\u1edd gi\u00e1o s\u1eafc l\u00ean \u00e1n Jansen, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Saint Augustine. \u1ede Ph\u00e1p nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Jansenism, bao g\u1ed3m Blaise Pascal, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Racine, c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 Madame de S\u00e9vign\u00e9 v\u00e0 Madame de Lafayette. C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Sorbonne, ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m Jansen, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 vinh danh t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Phe Jansen li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi phe Gallica, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc mong mu\u1ed1n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u1edf Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i minh b\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi phe Unigenitus \u0111ang n\u1eafm gi\u1eef th\u1ebf \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Paris v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1730, H\u1ed3ng y Fleury \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 vua xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfu tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Unigenitus l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ra s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p d\u00f2ng Jansen. Ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1732, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Paris \u0111e d\u1ecda r\u00fat ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a phe Jansen, Nouvelles Eccl\u00e9siastiques. Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t b\u1ea5t k\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o s\u1eafc Unigenitus. C\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Unigenitus b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi, cinquanti\u00e8me, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eb7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf. Ph\u00e1i Jansen v\u00e0 Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1ecf t\u00f9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0, xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tranh ch\u1ea5p n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 su\u1ed1t tri\u1ec1u Louis."}
+{"text": "C\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gia t\u0103ng gi\u1eefa Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Bourbon v\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng y de Fleury v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 vua s\u1ee7ng \u00e1i. Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ho\u1ea1t b\u00e1t, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1ebb. \u00d4ng quay sang h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb gia s\u01b0 c\u0169 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi nh\u00e0 vua nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng Fleury ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p gi\u1eefa \u00f4ng v\u00e0 Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Bourbon, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch v\u00f9i d\u1eadp Fleury tr\u01b0\u1edbc tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. Khi nh\u00e0 vua nh\u1eadn ra \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng li\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a Fleury l\u00ean thay."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb 1726 \u0111\u1ebfn khi qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1743, Fleury n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 vua. Fleury l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch cho qu\u1ed1c gia. \u00d4ng ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea5m nh\u00e0 vua th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ed1n c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ebfn nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y \u1edf Tu vi\u1ec7n Fontevrault. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec y\u00ean b\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t trong su\u1ed1t tri\u1ec1u Louis XV, nh\u01b0ng ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eabn \u00e2m \u1ec9 v\u00e0 ch\u1edd d\u1ecbp b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c trong Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111ang b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m. Fleury b\u1ed5 sung s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 Unigenitus c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn trong vi\u1ec7n Ngh\u1ecb, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tai h\u1ecda l\u1edbn khi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u1ed5 ra."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Michel Robert Le Peletier des Forts (t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7m 1726\u20131730), c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 Ph\u00e1p, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1730 do t\u1ed9i t\u01b0 t\u00fai. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m, Philibert Orry, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu thu\u1ebf, d\u00f9 \u00f4ng v\u1eabn theo ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf m\u1ecdi thu nh\u1eadp c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 1/10. Trong hai n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Fleury, Orry c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1ec9nh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Fleury m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ea3 trong Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 giao d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0i Saint-Quentin canal (n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng Oise v\u00e0 Somme) n\u0103m 1738, v\u1ec1 sau m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra \u0111\u1ebfn S\u00f4ng Escaut v\u00e0 V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII, Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 80 \u0111\u1ebfn 308 tri\u1ec7u livres trong 32 n\u0103m (1716 - 1748)."}
+{"text": "Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh, Fleury c\u00f9ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao Germain Louis Chauvelin v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Anh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u th\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111ang tranh gi\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e9o b\u1edf \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u1ea4n. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3ng h\u00f2a v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n vua T\u00e2y Ban Nha n\u1ed5i tr\u1eadn l\u00f4i \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00ec tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Ph\u00e1p h\u1ee7y h\u00f4n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf n\u0103m n\u0103m 1729 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Nga qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Pyotr \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 Yekaterina I c\u1ee7a Nga, Ph\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb Serbia \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb tay \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y qua h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi H\u00e0 Lan (bao g\u1ed3m B\u1ec9) Milan v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Napoli."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1726 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5, Nga v\u00e0 \u00c1o. Xuung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa hai phe b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t sau v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tranh ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ngai v\u00e0ng Ba Lan. Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1733, Vua Ba Lan v\u00e0 Tuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebf h\u1ea7u x\u1ee9 Saxon, August II, ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i l\u00e0 Stanis\u0142aw Leszczynski, nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a vua Ph\u00e1p. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m Nga, \u00c1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5 b\u00ed m\u1eadt k\u00ed th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau lo\u1ea1i Stanis\u0142aw kh\u1ecfi ngai v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c, August III, con trai c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1. Tranh ch\u1ea5p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb Ba Lan. Stanis\u0142aw \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Warsaw, l\u00ean ng\u00f4i vua Ba Lan v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Litva v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 9. N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Nga qu\u1ed1c l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Ba Lan \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 con b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Stanis\u0142aw bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n t\u1edbi c\u1ea3ng Danzig (nay l\u00e0 Gdansk), trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 10, August III l\u00ean ngai b\u00e1u \u1edf Warsaw."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed3ng y Fleury \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn thu x\u1ebfp t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u00f4ng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Anh v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Vua T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Vua Sardegna v\u1edbi m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Habsburg. Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1733, Louis h\u1ea1 chi\u1ebfu tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u00c1o. Qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Lorraine v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 Alsace, trong khi c\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1c b\u0103ng qua d\u00e3y Alps v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm Milan v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 11, trao n\u00f3 cho V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Sardegna. Fleury kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y tha thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c ng\u00f4i cho Stanis\u0142aw, qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111ang b\u1ecb H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Nga phong t\u1ecfa t\u1ea1i Danzig. Thay v\u00ec g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i Copenhagen \u0111\u1ebfn chi vi\u1ec7n cho Danzig, \u00f4ng ta l\u1ea1i cho qu\u00e2n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Brest v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 g\u1eedi 2000 th\u1ee7y binh \u0111\u1ebfn, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u00e0u Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Nga \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u00ecm. Ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 7 Stanis\u0142aw l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i b\u00f4n \u0111\u00e0o qua Ph\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua Ph\u1ed5 Friedrich Wilhelm I c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Koenigsburg."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh, Fleury v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Karl VI b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc. Franz III, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Lorraine, b\u1ecf Lorraine \u0111\u1ebfn Vienna, k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Maria Theresia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ngai v\u00e0ng nh\u00e0 Hapsburg. Ng\u00f4i ch\u00faa b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng \u1edf Lorraine \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho Stanis\u0142aw, sau khi \u00f4ng n\u00e0y t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n l\u00ean ng\u00f4i \u1edf Ba Lan. Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Stanislaw, C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Lorraine v\u00e0 Ba Lan l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Ph\u00e1p. Franz, v\u1ec1 sau nh\u1edd v\u1ee3 m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u1edf Lorraine b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn phong \u1edf C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Toscana. Nh\u00e0 vua c\u1ee7a Sardegna nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Lombardy; nh\u01b0nng ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7t qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 Napoli, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y Parma v\u00e0 Plaisance. \u0110\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi gi\u1eefa Franz x\u1ee9 Lorraine v\u1edbi Maria Theresia di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1736, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t di\u1ec5n ra. Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Stanis\u0142aw n\u0103m 1766, Lorraine v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Bar s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1739, Fleury l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i giao kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 trung gian h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa Th\u00e1nh ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Belgrade (th\u00e1ng 9, 1739), theo \u0111\u00f3 Ottoman l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0nh l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI, Ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Ottoman ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Habsburg. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 \u01a1n, n\u0103m 1740, Ottoman gia h\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u uy quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Louis XV \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m. N\u0103m 1740, Vua c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \"K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Vienna, Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.\""}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1740, khi nh\u00e0 vua \u0111ang \u0111i s\u0103n \u1edf Fontainebleau, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1m m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1o tin Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Karl VI b\u0103ng h\u00e0, con g\u00e1i l\u00e0 Maria Theresia c\u1ee7a \u00c1o l\u00ean k\u1ebf ng\u00f4i. Sau hai ng\u00e0y suy ngh\u0129, Louis tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, \"Trong v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, tr\u1eabm kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn. Tr\u1eabm v\u1eabn s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 tay trong t\u00fai, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea7u l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch.\" Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n th\u1eeba c\u01a1 x\u00e2u x\u00e9 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Habsburg, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Louis \u0111ang r\u1ea5t h\u0103ng m\u00e1u sau nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o. Nh\u00e0 vua Ph\u1ed5 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 5 v\u00e0 k\u1ebf v\u1ecb l\u00e0 con trai Friedrich \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean t\u00e0i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 to l\u1edbn. Tuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebf h\u1ea7u Bayern, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Friedrich \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebf ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a Maria Theresia, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1740, Friedrich x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn t\u1ec9nh Silesia c\u1ee7a \u00c1o. V\u1ecb H\u1ed3ng y gi\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Fleury kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng g\u00ec trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Fleury c\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n, Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng de Belle-Isle, Nguy\u00ean so\u00e1i Belle-Isle, ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Fouquet, c\u1ef1u Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh th\u1eddi Louis XIV, l\u00e0m s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Frankfurt, mang theo th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u Tuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebf h\u1ea7u Bayern l\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng \u00c1o. Nh\u01b0ng, Nguy\u00ean so\u00e1i do c\u0103m gh\u00e9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft minh v\u1edbi Ph\u1ed5 ch\u1ed1ng \u00c1o, chi\u1ebfn tranh do \u0111\u00f3 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. Qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Bayern nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u1ea5y Linz v\u00e0 l\u1eadp v\u00f2ng v\u00e2y \u1edf Prague. Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1741, Friedrich c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n \u00c1o t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn Molwitz. Ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 5, Fleury l\u1eadp li\u00ean minh m\u1edbi gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Bayern, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam Ba Lan v\u00e0 Sardegna. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u0103m 1742, t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ecb vua g\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf b\u00ean kia eo bi\u1ec3n, George II, ki\u00eam Tuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebf h\u1ea7u x\u1ee9 Hannover, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u00c1o v\u00e0 \u0111em qu\u00e2n giao tranh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ee9c. Qu\u00e2n Hungary c\u1ee7a Maria Theresa t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm Linz v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 Bayern c\u00f9ng Munich. Th\u00e1ng 6, Friedrich c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 r\u00fat li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p ngay sau khi chi\u1ebfm xong Silesia t\u1eeb tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o. Belleville ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Prague, t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t 8000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong b\u1ea3y n\u0103m, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u1edbi li\u00ean minh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Orry, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p, bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i thu\u1ebf 1/10 m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 chi\u1ebfn tranh. H\u1ed3ng y de Fleury \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn; \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1743, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 Louis tr\u1ecb v\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1744, H\u00e0 Lan tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 ch\u00fat chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed1t cho ph\u00eda Ph\u00e1p. Friedrich \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p. Louis XV r\u1eddi Versailles v\u00e0 th\u00e2n chinh d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 Lan, t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean so\u00e1i Maurice de Saxe, ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c. T\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn Fontenoy ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1745, Louis, d\u1eabn theo Th\u00e1i t\u1eed, gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng tr\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Anh, H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 \u00c1o. Khi Th\u00e1i t\u1eed x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u00e1u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh ch\u1ebft, nh\u00e0 vua b\u1ea3o, \"M\u00e0y n\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u00e1u c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u00e1u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.\" Saxe th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp theo t\u1ea1i Rocoux (1746) v\u00e0 Lauffeld (1747). N\u0103m 1746, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p bao v\u00e2y v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y Brussels, v\u00e0 Louis ca kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh. Nh\u00e0 vua ban cho de Saxe L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i de Chambord \u1edf thung l\u0169ng Loire \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Fleury ch\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1743, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Chi\u1ebfn tranh, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Noailles, d\u00e2ng bi\u1ec3u l\u00ean nh\u00e0 vua k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 Louis XIV t\u1eebng c\u0103n d\u1eb7n ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i \u00f4ng, c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Felipe V c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha; r\u1eb1ng: \"\u0110\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i; h\u00e3y l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1ee7ng th\u1ea7n hay th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. L\u1eafng nghe, tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1edd Ch\u00faa, m\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Vua; v\u00e0 h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 m\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t.\" Louis theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cai tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp t\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng. Hai v\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 n\u1eafm nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0; Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 b\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, Jean Baptiste de Machault D'Arnouville, v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 b\u1ed9 Binh, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc d'Argenson"}
+{"text": "Khi chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, Louis n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m n\u1ee3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh D'Arnouville \u0111\u01b0a ra r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 vua ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn qua hai s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh ban h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5, 1749. Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu, l\u1ea5y l\u00e3i 5%, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3 36 tri\u1ec7u livres d\u00f9ng cho chi\u1ebfn tranh. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi n\u00e0y ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0m h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf dixi\u00e8me, lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf 10% thu nh\u1eadp, v\u1ed1n l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhu c\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn tranh, thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng vingti\u00e8me, l\u1ea5y thu\u1ebf 5% thu nh\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 dixi\u00e8me, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean giai c\u1ea5p t\u0103ng l\u1eef v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Trong khi lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, nh\u01b0 Voltaire, n\u00f3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1749 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Paris, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf, d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 106/49; \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho c\u1ea7n th\u00eam th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t. Nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ra l\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 5. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong gi\u1edbi nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong khi Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Bourgogne, Provence v\u00e0 Artois tu\u00e2n theo l\u1ec7nh vua, Bretagne v\u00e0 Languedoc kh\u00e1ng m\u1ec7nh. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u00e0ng gia gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Bretagne, bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Languedoc tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Provence."}
+{"text": "\u1ede Paris, tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f9ng Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n n\u1ed5 ra v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 H\u00f4pital G\u00e9n\u00e9ral, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00e1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 6 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u1ea1m tr\u00fa \u1edf Paris, g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng 5000 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 quan ch\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c phe Jansen, trong khi ban Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Paris. N\u0103m 1749, nh\u00e0 vua quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thanh tr\u1eebng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Jansen v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tham nh\u0169ng kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \"B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e3o\" m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng theo \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y li\u1ec1n t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c; v\u00e0 vua b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m 4 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi; v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, Ren\u00e9 Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, l\u00e0m theo \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. De Maupeou t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tu\u00e2n l\u1ec7nh n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u1edf v\u00e0o k\u00ec ngh\u1ec9. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 11 khi Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i, Nh\u00e0 vua l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec7u Maupeou \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1eaft tu\u00e2n theo chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n. L\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n. Ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1752, Nh\u00e0 vua ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. Voltaire, mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, r\u1eb1ng, \"Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y ra \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady.\" \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tin, r\u1eb1ng Nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia."}
+{"text": "K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf l\u00ean nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u1ee7a vua c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. M\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, theo \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh k\u00ea khai thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1751, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai khai g\u00ec h\u1ebft. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1750, h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1ef1 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u00e0 1,500,000 livres. Theo ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi, thay v\u00ec n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd m\u1ed7i n\u0103m s\u1ebd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n d\u00e2ng n\u00f3 cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. S\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a vua cho nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u00e0 do gia s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, H\u1ed3ng y Fleury, d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c de Beaumont, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Jansen v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u00f2n t\u1ecf ra khoan dung v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua b\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4 t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "D\u00f9 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n lan r\u1ed9ng \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 \u00dd, n\u01a1i T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Belle-Isle bao v\u00e2y qu\u00e2n \u00c1o \u1edf Genoa. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e8 1757, Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 H\u00e0 Lan thu\u1ed9c \u00c1o (B\u1ec9 qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay). Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1748, Louis \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i Aix-en-Chapelle \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u1ecb k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi Maastricht b\u1ecb T\u01b0\u1edbng de Saxe chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1748. Anh, \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c b\u1edfi \u0111e d\u1ecda x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n li\u1ec1n d\u00f9 cho ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb \u00c1o v\u00e0 Sardegna. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong th\u00e1ng 9 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1748. Louis th\u00ec c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhanh b\u1edfi chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Anh \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Louis r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng; trong Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Aix-la-Chapelle, Louis \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan cho \u00c1o, Maastricht cho C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u00e0 Lan, Nice v\u00e0 Savoia cho Sardegna, v\u00e0 Madras cho \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c Anh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Parma v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c cho vua T\u00e2y Ban Nha, trong khi Anh trao cho Ph\u00e1p Louisburg v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Cape Breton, \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c Nova Scotia. Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 Stuart c\u1ee7a Anh."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac, Paris t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0103n m\u1eebng, nh\u01b0ng khi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1749, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 Stuart c\u1ee7a Anh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu d\u1eddi \u0111i, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Paris hoan ngh\u00eanh. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng anh ta b\u1ecb b\u1eaft ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1748 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y ra Switzerland. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 De Saxe, c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf H\u00e0 Lan thu\u1ed9c T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n H\u00e0 Lan th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n, n\u00ean l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u01a1ng thay v\u00ec m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. L\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o; \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y b\u1edfi Fleury v\u1ec1 \u0110i\u1ec1u r\u0103n th\u1ee9 7, c\u1ea5m l\u1ea5y t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng gian l\u1eadn hay b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. Louis th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n \"N\u1ebfu ai h\u1ecfi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, th\u00ec c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u00f3 ra th\u00eam n\u1eefa.\" \u00d4ng c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Voltaire, \"C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n h\u1eefu \u00edch h\u01a1n khi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Ph\u00e1p suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hai ho\u1eb7c ba th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Flemish m\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u00f9 d\u1eb1n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.\" Vua kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng giao ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Tin t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t cho \u00c1o g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u ho\u00e0i nghi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t \u00edt so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 B\u00eate comme la paix (\"Ngu nh\u01b0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\") v\u00e0 Travailler pour le roi de Prusse (\"L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho vua Ph\u1ed5\", i.e. l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec c\u00e1i v\u00ec c\u1ea3)."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb 1727 \u0111\u1ebfn 1737, Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu h\u1ea1 sinh 2 trai 8 g\u00e1i. Ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed, ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1729, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5n phong l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i t\u1eed (dauphin) k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ng\u00f4i vua, d\u00f9 anh ta ch\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Con trai th\u1ee9 hai, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Anjou, sinh 1730, m\u1ea5t 1733. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi con l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i \u1edf Versailles; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i \u1edf Tu vi\u1ec7n Fontevrault. Ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eef, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Madame Premiere, k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Felipe c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha, con trai th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a vua T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Elisabeth Farnese."}
+{"text": "Louis \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng r\u1ea5t y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c v\u00ec li\u00ean t\u1ee5c mang thai, nh\u00e0 vua b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u00f4ng l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb n\u1eef c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu, Louise Julie de Mailly, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng tu\u1ed5i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c x\u01b0a. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u00e1n t\u1ec9nh hay nghi th\u1ee9c, \u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn Mailly l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n phong b\u00e0 ta l\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb C\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng. Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Luynes b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn: \"Nh\u00e0 vua y\u00eau ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 can \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\" N\u0103m 1738, sau khi ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu s\u1ea9y thai, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u1ea5m b\u00e0 giao h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. Nh\u00e0 vua c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m khi ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ng\u1ee7 chung v\u1edbi b\u00e0 n\u1eefa. Bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, Louis t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn b\u00ed t\u00edch. H\u1ed3ng y de Fleury c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ea5y c\u00f4 nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh, song kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1740, nh\u00e0 vua h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd qua em g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Louise-Joulie, Pauline-F\u00e9licit\u00e9, H\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc de Vintimille, \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n. Pauline-F\u00e9licit\u00e9 mang thai v\u1edbi vua v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 m\u1eb9 l\u1eabn con \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft. Nh\u00e0 vua r\u1ea5t \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i. Sau khi \u00f4ng h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c, N\u1eef B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Mailly l\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cho Vua c\u00f4 em g\u00e1i \u00fat, Marie Anne de Mailly, v\u1ee3 g\u00f3a c\u1ee7a H\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc de Tournelle. Nh\u00e0 vua ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c say m\u00ea Marie-Anne; tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i b\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi tri\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. Vua nghe theo, ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1742, Marie-Anne \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m Phu nh\u00e2n h\u1ea7u ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau vua l\u1ec7nh cho ch\u1ecb b\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi tri\u1ec1u v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Paris. \u00d4ng t\u1ea5n phong nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh m\u1edbi l\u00e0m C\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9 Chateauroux. Quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua v\u1edbi ba ch\u1ecb em tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm trong kh\u1eafp tri\u1ec1u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Paris, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm ra \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00e2u k\u1ebft l\u00e0: \"H\u1ed1t h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u2013 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chung th\u1ee7y, hay l\u00e0 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh?\""}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1744, vua r\u1eddi Versailles \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb th\u00e2n chinh trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00c1o. Vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i b\u1edfi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebfu th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ec3 mang theo Marie-Anne de Mailly. Danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean x\u1ea5u \u0111i khi \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh mang theo Marie-Anne de Mailly. Th\u00e1ng 8, vua b\u1ec7nh n\u1eb7ng \u1edf Metz. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1eadn k\u1ec1, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 c\u1ea7u Ch\u00faa ph\u00f9 h\u1ed9 cho nh\u00e0 vua qua kh\u1ecfi. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 x\u00e1 t\u1ed9i cho vua n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng l\u00e0m theo \u00fd h\u1ecd; Marie-Anne r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi h\u1eadu cung nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 v\u1edbi vua m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau. L\u1eddi th\u00fa nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng khai khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00ea li\u1ec7t uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c Louis h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c sau c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh \"\u0110\u00e1ng y\u00eau\", s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Metz l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00c1o l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu \u0111i \u00e1c c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Louis, nh\u01b0ng sau n\u0103m 1748, t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 v\u1edbi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Aix-la-Chapelle, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u00e0n t\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng hay v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan truy\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i."}
+{"text": "Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi bi\u1ec7t danh Madame de Pompadour, l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Louis XV. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 con ngo\u1ea1i h\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n \u1edf Paris, \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, Charles Guillaume Lenormant d'Etoiles. B\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eaft t\u1edbi t\u1ecfng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i s\u0103n, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c g\u1eb7p \u00f4ng \u1edf bu\u1ed5i d\u1ea1 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi trang Carnaval n\u0103m 1745. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1ng 7, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5n phong t\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ea7u x\u1ee9 de Pompadour. Trong 20 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, b\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tri k\u1ec9 v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, gi\u00fap vua ch\u1ecdn ho\u1eb7c b\u00e3i nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c quan Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, bao g\u1ed3m Machault d'Aurnouville v\u00e0 H\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc d'Argenson, v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0 Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng de Choiseul, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng quan \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi Louis XV. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1750 b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua n\u1eefa nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. B\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5n phong l\u00e0m C\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1752, v\u00e0 Phu nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a cung Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1756, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 cho \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. B\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u1edf g\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 vua cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1764. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb suy s\u1ee5p tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 nh\u1ed1t m\u00ecnh trong ph\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n sau khi b\u00e0 m\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i T\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u; c\u00f3 \u00edt h\u01a1n 70.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3ng tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u1eeb S\u00f4ng Saint Lawrence \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Mississippi v\u00e0 Ohio xu\u1ed1ng Louisiana (\u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho \u00f4ng c\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 vua, Louis XIV); so v\u1edbi 300.000 \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Fort Duquesne \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi; Anh c\u0169ng c\u1eed George Washington \u0111em m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf x\u00e2y ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u1edf Fort Necessity, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m 1752, sau khi t\u01b0\u1edbng Joseph Coulon de Jumonville b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c Washington v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat lui."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ph\u00e1p - \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (kh\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh coi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9. N\u0103m 1755, Anh b\u1eaft gi\u1eef 300 t\u00e0u bu\u00f4n Ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1756, Louis g\u1eedi t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u01b0 cho Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. V\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau, ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1756, Friedrich \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 k\u00ed Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Westminster, k\u1ebft minh v\u1edbi Anh. Louis \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1756 khi k\u00ed hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 chung v\u1edbi \u00c1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Versailles. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00ecnh Ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, v\u00ec Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi \u00c1o v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9i chung tr\u1eddi trong su\u1ed1t 200 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Louis tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Anh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1756, v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. H\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Anh \u1edf Minorca n\u0103m 1756, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3o. Qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5 \u1edf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. H\u1ecd gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n Anh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Cumberland \u1edf Closterseven. \u0110\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Saxon v\u00e0 Hannover, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Vua George II. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t b\u00ean Ph\u00e1p, Maurice de Saxe, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft hai n\u0103m sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00c1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n m\u1edbi, Charles, V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Soubise, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng D'Estrees v\u00e0 Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng de Broglie gh\u00e9t nhau v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Th\u00e1ng 8, Friedrich c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1edbp nho\u00e1ng v\u00e0o Saxon v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1757, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f4ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn Rossbach. T\u00e2n Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Anh, William Pitt, ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Ferdinand x\u1ee9 Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel, v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Rhine, b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa t\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn Crefield ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 6. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng phong, \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ee9c d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Rhine."}
+{"text": "S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Anh ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 phi \u0111\u1ed9i h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Anh \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch v\u00e0o b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Cancale v\u00e0 Le Havre sau \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 l\u00ean Ile d'Aix v\u00e0 Le Havre. N\u0103m 1759 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh chi\u1ebfm Martinique v\u00e0 Guadeloupe mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y \u1ea4n, c\u00f9ng C\u1ea3ng Louis v\u00e0 Quebec. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n bu\u1ed9c Louis ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Anh qu\u1ed1c. \u1ede \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Pondicherry c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Anh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e2y. Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Pondicherry thu\u1ed9c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0169ng l\u00e2m nguy, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m sau. Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1860, Montreal \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, k\u1ebft th\u00fac n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Canada. Martinique r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh n\u0103m 1762."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1757, khi nh\u00e0 vua ng\u1ed3i xe ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e2n Grand Trianon Versailles, m\u1ed9t th\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u00ean, Robert-Fran\u00e7ois Damiens, \u0111\u1ea9y lui \u0111\u00e1m th\u1ecb v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 vua, d\u00f9ng con dao nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o b\u00ean h\u00f4ng vua. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb v\u1ec7 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef Damien, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua l\u1ec7nh cho h\u1ecd c\u1ea7m gi\u1eef nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i h\u1eafn ta. \u00d4ng \u0111i b\u1ed9 l\u00ean c\u1ea7u thang t\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Trianon, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf n\u1eb7ng. \u00d4ng cho \u0111\u00f2i b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c t\u1edbi, r\u1ed3i ng\u1ea5t \u0111i. Louis \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u kh\u1ecfi v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0y v\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o \u00f4ng m\u1eb7c d\u00e0y h\u01a1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Tin t\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n t\u1edbi Paris, \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng \u00c1o v\u00e0 vua Anh \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1eedi th\u01b0 c\u1ea7u ch\u00fac cho \u00f4ng h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c. Damien b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 coi c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau kh\u00f4ng, r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb x\u00e9t x\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Paris, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi vua trong m\u1ea5y n\u0103m n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n k\u1ebft \u00e1n Damiens \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u00e1n n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t; ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1757, Damien b\u1ecb x\u1eed ch\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n de Gr\u00e8ve t\u1ea1i Paris b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3i l\u1ea1p ph\u00e2n (treo c\u1ed5, ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 phanh th\u00e2y), thi th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111i. Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha, v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con g\u00e1i b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c anh ch\u1ecb em b\u1ecb b\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ecd. Nh\u00e0 vua h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c nhanh, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Duford de Chervrny, sau \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ebft: \"ai c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y khi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fac m\u1eebng ng\u00e0i h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c, B\u1ec7 h\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e1p, \"v\u00e2ng, tr\u1eabm kh\u1ecfe,\" nh\u01b0ng \u00f4m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 n\u00f3i, \"nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t t\u1ec7, v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh.\" Sau v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi th\u00e1i t\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 tham d\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Versailles, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u01a1p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u1eef Ph\u00e1p, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a \u00e1n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u1ecdn t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n gi\u00e0u mua gh\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Rouen v\u00e0 Provence, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u00e0 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Louis t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi\u1ebfn uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng gi\u00e1 mua ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3m theo. \u1ede Franche-Comte, Bordelaise v\u00e0 Rouen, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nghe l\u1ec7nh ho\u00e0ng gia. Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n khuy\u00ean nh\u00e0 vua kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 thu thu\u1ebf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f2a \u00e1n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7. N\u0103m 1761, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Normandy v\u00e0 Rouen \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft bi\u1ec3u tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 thu thu\u1ebf. Vua b\u00e1c b\u1ecf, tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 t\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u1ea5t phong c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n theo m\u1ec7nh nh\u00e0 vua, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 vua m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p ba ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m sau."}
+{"text": "Louis t\u1ea5n phong Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng de Choiseul l\u00e0m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1758, theo ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Madame de Pompadour. N\u0103m 1763, Choiseul \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng l\u00e0m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 b\u1ed9 Chi\u1ebfn tranh, c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9c \u1edf B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao chuy\u1ec3n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng de Praslin. V\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u00eam nhi\u1ec7m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. \u1ede trong h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u phe philisophe, bao g\u1ed3m Madame de Pompadour, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng xoa d\u1ecbu Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 phe Jansen. Tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i giao, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n m\u1ed9t \"Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc gia \u0111\u00ecnh\" v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 Bourbon c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha (1761); t\u1ee9c Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Paris n\u0103m 1761, v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Lorraine v\u00e0o Ph\u00e1p (1766) sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Stanis\u0142aw Leszczy\u0144ski, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Lorraine c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. \u00d4ng s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Corsica v\u00e0o Ph\u00e1p (1768), v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m ph\u00e1n h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n cho ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 vua, v\u1ecb vua t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai Louis XVI v\u1edbi Marie Antoinette c\u1ee7a \u00c1o (1770)."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1ea3y n\u0103m. Th\u1eddi Choiseul, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n s\u0129. Ph\u00e1o binh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Ph\u1ed5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. N\u0103m 1763, H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 47 t\u00e0u v\u00e0 20 chi\u1ebfm h\u1ea1m h\u1ea1ng nh\u00ec, nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n ba l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng gia Anh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u00f4ng cho \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 80 t\u00e0u v\u00e0 45 chi\u1ebfm h\u1ea1m h\u1ea1ng nh\u00ec m\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1764, b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, Madame Pompadour v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 Ngo\u1ea1i giao, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng de Chosieul, Louis quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c d\u00f2ng T\u00ean ra kh\u1ecfi Ph\u00e1p. D\u00f2ng t\u00ean \u1edf Ph\u00e1p g\u1ed3m 3.500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi; h\u1ecd c\u00f3 150 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, bao g\u1ed3m 85 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Ph\u00e1p; nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m Voltaire v\u00e0 Diderot. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, ch\u1ee9c danh c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Henri IV, thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng T\u00ean. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng t\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1760 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01a1i phe Gallican, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, chi\u1ebfm th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i d\u00f2ng T\u00ean, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd l\u1ebd l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n vua v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Brasil n\u0103m 1759 v\u00ec xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.."}
+{"text": "\u1ede Ph\u00e1p, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p d\u00f2ng T\u00ean. Ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1762, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Rouen tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7t d\u00f2ng T\u00ean ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, c\u1ea5m h\u1ecd v\u00e0o tri\u1ec1u l\u00e0m quan ho\u1eb7c \u0111i d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd th\u1ec1 b\u1ecf \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 4 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1762, c\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Rennes, Bordeaux, Paris v\u00e0 Metz c\u0169ng tham gia v\u00e0o, ti\u1ebfp theo v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1763 t\u1ea1i Aix, Toulouse, Pau, Dijon v\u00e0 Grenoble. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n x\u1ee9 Besan\u00e7on, Douai, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1edf Colmar, Flanders, Alsace v\u00e0 Franche-Compt\u00e9, th\u00eam C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Lorraine, do ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu l\u00e0 Stanis\u0142aw tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, v\u1eabn \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng T\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i d\u00f2ng T\u00ean khi\u1ebfn ho\u00e0ng gia b\u1ecb chia r\u1ebd; th\u00e1i t\u1eed, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa c\u00f9ng Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng T\u00ean, c\u00f2n Madame de Pompadaour, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn trong tri\u1ec1u v\u00e0 b\u1ecb d\u00f2ng T\u00ean ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, mu\u1ed1n \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ecd. Nh\u00e0 vua do s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng hai n\u0103m sau \u00f4ng s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u00fd c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. D\u00f2ng T\u00ean r\u1eddi \u0111i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n \u1edf Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Nga. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c d\u00f2ng T\u00ean l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i thay v\u00ec c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Choiseul, nhi\u1ec1u Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n t\u1ec9nh v\u1eabn tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n, song t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tu\u00e2n theo \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd vua hay c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi. Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Franche-Comt\u00e9 \u1edf Besan\u00e7on t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i thu thu\u1ebf vingtieme do nh\u00e0 vua ban \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho chi\u1ebfn tranh, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p thu\u1ebf. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c sa th\u1ea3i Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n th\u00fac t\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Normandy li\u1ec1n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Besan\u00e7on; b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft ra nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u00f3 l\u1eddi l\u1ebd ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1760, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p: \"M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n; lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p; h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh nh\u00e0 vua ph\u1ea3i cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i v\u00e2ng theo C\u00f4ng L\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ai ngo\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c B\u1ec7 h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u00eang li\u00eang n\u00e0y... nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Ng\u00e0i, v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, h\u00e3y gi\u1eef l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a.\" Nh\u00e0 vua c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1761 r\u1eb1ng khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \"ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Tr\u1eabm v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tr\u1eabm ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eefng mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ta... v\u00e0 Tr\u1eabm tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i th\u01b0 n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i.\" C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Besan\u00e7on v\u1eabn b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n th\u00fac."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u00e0m c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t Ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1; khi Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m lo cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh; n\u0103m 1759 Ph\u00e1p chi 19 tri\u1ec7u livres cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, khi Choiseul l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n th\u00ec gi\u1ea3m 1/3 (1761). Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 b\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh m\u1edbi, \u00c9tienne de Silhouette \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o b\u1ecdn nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u; thu\u1ebf ng\u1ef1a, xa, l\u1ee5a, tranh v\u1ebd, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n xa x\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng b\u1ecdn nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u; Silhouette b\u1ecb sa th\u1ea3i sau 8 th\u00e1ng. Vua tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1, l\u00e0m n\u00f3 tan ch\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n."}
+{"text": "Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh m\u1edbi, Henri Bertin, do Madame Pompadour ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5n phong ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1759, gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 thu\u1ebf xa x\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf badyo g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi danh s\u00e1ch n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf, ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf Norman v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, nh\u00e0 vua nghe theo Madame de Pomapdour v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh; thu h\u1ed3i Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh, Bertin b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thu thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi; c\u00f2n n\u1ee3 v\u1eabn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed3ng."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Anh v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vua George II ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1760; Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Anh, William Pitt t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1761, Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Napoli v\u00e0 Parma, li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Bourbon, k\u00ed v\u00e0o \"Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh gia \u0111\u00ecnh\" th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t cam k\u1ebft h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau n\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t k\u00ec b\u00ean n\u00e0o b\u1ecb t\u1ea5nc \u00f4ng. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd k\u00ed m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u1edbi Carlos III c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha cho ph\u00e9p T\u00e2y Ban Nha tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Anh n\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u01b0a k\u1ebft th\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1ng 5 1762. Nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin n\u00e0y, William Pitt mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Anh, George III, kh\u00f4ng nghe. Qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Friedrich \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ec v\u1edbi \u00c1o v\u00e0 Nga, nh\u01b0ng Friedrich \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u b\u1edfi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Elizaveta c\u1ee7a Nga n\u0103m 1762, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf ng\u00f4i l\u00e0 Pyotr III, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua th\u00e2n Ph\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "Choiseul ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1761, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf th\u1ebf th\u1eafng. \u00d4ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c S\u1edf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 cho ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn, t\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n. Qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha, theo minh \u01b0\u1edbc, ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a Anh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Hess-Kassel c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p g\u1eb7p th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n Ph\u1ed5, v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e1nh B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00f4 c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 v\u1ec1; v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 l\u00ean Martinique v\u00e0 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Cuba c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Choiseul quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u0110\u00e0m ph\u00e1n s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Fontainebleau ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1762, k\u1ebft th\u00fac xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa Anh - Ph\u00e1p - T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ed \u1edf Paris ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1763. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn; Ph\u00e1p m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf T\u00e2y \u1ea4n; Marie Galante, Tobago v\u00e0 La Desiderade, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Anh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t Guadaloupe, Martinique, v\u00e0 Santa Lucia, v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. T\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Canada, France ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea3o Cape Breton v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng Saint-Laurence; thung l\u0169ng Ohio, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u1edd t\u00e2y s\u00f4ng Mississippi. Louis ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 2; c\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Louis XV (nay l\u00e0 Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n de la Concorde)"}
+{"text": "M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng 1763 - 1764 th\u1eadt kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t; Madame de Pompadour b\u1ecb vi\u00eam ph\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 4. Nh\u00e0 vua b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 tang l\u1ec5, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n trong tri\u1ec1u v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean thay th\u1ebf cho Madame de Pompadour; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 N\u1eef c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Gramont, ch\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Choiseul, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1765, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda Parc-aux-Cerfs, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n t\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Paris, n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1764, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Navarra \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i Pau, t\u1ec9nh nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n thu thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. Nh\u00e0 vua h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 thay ch\u1ee9c Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng gia. Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Toulouse, Besan\u00e7on v\u00e0 Rouen ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, vua kh\u00f4ng nghe. N\u0103m 1765, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Bretagne \u1edf Renis b\u00e1c b\u1ecf th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u00e1p thu\u1ebf t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. Vua tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn Versailles, v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecd. Song kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3; khi nh\u00e0 vua cho d\u00e1n s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh l\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 Rennes, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n li\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u01a1 xu\u1ed1ng. Nh\u00e0 vua xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfu c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n r\u1eddi Rennes, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u1edf Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n li\u1ec1n \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1765 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t bi k\u1ecbch cho ho\u00e0ng gia; th\u00e1i t\u1eed m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh lao. Anh ta \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p nh\u00e0 vua t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Containebleau. Th\u00e1i t\u1eed th\u0103ng h\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1765. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con trai Th\u00e1i t\u1eed, v\u1ecb vua t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai Louis XVI, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i t\u1eed \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 vua. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft trong di chi\u1ebfu, r\u1eb1ng: \"N\u1ebfu tr\u1eabm c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do c\u1ed1 \u00fd, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00f2 t\u00e1 nh\u01b0 tr\u1eabm mong mu\u1ed1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\""}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1766, trong khi nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f2n kh\u00f3c tang th\u00e1i t\u1eed, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Bretagne l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i thu thu\u1ebf. Khi \u00f4ng t\u1ecf ra ph\u1edbt l\u1edd, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Rennes v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Rouen l\u1ea1i d\u00e2ng th\u01b0, ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n r\u1eb1ng vua b\u1ecf ph\u1edbt l\u1edd \"l\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c gia trong ng\u00e0y gia mi\u1ec7n.\" Khi nh\u00e0 vua nghe t\u1edbi \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng ng\u1eaft l\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 sai; \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i ch\u00faa, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1766, ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i gi\u1edd sau khi th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111i t\u1eeb Versailles \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Paris \u1edf Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n de la Cit\u00e9 v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \"Tr\u1eabm l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c hay chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi ai h\u1ebft. Tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ta m\u00e0 ra... \" B\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, li\u1ec1n b\u1ecb b\u00e1o ch\u00ed cho l\u00e0 \"c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng roi,\" v\u00e0 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh kh\u1eafp trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 vua k\u00e9o d\u00e0i r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u, song kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Madame de Pompadour, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong tri\u1ec1u t\u00ecm c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i thay th\u1ebf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u00e0 ta, bao g\u1ed3m C\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9 Gramont, ch\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Choiseul, n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng trong tri\u1ec1u khi \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 vua l\u1ea1i quay qua s\u1ee7ng \u00e1i Jeanne B\u00e9cu, N\u1eef B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc du Barry. B\u00e0 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n vua t\u1edbi 33 tu\u1ed5i. L\u00e0 con ngo\u00e0i h\u00f4n th\u00fa c\u1ee7a Anne B\u00e9cu, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 may. B\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y n\u1edfi Dames de Sacre-Coeur, v\u00e0 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u1eddi trang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng, Jean du Barry. B\u00e0 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t salon, thu h\u00fat r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. V\u00ec Jean du Barry \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 danh d\u1ef1, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea3 cho em trai \u00f4ng ta, Guillaume, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ng\u0169. H\u1ecd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1768 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, Guillaume d\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u1edf Languedoc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00eam v\u1edbi v\u1ee3. Qua m\u00f4i gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn Versailles, n\u01a1i Nh\u00e0 vua g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u00e0 h\u1edbp h\u1ed3n. \u00d4ng m\u1eddi b\u00e0 t\u1edbi Fontaineblau, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb b\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Versailles. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u1edf tri\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng de Choiseul b\u1ecb nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3 \u00ea ch\u1ec1, c\u00f2n phe ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng th\u00ec vui m\u1eebng."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 vua s\u1edbm cho b\u00e0 \u1edf Cung Verssailles, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1771 trao cho b\u00e0 Pavillon de Louveciennes m\u1edbi x\u00e2y. Choiseul t\u1ecf ra \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi DuBarry, ngo\u00e0i ra Marie Antoinette, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ebfn in Versailles v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Th\u00e1i t\u00f4n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1770, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u01b0a b\u00e0. Marie m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 N\u1eef B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 sau \"M\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt ngu xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ng\u1edb ng\u1ea5n kh\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\". Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 vua v\u1eabn gi\u1eef du Barry b\u00ean m\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u1edbi \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a du Barry t\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n. Ngo\u00e0i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, phe ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n trong Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng k\u00edch nh\u00e0 vua. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng t\u1edd r\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. M\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau, d\u01b0\u1edbi Th\u1eddi k\u00ec Kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1o, N\u1eef B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb ph\u00e1i Jacobins coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169; b\u00e0 b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1793."}
+{"text": "L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng qua hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n; C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Lorraine, do nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 vua, Stanis\u0142aw tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Ph\u00e1p sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 27-28 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1766. Vi\u1ec7c thu ph\u1ee5c Corse ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Genoa, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Corse \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1755 b\u1edfi Pasquale Paoli, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea3o. C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Genoa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, cho ph\u00e9p Louis g\u1eedi qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. Khi chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac, h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p theo Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Versailles ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1768. Louis g\u1eedi 27.000 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p phi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n Corse. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1769, cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf Corse b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn Ponte Novu, v\u00e0 Paoli l\u01b0u vong sang Anh. N\u0103m 1770 \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua. Fran\u00e7ois Quesnay l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a vua, t\u1eebng ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb cho Madame de Pompadour, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, \"Tableau Economique\" (1758), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u00fa \u00fd: Louis g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 \"nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ta.\" H\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng g\u1ed3m H\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc de Mirabeau v\u00e0 Adam Smith. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \"quan li\u00eau\" (ngh\u0129a \u0111en \"Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u00e0n\"). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 b\u1ed9 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, Jacques Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. C\u00e2u kh\u1ea9u ng\u1eef n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a De Gournay, laissez faire, laissez passer (\"n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua\") v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do."}
+{"text": "De Gournay v\u00e0 Quesnay \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u1eb1m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1. Theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Quesnay v\u00e0 de Gournay, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 b\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Louis, Henri Bertin, l\u1eadp ra Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1763 Bertin ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb cho ph\u00e9p l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thu thu\u1ebf. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1764, Bertin l\u1ea1i cho ph\u00e9p xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c t\u1eeb 27 c\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00ean 36. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u00f4ng l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn quanh Paris, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Paris, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a cho gi\u00e1 ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, n\u1ebfu m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ebd \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng gi\u00e1 ng\u0169 g\u1ed1c c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng sau nh\u1eefng n\u0103m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00e9m nh\u01b0 1766, 1767 v\u00e0 1768 th\u00ec gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Paris v\u00e0 Rouen, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. T\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y r\u1ed9 l\u00ean tin \u0111\u1ed3n hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 \"Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i\", \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eb1m c\u1ed1 \u00fd h\u1ea1 g\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng cho cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng de Choiseul \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u1edbi v\u1edbi Anh. N\u0103m 1764, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda, \u00f4ng m\u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o sinh vi\u00ean cho H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1eeba th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. N\u0103m 1769, \u00f4ng n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1eddng Naval l\u00ean chu\u1ea9n H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o s\u0129 quan cho h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n m\u1edbi. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. \u00d4ng c\u1ea5p cho H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o m\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eafng m\u1ea5y th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 sau th\u1eddi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Napoleon. D\u1ef1a theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u1edf Ph\u1ed5, \u00f4ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, theo \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh b\u1eaft trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1ea3y n\u0103m. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng binh c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u1edf Toulon, Brest v\u00e0 Rochefort, \u00f4ng m\u1edf th\u00eam hai x\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eefa \u1edf Marseille (1762) v\u00e0 Lorient (1764). C\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00eam t\u00e0u; n\u0103m 1772, H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u00f3 66 t\u00e0u ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng, 35 chi\u1ebfm h\u1ea1m h\u1ea1ng hai v\u00e0 21 t\u00e0u h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi. \u00d4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Anh qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1eaft c\u1ea7u t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Anh. Khi Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng de Broglie bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thu thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft cho nh\u00e0 vua: \"Th\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t t\u00f2 m\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd ra sao, v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00f4ng.\""}
+{"text": "Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn m\u1edbi khi Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Bretagne, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u1ec7nh \u00e1p thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. Vua li\u1ec1n g\u1eedi th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi em h\u1ecd, Carlos III c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfn tranh, r\u1eb1ng, \"S\u1ef1 \u00eam d\u1ecbu v\u00e0 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn Qu\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u01b0ng Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n, l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u0111ang c\u1ed1 tranh bi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. Qu\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m theo \u00fd c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebf s\u1eb5n c\u00f3...\" Ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 12, nh\u00e0 vua g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 ng\u1eafn cho Choiseul, c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng ta v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u1edf Chateloup. M\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Choiseul xin th\u00eam hai ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, Nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng theo. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y trong l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng de Broglie, nh\u00e0 vua cho r\u1eb1ng, \"Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Choiseuls qu\u00e1 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ho\u00e0ng gia.\""}
+{"text": "\u01afu ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Maupeou l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Paris tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. Ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1771, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1 l\u00e2m qu\u00e2n x\u00f4ng v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi Paris tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea, c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e1ng 2 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01a1n; Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u1ee7a 6 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng cao c\u1ea5p m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t x\u1eed nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 \u00e1n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c b\u00e1c b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Paris th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n t\u1ec9nh, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7t lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00e1p thu\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau khi vua b\u0103ng, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng d\u1eady v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edfng tu vi\u1ec7n Terray l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c s\u01b0, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mang t\u00ednh th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u1eefng tai ti\u1ebfng. \u00d4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thu thu\u1ebf; m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o thanh tra thu\u1ebf, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng t\u00ednh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Khi \u00f4ng ta nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch 60 tri\u1ec7u livres, v\u00e0 n\u1ee3 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 100 tri\u1ec7u livres. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1774, thu nh\u1eadp t\u0103ng l\u00ean 60 tri\u1ec7u livres v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 20 tri\u1ec7u livres. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1763 v\u00e0 1764; nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 Choiseul b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i, ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng. Nh\u00e0 vua khuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng minh v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1eadu em h\u1ecd Carlos III c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha d\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tranh ch\u1ea5p \u1edf Falkland Islands, tr\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1ed5 ra. Choiseul, qu\u00e1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Anh Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1edd \u0111i ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u1edf Vienna. Trong khi Nga v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u0111ang x\u00e2u x\u00e9 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, Ba Lan. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng minh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng b\u1ecb Nga v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5 \u0111e d\u1ecda x\u00e2u x\u00e9 sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua Adolf Fredrik n\u0103m 1771. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed ho\u00e0ng gia (th\u00e1i t\u1eed Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n), Gustav l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111ang \u1edf Paris. \u00d4ng g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t Louis XV v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 vua. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Louis, Secret de Roi, Gustave III tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Stockholm. Ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1772, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u00e0ng gia, Gustav d\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn, b\u1eaft giam c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 hai ng\u00e0y sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 Gia mi\u1ec7n. Nga v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau ph\u00e2n chia Ba Lan, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o."}
+{"text": "Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi Louis, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Versailles g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t m\u1edb l\u00f9m x\u00f9m. Marie-Antoinette, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p sau h\u00f4n l\u1ec5, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u0103m gh\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, Madame du Barry. Nh\u00e0 vua trao cho Madame du Barry m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ef1c k\u00ec xa hoa \u1edf t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng; Madame du Barry c\u0169ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu Petit Trianon v\u00e0 Pavillon de Louveciennes, nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua x\u00e2y cho Madame de Pompadour.Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ecb chia r\u1ebd gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n Madame du Barry, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c cao tu\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0 Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng de Choiseul c\u00f9ng Marie-Antoinette, khinh mi\u1ec7t b\u00e0 ta. Nh\u00e0 vua ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed5 m\u1ed9c, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Opera \u1edf Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Versailles, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp h\u00f4n l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u00f4n v\u1edbi Marie-Antoinete, v\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Lous XV (nay l\u00e0 Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n de la Concorde) t\u1ea1i Paris, ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e0 vua, theo ki\u1ec3u Louis XIV \u1edf Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Vend\u00f4me."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1774, Nh\u00e0 vua r\u1eddi Petit Trianon v\u1edbi Madame du Barry v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c theo t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng, c\u00f3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 vua b\u1ecb \u1ed1m. \u00d4ng tham d\u1ef1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i s\u0103n ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ed3i xe ng\u1ef1a thay v\u00ec tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a. Chi\u1ec1u h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng v\u1eabn \u1ed1m, v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u ki\u1ebfn quan ng\u1ef1 y, Le Marini\u00e9re. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129, nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Versailles \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb, \u0111i theo \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Madame du Barry c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. S\u00e1u b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111o nh\u1ecbp tim c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 ch\u00edch m\u00e1u ba l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Khi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u1ed1t s\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecf n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean da \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 petite variole, hay b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a, khi\u1ebfn ai n\u1ea5y th\u1edf ph\u00e0o, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec1u tin r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i t\u00f4n v\u00e0 Marie-Antoinette, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi, v\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7ng ng\u1eeba. Madame du Barry v\u1eabn \u1edf b\u00ean \u00f4ng. M\u1ea5y gi\u1edd sau, m\u1ea5y n\u1ed1t s\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecf n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u lo ng\u1ea1i cho t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. S\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 5, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Paris \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf trong ph\u00f2ng nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m \u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. Nh\u00e0 vua v\u1eabn t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o v\u00e0 vui v\u1ebb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 5, \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng n\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eadu tr\u00ean tay, b\u00e8n tri\u1ec7u T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn, b\u1ea3o, \"Tr\u1eabm c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y n\u1ed1t s\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf.\" T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3ng cho \u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho nh\u1eefng nghi l\u1ec5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. T\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng tri\u1ec7u Madame du Barry \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u00f3i cho b\u00e0 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i, \"Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i v\u1ee5 b\u00ea b\u1ed1i Metz. N\u1ebfu tr\u1eabm bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay, th\u00ec n\u00e0ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e2u. Tr\u1eabm n\u1ee3 Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 n\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi \u0111i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y mai.\" Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 5, \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho nghi th\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. C\u0103n b\u1ec7nh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t t\u00e1c; m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m vua ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 5, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng de Croy, so s\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t nh\u00e0 vua, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed1t s\u1ea7n \u0111en do c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a, \"m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\""}
+{"text": "Louis gi\u00e1 b\u0103ng l\u00fac 3:15 s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1774."}
+{"text": "R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0y c\u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Louis XV. Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng de Croy vi\u1ebft: \"\u00d4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, d\u00e1ng \u0111i\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng can \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc...nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u. \u00d4ng lu\u00f4n n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i lu\u00f4n tin r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh sai... \u00d4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u00e1m t\u1ef1 \u00fd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ngay c\u1ea3 khi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd... Louis XIV lu\u00f4n r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 tin, nh\u01b0ng Louis XV th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh \u0111\u00f3. Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 khi\u00ean t\u1ed1n qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef; \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3i cho \u00f4ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd chi ph\u1ed1i \u00f4ng; g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh; c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.\""}
+{"text": "L\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 Louis XV (hay \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 Madame de Pompadour) l\u00e0 \"Apres nous, le deluge\" (\"Sau ch\u00fang ta, tr\u1eadn l\u0169 l\u1edbn\"). L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1m b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. C\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u lan truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1757, khi qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb thua tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n Ph\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn Rossbach v\u00e0 v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 vua. \"Tr\u1eadn l\u0169 l\u1edbn\" d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Sao ch\u1ed5i Halley, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 s\u1ebd qu\u00e9t qua Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1757, sao ch\u1ed5i b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra tr\u1eadn l\u0169 l\u1ee5t theo m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn l\u0169 l\u1edbn khi n\u00f3 \u0111i qua. Nh\u00e0 vua l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. S\u1eed gia Michel Antoine vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nh\u00e0 vua \"\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi \u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111en t\u1ed1i, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m x\u1ea5u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Damiens v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1ed5.\" Sao ch\u1ed5i Haley cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng qu\u00e9t qua Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1759, khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 lo l\u1eafng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1eadn l\u0169 n\u00e0o h\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "Louis l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac; \u00f4ng tr\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n ra x\u00e2y c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed5 m\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 Louis XIV. C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 cho \u00f4ng, Ange-Jacques Gabriel. Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m Ecole Militaire (1751-1770); Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Louis XV (nay l\u00e0 Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n de la Concorde (1763\u201383); Petit Trianon t\u1ea1i Versailles (1762\u201364), v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Opera t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Versailles. Louis cho kh\u1edfi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Saint-Genevi\u00e8ve, nay l\u00e0 Pantheon (1758\u201390). \u00d4ng c\u0169ng cho x\u00e2y c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a cao \u1ed1c \u1edf trung t\u00e2m Nancy, Bordeaux, v\u00e0 Rennes. C\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra \u0111\u1ed3 gia d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ee9, th\u1ea3m d\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c theo phong c\u00e1ch Louis XV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 vua, ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con g\u00e1i h\u1ecdc ch\u01a1i clavecin, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Fran\u00e7ois Couperin. Nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 tr\u1ebb Mozart \u0111\u1ebfn Paris v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft 2 sonata clavecin v\u00e0 violin t\u1eb7ng cho Madame Victoire, con g\u00e1i nh\u00e0 vua. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n vua, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 Louis XIV, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc nh\u1ea3y ballet nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ea3y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, n\u0103m 1725. Nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Jean Philippe Rameau, l\u00e0 so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1740 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1750, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft h\u01a1n 30 v\u1edf opera cho Louis v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Louis XV, ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u theo \u00fd c\u1ee7a Madame de Pompadour, l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 l\u1edbn cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m cho Fran\u00e7ois Boucher v\u1ebd nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh sinh ho\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nh\u1eefng gia trang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Versailles, v\u00e0 trao cho \u00f4ng ta ch\u1ee9c H\u1ecda s\u0129 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua n\u0103m 1765. Nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 vua bao g\u1ed3m Jean-Baptiste Oudry, Maurice Quentin de la Tour, Jean Marc Nattier, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc Edme Bouchardon. Bouchardon \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng kh\u1eafc h\u00ecnh Louis XV c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Louis XV cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Phong tr\u00e0o Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p, v\u1ec1 sau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Phong tr\u00e0o Khai s\u00e1ng manh nha v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Louis XV; n\u0103m 1746 Diderot xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n Pensees philisophiques, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 1749 v\u1edbi Lettres sur les Aveugles v\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Encyclop\u00e9die, n\u0103m 1751. Montesquieu xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n De l'esprit des Lois n\u0103m 1748. Voltaire cho ra r\u1eddi le Siecle de Louis XIV v\u00e0 l'Essai sur les moeurs et l'esprit des nations n\u0103m 1756. Rousseau tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang t\u1eeb 1750 sau khi Discours sur les sciences et les arts \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ebfn 1755 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi Discours sur les origins et les fundaments de l'in\u00e9galit\u00e9. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Mirabeau gi\u00e0, Fran\u00e7ois Quesnay v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu \u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u00e0ng gia, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00e0i kh\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Louis XV ban \u0111\u1ea7u cho ph\u00e9p xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y; quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7u Encylopedie \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cho n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ban \u0111\u1ea7u bao g\u1ed3m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, bao g\u1ed3m Rousseau, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 4000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00fd t\u00ean. chie \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn, sau v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00f4ng k\u00edch Encylop\u00e9die v\u1edbi l\u00fd do n\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. Nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Diderot kh\u1ecfi danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1759 Encyclop\u00e9die ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m."}
+{"text": "Rousseau g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vang d\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1756 v\u1edbi v\u1edf opera Devin du Village, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 vua m\u1eddi t\u1edbi Versailles, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft H\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i k\u00eau g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1762. Ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u00f4ng \u0111i lang thang kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh tr\u1edf Paris, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft trong c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c n\u0103m 1778. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u1eddi Louis XV, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng sau khi h\u1ecd l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Louis XVI n\u0103m 1789."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1740 Voltaire \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u01b0ng do xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m (\u00f4ng l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 cha \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Jansen) khi\u1ebfn Vua v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba m\u1eaft, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Versailles. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Berlin, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho Friedrich \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Gen\u00e8ve v\u00e0 Savoia c\u00e1ch xa Paris. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Voltaire \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Louis XV ch\u00fa \u00fd; khi Nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf nh\u01b0 nhau, v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \"Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vua! C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n! Tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd cho ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i!...Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00f2a \u00e1n n\u00e0o d\u00e1m tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng.\" Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o, g\u00e2y n\u00e3o l\u00f2ng cho Voltaire. Khi nh\u00e0 vua b\u0103ng h\u00e0, Voltaire vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y, \"56 n\u0103m, qua \u0111i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.\""}
+{"text": "D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Louis XV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t anh h\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Louis c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc gia Edm\u00e9 Bouchardon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00c1o. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1763, sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1ea3y n\u0103m. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi vua, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Bouchardon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c ch\u01b0ng ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c danh ti\u1ebfng cho n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng suy vong. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i on the Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Louis XV v\u00e0 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng."}
+{"text": "N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Louis XV \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c, hao m\u00f2n ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1, l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u00e0o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd r\u1ed3i s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, n\u1ed5 ra ch\u1ec9 15 n\u0103m sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Norman Davies m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1eddi Louis XV nh\u01b0 \"m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7,\" \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ea3m b\u1ea1i, xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed3i k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Jerome Blum g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb m\u00e3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn.\""}
+{"text": "Theo Kenneth N. Jassie v\u00e0 Jeffrey Merrick, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t, b\u00e0i th\u01a1 v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \"b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y,\" \"Gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n,\" kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y v\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Louis l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thao t\u00fang t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Jassie v\u00e0 Merrick l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u0103m 1994 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua li\u00ean quan nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ch\u00ea c\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Vua kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y quan t\u00e2m tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u0103m th\u00f9 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u00e0 vua, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd \u0103n m\u1eebng khi vua ch\u1ebft. N\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u2014 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian n\u1eefa \u2014 nh\u01b0ng Louis XV \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb di s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "N\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 chi ti\u00eau th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, m\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p 1789. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Colin Jones l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011 r\u1eb1ng Louis XV \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng: \"Nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1ea3y n\u0103m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.\".. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Louis, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng danh ti\u1ebfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh cho C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. Olivier Bernier trong quy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed n\u0103m 1984 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Louis v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. Trong 59 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0o b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda x\u00e2, l\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh l\u00e0 Le Bien-aim\u00e9 (\u0111\u00e1ng y\u00eau). Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho \u00f4ng khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh n\u1eb7ng \u1edf Metz n\u0103m 1744. Vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng sa th\u1ea3i Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Paris v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c quan \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u, Choisieul, n\u0103m 1771, l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh ph\u1ee7 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tham nh\u0169ng. \u00d4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia. Bernier l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng, Louis XVI, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e1nh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Louis XV b\u1ecb b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd 15 n\u0103m sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u1eafm nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phu qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu th\u00e2n h\u1ecd c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh nh\u00e0 vua m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a Louis XV l\u1ea5y d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Binh l\u01b0u gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i, r\u1eb1ng phu qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Fran\u00e7oise de Ch\u00e2lus b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00c1o (1747) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 con. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Louis, Comte de Narbonne-Lara l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c cho quan h\u1ec7 cha con. M\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Louis m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t gi\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa \u00f4ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua."}
+{"text": "L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ukraina c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nga b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IX c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean khi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0110\u00f4ng Slav v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia Rus Kiev h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII. Khi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u00e0 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng, Rus Kiev b\u1ecb M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1nh tan v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea3nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Sau khi M\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 suy y\u1ebfu, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ukraina l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Ba Lan, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Nga. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, khi Nga b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i hai \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ukraina \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m trong \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga. N\u0103m 1922, Ukraina tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a theo th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u1eb1m trong Li\u00ean X\u00f4. N\u0103m 1991, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Ukraina l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, Ukraina \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Tuy nhi\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf Ukraina v\u1eabn g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ukraina \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 4500 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, khi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Cucuteni th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c l\u1edbn bao ph\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Ukraina hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m Trypillia v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng Dnieper-Dniester. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cimmeria, Scythia, v\u00e0 Sarmatia. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 700 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean t\u1edbi 200 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Scythian, hay Scythia. Sau n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3, nh\u01b0 Tyras, Olbia, v\u00e0 Hermonassa, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, tr\u00ean b\u1edd ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Goths s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f9ng nh\u01b0ng n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hung t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 370 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean. \u1ede th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4ng Ukraina l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Bulgaria C\u1ed5. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f3, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Bulgar di c\u01b0 theo nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khazar."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IX, \u0111a ph\u1ea7n Ukraina hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Rus', h\u1ecd l\u1eadp ra N\u01b0\u1edbc Rus Kiev. N\u01b0\u1edbc Rus Kiev bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ukraina, Belarus hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga hi\u1ec7n nay. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 X v\u00e0 XI, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp sau, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga. Kiev, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Ukraina hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nga. Theo Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u Nga ban \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Varangian t\u1eeb Scandinavia. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Varangian sau n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Slav\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Nga \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Rurik. Kievan Rus' g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c do c\u00e1c Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed nh\u00e0 Rurik c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau cai tr\u1ecb. Khu v\u1ef1c Kiev, c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tranh gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed nh\u00e0 Rurik v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho cu\u1ed9c tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Rus Kiev b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Vladimir V\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i (980\u20131015), \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Rus' theo Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o Byzantine. Trong th\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con trai \u00f4ng, Yaroslav Th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i (1019\u20131054), n\u01b0\u1edbc Rus Kiev \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhanh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia khi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c trong v\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Vladimir Monomakh (1113\u20131125) v\u00e0 con trai \u00f4ng Mstislav (1125\u20131132), n\u01b0\u1edbc Rus Kiev cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tan r\u00e3 th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Mstislav."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV, Galicia-Volhynia b\u1ecb Casimir \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ba Lan chinh ph\u1ee5c, tuy v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Nga, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Kiev, r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay Gediminas c\u1ee7a L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Litva sau Tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00ean S\u00f4ng Irpen'. Sau n\u0103m 1386 Li\u00ean minh Krevo, m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Ba Lan v\u00e0 Litva, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ukraina b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Litva \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng Ruthenia ho\u00e1 cai tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Litva. \u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Ruthenia v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ruthenia nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n La tinh ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \"Rus'\", b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina."}
+{"text": "T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1569, Li\u00ean minh Lublin th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Kh\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung Ba Lan-Litva, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ukraina \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu Litva sang cho b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Ba Lan, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao cho Vua Ba Lan. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Ba Lan ho\u00e1 \u0111a ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ruthenia chuy\u1ec3n theo C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Ba Lan. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n Ukraina, m\u1ea5t \u0111i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Ruthenia, quay sang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cozak, h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng quay sang d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba Lan v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ki\u1ec3u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cozak, \u0110\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n Zaporozhia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cozak s\u00f4ng Dnieper v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ruthenia ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 Ba Lan. Ba Lan \u00edt c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cossack l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tatar, \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hai l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Ba Lan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00eam b\u1edfi tham mu\u1ed1n m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t khai th\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi tham mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cossack r\u1eddi b\u1ecf Ba Lan. Mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong Sejm, c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Cossack Registry. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Ba Lan k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cozak quay sang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o Nga, m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ba Lan-Litva, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Ukraina."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cossack ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Kh\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung v\u00e0 vua Ba Lan John II Casimir. B\u1edd t\u1ea3 Ukraina cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Nga nh\u01b0 Cossack Hetmanate, sau Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Pereyaslav n\u0103m 1654 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nga Ba Lan sau \u0111\u00f3. Sau cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e2n chia Ba Lan \u1edf cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII b\u1edfi Ph\u1ed5, nh\u00e0 Habsburg c\u1ee7a \u00c1o, v\u00e0 Nga, T\u00e2y Ukraina Galicia b\u1ecb \u00c1o chi\u1ebfm, trong khi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ukraina d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tatar v\u00f9ng Krym h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Slav\u01a1 b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Sau s\u1ef1 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Kh\u1ea3 h\u00e3n qu\u1ed1c Crimea n\u0103m 1783, v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi du c\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ukraina. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a trao cho Ukraina quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Pereyaslav, gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Ukraina v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cossack kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng Nga.[a] \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Sa ho\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Nga ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Ukraina, c\u1ea5m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Ukraina trong xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "Ukraina b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u1ea3 phe Li\u00ean minh, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u00c1o-Hung, v\u00e0 phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1edbi Nga. 3.5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga, trong khi 250,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u00c1o-Hung. Trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u00c1o-Hung th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n Ukraina \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga. Qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Galician Ukraina chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik v\u00e0 Ba Lan trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1eadu Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1919\u201323). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m th\u00e2n Nga t\u1ea1i \u00c1o b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn. L\u00ean t\u1edbi 5,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga thu\u1ed9c Galicia b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung \u00c1o t\u1ea1i Talerhof, Styria, v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng t\u1ea1i Terez\u00edn (hi\u1ec7n \u1edf C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00e9c)."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga v\u00e0 \u00c1o-Hung sau chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Nga n\u0103m 1917, m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c gia Ukraina \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1917\u201320, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ukraina ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn: C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Ukraina, Hetmanate, T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Ukraina v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Ukraina (hay X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Ukraina, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3ng Bolshevik gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1) li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ukraina xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u00c1o-Hung c\u0169. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1eafc qu\u00e2n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi Nestor Makhno c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Ukraina. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ukraina trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ba Lan-Ukraina ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thua tr\u1eadn c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ba Lan b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i. Theo Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh Riga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 Ba Lan, t\u00e2y Ukraina ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Ba Lan \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i Ba Lan c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Ukraina v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1919, sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Li\u00ean bang C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft hay Li\u00ean x\u00f4 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1922."}
+{"text": "Sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 Ukraina. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 1.5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda. X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Ukraina ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i n\u0103m 1921. Ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1920. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, V\u0103n ho\u00e1 Ukraina v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i, b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 Ukraina ho\u00e1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Korenisation (ngh\u0129a \u0111en b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 ho\u00e1) tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Li\u00ean x\u00f4. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik c\u0169ng cam k\u1ebft th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1nh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Lenin \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930 sau khi Iosif Stalin d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920, Ukraina tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 Li\u00ean x\u00f4 v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930. Tuy nhi\u00ean, cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 khi\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft, v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecd l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia Ukraina. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1, Stalin ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p khi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng h\u1eefu h\u00f3a ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gia s\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gia t\u0103ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean vai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Stalin tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c doanh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn trang b\u1ecb m\u00e1y n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u01a1 kh\u00ed h\u00f3a s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. B\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng trang t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 hoa l\u1ee3i n\u00e0o cho t\u1edbi khi \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu \u0103n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. Trong n\u0103m 1932\u201333, khi h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n x\u1ea3y ra, c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Holodomor.[c] C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111ang tranh c\u00e3i li\u1ec7u n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, nh\u01b0ng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Ukraina v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 10 qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.[c]"}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean x\u00f4 ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1941, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1ed5ng l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong b\u1ed1n n\u0103m li\u1ec1n. Li\u00ean minh phe Tr\u1ee5c ban \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn nhanh tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n. Tr\u1eadn bao v\u00e2y Kiev, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \"Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 anh h\u00f9ng\", di\u1ec5n ra b\u1edfi lo ng\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3ng Qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u01a1n 600,000 binh s\u0129 X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft (hay m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ph\u00eda T\u00e2y) b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft hay b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. D\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia Ukraina b\u00ed m\u1eadt l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean x\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Galicia, Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i N\u1ed5i d\u1eady Ukraina (1942) chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u00e1t x\u00edt v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt chi\u1ebfn tranh du k\u00edch, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, hay h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1t x\u00edt. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Li\u00ean x\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1eeb 4.5 tri\u1ec7u t\u1edbi 7 tri\u1ec7u.[d] Cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn du k\u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Li\u00ean x\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Ukraina \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u1edf con s\u1ed1 47,800 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m 500,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1944; v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 50 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina. N\u00f3i chung, c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i N\u1ed5i d\u1eady Ukraina r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 15,000 t\u1edbi 100,000 chi\u1ebfn binh."}
+{"text": "Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Ba Lan \u1edf t\u00e2y Ukraina, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi gia nh\u1eadp Li\u00ean x\u00f4 n\u0103m 1939. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u1ecd quay sang ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng. C\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1t x\u00edt t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Li\u00ean x\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u00edt c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ukraina v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Stalin. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u00e1t x\u00edt duy tr\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trang tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1edbi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di d\u00e2n c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Ukraina \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 phong to\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi Kiev[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 theo ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea mang t\u00ednh th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 th\u00ec Ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu 93 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y (d\u00f9 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 cao l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 75%). T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Ukraina trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh trong kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m t\u1edbi t\u00e1m tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i b\u1ecb Einsatzgruppen gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 8.7 tri\u1ec7u l\u00ednh X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft hi sinh trong chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1t x\u00edt, 1.4 tri\u1ec7u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina.[d][e] V\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, Ng\u00e0y Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Ukraina."}
+{"text": "Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Stalin n\u0103m 1953, Nikita Khrushchev tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft. L\u00e0 Th\u01b0 k\u00fd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Ukraina trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1938-49, Khrushchev r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 sau khi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n li\u00ean bang, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u00ecnh h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb gi\u1eefa qu\u1ed1c gia Ukraina v\u00e0 Nga. N\u0103m 1954, k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 300 Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Pereyaslav \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, Krym \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Li\u00ean bang C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Nga cho C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Ukraina."}
+{"text": "T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1950, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn. Trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u0103m n\u0103m 1946-1950 g\u1ea7n 20 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch Li\u00ean x\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o Ukraina X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, t\u0103ng 5% so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ti\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn. Nh\u1edd th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Ukraina t\u0103ng 33.2% t\u1eeb 1940 t\u1edbi 1955 trong khi s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u0103ng 2.2 l\u1ea7n trong c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3. X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Ukraina nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean x\u00f4. Vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn t\u1edbi gi\u1edbi tinh hoa \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Li\u00ean x\u00f4 t\u1edbi t\u1eeb Ukraina, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Leonid Brezhnev, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Khrushchev v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Li\u00ean x\u00f4 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1964 t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1982, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean th\u1ec3 thao, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u01b0u t\u00fa kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean x\u00f4. Ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1986, m\u1ed9t l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Chernobyl n\u1ed5, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 Chernobyl, tai n\u1ea1n l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n b\u1ea3y tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, g\u1ed3m 2.2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Ukraina. Sau v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1edbi, Slavutych, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ea5m l\u00e0m n\u01a1i \u1edf v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ea5t d\u1ee9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u0103m 2000. M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o do C\u01a1 quan N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho r\u1eb1ng 56 thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp do v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 4,000 ca ch\u1ebft v\u00ec ung th\u01b0 kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1990, m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ukraina c\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n. Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ukraina, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Ukraina trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ukraina so v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean X\u00f4. M\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Li\u00ean bang Nga th\u00f4ng qua. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 m\u1edbi. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1991, \u1ee6y ban Kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 huy m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n, KBG c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Belarus v\u00e0 Azerbaijan ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u1ed5i d\u1eady/\u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf Mikhail Gorbachev v\u00e0 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Sau khi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1991 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Ukraina th\u00f4ng qua Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong \u0111\u00f3 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Ukraina l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1991. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, h\u01a1n 90% ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ukraina th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd b\u1ea7u ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, Leonid Kravchuk tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 \u1edf Brest, Belarus ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 12, ti\u1ebfp sau l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p t\u1ea1i Alma Ata ng\u00e0y 21 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Belarus, Nga, v\u00e0 Ukraina ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp (CIS)."}
+{"text": "N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Ukraina \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, hryvnia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1996. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ef1c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng 7% h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. M\u1ed9t Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Ukraina m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m1996, bi\u1ebfn Ukraina th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 b\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Kuchma b\u1ecb phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00ec t\u1eadp trung qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o tay m\u00ecnh, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tham nh\u0169ng, chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o tay gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf trung th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gian l\u1eadn b\u1ea7u c\u1eed."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2004, Viktor Yanukovych, khi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gian l\u1eadn \u1edf di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 To\u00e0 \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Ukraina tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 sau n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, Viktor Yushchenko, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Cam ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0a Viktor Yushchenko v\u00e0 Yulia Tymoshenko l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, bi\u1ebfn Viktor Yanukovych th\u00e0nh phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. Tuy nhi\u00ean Yanukovych l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u0103m 2006 cho t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2007 \u0111\u01b0a Tymoshenko l\u00ean l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Phong tr\u00e0o Euromaidan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u1edf Ukraina b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam 21 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2013. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ukraina tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ho\u00e3n vi\u1ec7c k\u00fd k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do v\u1edbi Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \"nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia\" thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n v\u1edbi Li\u00ean bang Nga . Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ukraina l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd,h\u1ecd c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n v\u1edbi EU. R\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraine \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o Euromaidan . Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ukraine n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Euromaidan, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u00e2n Nga c\u1ee7a Yanukovych ."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u th\u00ec phong tr\u00e0o Euromaidan \u0111\u00e3 lan r\u1ed9ng ra k\u00eau g\u1ecdi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ukraina Viktor Yanukovych v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Azarov t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea3 c\u1ef1u Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ukraina Yulia Tymoshenko. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham gia c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Berkut (m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i v\u1ee5) d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb khi\u00eau kh\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2013. Kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i Kiev v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam 29 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2013. C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng h\u01a1i cay tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Vi\u1ec7c gia t\u0103ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng th\u00eam, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 350.000 \u2013 700.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh l\u00fac cao \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i Kiev v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 12.. Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2013, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i Lenin t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Kiev, d\u00f9ng b\u00faa \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1946 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1edd Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u00ean b\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2014, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n gi\u1eefa t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych v\u00e0 phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Ukraina \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean b\u1edd v\u1ef1c tai h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. \u00d4ng Yanukovych \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Ukraina th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu b\u00e3i b\u1ecf t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 2 v\u1edbi 328 tr\u00ean 340 phi\u1ebfu thu\u1eadn. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Oleksander Turchynov cho bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng Yanukovych \u0111\u00e3 \"t\u1eeb b\u1ecf tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m theo hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ukraina\". Petro Poroshenko, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n EU, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 50% s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ukraina"}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Yanukovych b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb r\u1ed1i ren \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Ukraina, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Nga Vladimir Putin b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Crimea tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2014. B\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y sau, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 27/2/2014, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang tr\u00f9m m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Krym v\u00e0 c\u1eafm qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 Nga tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111eo qu\u00e2n hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm hai s\u00e2n bay \u1edf Krym. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ukraina l\u00e0 Oleksandr Turchynov \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c Nga tri\u1ec3n khai qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Krym \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t \"cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang\" nh\u01b0ng ph\u00eda Nga ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 3, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Nga \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Nga Putin cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o Ukraina h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi do Sergey Aksyonov \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2014, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Ukraina \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb v\u00e2y h\u00e3m ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. Ukraina tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 ra l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc G7 (Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0110\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Canada, Ph\u00e1p, \u00dd v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh) l\u00ean \u00e1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Nga t\u1ea1i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Krym, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1edfi ph\u1ee7 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 02.03.2014, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ukraina.,,,. Sau khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nga ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Crimea, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2014 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 97% ngu\u00f2i d\u00e2n Crimea \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y v\u00e0o Li\u00ean bang Nga . Ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2014, Nga v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Crimea t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Crimea v\u00e0 Sevastopol gia nh\u1eadp Li\u00ean bang Nga."}
+{"text": "13 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u00e1n cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i Crimea l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho Nga khi ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu tr\u1eafng. Samantha Power, \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 M\u1ef9 n\u00f3i \"\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc bu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb\". B\u00e0 Samantha c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi Nga l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \"c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0 sai tr\u00e1i\". Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0y 15/03 kho\u1ea3ng 50.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Moscow, h\u00f4 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \"tr\u00e1nh ra kh\u1ecfi Ukraine\" nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Nga \u1edf Ukraine. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Crimea v\u00e0o Nga l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p.."}
+{"text": "Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u00e2n Nga \u1edf v\u00f9ng Donbass c\u1ee7a Ucraina \u0111\u00e3 leo thang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ucraina v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ly khai do Nga h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn t\u1ea1i Donetsk v\u00e0 Lugansk. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2014, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ly khai Ukraina t\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Donetsk v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Lugansk \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2014; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ly khai \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 g\u1ea7n 90% b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp . Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ukraina v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Ukraina, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Donetsk v\u00e0 Lugansk \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nga h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, \u0111\u00e3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Donbass. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2014, h\u01a1n 6.400 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y v\u00e0 theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i di t\u1ea3n trong cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Ukraina v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 200.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n ch\u1ea1y sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng . \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2015, h\u01a1n 9.100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft (ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng) trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Donbass, theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ."}
+{"text": "Lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c, ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Crimea c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb To\u00e0 \u00e1n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang vi ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Ukraina. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy ph\u1ea1m kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e1nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. To\u00e0 \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng to\u00e0 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p chung. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1ea7u ra v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1edbi ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh qu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh."}
+{"text": "Sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, Ukraina \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 780,000 l\u00ednh tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1992, Ukraina k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc C\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m V\u0169 kh\u00ed Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c (START) theo \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd trao m\u1ecdi v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n cho Nga v\u00e0 gia nh\u1eadp Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Kh\u00f4ng Ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn V\u0169 kh\u00ed H\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia phi h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Ukraina ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1994, v\u00e0 t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1996 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ukraina hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, sau Nga."}
+{"text": "Ukraina \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch g\u00ecn gi\u1eef ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. Qu\u00e2n Ukraina \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai t\u1ea1i Kosovo nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n Ukraina-Ba Lan. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb Ukraina \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai t\u1ea1i Liban, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai t\u1ea1i Sierra Leone. N\u0103m 2003\u201305, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb Ukraina \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai t\u1ea1i Iraq, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110a qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ea1i Iraq d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Ba Lan. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n Ukraina \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 562 ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Sau khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Ukraina t\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trung l\u1eadp. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1edbi Nga, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a NATO t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1994. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda NATO, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1edbi li\u00ean minh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp theo K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng NATO-Ukraina \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft n\u0103m 2002. Sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gia nh\u1eadp NATO ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Tuy v\u1eady n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3a kh\u1ecfi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 khi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u00e2n Nga Viktor Yanukovych \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010 ."}
+{"text": "N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 Sevastopol v\u00e0 Crimea \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Li\u00ean Bang Nga t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2014 th\u00ec Ukraina \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 24 oblast (t\u1ec9nh) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ([avtonomna respublika] l\u1ed7i: {{lang}}: v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u in xi\u00ean (tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap)), Krym. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Kiev, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, v\u00e0 Sevastopol, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. 24 oblast v\u00e0 Krym \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 490 [raion] l\u1ed7i: {{lang}}: v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u in xi\u00ean (tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap) (qu\u1eadn), hay c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5p hai. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh Ukraina l\u00e0 1,200km2; d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1eadn l\u00e0 52,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Phong c\u1ea3nh Ukraina g\u1ed3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau (hay th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cao nguy\u00ean, b\u1ecb c\u1eaft ngang b\u1edfi c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Dnieper ([Dnipro] l\u1ed7i: {{lang}}: v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u in xi\u00ean (tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap)), Seversky Donets, Dniester v\u00e0 Southern Buh khi ch\u00fang ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0o Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en v\u00e0 Bi\u1ec3n Azov nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. \u1ede ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Danube t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi Romania. V\u00f9ng n\u00fai duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 N\u00fai Carpathian \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Hora Hoverla \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 2061 m, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Krym, \u1edf c\u1ef1c nam d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n."}
+{"text": "Ukraina ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u00f4n ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u kh\u00ed h\u1eadu mang nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i h\u01a1n c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n nam Crimea. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u; cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng nam. T\u00e2y Ukraina, c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a kho\u1ea3ng 1200mm h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, trong khi Krym c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a kho\u1ea3ng 400mm. Nh\u1eefng m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1eeb m\u00e1t d\u1ecdc Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en t\u1edbi l\u1ea1nh \u1edf s\u00e2u h\u01a1n trong l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 5.5\u20137 \u00b0C (42\u201345 \u00b0F) \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, t\u1edbi 11\u201313 \u00b0C (52\u201355.4 \u00b0F) \u1edf ph\u00eda nam."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, kinh t\u1ebf Ukraina l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai b\u00ean trong Li\u00ean x\u00f4, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch sang kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5. Kinh t\u1ebf Ukraina gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean x\u00f4. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Ukraina l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Ukraina s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ed3ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m hai hay nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m th\u00f4ng qua trao \u0111\u1ed5i."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1991, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e1 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c bao c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng khai. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 \u0111\u1ea9y l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t l\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t. N\u0103m 1993, Ukraina gi\u1eef k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. Gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i sau khi \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng hryvnia, n\u0103m 1996. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1m trong vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u. Sau khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ho\u00e1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i lan r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u00ean trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn doanh nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ho\u00e1. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y, t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1999, GDP \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 40% so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1991, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed5i ph\u1ee5c t\u1edbi h\u01a1n 100% \u1edf cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2006. \u0110\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh 5 t\u1edbi 10% v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1n 10% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Ukraina \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u0103m 2008 v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2008, IMF \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n vay kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p $16.5 t\u1ef7 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ukraine \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 do xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 l\u00ean t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 200% c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n hryvnia Ucraina (\u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia) trong 2014-2015 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Ucraina tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 k\u00e9m c\u1ea1nh tranh h\u01a1n. Trong n\u0103m 2016, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2010, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1n 2%. Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 2% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2017 v\u00e0 3,5% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2018."}
+{"text": "GDP (theo PPP) n\u0103m 2016 c\u1ee7a Ukraina theo t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a IMF, x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 117 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u1edf m\u1ee9c $8,638 t\u1ef7. GDP tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 2016 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y theo IMF \u1edf m\u1ee9c $2,125 (theo PPP), x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 132 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. GDP danh ngh\u0129a (theo dollar M\u1ef9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo t\u1ef7 gi\u00e1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng) l\u00e0 $87.198 t\u1ef7, x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 66 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2008 l\u01b0\u01a1ng danh ngh\u0129a trung b\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Ukraina \u0111\u1ea1t 1,930 hryvnias m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng. D\u00f9 v\u1eabn \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia trung \u00c2u l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng thu nh\u1eadp n\u0103m 2008 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c 36.8% Theo UNDP n\u0103m 2003 4.9% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Ukraina s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1edbi 2 dollar M\u1ef9 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 19.5% d\u00e2n c\u01b0 s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ngh\u00e8o qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f9ng trong n\u0103m \u1ea5y."}
+{"text": "Ukraina ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ki\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay Antonov v\u00e0 xe t\u1ea3i KrAZ \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110a s\u1ed1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Ukraina l\u00e0 sang Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. T\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Ukraina \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec c\u01a1 quan v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang minh, C\u01a1 quan V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c gia Ukraina (NSAU). Ukraina \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00ean tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phi v\u1ee5 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm t\u1eeb xa. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1991 t\u1edbi 2007, Ukraina \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f3ng s\u00e1u v\u1ec7 tinh v\u00e0 101 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ph\u00f3ng do h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. V\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, Ukraina \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u00ean l\u1eeda v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi t\u00ean l\u1eeda."}
+{"text": "N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Nga trong n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tuy 25% kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1edf Ukraina c\u00f3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, kho\u1ea3ng 35% \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Nga v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 40% t\u1eeb Trung \u00c1 qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Nga. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, 85% kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a Nga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi T\u00e2y \u00c2u qua Ukraina.. Trong n\u0103m 2014, g\u1ea7n 100% ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ukraine \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Nga. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2016, ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc EU."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng Ukraina l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn g\u1ed3m c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 quan li\u00eau. N\u0103m 2007 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Ukraina ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng cao th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi 130%. Theo CIA, n\u0103m 2006 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ho\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Ukraina l\u00e0 $111.8 t\u1ef7. C\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf Ukraina g\u1ed3m th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin (IT), \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u n\u0103m 2007, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kho\u1ea3ng 40%."}
+{"text": "Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ee9ng Ph\u1ee5c sinh, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 pysanky, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u1edf Ukraina. Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd s\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu; sau \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc vui m\u1eaft, m\u00e0u nhu\u1ed9m kh\u00f4ng \u0103n l\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd s\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng. Sau khi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu\u1ed9m, l\u1edbp s\u00e1p b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Ukraina. T\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Kolomya g\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n d\u00e3y c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u00e3y n\u00fai Carpathian n\u0103m 2000 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Pysanka \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ukraina n\u0103m 2007, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng B\u1ea3y k\u1ef3 quan c\u1ee7a Ukraina."}
+{"text": "M\u00f3n \u0103n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ukraina g\u1ed3m g\u00e0, l\u1ee3n, b\u00f2, c\u00e1 v\u00e0 n\u1ea5m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khoai t\u00e2y, ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c rau t\u01b0\u01a1i. C\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n g\u1ed3m [varenyky] l\u1ed7i: {{lang}}: v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u in xi\u00ean (tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap) (b\u00e1nh bao h\u1ea5p v\u1edbi n\u1ea5m, khoai t\u00e2y, d\u01b0a c\u1ea3i b\u1eafp, ph\u00f3 m\u00e1t l\u00e0m t\u1eeb s\u1eefa g\u1ea1n kem hay anh \u0111\u00e0o), borscht (s\u00fap n\u1ea5u t\u1eeb c\u1ee7 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea3i b\u1eafp v\u00e0 n\u1ea5m hay th\u1ecbt) v\u00e0 [holubtsy] l\u1ed7i: {{lang}}: v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u in xi\u00ean (tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap) (c\u1ea3i b\u1eafp cu\u1ed9n v\u1edbi g\u1ea1o, c\u00e0 r\u1ed1t v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt). C\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n Ukraina c\u00f2n g\u1ed3m G\u00e0 Kiev v\u00e0 B\u00e1nh Kiev. C\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng Ukraina g\u1ed3m qu\u1ea3 h\u1ea7m, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa qu\u1ea3, s\u1eefa, n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1eeda (h\u1ecd l\u00e0m ph\u00f3 m\u00e1t s\u1eefa g\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y), n\u01b0\u1edbc kho\u00e1ng, tr\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, bia, r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 horilka."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ef3 theo t\u1eebng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn.[f] Ti\u1ebfng Ukraina ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 trung Ukraina. \u1ede ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Ukraina, ti\u1ebfng Ukraina c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (nh\u01b0 Lviv). \u1ede trung Ukraina, ti\u1ebfng Ukraina v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Nga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 nhau trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, ti\u1ebfng Nga h\u01a1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n \u1edf Kiev,[f] trong khi ti\u1ebfng Ukraina l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. T\u1ea1i ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam Ukrain, ti\u1ebfng Nga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, ti\u1ebfng Ukraina \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n."}
+{"text": "Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ukraina gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat sau m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, v\u00e0 t\u1edbi gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Ukraina trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Sau khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ukraina b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Ukraina ho\u00e1, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Ukraina, trong khi kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ti\u1ebfng Nga, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m hay h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 phim \u1ea3nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfng Nga ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch hay ch\u1ea1y t\u00edt ti\u1ebfng Ukraina, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1eddi X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "Theo Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Krym, ti\u1ebfng Ukraina l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ti\u1ebfng Nga l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1eed \u0111\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Nga 'trong m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng'. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, ti\u1ebfng Tatar Crimea (ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a 12% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Crimea) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong 'c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c'. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Nga chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 Crimea (77%), ti\u1ebfng Ukraina ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 10.1%, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Tatar Crimea chi\u1ebfm 11.4%. Nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tatar Crimea v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina \u1edf Crimea s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Nga."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ukraina l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Cossack, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nga v\u00e0 Ba Lan. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cossack \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u th\u01a1 s\u1eed thi m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u Ukraina. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y m\u1ea5t \u0111i trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, khi vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ukraina b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Ukraina cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i Ukraina, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m [Eneyida] l\u1ed7i: {{lang}}: v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u in xi\u00ean (tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap) c\u1ee7a Ivan Kotliarevsky, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ukraina hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1edbi th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1830, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n Ukraina b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t Ukraina l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1/h\u1ecda s\u0129 l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n Taras Shevchenko. N\u1ebfu Ivan Kotliarevsky \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ukraina; Shevchenko l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia Ukraina. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1863, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Ukraina trong in \u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc trong khu v\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ukraina b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Nga ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ch\u00fang t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Galicia do \u00c1o qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. L\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ukraina ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930, khi Stalin \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ti\u1ebfng Ukraina, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1edbi khi Ukraina gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1991 th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n."}
+{"text": "Ukraina \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t th\u1eddi Li\u00ean x\u00f4. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn Ukraina c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ec3 b\u01a1i, ph\u00f2ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ec3 thao kh\u00e1c. M\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1. Gi\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Vyscha Liha, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ukrainian Premier League. Hai \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u00edch nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Vyscha Liha l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 FC Dynamo Kyiv v\u00e0 FC Shakhtar Donetsk. D\u00f9 Shakhtar l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kim v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch Vyscha Liha, Dynamo Kyiv c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e0u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh hai UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, m\u1ed9t UEFA Super Cup, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c 13 l\u1ea7n v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch Li\u00ean x\u00f4 v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c 12 l\u1ea7n gi\u00e0nh Ukrainian Championship; trong khi Shakhtar ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n Ukrainian championship. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 Ukraina c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u01a1i cho \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c gia Li\u00ean X\u00f4, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ihor Belanov v\u00e0 Oleh Blokhin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng v\u00e0ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u danh gi\u00e1 cho c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 hay nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m. Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina sau khi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tan r\u00e3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Andriy Shevchenko, c\u1ef1u th\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c gia Ukraina. \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n Ukraina l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i 2006 FIFA World Cup, v\u00e0 l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o t\u1edbi v\u00f2ng t\u1ee9 k\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thua nh\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n \u00dd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina c\u0169ng \u01b0a th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5m b\u1ed1c, n\u01a1i hai anh em trai Vitali Klitschko v\u00e0 Vladimir Klitschko \u0111ang gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch quy\u1ec1n anh h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ukraina l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u0103ng cai Euro 2012 (c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Ba Lan) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i hai qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Ukraina l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u tham d\u1ef1 Olympic t\u1ea1i Olympic M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1994. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Ukraina c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i Olympic M\u00f9a h\u00e8 (96 huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng cho b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n tham gia) so v\u1edbi Olympic M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng (n\u0103m huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0ng cho b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n tham gia). Ukraina hi\u1ec7n x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 35 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 Olympic, n\u01a1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ebfp tr\u00ean, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Nga, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n tham d\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. B\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ukraina trong th\u1ec3 thao th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 tham gia \u0111\u0103ng cai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Olympic M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng n\u0103m 2018. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ukraina \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Bukovel - khu th\u1ec3 thao tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ukraina \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103m 2018. B\u00ean chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o n\u0103m 2011 t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 123 c\u1ee7a IOC t\u1ea1i Durban, Nam Phi."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n h\u1ed9 tr\u1ee3 cho tr\u1ebb em. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cung c\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3n chi tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n 12,250 Hryvnia cho \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, 25,000 Hryvnia cho \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 50,000 Hryvnia cho \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n chi tr\u1ea3 theo th\u00e1ng l\u00e0 154 Hryvnia cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, b\u1edfi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2001. T\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c tr\u00ean ch\u00edn th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 2007 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn \u1edf n\u0103m t\u1ec9nh (trong s\u1ed1 24 t\u1ec9nh), v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hao h\u1ee5t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 2007 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh cao nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda t\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 l\u1edbn di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau khi Ukraina \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi Ukraina trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1991\u20132, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean x\u00f4 c\u0169. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1991 v\u00e0 2004, 2.2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0o Ukraina (trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean x\u00f4 c\u0169) v\u00e0 2.5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 kh\u1ecfi Ukraina (trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 1.9 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean x\u00f4 c\u0169). Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 14.7% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, hay 6.9 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 2006, c\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 1.2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina, khi\u1ebfn Canada l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina sau Ukraina v\u00e0 Nga. B\u1ea3n m\u1eabu:Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ukraina"}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1o Tin L\u00e0nh c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 2.19% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. S\u1ed1 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Tin l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Ukraina gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u00fac \u00e2m B\u00e1p t\u00edt Ukraina l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 150,000 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 3000 t\u0103ng l\u1eef. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Tin l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ee9c tin Ph\u00fac \u00c2m Ukraina (Phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 tu\u1ea7n) v\u1edbi 110000 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 1500 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f9ng h\u01a1n 2000 t\u0103ng l\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ng\u0169 tu\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u01a1n 300,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 3000 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao h\u1ecdc Ng\u0169 tu\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 Lviv Theological Seminary v\u00e0 Kiev Bible Institute. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m thuy\u1ebft Canvin, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Lutheran, Gi\u00e1m l\u00fd, Nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng Jehovah v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c Ph\u1ee5c l\u00e2m. Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh h\u1eefu Ng\u00e0y sau c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 (Mormon) c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 500,000 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Ukraina, v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 300,000 trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tatar Crimea. C\u00f3 487 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd, 368 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Crimea. Ngo\u00e0i ra, kho\u1ea3ng 50,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Kiev; ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1926 l\u00e0 Odessa, 154,000 hay 36.5% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1; v\u00e0 Kiev, 140,500 hay 27.3%. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2001 cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 103,600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i t\u1ea1i Ukraina, d\u00f9 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i l\u00ean t\u1edbi 300,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Ukraina, nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ukraina. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 B\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 (Masorti) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "V\u00ec s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean x\u00f4 tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u1edf m\u1ee9c 99.4%. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2005, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u01b0\u1eddi hai n\u0103m: gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1n n\u0103m (b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khi s\u00e1u tu\u1ed5i), c\u1ea5p hai n\u0103m n\u0103m; gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea5p ba ba n\u0103m. \u1ede l\u1edbp 12, h\u1ecdc sinh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i Ki\u1ec3m tra Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 thi ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "\u0110a ph\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 Ukraina \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb th\u1eddi X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 c\u0169. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ukraina \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kho\u1ea3ng 4,500 km (2,800 d\u1eb7m) \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c t\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103m 2012. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a t\u1ea1i Ukraina c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 164,732 km. V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft t\u1ea1i Ukraina \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng. N\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Donbas c\u1ee7a Ukraina. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m 7.4% n\u0103m 1995 so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1994, Ukraina v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft t\u1ea1i Ukraina l\u00e0 22,473 km, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 9,250 km \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed ho\u00e1."}
+{"text": "Ukraina l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u; n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i \u0110\u1ee9c, tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb GDP. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p t\u1ea1i Ukraina c\u00f3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb Nga. Ukraina ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Zaporizhzhia, n\u1eb1m \u1edf Ukraina. N\u0103m 2006, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 11 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2030, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ukraina l\u1edbn h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 12 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, v\u1edbi 54 gigawatt (GW). N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o v\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n sau: h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n (47%), nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n (45%), thu\u1ef7 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c (8%)."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ng\u00e0y nay, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gallaeci, Lusitania, Celt, Cynete, Phoenicia, Carthage, La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c German nh\u01b0 Suevi, Buri, v\u00e0 Visigoth \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ng\u00e0y nay. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh Lusitania. V\u0103n h\u00f3a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef: ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Latinh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V, sau khi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c German tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm. Sang \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Moor theo \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Phi m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Lusitania, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia, thu ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c German theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV v\u00e0 XVI, nh\u1edd th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1580, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Li\u00ean minh Iberia. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1640, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chia t\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a hai v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1755, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh \u1edf Lisboa, sau \u0111\u00f3 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha b\u1ecb T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Brasil, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. N\u0103m 1910, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i. V\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Hoa c\u1ea9m ch\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1974, n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 \u1edf Lisboa v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha trao tr\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ec9nh h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng (Angola v\u00e0 Mozambique). Vi\u1ec7c trao tr\u1ea3 Ma Cao cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1edbi tr\u00ean 250 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi thu nh\u1eadp cao v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n sinh ho\u1ea1t cao. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh cao th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 13 qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2017, duy tr\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 b\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a NATO v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng euro, v\u00e0 OECD."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha (ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha: Portugal) b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb t\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng Cale \u1edf thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Douro. Cale c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p (Kalles: \u0111\u1eb9p) v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1edf v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ng\u00e0y nay, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng cale c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Phoenicia v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phoenicia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p. Khi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ng\u00e0y nay thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3, Cale tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng, trong ti\u1ebfng La Tinh l\u00e0 Portus Cale. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung C\u1ed5 Portus Cale tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Portucale v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Portugale, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VII v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII t\u1eeb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng gi\u1eefa hai con s\u00f4ng Douro v\u00e0 Minho. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Portus Cale \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u00e0nh Porto, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 mang t\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t TCN, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Celt t\u1eeb Trung \u00c2u tr\u00e0n t\u1edbi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u00f4n v\u1edbi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c nhau. Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Celt t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lusitania, h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n trung B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gallaeci t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Celtici t\u1ea1i Alentejo, v\u00e0 Cynetes ho\u1eb7c Conii t\u1ea1i Algarve. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n n\u1eb1m \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bracari, Coelerni, Equaesi, Grovii, Interamici, Leuni, Luanqui, Limici, Narbasi, Nemetati, Paesuri, Quaquerni, Seurbi, Tamagani, Tapoli, Turduli, Turduli Veteres, Turdulorum Oppida, Turodi, v\u00e0 Zoelae. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i nh\u1ecf, b\u00e1n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u00f9ng cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phoenicia-Carthago l\u1eadp ra t\u1ea1i Algarve."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 (Roma) l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia v\u00e0o n\u0103m 219 TCN. Trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Punic, ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Carthago ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Julius Caesar, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1ecb s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 La M\u00e3. Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ng\u00e0y nay m\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec1u binh s\u0129 tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 150 TCN khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u1ed5 ra \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lusitania v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Viriato gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Iberia. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn Lusitania nh\u1eb1m tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a song kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, h\u1ecd b\u00e8n chuy\u1ec3n sang mua chu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a Viriato \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i \u00f4ng. N\u0103m 139 TCN, Viriato b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 T\u00e1utalo tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh song kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c La M\u00e3 ho\u00e1 Lusitania ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Visigoth. N\u0103m 27 TCN, Lusitania c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Lusitania tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh ri\u00eang g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gallaecia, v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i Bracara Augusta, nay l\u00e0 Braga. Hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0o lu\u1ef9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i kh\u1eafp B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 c\u00e1c di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Castro. Nhi\u1ec1u di ch\u1ec9 La M\u00e3 n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0n t\u00edch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 Con\u00edmbriga v\u00e0 Mirobriga."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u1eafm, \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd, c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u1ea1p xi\u1ebfc, nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n xu, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng xu trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Lusitania, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Paulus Orosius (kho\u1ea3ng 375\u2013418) v\u00e0 Hydatius (kho\u1ea3ng 400\u2013469), gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Aquae Flaviae, \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c German ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c German l\u00e0 Suebi v\u00e0 Vandal (Silingi v\u00e0 Hasdingi) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh Sarmatia v\u00e0 Alan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia, v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Suebi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u0129nh c\u0169 Gallaecia-Lusitania c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. D\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Alan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Alenquer, Coimbra v\u00e0 Lisbon. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 500, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Visigoth \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Iberia, c\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m t\u1ea1i Toledo nay thu\u1ed9c T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Visigoth cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng chinh ph\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Suebi v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Bracara (nay l\u00e0 Braga) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 584\u2013585. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Suebi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Visigoth."}
+{"text": "Trong 300 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Visigoth. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 711, khi Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Roderic (Rodrigo) t\u1eed tr\u1eadn trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Moor H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nam. Trong nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m German \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Iberia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Suebi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, Galicia v\u00e0 Asturias hi\u1ec7n nay. Theo Dan Stanislawski, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc s\u00f4ng Tagus (Tejo) h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Suebi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1n trang l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Bracara (Augusta) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Suebi, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Gallaecia v\u00e0 nay l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Braga. Orosius trong th\u1eddi gian sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Hispania ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00e1 thanh b\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m v\u1ec7 s\u0129 cho c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 722, m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Visigoth l\u00e0 Pelayo (Pel\u00e1gio) x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1eadp ra V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Asturias C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00e1i chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Moor, trong ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Reconquista Crist\u00e3. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IX, khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda b\u1eafc B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng Minho v\u00e0 Douro \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i chinh ph\u1ee5c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Moor, d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n V\u00edmara Peres theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Asturias Alfonso III. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y khu v\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn\u2014Portus Cale t\u1ea1i ven bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 Braga t\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i l\u1ee5c, c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u0111ang b\u1ecb b\u1ecf hoang\u2014\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n d\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 Galicia c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "V\u00edmara Peres t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khu v\u1ef1c \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Moor, n\u00e2ng v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha (Portugal) theo t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong v\u00f9ng\u2014Portus Cale' hay Porto ng\u00e0y nay. M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vimara Peres th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Vimaranes, nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Guimar\u00e3es\u2014 \"n\u01a1i khai sinh qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha\" ho\u1eb7c \"th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n\" (Cidade Ber\u00e7o trong ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha). N\u0103m 868, Alfonso III phong t\u01b0\u1edbc cho V\u00edmara Peres l\u00e0 B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Portus Cale (B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha) th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Portucale, Portugale, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 Portug\u00e1lia\u2014B\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 910, do tranh ch\u1ea5p k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Asturias b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh Le\u00f3n, Galicia v\u00e0 Asturias, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 924 th\u00ec th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Le\u00f3n. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea5u tranh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e0n n\u00e0y, B\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Galicia. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Galicia t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn, song th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Le\u00f3n. Trong su\u1ed1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang B\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Galicia \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Galicia, m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u00f3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 L\u00e9on. Do ph\u00e2n chia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Galicia-B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t khi B\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi Galicia thu\u1ed9c L\u00e9on \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1128, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha Afonso Henriques \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Teresa c\u00f9ng t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0 Fern\u00e3o Peres de Trava trong tr\u1eadn S\u00e3o Mamede, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o duy nh\u1ea5t. Afonso sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Moor t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Afonso th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1139, \u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o trong tr\u1eadn Ourique, v\u00e0 ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed t\u00f4n l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m B\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u1ea5p c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c L\u00e9on tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Afonso \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Alfonso VII c\u1ee7a Le\u00f3n c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1143, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1179 th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Alexander III c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong phong tr\u00e0o ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Henrique Nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, con trai c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Jo\u00e3o I, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. N\u0103m 1415, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi h\u1ecd chinh ph\u1ee5c Ceuta, m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Phi. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng: Madeira v\u00e0 A\u00e7ores, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ch\u00e2u Phi, l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb v\u00e0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n gia v\u1ecb nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1498, Vasco da Gama \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf cho B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, gi\u00fap kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. N\u0103m 1500, Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 Brasil v\u00e0 y\u00eau s\u00e1ch khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y cho B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau, Afonso de Albuquerque chinh ph\u1ee5c Goa t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, c\u00f9ng Muscat v\u00e0 Ormuz t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c eo bi\u1ec3n Ba T\u01b0, v\u00e0 Malacca t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n chi ph\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Nam \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c thu\u1ef7 th\u1ee7 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u0169ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ea3o Timor v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Maluku."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1580 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1640, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 hai v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 Avis \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf t\u1ef1 \u2013 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Sebasti\u00e3o I thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng trong tr\u1eadn Alc\u00e1cer Quibir t\u1ea1i Maroc, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a Sebasti\u00e3o I l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Henrique , d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng k\u1ebf v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha n\u0103m 1580. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Felipe II c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha y\u00eau s\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha Manuel I, l\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Filipe I c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a, song c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cai qu\u1ea3n v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. V\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, T\u00e2y Ban Nha l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd tham gia Chi\u1ebfn tranh T\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i N\u0103m gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Anh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Hormuz t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng v\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1595 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1663, Chi\u1ebfn tranh H\u00e0 Lan-B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty H\u00e0 Lan x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1ea1i Brasil, ch\u00e2u Phi, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng, khi\u1ebfn B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i tr\u00ean \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Jos\u00e9 I k\u1ebf v\u1ecb v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1750, do tin tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo, Jos\u00e9 I giao ph\u00f3 cho \u00f4ng ta th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u1ed1c gia. Do \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, Melo thi h\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. \u00d4ng b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9; t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n; t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Coimbra, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, \u00f4ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t l\u00ean m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, v\u00e0 x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1755, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Lisboa b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 8,5\u20139 \u0111\u1ed9 theo thang \u0111o m\u00f4 men. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecb san b\u1eb1ng do \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00f9ng c\u01a1n s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ho\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00f3. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1eaft tay t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, trung t\u00e2m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t sau n\u00e0y. Sau \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, Jos\u00e9 I trao cho Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn. N\u0103m 1758, Jos\u00e9 I b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u00e1m s\u00e1t, gia t\u1ed9c T\u00e1vora v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Aveiro b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft. D\u00f2ng T\u00ean b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb sung c\u00f4ng. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo kh\u1edfi t\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00fa \u0111\u00e1nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m tan v\u1ee1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1762, T\u00e2y Ban Nha x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1ea3y N\u0103m, song \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1763 T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh. Sau v\u1ee5 \u00e1n T\u00e1vora, Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, \u00f4ng cai tr\u1ecb B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Jos\u00e9 I m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1779. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia c\u0169ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \"khai s\u00e1ng\" c\u1ee7a Pombal d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng song ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh khai th\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 Maria I kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo, v\u00e0 thu h\u1ed3i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m 1807, Napol\u00e9on \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p qua T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1807 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1811, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Anh-B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1807, khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n Lisboa, Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh v\u01b0\u01a1ng Jo\u00e3o VI c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chuy\u1ec3n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha sang Brasil v\u00e0 l\u1eadp Rio de Janeiro l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. N\u0103m 1815, Brasil \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Brasil \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, Brasil v\u00e0 Algarve. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Napol\u00e9on chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy tho\u00e1i ch\u1eadm c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh khi Brasil \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1822, \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha."}
+{"text": "Trong khi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, th\u00ec B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i Nam M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n v\u00e0i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. Trong H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Berlin n\u0103m 1884, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha trong Tranh gi\u00e0nh ch\u00e2u Phi. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi l\u00e0 Cabo Verde, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 v\u00e0 Pr\u00edncipe, Guin\u00e9, Angola v\u00e0 Mozambique. Ngo\u00e0i ra, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha duy tr\u00ec ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, c\u00f9ng Timor v\u00e0 Macau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft nh\u1eb1m li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ven bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i l\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Angola v\u00e0 Mozambique."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng trong \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i Angola v\u00e0 Mozambique, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha (1961\u20131974). Trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng gia t\u0103ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Estado Novo chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1968 l\u00e0 Marcelo Caetano v\u1eabn n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u01a1n 2 tri\u1ec7u km\u00b2."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea3 khuynh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Lisboa v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1974, c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Hoa c\u1ea9m ch\u01b0\u1edbng. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hai n\u0103m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 PREC (Processo Revolucion\u00e1rio Em Curso). Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tranh ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea3 khuynh v\u00e0 h\u1eefu khuynh. Vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Angola v\u00e0 Mozambique). T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c t\u0129nh c\u0169 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi."}
+{"text": "C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1982 v\u00e0 1989, hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 khao kh\u00e1t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Sau khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha x\u1ea5u \u0111i bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh do IMF gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1977\u201378 v\u00e0 1983\u201385."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1995, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc Khu v\u1ef1c Schengen, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Schengen \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m 1996, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha (CPLP) c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Lisboa. Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 1998 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1999 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y cho l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng euro. Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2009, Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Lisboa c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007 t\u1ea1i Tu vi\u1ec7n Jer\u00f3nimos c\u1ee7a Lisboa, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n g\u1eafn k\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i kh\u1ed1i. Kinh t\u1ebf suy tho\u00e1i trong kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2010 khi\u1ebfn B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi IMF v\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n vay nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia ven bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i t\u00e2y nam ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, t\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia, gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi d\u00e0i 1.214 km. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng (A\u00e7ores v\u00e0 Madeira), v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u1ef1c nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha n\u1eb1m kh\u00f4ng xa l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i l\u00e0 eo bi\u1ec3n Gibraltar. T\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 91.470 km\u00b2 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 620 km\u00b2 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y qua, ch\u00fang b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb T\u00e2y Ban Nha. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb t\u00e2y sang \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng; t\u1eeb b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nam c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Minho, Douro, Mondego, Tejo v\u00e0 Guadiana."}
+{"text": "B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o Varisci l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed1i n\u00fai Iberia-Hesperia, chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n trung-t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a cao nguy\u00ean. Th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y b\u1ecb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e3y n\u00fai Sistema Central c\u1eaft qua, d\u1ecdc theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng-\u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2y-t\u00e2y nam, song song v\u1edbi chu\u1ed7i Baetic (m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i Alpes). Sistema Central ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai kh\u1ed1i, trong khi ba h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba m\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c nhau: B\u1eafc Meseta (\u0111\u1ed9 cao trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 800) tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng Douro (h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng-t\u00e2y); Nam Meseta (\u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u1eeb 200-900 m) tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng Tejp (h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng-t\u00e2y) t\u1eeb T\u00e2y Ban Nha, v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Guadiana (h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eafc-nam)."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed9i l\u1ee5c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eadp, nh\u01b0 h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a Alqueva r\u1ed9ng 250 km\u00b2. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 t\u1ea1i Serra da Estrela, h\u1ed3 Comprida (Lagoa Comprida) v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 Escura (Lagoa Escura) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1ea1i qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o A\u00e7ores, c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean h\u00f5m ch\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft. Lagoa do Fogo v\u00e0 Lagoa das Sete Cidades l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o S\u00e3o Miguel. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1 tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1 Albufeira v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 \u00d3bidos."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i, ngo\u00e0i 943 km b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, th\u00ec c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o A\u00e7ores (667 km) v\u00e0 Madeira (250 km) ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 g\u1ed3 gh\u1ec1. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh quan n\u00e0y xen k\u1ebd gi\u1eefa v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 g\u1ed3 gh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n c\u00e1t m\u1ecbn; v\u00f9ng Algarve n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n c\u00e1t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi du kh\u00e1ch, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng quanh m\u0169i St. Vincent l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 Ria Formosa v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u00f4n ho\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u1ea5m v\u00e0 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u00eam d\u1ecbu. B\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Ria de Aveiro (g\u1ea7n Aveiro, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Venezia c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha\"), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 (d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 45 km v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a 11 km) c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 v\u00e0 chim bi\u1ec3n."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111o thu\u1ef7 tri\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n d\u00e2ng 1-1,5 m, g\u00e2y tr\u00e0n b\u1edd t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 n\u1ed9i l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn. Do c\u00f3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba trong Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 11 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi). V\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 khai th\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 1.727.408 km\u00b2, trong \u0111\u00f3 327.667 km2 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, 953.633 km2 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o A\u00e7ores, v\u00e0 446.108 km2 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Madeira."}
+{"text": "Hai qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Madeira v\u00e0 A\u00e7ores l\u00e0 hai v\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Madeira n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ch\u00e2u Phi, g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn Madeira, Porto Santo v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Selvagens nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. A\u00e7ores n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa n\u01a1i giao nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng ch\u00e2u Phi, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, tr\u00ean s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ch\u00edn \u0111\u1ea3o. Hai nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 n\u00fai Pico tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Pico thu\u1ed9c A\u00e7ores. A\u00e7ores th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c. Ch\u00e1y r\u1eebng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u1ef1c \u0111oan d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 l\u1ee5t di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i (Csa t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam, n\u1ed9i l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Douro; Csb t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc, mi\u1ec1n trung, v\u00e0 duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Alentejo; kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p d\u1ecdc n\u1eeda b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu b\u00e1n kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n hay kh\u00ed h\u1eadu th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean (BSk t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec7n Beja t\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c nam) theo ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu K\u00f6ppen-Geiger), v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u1ea5m nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 8-12\u00b0C t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai ph\u00eda b\u1eafc cho \u0111\u1ebfn 16-18\u00b0C t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Guadiana. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng cao v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1edbi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Algarve t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f9ng Alentejo qua c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai cao \u0111\u1ebfn 900 m t\u1ea1i Alto de F\u00f3ia, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ven bi\u1ec3n mi\u1ec1n nam T\u00e2y Ban Nha hay ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dac."}
+{"text": "Tuy\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i l\u1ee5c mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n trung, nh\u01b0 Guarda, Bragan\u00e7a, Viseu v\u00e0 Vila Real, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi -10\u00b0C \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Serra da Estrela, Serra do Ger\u00eas, Serra do Mar\u00e3o v\u00e0 Serra de Montesinho. T\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3, tuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5. T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam, tuy\u1ebft hi\u1ebfm khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n song v\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c IPMA ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 -16\u00b0C t\u1ea1i Penhas da Sa\u00fade v\u00e0 Miranda do Douro, song c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c t\u1eebng ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 -17,5\u00b0 t\u1ea1i ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Bragan\u00e7a v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi -20,0\u00b0C t\u1ea1i Serra da Estrela."}
+{"text": "Hai qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o A\u00e7ores v\u00e0 Madeira \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, song t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o, khi\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o kh\u00ed h\u1eadu r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Madeira v\u00e0 A\u00e7ores c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m v\u01b0\u1ee3t 20\u00b0C d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1ea1i A\u00e7ores c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n h\u01a1n v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8. Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Selvagens l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c nam c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c kh\u00ed h\u1eadu hoang m\u1ea1c v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m kho\u1ea3ng 150 mm. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n quanh c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 17-18\u00b0C v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn 24-25\u00b0C v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha trong h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, song v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n. T\u1ea1i Ger\u00eas c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i r\u1eebng l\u00e1 r\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 l\u00e1 kim, m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 hi\u1ebfm tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c n\u00fai Arr\u00e1bida, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng laurissilva c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb k\u1ef7 \u0110\u1ec7 Tam tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh Madeira. Do d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 suy gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, s\u1ed3i Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c \u0111ang chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c hoang ho\u00e1. L\u1ee3n r\u1eebng, h\u01b0\u01a1u \u0111\u1ecf Iberia, ho\u1eb5ng v\u00e0 s\u01a1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng Iberia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia, 12 v\u01b0\u1eddn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, 9 khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, 5 khu k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 7 c\u1ea3nh quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Peneda-Ger\u00eas, V\u01b0\u1eddn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Serra da Estrela. C\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u00f4ng (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Pinus pinaster v\u00e0 Pinus pinea), s\u1ed3i Anh (Quercus robur), s\u1ed3i Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es (Quercus pyrenaica), h\u1ea1t d\u1ebb (Castanea sativa), s\u1ed3i v\u1ecf x\u00f9 (Quercus suber), s\u1ed3i xanh (Quercus ilex) hay s\u1ed3i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha (Quercus faginea). Do c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chi B\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, song c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Laurisilva l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u r\u1eebng m\u01b0a c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: T\u1ea1i A\u00e7ores v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Madeira, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng l\u1edbn thu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3u r\u1eebng Laurisilva \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i th\u00fa \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1o, l\u1eedng, linh mi\u00eau Iberia, ch\u00f3 s\u00f3i Iberia, d\u00ea hoang (Capra pyrenaica), m\u00e8o hoang (Felis silvestris), th\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ed3n, ch\u1ed3n h\u00f4i, t\u1eafc k\u00e8 hoa, c\u1ea7y l\u1ecfn, c\u1ea7y h\u01b0\u01a1ng. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim di c\u01b0, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 m\u0169i St. Vincent hay d\u00e3y n\u00fai Monchique, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n chim qua \u0111\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 gi\u1eefa ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 100 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt, t\u1eeb c\u00e1 da tr\u01a1n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 nh\u1ecf. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p nguy c\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng cao do m\u1ea5t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n. N\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ed3i d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha khi\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 gi\u00e0u ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 bi\u1ec3n; v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha n\u1eb1m v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng phong ph\u00fa nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1. C\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 bi\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 m\u00f2i, c\u00e1 ng\u1eeb, c\u00e1 thu. T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 k\u1eb9p k\u00ecm (Lucanus cervus) v\u00e0 ve s\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o A\u00e7ores v\u00e0 Madeira c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 chim, b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, d\u01a1i, c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. T\u1ea1i Madeira, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t tr\u00ean 250 lo\u00e0i ch\u00e2n b\u1ee5ng c\u1ea1n."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb b\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1976. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1n c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 To\u00e0 \u00e1n. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng, c\u1ea1nh tranh trong l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia, khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a hai ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (PS) trung-t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (PSD) trung-h\u1eefu, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Li\u00ean minh D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft (\u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Sinh th\u00e1i \"Xanh\"), Kh\u1ed1i c\u00e1nh T\u1ea3, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng CDS \u2013 Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 \"T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0\", \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ra theo th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 5 n\u0103m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p); b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng; gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 (\u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u1edbm); ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p (song c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n b\u00e1c b\u1ecf); v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh ho\u1eb7c bao v\u00e2y. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng cho T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m s\u00e1u quan ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cao c\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u theo hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1976, n\u0103m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean do Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ecdn ra, v\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean do t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ph\u00f3 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan t\u1ed1i cao v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, song c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ban h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n u\u1ef7 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t do Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ban h\u00e0nh. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng do th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u (ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u) v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c. M\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh, v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh n\u00f3 l\u00ean Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n lu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c lu\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1976, lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u0103m 1966 (c\u00f3 s\u1eed \u0111\u1ed5i) v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 n\u0103m 1982 (c\u00f3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i). C\u00e1c lu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u0103m 1888 c\u00f3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u0103m 1961 c\u00f3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c to\u00e0 \u00e1n qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed1i cao l\u00e0 To\u00e0 \u00e1n T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p T\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 To\u00e0 \u00e1n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. B\u1ed9 C\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng do T\u1ed5ng ch\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh 308 khu t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n (ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha: munic\u00edpios hay concelhos), sau m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh 3.092 gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha: freguesia). \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh 18 t\u1ec9nh, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o A\u00e7ores v\u00e0 Madeira l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. 18 t\u1ec9nh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0: Aveiro, Beja, Braga, Bragan\u00e7a, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, \u00c9vora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Portalegre, Porto, Santar\u00e9m, Set\u00fabal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real v\u00e0 Viseu \u2013 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1955, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a NATO (1949), OECD (1961) v\u00e0 EFTA (1960); \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1986 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha gia nh\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1993. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1996, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha (CPLP), nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y li\u00ean k\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u1ef1u Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha Ant\u00f3nio Guterres \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2017."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Latinh (1983) v\u00e0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Iberia-ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 (1949). Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean minh h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch k\u00e9p v\u1edbi c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Brasil. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 Anh c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, theo hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Windsor k\u00fd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1373. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 hai tranh ch\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha: Olivenza \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1801, song B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u00e1i y\u00eau s\u00e1ch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1815. Tuy nhi\u00ean khu v\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Selvagens thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha quanh qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ba l\u1eef \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t l\u1eef \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ed9 binh (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb thi\u1ebft v\u1eadn xa Pandur II), m\u1ed9t l\u1eef \u0111o\u00e0n c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb xe t\u0103ng Leopard 2 A6 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft v\u1eadn xa M113) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eef \u0111o\u00e0n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh (g\u1ed3m l\u00ednh d\u00f9, \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng, bi\u1ec7t k\u00edch). H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ef7 qu\u00e2n l\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0u khu tr\u1ee5c nh\u1ecf, t\u00e0u h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng nh\u1ecf, t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m, t\u00e0u tu\u1ea7n tra v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3. Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay F-16 Fighting Falcon v\u00e0 Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 V\u1ec7 binh C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng an ninh trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (hi\u1ebfn binh). L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 N\u1ed9i v\u1ee5, v\u00e0 t\u1eebng tham gia c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Iraq v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Timor."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha tham gia hai cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1edbn l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha (1961\u20131974). Sau khi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha tham gia c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh duy tr\u00ec ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) v\u00e0 Liban. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 trong vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i Angola v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Guinea-Bissau v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 di t\u1ea3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111e do\u1ea1 t\u1eeb xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao, GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014 \u0111\u1ea1t 78% m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u2013 t\u0103ng so v\u1edbi 76% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012.. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2016, GDP PPP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 h\u01a1n 30 ngh\u00ecn USD. Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 euro (\u20ac), n\u00f3 thay th\u1ebf escudo B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng euro. Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 Banco de Portugal, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kinh doanh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Lisboa v\u00e0 Porto, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Set\u00fabal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra v\u00e0 Leiria c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 v\u1edbi Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi, B\u1eafc Phi v\u00e0 Mercosul."}
+{"text": "Sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng hoa c\u1ea9m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1974, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960),. Sau r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n PREC, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1eadm th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kinh doanh \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 d\u1ec7t, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, gi\u1ea7y d\u00e9p, n\u00fat b\u1ea7n (B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00fat b\u1ea7n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi), c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb g\u1ed7, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI, kinh t\u1ebf B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua cu\u1ed9c suy tho\u00e1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, khi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 \u1ee6y ban ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Qu\u1ef9 Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea5y h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh 78 t\u1ef7 euro. Trong th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2014, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 song t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh cam k\u1ebft duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ra kh\u1ecfi g\u00f3i c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3, kinh t\u1ebf gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ebfn 0,7% v\u00e0o qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 2014, song t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 Th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng 15,3%."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty qu\u1ed1c doanh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 \u00c1guas de Portugal (n\u01b0\u1edbc), Caixa Geral de Dep\u00f3sitos (ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng), Comboios de Portugal (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft), Companhia das Lez\u00edrias (n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p) v\u00e0 RTP (truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c doanh c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Parp\u00fablica qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty qu\u1ed1c doanh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ho\u00e1, c\u00f3 CTT (b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh), TAP Portugal (h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 ANA (c\u1ea3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng). C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ni\u00eam y\u1ebft tr\u00ean s\u00e0n ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Euronext Lisboa, nh\u01b0 EDP, Galp, Jer\u00f3nimo Martins, Mota-Engil, Novabase, Semapa, Portucel Soporcel, Portugal Telecom v\u00e0 Sonae, n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, thu nh\u1eadp thu\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Euronext Lisboa l\u00e0 s\u00e0n giao d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a NYSE Euronext."}
+{"text": "N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eeba thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kinh doanh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u th\u00e2m canh quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i, g\u1ed3m c\u00e0 chua, cam chanh, rau xanh, g\u1ea1o, ng\u00f4, l\u00faa m\u00ec, l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch, \u00f4 liu, h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 d\u1ea7u, qu\u1ea3 ki\u00ean, anh \u0111\u00e0o, vi\u1ec7t qu\u1ea5t \u0111en, nho t\u01b0\u01a1i, n\u1ea5m, c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u01a1 s\u1eefa, gia c\u1ea7m v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt b\u00f2. L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 kinh t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c bi\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u00e1 b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n cao nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ng\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ty, trong \u0111\u00f3 Ramirez l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 ng\u00e0nh khai kho\u00e1ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebfc, volfram, v\u00e0 urani. Tuy nhi\u00ean, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh khai th\u00e1c hydrocarbon v\u00e0 nh\u00f4m, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khai m\u1ecf v\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n kim c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 s\u1eaft v\u00e0 than \u0111\u00e1, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc, song t\u1eeb sau c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u0103m 1974 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 kinh t\u1ebf th\u00ec do nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u1ea5p n\u00ean h\u1ecd bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0 \u00f4 t\u00f4 (Volkswagen Autoeuropa v\u00e0 Peugeot Citroen), h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (Embraer v\u00e0 OGMA), \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, d\u1ec7t, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t, xi m\u0103mg, v\u00e0 b\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5y. Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u1eafp r\u00e1p \u00f4 t\u00f4 AutoEuropa c\u1ee7a T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Volkswagen t\u1ea1i Palmela n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1eafp B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Alverca, Covilh\u00e3, \u00c9vora, v\u00e0 Ponte de Sor l\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Sau khi b\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Lisboa, Porto, Braga, Coimbra v\u00e0 Aveiro."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 Lisboa, Algarve, Madeira, Porto v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Coimbra. Lisboa l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 16 v\u1ec1 thu h\u00fat du kh\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u0103m 2013 (c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec9 trong c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006). C\u00f3 4\u20135 tri\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn F\u00e1tima m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 Maria \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t ba m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1917. Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba F\u00e1tima l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1edd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 thung l\u0169ng Douro, \u0111\u1ea3o Porto Santo v\u00e0 Alentejo."}
+{"text": "Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u0103m 2016, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft du kh\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec9 trong c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i Lisboa (6,3 tri\u1ec7u), Porto v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc (4,4 tri\u1ec7u), Algarve (4,2 tri\u1ec7u), mi\u1ec1n trung (3,2 tri\u1ec7u), Madeira (1,5 tri\u1ec7u), Alentejo (1,2 tri\u1ec7u), v\u00e0 A\u00e7ores (0,5 tri\u1ec7u). Algarve v\u00e0 Lisboa d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec9 qua \u0111\u00eam. X\u00e9t ri\u00eang du kh\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 Lisboa (4,41 tri\u1ec7u), Algarve (3,01 tri\u1ec7u), mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc (2,08 tri\u1ec7u), mi\u1ec1n trung (1,23 tri\u1ec7u), Madeira (1,19), Alentejo (0,37), v\u00e0 A\u00e7ores. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi du kh\u00e1ch n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc (2,28 tri\u1ec7u), mi\u1ec1n trung (1,99), Lisboa (1,87 tri\u1ec7u), Algarve (1,18), Alentejo (0,80), Madeira (0,29) v\u00e0 A\u00e7ores (0,27). N\u0103m 2015, c\u00f3 11,36 tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, so v\u1edbi 8,1 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011, \u0111a s\u1ed1 du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Anh, Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c"}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha k\u00e9o theo gia t\u0103ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c mua \u00f4 t\u00f4 m\u1edbi khi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean trong c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, sau khi gia nh\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u xa l\u1ed9 m\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y nay, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 68,7 ngh\u00ecn km, kho\u1ea3ng ba ngh\u00ecn km thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 44 xa l\u1ed9. Xa l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1944, li\u00ean k\u1ebft Lisboa \u0111\u1ebfn S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o khi\u1ebfn B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 xa l\u1ed9 (tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c Lisbon-Cascais, hay A5)."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n s\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Lisboa, Porto, Faro v\u00e0 Beja. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Lisboa khi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. H\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 TAP Portugal, song c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n bay m\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Lisboa, t\u1ea1i Alcochete, nh\u1eb1m thay th\u1ebf s\u00e2n bay Lisbon Portela, song d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ng\u1eebng do c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc kh\u1ed5. Hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c s\u00e2n bay quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Lisboa, Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), v\u00e0 Ponta Delgada (A\u00e7ores), thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c gia ANA Aeroportos de Portugal."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 sang T\u00e2y Ban Nha, thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Comboios de Portugal. Giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 2.791 km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 1.430 km \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 900 km cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea1y t\u00e0u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 120 km/h. M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a REFER, trong khi giao th\u00f4ng ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Comboios de Portugal (CP), \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Sines, Lisbon, Leix\u00f5es, Set\u00fabal, Aveiro, Figueira da Foz v\u00e0 Faro. Hai v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m: Lisbon Metro v\u00e0 Metro Sul do Tejo t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Lisboa v\u00e0 Porto Metro t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Porto, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00ean 35 km. D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 xe \u0111i\u1ec7n Lisboa do Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris) v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. T\u1ea1i Porto, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi xe \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1895, song ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 du l\u1ecbch b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Douro. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 taxi."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng, hai ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf cao nh\u1ea5t. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi b\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI, di\u1ec5n ra xu th\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 th\u1ea1ch. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y quang n\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y quang n\u0103ng Moura b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n Moura thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n nam, trong khi trang tr\u1ea1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00f3ng bi\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 trang tr\u1ea1i s\u00f3ng Agu\u00e7adoura \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Norte v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2006, 66% s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng than \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1t, 29% \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eadp thu\u1ef7 \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 6% \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f3."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng ty truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 Redes Energ\u00e9ticas Nacionais (REN), s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u gi\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c nhau. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u00f3, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y thu\u1ef7 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc: C\u00e1c tua bin gi\u00f3 b\u01a1m n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u00ean v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam, t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t; sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y, t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng khi c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cao h\u01a1n. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hai chi\u1ec1u, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n thu \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m pin n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u00e1i nh\u00e0. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 cao cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng t\u1eeb quang n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ean m\u00e1i nh\u00e0."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7n Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha (INE) \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011 l\u00e0 10.562.178 (trong \u0111\u00f3 52% l\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi, 48% l\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi). Theo m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2017, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 10.294.289. D\u00e2n c\u01b0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o duy nh\u1ea5t (C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef duy nh\u1ea5t g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, sau khi tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Moor v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf l\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i sang C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mouriscos v\u00e0 Crist\u00e3os Novos. Sau n\u0103m 1772, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf theo s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Iberia, c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Nam \u00c2u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u00dd, chia s\u1ebb v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 Y v\u00e0 ADN ti th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 45.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, song ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u di truy\u1ec1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u01b0 d\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd t\u1ea1i g\u00f3c t\u00e2y nam c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u00ecn ra \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u0169 v\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia xu\u1ea5t c\u01b0 (nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Brasil c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha), song hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 thu\u1ea7n,. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 800 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha khi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2007, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 332.137 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2015, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 383.759 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, chi\u1ebfm 3,7% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina, Brasil, c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u Phi kh\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Romania, Moldova, Kosovo v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Di-gan t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 40.000. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00eda b\u1eafc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha (c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Algarve v\u00e0 Madeira)."}
+{"text": "Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 2011, 81,0% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Tin L\u00e0nh, Th\u00e1nh h\u1eefu Ng\u00e0y sau, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, Sikh gi\u00e1o, Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng Jehovah, Baha'i, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng linh. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 Trung Hoa, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng y Trung Hoa v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u00fang ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh ch\u00e2u Phi. Kho\u1ea3ng 6,8% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 8,3% kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 nh\u00ecn chung l\u00e0 ho\u00e0 thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c, song s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd th\u00ec c\u00f3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII v\u00e0 XIV, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t do vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i chinh ph\u1ee5c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Khi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ho\u00e1, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Ph\u00fac \u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX-XX bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 Roman, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c nay l\u00e0 Galicia v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Ti\u1ebfng Galicia-B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Galicia v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Galicia v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Galicia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean tham v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Theo Ethnologue, ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 89%, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a hai b\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi nhau."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng La tinh d\u1ea1ng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ti\u1ec1n La M\u00e3 b\u1ecb La M\u00e3 ho\u00e1 tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 2.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Celt, Tartessia, Lusitania v\u00e0 Iberia. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV v\u00e0 XVI, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u khi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1415. Ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef tr\u00ean n\u0103m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, Brasil l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha nh\u1ea5t (209,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016).,"}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc tu\u1ed5i \u0111i h\u1ecdc (d\u01b0\u1edbi 6 tu\u1ed5i), gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n (9 n\u0103m, ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c), gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc (3 n\u0103m, b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2010), v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao (g\u1ed3m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7). C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khoa. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n hi\u1ec7u t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 99%, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 100%."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha th\u00f4ng qua ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh Bologna v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ea1nh tranh, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng qua c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 sinh vi\u00ean nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao c\u0169ng c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng t\u0103ng th\u00eam cho c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean 23 tu\u1ed5i, sinh vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, song do h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed t\u0103ng l\u00ean, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 theo h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh sinh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i."}
+{"text": "C\u01b0 d\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh l\u00e0 81,1 n\u0103m, x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 21 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t th\u1ee9 12 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000, x\u1ebfp tr\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao nh\u01b0 Anh, \u0110\u1ee9c hay Thu\u1ef5 \u0110i\u1ec3n H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ba h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng: D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 Y t\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n (Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Sa\u00fade, SNS), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m y t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf), v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m y t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n. SNS cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 25% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 tham gia c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 10% tham gia c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 7% kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7."}
+{"text": "T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 2,4% s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb t\u1eed vong trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 0,2%, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do gi\u1ea3m t\u1eed vong tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c trong c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t trong ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t ho\u1eb7c r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t (Kasmel et al., 2004), th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Eur-A."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn khi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Qu\u1ef9 Calouste Gulbenkian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1956 t\u1ea1i Lisboa. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 v\u00e0 2000, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 Trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Bel\u00e9m t\u1ea1i Lisboa, Qu\u1ef9 Serralves v\u00e0 Casa da M\u00fasica t\u1ea1i Porto, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng ho\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 15 di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi UNESCO t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2013, x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u00e0 g\u1ed3m phong c\u00e1ch Manueline, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gothic mu\u1ed9n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch xa hoa, ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p trong trang tr\u00ed, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI. Phong c\u00e1ch B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Lisboa. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Eduardo Souto de Moura, \u00c1lvaro Siza Vieira (\u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i Pritzker) v\u00e0 Gon\u00e7alo Byrne. Tom\u00e1s Taveira c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00ec thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "\u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1896 khi tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 phim \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 Sa\u00edda do Pessoal Oper\u00e1rio da F\u00e1brica Confian\u00e7a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. R\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1904 v\u00e0 phim c\u00f3 k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0 O Rapto de Uma Actriz (1907). Phim c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng su\u1ed1t phim \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 A Severa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1931. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1933 v\u1edbi A Can\u00e7\u00e3o de Lisboa, v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong hai th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phim nh\u01b0 O P\u00e1tio das Cantigas (1942) v\u00e0 A Menina da R\u00e1dio (1944). Aniki-B\u00f3b\u00f3 (1942) l\u00e0 phim truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Manoel de Oliveira, ghi m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u m\u1ed1c v\u1edbi phong c\u00e1ch duy th\u1ef1c, \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc phong tr\u00e0o phim t\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u00dd m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, phong tr\u00e0o Cinema Novo (\"\u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh m\u1edbi\") \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n sinh, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c trong phim, theo c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb phong tr\u00e0o t\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u00dd v\u00e0 l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng m\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phim nh\u01b0 Dom Roberto (1962) v\u00e0 Os Verdes Anos (1963). Phong tr\u00e0o tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng hoa c\u1ea9m ch\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1974. N\u0103m 1989, Recorda\u00e7\u00f5es da Casa Amarela c\u1ee7a Jo\u00e3o C\u00e9sar Monteiro th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i S\u01b0 t\u1eed b\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean hoan phim Venezia. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2009, Arena c\u1ee7a Jo\u00e3o Salaviza chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Gi\u1ea3i C\u00e0nh c\u1ecd v\u00e0ng cho phim ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hoan phim Cannes. \u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, Vi\u1ec7n \u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 Nghe nh\u00ecn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim."}
+{"text": "\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 tuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4 (bacalhau trong ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha), v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn. Hai m\u00f3n c\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1 m\u00f2i n\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 caldeirada, m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n h\u1ea7m c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 khoai t\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1. C\u00e1c m\u00f3n th\u1ecbt \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u00e0m t\u1eeb th\u1ecbt b\u00f2, th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n, th\u1ecbt c\u1eebu v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt g\u00e0, g\u1ed3m cozido \u00e0 portuguesa, feijoada, frango de churrasco, leit\u00e3o (l\u1ee3n s\u1eefa quay) v\u00e0 carne de porco \u00e0 alentejana. M\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0103n mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 arroz de sarrabulho (g\u1ea1o ninh trong ti\u1ebft l\u1ee3n) hay arroz de cabidela (c\u01a1m g\u00e0 h\u1ea7m trong ti\u1ebft g\u00e0)."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n nhanh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Francesinha (Frenchie) t\u1eeb Porto, v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec k\u1eb9p bifanas (th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n n\u01b0\u1edbng) ho\u1eb7c prego (th\u1ecbt b\u00f2 n\u01b0\u1edbng). Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt b\u00e1nh ng\u1ecdt B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c trong nhi\u1ec1u tu vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u (h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 h\u1ea1nh, b\u1ed9t m\u00ec, tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00edt r\u01b0\u1ee3u) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i b\u00e1nh ng\u1ecdt kh\u00e1c nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 past\u00e9is de Bel\u00e9m (hay past\u00e9is de nata) c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Lisboa, v\u00e0 ovos moles t\u1eeb Aveiro. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u1ee9c \u0103n t\u1ed1t cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tasquinhas nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng."}
+{"text": "R\u01b0\u1ee3u vang B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1eeb th\u1eddi La M\u00e3, h\u1ecd li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u nho Bacchus. Ng\u00e0y nay, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111am m\u00ea r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha h\u1ea3o h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do D\u00e3o, Vinho da Bairrada v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang Port, r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang Madeira, v\u00e0 Moscatel t\u1eeb Set\u00fabal v\u00e0 Favaios. Port v\u00e0 Madeira \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i Fado v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n gian, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f2n nghe nh\u1ea1c pop v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Anh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, Caribe v\u00e0 Brasil. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Dulce Pontes, Moonspell, Buraka Som Sistema, Blasted Mechanism v\u00e0 The Gift, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c MTV ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2010, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf t\u1ea7m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 Aurea, Agir, David Carreira, Richie Campbell, D.A.M.A v\u00e0 Diogo Pi\u00e7arra."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u00f9a h\u00e8, nh\u01b0 Festival Sudoeste t\u1ea1i Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura t\u1ea1i Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros g\u1ea7n Caminha, Boom Festival t\u1ea1i Idanha-a-Nova, NOS Alive, Sumol Summer Fest t\u1ea1i Ericeira, Rock in Rio Lisboa v\u00e0 Super Bock Super Rock t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i Lisboa. Ngo\u00e0i m\u00f9a h\u00e8, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb nh\u01b0 Flowfest hay Hip Hop Porto. N\u0103m 2005, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 trao gi\u1ea3i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c MTV ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1ea1i Pavilh\u00e3o Atl\u00e2ntico, Lisboa. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1ea1i Eurovision Song Contest 2017 v\u1edbi b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \"Amar pelos dois\" do Salvador Sobral tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 piano Artur Pizarro, Maria Jo\u00e3o Pires, Sequeira Costa, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 violon Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro v\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 cello Guilhermina Suggia. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Jos\u00e9 Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, Jo\u00e3o Domingos Bomtempo, Jo\u00e3o de Sousa Carvalho, Lu\u00eds de Freitas Branco v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Joly Braga Santos, Fernando Lopes-Gra\u00e7a, Emmanuel Nunes v\u00e0 S\u00e9rgio Azevedo. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Nuno Malo v\u00e0 Miguel d'Oliveira \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft nh\u1ea1c g\u1ed1c cho phim v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, nh\u01b0 Nuno Gon\u00e7alves, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Gothic mu\u1ed9n. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng cao \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ph\u00eda b\u1eafc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n baroque, Joana d'Obidos v\u00e0 Vieira Lusitano l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda s\u0129 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t. Jos\u00e9 Malhoa n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Fado, v\u00e0 Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (v\u1ebd ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a Te\u00f3filo Braga v\u00e0 Antero de Quental) \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean."}
+{"text": "B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Eus\u00e9bio v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Lu\u00eds Figo v\u00e0 Cristiano Ronaldo t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m c\u1ee7a FIFA, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 hai c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Jos\u00e9 Mourinho v\u00e0 Fernando Santos."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u2013 Sele\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional \u2013 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh hi\u1ec7u cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u0103m 2016. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec t\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u 2004 (t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha), \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba t\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 1966, \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 2006. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i tr\u1ebb, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 U-20 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (n\u0103m 1989 v\u00e0 1991) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch tr\u1ebb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. S.L. Benfica, Sporting CP v\u00e0 FC Porto l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"os tr\u00eas grandes\" (\"ba \u00f4ng l\u1edbn\"). H\u1ecd t\u1eebng gi\u00e0nh t\u00e1m danh hi\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ea5p c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a UEFA, hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trung nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1eadn chung k\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5u cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00f9a gi\u1ea3i. Ngo\u00e0i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 th\u1ec3 thao c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, bao g\u1ed3m \"ba \u00f4ng l\u1edbn\", thi \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 thao kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 kh\u00fac c\u00f4n c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u0103ng, b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5, b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 trong nh\u00e0, b\u00f3ng n\u00e9m, b\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec1n. Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean C\u00fap Algarve, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 n\u1eef th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 x\u1ee9 n\u00f3ng, v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a. Ngo\u00e0i ra l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra ba mi\u1ec1n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u00e0 B\u1eafc, Trung, Nam. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c t\u1eebng v\u00f9ng - mi\u1ec1n. M\u1ed7i mi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t, kh\u1ea9u v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam phong ph\u00fa, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0103n u\u1ed1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i rau (lu\u1ed9c, x\u00e0o, l\u00e0m d\u01b0a, \u0103n s\u1ed1ng); nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc canh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 canh chua, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n c\u00f3 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i th\u1ecbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n, b\u00f2, g\u00e0, ngan, v\u1ecbt, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00f4m, c\u00e1, cua, \u1ed1c, h\u1ebfn, trai, s\u00f2 v.v. Nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i th\u1ecbt \u00edt th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ecbt ch\u00f3, th\u1ecbt d\u00ea, th\u1ecbt r\u00f9a, th\u1ecbt r\u1eafn, th\u1ecbt ba ba... th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ecbt ch\u00ednh, nhi\u1ec1u khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp li\u00ean hoan n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi r\u01b0\u1ee3u u\u1ed1ng k\u00e8m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f3n \u0103n chay theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n chay tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u01b0 th\u1ea7y trong c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh n\u1eb7ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0103n ki\u00eang."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c: \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0103n ngon tuy \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0103n b\u1ed5. B\u1edfi v\u1eady trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u00edt c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3, h\u1ea7m nh\u1eeb ninh k\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Trung Hoa, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 b\u00e0y bi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 cao \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ph\u1ed1i tr\u1ed9n gia v\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f3n \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngon, ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u dai, gi\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 b\u00e9o (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u00f3n m\u0103ng, ch\u00e2n c\u00e1nh g\u00e0, ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt...)."}
+{"text": "Khi th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ed1i tr\u1ed9n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 n\u00e9t h\u01a1n: ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u00edt khi \u0103n m\u00f3n n\u00e0o ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c t\u1eebng m\u00f3n, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa \u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u00f2a c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i b\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gia v\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm. N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5m nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea7n, x\u00ec d\u1ea7u (l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eadu n\u00e0nh). B\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm d\u00f9ng chung tr\u00ean m\u00e2m c\u01a1m, t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay l\u00e0m kh\u1ea9u v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 h\u01a1n, m\u00f3n \u0103n c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u v\u1ecb m\u1eb7n m\u00e0, \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eadm c\u00e1c v\u1ecb cay, b\u00e9o, ng\u1ecdt b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm lo\u00e3ng, m\u1eafm t\u00f4m. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n rau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt d\u1ec5 ki\u1ebfm nh\u01b0 t\u00f4m, cua, c\u00e1, trai, h\u1ebfn... v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn chung, do truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng xa x\u01b0a c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u00edt th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ecbt, c\u00e1. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi, cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tinh hoa \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n ph\u1edf, b\u00fan thang, b\u00fan ch\u1ea3, c\u00e1c m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 nh\u01b0 c\u1ed1m V\u00f2ng, b\u00e1nh cu\u1ed1n Thanh Tr\u00ec... v\u00e0 gia v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 tinh d\u1ea7u c\u00e0 cu\u1ed1ng, rau h\u00fang L\u00e1ng."}
+{"text": "\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n Nam, c\u00f3 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ea3o v\u1ecb chua ng\u1ecdt, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Campuchia, Th\u00e1i Lan, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1eefa d\u1eeba (n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1t v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e3o c\u1ee7a d\u1eeba). N\u1ec1n \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ea3n sinh ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i m\u1eafm kh\u00f4 (nh\u01b0 m\u1eafm c\u00e1 s\u1eb7c, m\u1eafm b\u00f2 h\u00f3c, m\u1eafm ba kh\u00eda...). \u1ea8m th\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee3 h\u01a1n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc (c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1, t\u00f4m, cua, \u1ed1c bi\u1ec3n), v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n d\u00e2n d\u00e3, \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i m\u1edf c\u00f5i, hi\u1ec7n nay nhi\u1ec1u khi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n: chu\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00eca n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eeba, d\u01a1i qu\u1ea1 h\u1ea5p chao, r\u1eafn h\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ea5u ch\u00e1o \u0111\u1eadu xanh, \u0111u\u00f4ng d\u1eeba, \u0111u\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c \u0111u\u00f4ng ch\u00e0 l\u00e0, v\u1ecdp chong, c\u00e1 l\u00f3c n\u01b0\u1edbng trui..."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed3 \u0103n mi\u1ec1n Trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi v\u1ecb cay n\u1ed3ng, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n \u0103n cay v\u00e0 m\u1eb7n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i tr\u1ed9n phong ph\u00fa, r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 n\u00e2u s\u1eadm. C\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh mi\u1ec1n Trung nh\u01b0 Hu\u1ebf, \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi m\u1eafm t\u00f4m chua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1eafm ru\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Hu\u1ebf do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb phong c\u00e1ch \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c ho\u00e0ng gia, cho n\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3 trong ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, do \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt m\u00e0 \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c ho\u00e0ng gia l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn m\u00f3n, n\u00ean m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n kh\u00e1c nhau."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi 54 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0111a d\u1ea1ng kh\u1eafp to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u00f3n th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ed9n ph\u00e8o non c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n \u0103n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 m\u1eafm b\u00f2 h\u00f3c mi\u1ec1n Nam, b\u00e1nh cu\u1ed1n tr\u1ee9ng (Cao B\u1eb1ng, L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n), b\u00e1nh co\u00f3ng ph\u00f9 (b\u00e1nh tr\u00f4i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c T\u00e0y, xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 t\u1eeb b\u00e1nh tr\u00f4i t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa), l\u1ee3n s\u1eefa v\u00e0 v\u1ecbt quay m\u1eafc m\u1eadt (qu\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t), kh\u00e2u nh\u1ee5c L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n (\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c), ph\u1edf chua, ch\u00e1o nh\u1ed9ng ong, ph\u1edf c\u1ed1n s\u1ee7i, th\u1eafng c\u1ed1, c\u00e1c m\u00f3n x\u00f4i n\u1ebfp n\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ecbt chua Thanh S\u01a1n (Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd)..."}
+{"text": "Theo b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1i Lan, L\u00e0o, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1ee5 c\u01b0. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ti\u1ec7m \u0103n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, Canada, Ph\u00e1p, \u00dac, C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00e9c, \u0110\u1ee9c, Ba Lan v\u00e0 Nga. C\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n thu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 ph\u1edf, nem r\u00e1n, b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 m\u1eafm t\u00f4m, rau h\u00fang r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, sinh s\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u lai t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 gia gi\u1ea3m, thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n nay, do \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao h\u01a1n, c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u b\u1eefa \u0103n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c m\u00f3n m\u1eb7n nhi\u1ec1u dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng th\u00f4n qu\u00ea) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n tr\u00ean m\u00e2m c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, nhi\u1ec1u gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb l\u1ea1i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tinh gi\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 n\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i rau b\u00e0y l\u00ean m\u00e2m, \u0103n k\u00e8m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i rau d\u01b0a l\u1eb7t v\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0m c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt r\u1ea3nh r\u1ed7i, nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m. B\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5m \"c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\" nay c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3 san ri\u00eang ra b\u00e1t cho t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p v\u1ec7 sinh h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5m kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo trong b\u1eefa c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n g\u00ec."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e1m \u0103n h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n nh\u01b0 l\u1ee3n s\u1eefa quay nguy\u00ean con, g\u00e0 lu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u00e2m x\u00f4i (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 x\u00f4i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf), b\u00e1nh xu x\u00ea, b\u00e1nh c\u1ed1m, m\u1ee9t sen, ch\u00e8, r\u01b0\u1ee3u, tr\u1ea7u cau. Th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1eb5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c tr\u00e1p theo s\u1ed1 l\u1ebb. Ti\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng 10 m\u00f3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0103n khai v\u1ecb (x\u00fap), m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n c\u01a1m g\u1ea1o ngon, m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n x\u00f4i (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 x\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecf nh\u01b0 x\u00f4i g\u1ea5c, x\u00f4i l\u00e1 c\u1ea9m), m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n canh, m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n c\u00e1, hai m\u00f3n th\u1ecbt, m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n rau x\u00e0o n\u1ea5u, m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u1ed9m, m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n tr\u00e1ng mi\u1ec7ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c m\u00f3n x\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 x\u00f4i v\u00f2 (x\u00f4i tr\u1ed9n \u0111\u1eadu xanh gi\u00e3 m\u1ecbn, l\u00e0m t\u01a1i t\u1eebng h\u1ea1t), x\u00f4i x\u00e9o (x\u00f4i, \u0111\u1eadu xanh gi\u00e3 m\u1ecbn n\u1eafm l\u1ea1i th\u00e1i m\u1ecfng, m\u1ee1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7 phi), x\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed7 xanh, x\u00f4i \u0111\u1eadu ph\u1ed9ng (x\u00f4i l\u1ea1c), x\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111en, x\u00f4i g\u1ea5c (l\u1ea5y m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a th\u1ecbt qu\u1ea3 g\u1ea5c, th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ed9n ch\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 m\u1ee1), x\u00f4i l\u00e1 c\u1ea9m (m\u00e0u t\u00edm), x\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u1ed1 (g\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 x\u00f4i x\u00e9o nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n), x\u00f4i g\u00e0 (x\u00f4i \u0103n v\u1edbi th\u1ecbt g\u00e0 x\u00e9 phay), x\u00f4i l\u1ea1p x\u01b0\u1eddng, x\u00f4i s\u1ea7u ri\u00eang (d\u00f9ng ch\u00fat m\u00fai s\u1ea7u ri\u00eang tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0o g\u1ea1o), b\u00e1nh kh\u00fac (b\u00e1nh kh\u00fac l\u0103n qua g\u1ea1o n\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed3 trong ch\u00f5), x\u00f4i th\u1eadp c\u1ea9m, x\u00f4i l\u00e1 d\u1ee9a (d\u00f9ng l\u00e1 d\u1ee9a gi\u00e3 l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m x\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh v\u00e0 v\u1ecb r\u1ea5t thanh). Ri\u00eang m\u00f3n x\u00f4i ng\u00f4 (x\u00f4i b\u1eafp, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u00f4i l\u00faa) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u00f4 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb g\u1ea1o n\u1ebfp."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c m\u00f3n ch\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n: gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ea5u c\u01a1m nh\u01b0ng cho t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n g\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ea1o n\u00e1t nh\u1eeb trong n\u1ed3i. Ch\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng g\u1ea1o n\u1ebfp, g\u1ea1o d\u1ebbo k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi g\u1ea1o t\u1ebb v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u00f2n gi\u00e3 nh\u1ecf g\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u1ea5u. N\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9ng n\u1ea5u ch\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u1ed9c g\u00e0, n\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u1ed9c trai, h\u1ebfn, n\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u1ed9c th\u1ecbt. Ch\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e8m th\u1ee9c \u0103n g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t hay \u0103n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tr\u1ee9ng v\u1ecbt mu\u1ed1i, tr\u1ee9ng kho, gi\u00e1, h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1i, th\u1ecbt n\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u1ecbt g\u00e0 hay th\u1ecbt v\u1ecbt x\u00e9 nh\u1ecf, qu\u1ea9y. C\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u00f3n ch\u00e1o nh\u01b0 ch\u00e1o tr\u1eafng, ch\u00e1o rau, ch\u00e1o l\u01b0\u01a1n, ch\u00e1o s\u01b0\u1eddn, ch\u00e1o huy\u1ebft, ch\u00e1o tim gan (l\u1ee3n), ch\u00e1o g\u00e0, ch\u00e1o c\u00e1 \u00e1m, ch\u00e1o v\u1ecbt, ch\u00e1o trai, ch\u00e1o \u1ebfch, ch\u00e1o s\u01b0\u1eddn, ch\u00e1o ch\u00e2n gi\u00f2... \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u00f3n r\u1eafn h\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ea5u ch\u00e1o \u0111\u1eadu xanh r\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, b\u1ed5, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf Nam B\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh b\u00e1t ph\u1edf cho th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch l\u00e0 b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00e0i mi\u1ebfng chanh t\u01b0\u01a1i, d\u0103m c\u1ecdng rau th\u01a1m, ch\u00fat t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edbt, b\u1ed9t ti\u00eau. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u00f3n d\u00f9ng \u0103n s\u00e1ng tuy r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u0103n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i trong ng\u00e0y. Ph\u1edf c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u, \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u ph\u1edf Ph\u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng ph\u1edf Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 M\u1ef9, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ph\u1edf c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, gia gi\u1ea3m \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c t\u1eebng v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 kinh doanh c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u ph\u1edf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 Ph\u1edf 24, Ph\u1edf Cali xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ra ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c m\u00f3n ph\u1edf ch\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y:"}
+{"text": "Mi\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m d\u1ea1ng s\u1ee3i b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 c\u1ee7 dong ri\u1ec1ng, b\u1ed9t \u0111ao. C\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn mi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u00f3n b\u00fan n\u01b0\u1edbc hay ph\u1edf. Trong \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u00f3n mi\u1ebfn x\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c mi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng sau: Mi\u1ebfn x\u00e0o l\u00f2ng g\u00e0; Mi\u1ebfn x\u00e0o rau c\u1ea7n; Mi\u1ebfn x\u00e0o m\u1ed9c nh\u0129, n\u1ea5m h\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ecbt b\u00f2; Mi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1n t\u01b0\u01a1i ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4 chi\u00ean r\u1eafc l\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u00e1t mi\u1ebfn, gia ch\u00fat rau r\u0103m, tr\u00fat n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0103n n\u00f3ng (n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf Ngh\u1ec7 An); mi\u1ebfn x\u00e0o h\u1ebfn \u0103n k\u00e8m v\u1edbi b\u00e1nh \u0111a n\u01b0\u1edbng; mi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u01a1n x\u00e0o; mi\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng g\u00e0 (n\u01b0\u1edbc)."}
+{"text": "L\u1ea9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c m\u00f3n \u0103n m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean h\u1ed5 l\u1ed1n (hay h\u1ea9u l\u1ed1n) Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i gia v\u1ecb, rau, n\u1ea5m, m\u0103ng, khoai s\u1ecd, th\u1ecbt, th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9ng chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t, l\u1ea9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n m\u00e0 t\u00ednh phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng l\u1ea9u m\u1eafm (d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1eafm c\u00e1 r\u00e3 th\u1ecbt trong n\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9ng, \u0103n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i rau v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u00e0 rau r\u1eebng), l\u1ea9u d\u00ea, l\u1ea9u h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n, l\u1ea9u th\u1eadp c\u1ea9m, l\u1ea9u g\u00e0 (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i k\u00e8m rau ng\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u) v.v. v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i l\u1ea9u t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Th\u00e1i Lan) du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ecbt, c\u00e1 kho: M\u00f3n kho l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ecbt c\u00e1 th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng, \u01b0\u1edbp t\u1ea9m gia v\u1ecb, rang qua ho\u1eb7c r\u00e1n s\u01a1 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u0103m x\u1eafp v\u00e0 \u0111un kho\u1ea3ng 1 ti\u1ebfng cho c\u1ea1n n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u00f3n \u0103n d\u00e2n d\u00e3 trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n kho (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 th\u1ecbt m\u1ee1 ho\u1eb7c n\u1eeda n\u1ea1c n\u1eeda m\u1ee1) kho v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm, h\u1ea1t ti\u00eau, h\u00e0nh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kho th\u1ecbt v\u1edbi d\u1eeba x\u1eaft nh\u1ecf, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ed1i tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi tr\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1eadu kho chung l\u00e0m m\u00f3n kho T\u00e0u. C\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng kho v\u1edbi ri\u1ec1ng, tr\u00e1m. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1 bi\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay cho m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e8 cho th\u1ecbt c\u00e1 r\u1eafn l\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt hay kho v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng (l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eafng) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y m\u00e0u n\u00e2u s\u1eabm."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1ea3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ecbt (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n, c\u00e1, t\u00f4m, c\u00e1 m\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1i) b\u0103m ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e3 nhuy\u1ec5n, tr\u1ed9n gia v\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00edn b\u1eb1ng than ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea5p ch\u00edn. Ch\u1ea3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: ch\u1ea3 qu\u1ebf, ch\u1ea3 c\u1ed1m (cho c\u1ed1m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi gi\u00f2 s\u1ed1ng, h\u1ea5p ch\u00edn), ch\u1ea3 m\u1ef1c, ch\u1ea3 c\u00e1 (c\u00e1 qu\u1ebft nhuy\u1ec5n, gia rau th\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u00e9p d\u1eb9t n\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea5p), ch\u1ea3 b\u00f2, ch\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i qu\u1ea5t (vi\u00ean ch\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3 qu\u1ea5t, ph\u1ebft l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecf tr\u1ee9ng ra ngo\u00e0i h\u1ea5p ch\u00edn sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111em n\u01b0\u1edbng). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00f3n b\u00f2 cu\u1ed1n l\u00e1 l\u1ed1t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f3n ch\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00f4ng, ch\u1ea3 l\u00e1 l\u1ed1t d\u00f9ng th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebft canh l\u00e0 m\u00f3n t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m t\u1eeb ti\u1ebft l\u1ee3n, ti\u1ebft v\u1ecbt, ti\u1ebft ngan (\u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebft ch\u00f3, ti\u1ebft chim, ti\u1ebft cua b\u1ec3) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e3m cho kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f4ng, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ee5n, th\u1ecbt b\u0103m nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. \u0102n k\u00e8m l\u1ea1c rang t\u00e1ch v\u1ecf, h\u1ea1t ti\u00eau, \u1edbt, rau th\u01a1m v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng l\u1ee3n lu\u1ed9c. C\u00f3 hai d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebft: ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ed1ng, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ch\u1ea7n qua n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. M\u00f3n ti\u1ebft canh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3, giun, s\u00e1n, b\u1ec7nh d\u1ea1i,..."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u00edn th\u1ecbt \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m: th\u00ednh, ph\u00e8o (ch\u1ea5t s\u1eefa trong ru\u1ed9t non c\u1ee7a l\u1ee3n), n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1t chanh. C\u00e1c m\u00f3n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nem chua: th\u1ecbt xay ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e3 nhuy\u1ec5n tr\u1ed9n b\u00ec (da heo th\u00e1i s\u1ee3i) v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t ti\u00eau \u0111en ho\u1eb7c \u1edbt c\u1eaft l\u00e1t, b\u1ecdc ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng l\u00e1 chu\u1ed1i, l\u00e1 \u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c l\u00e1 ch\u00f9m ru\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00ean men chua t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tr\u00e9 d\u00f9ng th\u1ecbt \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c tai heo, tr\u1ed9n chung v\u1edbi th\u00ednh, c\u1ee7 ri\u1ec1ng th\u00e1i s\u1ee3i v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t m\u00e8, g\u00f3i trong l\u00e1 chu\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u1ed5i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean men chua t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Th\u1ecbt chua d\u00f9ng th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n l\u1eedng th\u00e1i m\u1ecfng, tr\u1ed9n th\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ec3 trong l\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c \u1ed1ng tre, tr\u00fac. C\u00e1c m\u00f3n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n k\u00e8m v\u1edbi t\u1ecfi."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 \u00e9p b\u1edbt n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m g\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ee9t nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e0o, \u01b0\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 g\u1eebng, cam th\u1ea3o, mu\u1ed1i \u0103n. \u00d4 mai ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u1ea3 m\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 m\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e0o. Sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00f3n \u00f4 mai trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1 kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u00f4 mai ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u00ean: \u00f4 mai me, \u00f4 mai s\u1ea5u, \u00f4 mai m\u01a1, \u00f4 mai ch\u00e0 l\u00e0, \u00f4 mai d\u1ee9a, \u00f4 mai t\u00e1o m\u00e8o, \u00f4 mai s\u01a1 ri v.v. Ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0ng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m lo\u1ea1i \u00f4 mai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 t\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c \u0111em t\u1eb7ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u01b0ng, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u1ebf, r\u01b0\u1ee3u cu\u1ed1c l\u1ee7i l\u00e0m t\u1eeb ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c l\u00ean men r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trong to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. N\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam sinh s\u1ed1ng, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea5u t\u1eeb th\u00f3c, g\u1ea1o t\u1ebb, g\u1ea1o n\u1ebfp, s\u1eafn, h\u1ea1t m\u00edt, ng\u00f4 v.v. \u0110\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 n\u1ea5u r\u01b0\u1ee3u ngon, tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u01b0ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 R\u01b0\u1ee3u l\u00e0ng V\u00e2n (\u1edf B\u1eafc Ninh, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"V\u00e2n h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u0129 t\u1eedu\"), r\u01b0\u1ee3u Kim S\u01a1n \u1edf Ninh B\u00ecnh, r\u01b0\u1ee3u B\u1ea7u \u0110\u00e1 (B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh), R\u01b0\u1ee3u M\u1eabu S\u01a1n (L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n), R\u01b0\u1ee3u San L\u00f9ng, R\u01b0\u1ee3u Thanh Kim l\u00e0m t\u1eeb m\u1ea7m th\u00f3c n\u1ebfp (L\u00e0o Cai), R\u01b0\u1ee3u ng\u00f4 B\u1eafc H\u00e0, R\u01b0\u1ee3u Xu\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0i, R\u01b0\u1ee3u Xu\u00e2n Th\u1ea1ch (Tr\u00e0 Vinh), R\u01b0\u1ee3u H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00e0o (Qu\u1ea3ng Nam), R\u01b0\u1ee3u G\u00f2 \u0110en (Long An),..."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trong \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1 kh\u00e1c. D\u00f9 c\u00e1ch u\u1ed1ng tr\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u Vi\u1ec7t ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh nghi th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00e0 Trung Hoa hay th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e8 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00fap ch\u00e8 sao kh\u00f4 (c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tr\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1, tr\u00e0 n\u00f3ng r\u00f3t ra ch\u00e9n), s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e1 ch\u00e8 b\u00e1nh t\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c l\u00e1 gi\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e3m n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e8 xanh, h\u1ea1t ch\u00e8, hoa ch\u00e8 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng. Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ch\u00e8 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc nh\u01b0 ch\u00e8 Th\u00e1i (Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean), ch\u00e8 Su\u1ed1i Gi\u00e0ng (Ngh\u0129a L\u1ed9), ch\u00e8 San Tuy\u1ebft, ch\u00e8 L\u00e2m Thao (Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd). Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ch\u00e8 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i hoa c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m nh\u01b0 ch\u00e8 \u01b0\u1edbp hoa sen (d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t g\u1ea1o sen), ch\u00e8 \u01b0\u1edbp hoa nh\u00e0itr\u00e0 l\u00e0i, ch\u00e8 \u01b0\u1edbp hoa s\u00f3i, hoa ng\u00e2u v.v."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, do \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh trong \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. C\u00e0 ph\u00ea th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c pha, chi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng phin pha c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. Theo thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 ra hai c\u00e1ch u\u1ed1ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u00e1, x\u00e9t theo nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5 gia, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111en, v\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea s\u1eefa. N\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebft c\u00e0 ph\u00ea c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc sinh t\u1ed1 hay s\u1eefa chua cho h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea h\u00f2a tan c\u0169ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u00e0 ph\u00ea th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00e8 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n ng\u1ecdt, d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n l\u1ea1nh hay \u0103n n\u00f3ng. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00e8 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng lo\u00e3ng (nh\u01b0 ch\u00e8 tr\u00e2n ch\u00e2u, th\u1ea1ch ch\u00e8, ch\u00e8 \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111en), c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eeda lo\u00e3ng n\u1eeda \u0111\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 ch\u00e1o (nh\u01b0 ch\u00e8 b\u01b0\u1edfi, ch\u00e8 khoai m\u00f4n) ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ec7t (ch\u00e8 b\u00e0 c\u1ed1t, ch\u00e8 \u0111\u1ed7 xanh). Ch\u00e8 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0103n tr\u00e1ng mi\u1ec7ng ho\u1eb7c \u0103n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 v\u1eb7t. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00e1c m\u00f3n ch\u00e8 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng tinh t\u1ebf: nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c (\u0111\u1eadu, \u0111\u1ed7 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, g\u1ea1o n\u1ebfp, b\u1ed9t s\u1eafn d\u00e2y, b\u1ed9t \u0111ao, b\u1ed9t n\u0103ng, b\u1ed9t khoai); c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ea1ch \u0111en, th\u1ea1ch tr\u1eafng, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1t d\u1eeba, tr\u00e2n ch\u00e2u; \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1eafng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecf, m\u1eadt m\u00eda; c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 g\u1eebng, tinh d\u1ea7u hoa b\u01b0\u1edfi, d\u1ea7u chu\u1ed1i, vani... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea5u chung v\u1edbi nhau cho m\u1ec1m. Ch\u00e8 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u00e8 \u0111\u1ed7 xanh (n\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed7 xanh \u0111\u1eb7c), ch\u00e8 b\u00e0 c\u1ed1t (n\u1ea5u g\u1ea1o n\u1ebfp, g\u1eebng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecf hay m\u1eadt m\u00eda) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n chung v\u1edbi x\u00f4i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u00f3n x\u00f4i-ch\u00e8."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ch\u00e8, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u00e8 nh\u01b0: ch\u00e8 con ong (hay ch\u00e8 b\u00e0 c\u1ed1t), ch\u00e8 \u0111\u1eadu xanh, ch\u00e8 \u0111\u1eadu \u0111en, ch\u00e8 ng\u00f4 c\u1ed1m, ch\u00e8 \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ecf, ch\u00e8 \u0111\u1ed7 tr\u1eafng, ch\u00e8 b\u01b0\u1edfi, ch\u00e8 th\u1eadp c\u1ea9m, ch\u00e8 h\u1ea1t sen long nh\u00e3n, v.v. M\u1ed9t m\u00f3n ch\u00e8 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Trung Hoa nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u00e8 m\u00e8 \u0111en hay x\u00ed m\u00e8 ph\u1ee7 (ph\u00e1t \u00e2m ki\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa) l\u00e0m t\u1eeb h\u1ea1t m\u00e8 \u0111en v\u00e0 s\u00e2m b\u1ed5 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (\u0111\u00fang ra ch\u1eef Nho ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \"thanh b\u1ed5 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\"). C\u00e1c m\u00f3n ch\u00e8 Hu\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00e8 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec phong ph\u00fa, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao."}
+{"text": "\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i m\u1eafm, n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5m t\u1eeb lo\u00e3ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c. M\u1eafm, n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0ng l\u00ean ho\u1eb7c pha ch\u1ebf, ph\u1ed1i tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi \u1edbt, g\u1eebng ho\u1eb7c t\u1ecfi, h\u1ea1t ti\u00eau, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, chanh ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea5m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 pha ch\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5m t\u00f9y theo m\u00f3n \u0103n. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, c\u00f9ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm, d\u1ea5m, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ecfi, \u1edbt, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n v\u1edbi m\u00f3n g\u00ec th\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n pha ch\u1ebf c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 khi d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5m rau s\u1ed1ng th\u00ec pha nh\u1ea1t, \u0103n v\u1edbi b\u00fan ch\u1ea3 th\u00ec th\u00eam chua."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1eafm \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n s\u1ed1ng thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0103n trong b\u1eefa c\u01a1m; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi gia v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 \u1edbt, ri\u1ec1ng, t\u1ecfi, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1t chanh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5m; c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho m\u00f3n l\u1ea9u m\u1eafm, n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e8o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f3n b\u00fan. Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m lo\u1ea1i m\u1eafm \u0111\u1eb7c m\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0: m\u1eafm t\u00f4m, m\u1eafm ru\u1ed1c, m\u1eafm n\u00eam, m\u1eafm c\u00e1y, m\u1eafm t\u00e9p, m\u1eafm t\u00f4m chua (\u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n mi\u1ec1n Trung), m\u1eafm cua, m\u1eafm b\u00f2 h\u00f3c, m\u1eafm c\u00e1 ch\u1ebbm, m\u1eafm r\u01b0\u01a1i, m\u1eafm ba kh\u00eda. Theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1 kh\u00f4 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 s\u1eb7c, c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u01b0\u1edbp mu\u1ed1i ph\u01a1i kh\u00f4 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1eafm. M\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0103n c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng m\u1eafm nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1eafm l\u00e0 m\u1eafm kho qu\u1eb9t."}
+{"text": "Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng Bolshevik Vladimir Ilyich Lenin t\u1eeb Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 ga Ph\u1ea7n Lan ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1917 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Petrograd. Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1917, Lenin \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \"Nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n trong cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n nay\". B\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"Lu\u1eadn c\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u01b0\" ch\u1ec9 ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n sang c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Lenin ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng 2 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n song song t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n giao ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 tay c\u00e1c x\u00f4 vi\u1ebft: \"\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o trong th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n cho giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111em l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n cho giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ngh\u00e8o trong n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\". V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, Lenin vi\u1ebft: \"V\u0169 kh\u00ed \u1edf trong tay nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c n\u00e0o t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\". Tuy nhi\u00ean, Lenin c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n sang kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang m\u1ed9t khi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng Bolshevik, ng\u00e0y Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng 18 th\u00e1ng 4 (1 th\u00e1ng 5) n\u0103m 1917, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Nga bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f2i ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi g\u1eedi c\u00f4ng h\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc cam k\u1ebft theo \u0111u\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng Bolshevick, ng\u00e0y 20 v\u00e0 21 th\u00e1ng 4, h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nga xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, gi\u01a1 cao kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \"T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 tay X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft\", \"H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u00e1nh m\u00ec\". Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng. Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 5 (15 th\u00e1ng 5) tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng chi\u1ebfn tranh ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c. Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 5, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 7, h\u01a1n 500.000 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Petrograd xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f2i chuy\u1ec3n giao ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 tay x\u00f4 vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ra l\u1ec7nh cho binh l\u00ednh b\u1eafn v\u00e0o \u0111o\u00e0n bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m h\u01a1n 1000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 2000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Bolshevik. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 in ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 b\u00e1o b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ra l\u1ec7nh truy n\u00e3 Lenin \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u00f2a, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y ra m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, trong th\u00e1ng 7, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng hai ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n song song t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 7 \u0111\u1ebfn 3 th\u00e1ng 8, \u0111\u1ea3ng Bolshevik \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i VI \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u1ea1ch ra s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n sang kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi r\u00fat b\u1ecf kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \"T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 tay x\u00f4 vi\u1ebft\" c\u00f2n Lenin r\u00fat v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt. V\u1ec1 ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0a Alexander Kerensky, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00ean l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. Kornilov Affair, m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nga ho\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a Kerensky \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 Petrograd \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, Kornilov quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00e2y b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n cho m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 8, Kornilov tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft qu\u00e2n lu\u1eadt \u1edf Petrograd, gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Kerensky v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 do m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Lenin, \u0110\u1ea3ng Bolshevik \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Petrograd. C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i ng\u1ea7m c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Kornilov. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i C\u1eadn v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecf - l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i. C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u0169 trang canh gi\u1eef b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ga xe l\u1eeda. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Kornilov \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1ng l\u1ec7nh, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan. T\u01b0\u1edbng Kornilov b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam."}
+{"text": "Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Kerensky t\u1ecf ra y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1eeb m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m 1917, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng r\u1ea5t tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 36,4% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m, giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb t\u00ea li\u1ec7t. N\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ngo\u00e0i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nga tan r\u00e3 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Nga. Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nga c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Sang th\u00e1ng 10, l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga. Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 10, V. I. Lenin t\u1eeb Ph\u1ea7n Lan b\u00ed m\u1eadt tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 10, ban ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecdp quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang. T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y ban ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea7u ra b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb do Lenin \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00ean ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 10 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u1ed5i d\u1eady n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng. T\u1eeb m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, 70 ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ed9 binh xung k\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trung \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. Do \u0111\u00f3 Lenin \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady s\u1edbm 1 ng\u00e0y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 10 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 10, Lenin c\u1ea3i trang \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n Smolny \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. T\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n Smolny tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1t l\u1eeda, ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 xe thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p, tr\u1ea1m g\u00e1c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed t\u1ea1i c\u1eeda ra v\u00e0o. Binh s\u0129 v\u0169 trang \u0111i l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp. Tin Lenin tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o t\u1edbi kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c trung \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i canh g\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng chung quanh nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh s\u0129 quan, ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ecb binh xung k\u00edch, ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n l\u00ednh ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb Cozak t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n M\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "S\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 10, v\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy t\u1ed1i cao, Kerensky \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng tham m\u01b0u ra l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c trung \u0111o\u00e0n Cozak s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 1, 4, 14 \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp \u1ee9ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea7m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, h\u1ecd l\u1ea5y l\u00fd do l\u00e0 k\u1ecb binh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 binh mang s\u00fang m\u00e1y y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u1edf Petrograd c\u0169ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n. Kerensky nghe tin th\u00ec bi\u1ebft qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 quay sang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng li\u1ec1n b\u00e1o tin cho Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi bi\u1ebft l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t \u00edt, sau \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7n l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, Kerensky \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng xe c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan cao c\u1ea5p c\u0169ng b\u1ecf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 ri\u00eang, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf l\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n M\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n M\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o r\u1ea1ng s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 10. \u0110\u1ebfn 7 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ee3t t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111ai d\u1ea7n kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng xe h\u01a1i chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh. 3 gi\u1edd chi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0129a th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n M\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 C\u1eadn v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ee9ng sau nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tu\u1ea7n ti\u1ec5u ch\u1edd l\u1ec7nh ph\u00e1t h\u1ecfa. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i tu\u1ea7n tra quan s\u00e1t theo d\u00f5i m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ebfn 6 gi\u1edd chi\u1ec1u, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ecb v\u00e2y ch\u1eb7t, binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfn s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn cung \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 \u1edf b\u1ebfn t\u00e0u c\u1ea1nh b\u1ed9 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c binh l\u00ednh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u1ef1ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1eb7n c\u1ed5ng ra v\u00e0o Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n M\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng, n\u00e3 s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u00fang m\u00e1y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau di \u0111\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Thierry Wolton cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng cung \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh ch\u1edbp nho\u00e1ng. B\u00e1o L\u2019Humanit\u00e9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y 09/10/1917 \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e0i \"Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i Nga\". Khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n M\u00f9a \u0110\u00f4ng, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n y vi\u1ec7n, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9i n\u1eef binh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean s\u0129 quan. \u1ede b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Petrograd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra. Theo nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 Richard Pipes, thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 do \u0111\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c. Sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m c\u00f2n h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ng\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cai tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh. M\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau, Tch\u00e9ka (\u1ee6y ban \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, tung tin \u0111\u1ed3n nh\u1ea3m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i) ra \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1918, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 6/1918 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1i giam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Nga ch\u1ed1ng B\u1ea1ch V\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p 1789: m\u1edf m\u00e0n b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh chi\u1ebfm ng\u1ee5c Bastille, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc phong ki\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Theo Thierry Wolton, t\u1eeb \"C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi\" mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ea7ng h\u00e0o quang cho s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng ngang t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p 1789."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1918, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft k\u00fd H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Brest-Litovsk v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc phe Li\u00ean minh Trung t\u00e2m, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u do Sa ho\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 2 tri\u1ec7u binh s\u0129 Nga t\u1eed tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n 5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. D\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng Lenin \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u n\u00ean kho\u1ea3n b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd s\u1edbm b\u1ecb v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u (v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c khi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11/1918). Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nga cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o h\u00e0n g\u1eafn nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 m\u00e0 th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ra cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 10-1-1918, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft to\u00e0n Nga l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 III \u0111\u00e3 khai m\u1ea1c. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1edbi X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh, th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ea3n \"Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t\". Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7-1918. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Nga th\u00e0nh C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Li\u00ean bang Nga, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf li\u00ean minh t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1918, S\u1eafc lu\u1eadt ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Nga \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n) h\u01a1n 150 tri\u1ec7u h\u00e9c ta ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng gia Nga ho\u00e0ng c\u0169. N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Nga \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n l\u0129nh canh ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m, x\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3 t\u1ef7 R\u00fap ti\u1ec1n n\u1ee3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ecbch thu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trung n\u00f4ng h\u00f3a trong n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u (t\u1eeb 20% l\u00ean 60%). Trung n\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u0111i theo Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, do giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga kh\u1ecfi th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Sa ho\u00e0ng \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t. Sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga ra \u0111\u1eddi. Ngo\u00e0i ra C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga c\u00f2n c\u1ed5 v\u0169 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, m\u1edf ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u00f3a P.B. Churbanov tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y di\u1ec5n ra l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu v\u00e0, trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ai ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ia. A. Kesler, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u1ea5y, r\u1eb1ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ki\u1ec3u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nga ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 S\u1eed h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia B.Ph. Slavin v\u1edbi b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb \"C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng: huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\", \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nga ho\u00e0ng m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ivan Shmelev g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t, c\u00f2n Vasilii Rozanov th\u00ec g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 V\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 con chi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o Nga coi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y qu\u1ed1c tang.. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u00ec xem C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga , h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng Bolshevik tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, minh ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1917. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1u trung, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Nga \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u vang l\u00ean m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd: \"Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y \u0111ang n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. V\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103m 1917 xa x\u01b0a, H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng.\". Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Bolshevik non tr\u1ebb m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eadp tan c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c can thi\u1ec7p v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a 14 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c"}
+{"text": "Trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2008, trung t\u00e2m Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch Levada \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u: 57% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng: C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Nga. 26% ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng: c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, 31% cho r\u1eb1ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nga. S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ecm h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 16%; s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 15%."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u vi\u1ec7c ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Li\u00ean X\u00f4, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n lan r\u1ed9ng ra to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf - ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Trong su\u1ed1t h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft do trang b\u1ecb th\u00f4 s\u01a1, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Sau khi ra \u0111\u1eddi, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c M\u1ef9 La-tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf - qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tan r\u00e3 sau 300 n\u0103m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u1ed5 ra v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, c\u1ea5m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 8 gi\u1edd/ng\u00e0y, ch\u1ed1ng sa th\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 c\u1edb, tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed... \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1p l\u1ef1c khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ng\u00e0y nay, nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp thu, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ed1n t\u1eebng mu\u1ed1n d\u1eadp t\u1eaft cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang Nga, sau khi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tan r\u00e3, Boris Yeltsin, \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u00e0y k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng 10 th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3ng l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 H\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i. N\u0103m 2006, Putin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i xa h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 11 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2009, sau 3 n\u0103m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Nga Dmitry Medvedev \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Li\u00ean bang kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2010. V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110uma Qu\u1ed1c gia (H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean bang (Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n) Nga th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 3 v\u00e0 1 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2009."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf ra cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t Cr\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 2000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, thu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 khi khai qu\u1eadt L\u0103ng m\u1ed9 T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thanh ki\u1ebfm v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee1i ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi 1 l\u1edbp Cr2O3 d\u00e0y 10-15 micromet, l\u1edbp n\u00e0y l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thanh ki\u1ebfm kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i trong h\u01a1n 2000 n\u0103m. Tr\u1ec5 h\u01a1n, \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1761, kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n Crocoit (ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Ch\u00ec \u0111\u1ecf Siberia) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 1 ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0u trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, \u1edf d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t v\u1ee5n th\u00ec kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng, trong khi \u1edf d\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1797, Louis Nicolas Vauquelin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng Cr kim lo\u1ea1i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t t\u1eeb qu\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1eabn kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfn cho kim lo\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t gi\u00f2n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1eb7ng Cromic (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 FeCr2O4, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Fer\u00f4 cr\u00f4m) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p luy\u1ec7n kim, t\u1eeb qu\u1eb7ng Cromic sau khi tinh ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec7t nh\u00f4m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf Cr. Cr\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 1 kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao b\u1edfi t\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t cao, n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t th\u00eam v\u00e0o th\u00e9p nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng, th\u00e9p c\u00f3 th\u00eam Cr \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 hay Inox."}
+{"text": "Crom l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee9ng, m\u1eb7t b\u00f3ng, m\u00e0u x\u00e1m th\u00e9p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00f3ng cao v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y cao. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9i, kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 r\u00e8n. C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00f4xi h\u00f3a ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a crom l\u00e0 +2, +3 v\u00e0 +6, v\u1edbi +3 l\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i +1, +4 v\u00e0 +5 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 hi\u1ebfm. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a crom v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00f4xi h\u00f3a +6 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u00f4xi h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh. Trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, crom \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4xy th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1ecfng \u00f4x\u00edt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00f4xi h\u00f3a ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i \u1edf ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi.Crom c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u1ed1i"}
+{"text": "Crom l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 21 trong v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u1edbi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh 100 ppm. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t crom \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng do b\u00e0o m\u00f2n c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 ch\u1ee9a crom v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n n\u00fai l\u1eeda. N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 trong \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 3000 mg/kg, trong n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3t t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 800 \u00b5g/lit, v\u00e0 trong s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 t\u1eeb 26 \u00b5g/lit \u0111\u1ebfn 5,2 mg/lit. Crom \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng qu\u1eb7ng cromit (FeCr2O4). G\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda qu\u1eb7ng cromit tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Nam Phi, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 Kazakhstan, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00e1c tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch cromit ch\u01b0a khai th\u00e1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i Kazakhstan v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n nam ch\u00e2u Phi."}
+{"text": "Dicromat kali l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u00f4xi h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u01b0a th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1ec7 sinh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y tinh trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ra kh\u1ecfi d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng dung d\u1ecbch b\u00e3o h\u00f2a trong ax\u00edt sulfuric \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1eeda c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y th\u00ec dung d\u1ecbch dicromat natri \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng do \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (5 g/100 ml \u1edf dicromat kali v\u1edbi 20 g/100 ml \u1edf dicromat natri). M\u00e0u l\u1ee5c crom l\u00e0 \u00f4x\u00edt crom III (Cr2O3) m\u00e0u l\u1ee5c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd tr\u00ean men c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00e3m m\u00e0u th\u1ee7y tinh. M\u00e0u v\u00e0ng crom l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c PbCrO4, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 hay th\u1ee3 s\u01a1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng."}
+{"text": "Crom \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb n\u0103m l\u1ea7n. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Science, Tailuan Nguyen, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng Philip Power t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California, Davis \u0111\u00e3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a crom (I) v\u00e0 g\u1ed1c hydrocacbon, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 tia X l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u0103m v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i 183,51(4) pm (1,835 angstrom) k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i 2 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed crom t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed1i th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t r\u0103ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 k\u1ec1nh c\u00e0ng, m\u00e0 v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ti\u1ebfp theo. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, crom l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u0103m l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t."}
+{"text": "Cr53 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 do ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 sinh ra c\u1ee7a Mn53. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb crom n\u00f3i chung th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb mangan v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb Mn-Cr t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 t\u1eeb Al26 v\u00e0 paladi107 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u01a1 k\u00ec c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. C\u00e1c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 Cr53/Cr52 v\u00e0 Mn/Cr t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u1eabu v\u1eabn th\u1ea1ch ch\u1ec9 ra t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Mn53/Mn55 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb Mn-Cr c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 (in situ) c\u1ee7a Mn53 trong c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. V\u00ec v\u1eady Cr53 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 b\u1ed5 sung cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Crom kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t crom (III) th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t crom h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb s\u00e1u (crom VI) l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu nu\u1ed1t/h\u00edt ph\u1ea3i. Li\u1ec1u t\u1eed vong c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t crom (VI) \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda th\u00eca tr\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t crom (VI) g\u00e2y k\u00edch th\u00edch m\u1eaft, da v\u00e0 m\u00e0ng nh\u1ea7y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecba d\u1ecb \u1ee9ng.Crom(VI) c\u00f3 trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a xi m\u0103ng Porland c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecb \u1ee9ng xi m\u0103ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecba d\u1ecb \u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac qua da th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u v\u1edbi xi m\u0103ng.Ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m kinh ni\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t crom (VI) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eaft v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. Crom (VI) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a Erin Brockovich v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3 crom h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb 6 v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc sinh ho\u1ea1t l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 phim \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh c\u00f9ng t\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u1eb1m xa nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee9a c\u1ef1c Nam \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng Nam C\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Nam b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1edf trong v\u00f2ng Nam C\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi Nam B\u0103ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 14 tri\u1ec7u km2 (5,4 tri\u1ec7u d\u1eb7m2), ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 n\u0103m v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch sau ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u Phi, B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9. Kho\u1ea3ng 98% ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c b\u1ecb bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp b\u0103ng c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y trung b\u00ecnh 1,9 km (1,2 d\u1eb7m). B\u0103ng tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng ra kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi ph\u00eda, xa nh\u1ea5t l\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Nam C\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c, x\u00e9t trung b\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4 nh\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 cao nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hoang m\u1ea1c c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y h\u00e0ng n\u0103m ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 200 mm (8 inch) d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n khi v\u00e0o trong n\u1ed9i l\u1ee5c. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eebng ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t \u221289 \u00b0C (\u2212129 \u00b0F), d\u00f9 v\u1eady nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh qu\u00fd III (giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m) l\u00e0 \u221263 \u00b0C (\u221281 \u00b0F). Tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n sinh s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 1.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 5.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt \u01b0a l\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t \u1edf ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea3o, vi khu\u1ea9n, n\u1ea5m, k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1t, giun tr\u00f2n, chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t, h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u v\u00e0 g\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i nguy\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t Terra Australis\u2014 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1edbn \u1edf xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t nh\u1eb1m \"c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng\" v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u00c1 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 \u2014 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ptolemy (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 17, sau khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y Nam M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u00dac kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i \"Nam C\u1ef1c\", c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd tin r\u1eb1ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1eabn th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eefng con t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng James Cook, HMS Resolution v\u00e0 Adventure b\u0103ng qua v\u00f2ng Nam C\u1ef1c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1773 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1774. Cook \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i kho\u1ea3ng 75 d\u1eb7m (121 km) b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi r\u00fat lui khi g\u1eb7p kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1773. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau (National Science Foundation, NASA, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California t\u1ea1i San Diego, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c), c\u00e1c t\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 huy b\u1edfi 3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y Nam C\u1ef1c hay l\u1edbp b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1820 l\u00e0: von Bellingshausen (thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Imperial Russian Navy), Edward Bransfield (thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Royal Navy), v\u00e0 Nathaniel Palmer (ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0103n h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Stonington, Connecticut). Cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m di\u1ec5m do von Bellingshausen v\u00e0 Lazarev d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u Vostok v\u00e0 Mirny \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m 32 km (20 mi) t\u1eeb Queen Maud's Land v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u1edbp b\u0103ng t\u1ea1i 69\u00b021\u203228\u2033N 2\u00b014\u203250\u2033T\ufeff / \ufeff69,35778\u00b0N 2,24722\u00b0T\ufeff / -69.35778; -2.24722 m\u00e0 nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ec1m b\u0103ng Fimbul. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00e0y 3 ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Bransfield nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 10 th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Palmer nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1820. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0103n h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u Hoa K\u1ef3 John Davis, t\u1ea1i v\u1ecbnh Hughes, g\u1ea7n Cape Charles, \u1edf T\u00e2y ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1821, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed gia kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. Ghi nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Cape Adair v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1895."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u221289,2 \u00b0C (\u2212128,6 \u00b0F) t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1m Vostokt c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 (nay l\u00e0 Nga) \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1983. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4 11 \u00b0C (20 \u00b0F) \u1edf 1 atm \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec CO2 ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 0,039% trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi -150 \u00b0C c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4 \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c. Nam C\u1ef1c l\u00e0 hoang m\u1ea1c l\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p; t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m C\u1ef1c Nam l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trung b\u00ecnh \u00edt h\u01a1n 10 cm (4 in)/n\u0103m. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng \u221280 \u00b0C (\u2212112 \u00b0F) v\u00e0 \u221295 \u00b0C (\u2212139 \u00b0F) trong n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 5 \u00b0C (41 \u00b0F) v\u00e0 15 \u00b0C (59 \u00b0F) g\u1ea7n b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8. Ch\u00e1y n\u1eafng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe khi m\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tia t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean n\u00f3. Theo v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9, th\u1eddi gian b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00ed h\u1eadu r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01a1i tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Nam C\u1ef1c l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c v\u00ec 3 l\u00fd do. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y cao h\u01a1n 3.000 m (9.800 ft) so v\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m theo \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u1edf t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u. Th\u1ee9 hai, B\u1eafc B\u0103ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng bao ph\u1ee7 v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc: \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n qua l\u1edbp b\u0103ng v\u00e0 ng\u0103n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c cao nh\u01b0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Nam C\u1ef1c. Th\u1ee9 ba, Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m vi\u1ec5n nh\u1eadt v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 (Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m xa M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng Nam C\u1ef1c), v\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1eadn nh\u1eadt v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 (l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 Nam C\u1ef1c). Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng Nam C\u1ef1c l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n (v\u00e0 m\u00f9a h\u00e8 Nam C\u1ef1c \u1ea5m h\u01a1n) so v\u1edbi B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng hai nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Nam C\u1ef1c quang, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c r\u00f5 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00eam g\u1ea7n Nam C\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi gi\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n to\u00e0n plasma khi \u0111i qua Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 b\u1ee5i kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y t\u1ea7ng th\u1ea5p bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 b\u0103ng nh\u1ecf. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u1eddi trong ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n trong, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a trong. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quang h\u1ecdc trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1ea1m c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Nam C\u1ef1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1786 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u0103n h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u Anh M\u1ef9. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1m c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Georgia \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng qua m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng Nam C\u1ef1c trong th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t n\u0103m hay nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u0103n c\u00e1 voi (k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1966), s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m v\u01b0\u1ee3t 2.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 v\u00e0 200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 s\u0103n c\u00e1 voi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Na Uy v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ghi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Anh. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u1ea7n c\u01b0 khi \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Grytviken, Leith Harbour, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Prince Olav Harbour, Ocean Harbour v\u00e0 Godthul. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u0103n b\u1eaft c\u00e1 voi th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Carl Anton Larsen, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u00ean Grytviken l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 s\u0103n b\u1eafn c\u00e1 voi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Na Uy, sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Anh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1910."}
+{"text": "Emilio Marcos Palma l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Nam C\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1m Base Esperanza v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1978; cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a anh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 7 h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Argentina \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh li\u1ec7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1984, Juan Pablo Camacho tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb Chile \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1m Frei Montalva Station. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ea1m (c\u0103n c\u1ee9) hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a con em nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Nam C\u1ef1c ."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1edbi d\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t t\u1edbi t\u1eeb 1959 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 trung l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh qua hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c 1959 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u00e0 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c. Ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Th\u1ec1m b\u0103ng n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a 60\u00b0 S. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 12 n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00fd, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 (b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Nga), V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, Argentina, Chile, \u00dac, v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111ang \u1ea5m l\u00ean; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 \u1ea5m l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn \u1edf b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Nam C\u1ef1c. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Eric Steig c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2009 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trung b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Nam C\u1ef1c t\u0103ng nh\u1eb9 kho\u1ea3ng >0,05 \u00b0C (0,09 \u00b0F) trong m\u1ed7i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean t\u1eeb 1957 \u0111\u1ebfn 2006. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y T\u00e2y Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea5m l\u00ean h\u01a1n 0,1 \u00b0C (0,2 \u00b0F) m\u1ed7i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean trong v\u00f2ng 50 n\u0103m qua, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ea5m l\u00ean n\u00e0y m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 xu\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1nh \u0111i \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam C\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ea5m l\u00ean do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i cacbon dioxit c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ea5m l\u00ean \u1edf T\u00e2y Nam C\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn so v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a m\u0169 b\u0103ng T\u00e2y Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ra c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin l\u00e0 do d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o \u1ea5m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng h\u1ea3i l\u01b0u s\u00e2u ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Nam C\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u1ea5m l\u00ean c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2002, l\u1edbp b\u0103ng Larsen-B c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1ee5p. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 28 th\u00e1ng 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 8 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2008, kho\u1ea3ng 570 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng (220 sq mi) di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp b\u0103ng Wilkins \u1edf ph\u1ea7n T\u00e2y Nam c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1ee5p, l\u00e0m cho ph\u1ea7n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 15.000 km2 (5.800 sq mi) c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp b\u0103ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 l\u1edf ti\u1ebfp. L\u1edbp b\u0103ng \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 6 km (4 mi), tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2009. Theo NASA, s\u1ef1 tan ch\u1ea3y b\u0103ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Nam C\u1ef1c di\u1ec5n ra r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong v\u00f2ng 30 n\u0103m qua v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005, khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc California tan ch\u1ea3y trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn; \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u1ebfn 5 \u00b0C (41 \u00b0F)."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong l\u1ea7n t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nature Geoscience n\u0103m 2013 (xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2012) \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trung t\u00e2m T\u00e2y Nam C\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u1ea5m l\u00ean nhanh nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1m Byrd \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \"c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1958 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2010 kho\u1ea3ng 2,4 \u00b1 1,2 \u00b0C\". T\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u bang Ohio, Trung t\u00e2m Qu\u1ed1c gia Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Wisconsin-Madison."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly theo h\u1ecdc v\u00f5, gia nh\u1eadp ch\u1ed1n quan tr\u01b0\u1eddng tri\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n sau khi \u0111\u1ed7 thi H\u01b0\u01a1ng, khoa Ho\u00e0nh t\u1eeb. H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly c\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4 ru\u1ed9t l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a vua Tr\u1ea7n Minh T\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra vua Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c sinh ra Tr\u1ea7n Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng, do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m khi Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua. N\u0103m 1372 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m Tham m\u01b0u qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1380, H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly l\u00e0m Th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 1387, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m T\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i trong tri\u1ec1u, c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c, quan l\u1ea1i trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 2 l\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eb1m l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Qu\u00fd Ly nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft sau \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1400, H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly chi\u1ebfm ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u0103m trao ng\u00f4i cho con v\u00e0 l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n. H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n kinh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1eeb Th\u0103ng Long v\u1ec1 Thanh H\u00f3a. M\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1ng sau khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t binh th\u1ea3o ph\u1ea1t Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, qua hai l\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t binh, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i Chi\u00eam v\u00e0 C\u1ed5 L\u0169y (1402). N\u0103m sau (1403) \u00f4ng c\u00f2n cho \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n bao v\u00e2y \u0110\u1ed3 B\u00e0n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafng. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1406, nh\u00e0 Minh \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu, qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nhanh ch\u00f3ng, lui d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c n\u0103m 1407 khi cha con H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Minh b\u1eaft v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 L\u00ea Qu\u00fd Ly (\u9ece\u5b63\u729b), bi\u1ec3u t\u1ef1 L\u00fd Nguy\u00ean (\u7406\u5143). \u00d4ng sinh n\u0103m \u1ea4t H\u1ee3i (1335), qu\u00ea \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ea1i, V\u0129nh L\u1ed9c (nay l\u00e0 x\u00e3 H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng, huy\u1ec7n H\u00e0 Trung, Thanh H\u00f3a). T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 H\u01b0ng D\u1eadt, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chi\u1ebft Giang b\u00ean Trung Qu\u1ed1c, th\u1eddi H\u1eadu H\u00e1n (947-950), sang sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Ch\u00e2u Di\u1ec5n (t\u1ee9c v\u00f9ng Di\u1ec5n Ch\u00e2u, Ngh\u1ec7 An). \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi lo\u1ea1n m\u01b0\u1eddi hai s\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n, h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 d\u1eddi v\u00e0o h\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e0o \u0110\u1ed9t (nay l\u00e0 x\u00e3 Qu\u1ef3nh L\u00e2m, Qu\u1ef3nh L\u01b0u, Ngh\u1ec7 An) v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi L\u00fd, trong h\u1ecd c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5y Nguy\u1ec7t \u0110\u00edch c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa, sinh ra Nguy\u1ec7t \u0110oan c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa. \u0110\u1eddi ch\u00e1u th\u1ee9 12 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 H\u01b0ng D\u1eadt l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Li\u00eam d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ea1i, V\u0129nh L\u1ed9c, Thanh H\u00f3a. H\u1ed3 Li\u00eam l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i c\u1ee7a Tuy\u00ean \u00fay L\u00ea Hu\u1ea5n r\u1ed3i l\u1ea5y h\u1ecd L\u00ea l\u00e0m h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u 4 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Hu\u1ea5n, khi l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd H\u1ed3."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1369, vua Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ee5 T\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con, ra chi\u1ebfu cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1 Cung T\u00fac \u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ee5c t\u00ean Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i. Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m tr\u00f2 trong ho\u00e0ng cung t\u00ean D\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1ee3 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m con h\u00e1t trong cung, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng khi mang thai Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5, th\u00ec Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ee5c l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m th\u00edch, c\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m v\u1ee3, nh\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5 l\u00e0m con. Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, ch\u1ec9 lo r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8 d\u00e2m d\u1eadt, ch\u1ec9 lo h\u00e1t x\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u00f4n th\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. N\u0103m 1370, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a vua Tr\u1ea7n Minh T\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f4n th\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan l\u00e0m binh bi\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111em qu\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5, l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua, t\u1ee9c Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Do l\u00e0 anh em b\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i n\u00ean H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m. N\u0103m 1371, Qu\u00fd Ly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m Khu m\u1eadt vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua g\u1ea3 em g\u00e1i v\u1eeba g\u00f3a ch\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Huy Ninh cho. Th\u1eddi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u0103m do Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga l\u00e0m vua c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111em binh \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. N\u0103m 1371, qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o t\u1eadn kinh \u0111\u00f4, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1, nh\u00e0 vua ph\u1ea3i l\u00e1nh sang \u0110\u00f4ng Ng\u00e0n tr\u00e1nh. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m n\u0103m 1371, vua Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng sai Qu\u00fd Ly \u0111i t\u1edbi Ngh\u1ec7 An \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u00eau t\u1eadp d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, v\u1ed7 v\u1ec1 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9, gia phong l\u00e0m Trung Tuy\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1372, Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i cho em l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n K\u00ednh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng, c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00ean l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng. Tr\u1ea7n Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4n T\u1eeb th\u00e1i phi, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4 c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Qu\u00fd Ly. Tr\u1ea7n Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y L\u00ea Qu\u00fd Ly l\u00e0m Tham m\u01b0u qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. N\u0103m 1376, vua Chi\u00eam l\u00e0 Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga l\u1ea1i mang qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n. Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng sai \u0110\u1ed7 T\u1eed B\u00ecnh \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh. Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, xin d\u00e2ng 10 m\u00e2m v\u00e0ng t\u1ea1 t\u1ed9i. T\u1eed B\u00ecnh gi\u1ea5u v\u00e0ng \u0111i, l\u1ea1i t\u00e2u v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u r\u1eb1ng vua Chi\u00eam ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c. Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e2n chinh \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1376, Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng c\u1ea7m 12 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. Th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang n\u0103m 1377, qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o c\u1eeda Thi N\u1ea1i (Quy Nh\u01a1n), \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3n Th\u1ea1ch Ki\u1ec1u r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi kinh th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ed3 B\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u00eam. Qu\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch, Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng t\u1eed tr\u1eadn. L\u00ea Qu\u00fd Ly b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1c th\u00fac qu\u00e2n t\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng t\u1eed tr\u1eadn, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1380, vua Ch\u0103m Pa ph\u00e1t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o Thanh H\u00f3a, Ngh\u1ec7 An. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, L\u00ea Qu\u00fd Ly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n th\u1ee7y, \u0110\u1ed7 T\u1eed B\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n b\u1ed9 \u0111i v\u00e0o Thanh H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eef. Qu\u00fd Ly \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng Ngu (nay l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng L\u1ea1ch Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf huy\u1ec7n Ho\u1eb1ng H\u00f3a t\u1ec9nh Thanh H\u00f3a), ra l\u1ec7nh cho binh s\u0129 \u0111\u00f3c c\u1ecdc g\u1ed7 \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng. Th\u00e1ng 5 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, Qu\u00fd Ly d\u1eabn vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n Th\u1ea7n V\u0169 l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Kim Ngao v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n Th\u1ecb v\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 D\u00e3 Kha ra \u0111\u00e1nh. Kim Ngao quay thuy\u1ec1n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a gi\u1eb7c. Qu\u00fd Ly ch\u00e9m Ngao \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecb uy tr\u01b0\u1edbc ba qu\u00e2n, r\u1ed3i ra l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n s\u0129 n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed1ng h\u00f2 reo m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn. Vua Chi\u00eam Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat ch\u1ea1\u1ef5 v\u1ec1 nam. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ed7 T\u1eed B\u00ecnh c\u00e1o \u1ed1m, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef binh quy\u1ec1n n\u1eefa. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Qu\u00fd Ly gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Nguy\u00ean Nhung h\u00e0nh H\u1ea3i T\u00e2y \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Sang n\u0103m 1382, qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam l\u1ea1i B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o Thanh H\u00f3a. L\u00ea Qu\u00fd Ly \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed3n \u1edf n\u00fai Long \u0110\u1ea1i \u1edf Thanh H\u00f3a (t\u1ee9c n\u00fai H\u00e0m R\u1ed3ng), Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ecdc gi\u1eef c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n Th\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea7u. Qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh. Khi th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n, \u0110a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i l\u1ec7nh Qu\u00fd Ly, cho m\u1edf c\u1ecdc c\u1eafm c\u1eeb, ti\u1ebfn ra giao chi\u1ebfn. Qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam tr\u1edf tay kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp, qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng h\u1ecfa kh\u00ed n\u00e9m v\u00e0o l\u00e0m thuy\u1ec1n Chi\u00eam b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y \u0111\u1eafm g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft. Qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam thua to, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o r\u1eebng n\u00fai. Qu\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e2y n\u00fai ba ng\u00e0y, qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i. Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Qu\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111u\u1ed5i theo \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebfn Ngh\u1ec7 An. Sau \u0111\u00f3 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng l\u00e0m Kim Ng\u00f4 v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi gi\u00e0nh to\u00e0n th\u1eafng trong c\u00e1c tr\u00e2n s\u00f4ng Ngu v\u00e0 c\u1eeda Th\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea7u, qu\u00e2n th\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Do v\u1eady, th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1383, Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh cho L\u00ea Qu\u00fd Ly \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1i B\u1ed9 N\u01b0\u01a1ng Loan (\u1edf huy\u1ec7n K\u1ef3 Anh, H\u00e0 T\u0129nh ng\u00e0y nay) nh\u01b0ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i b\u00e3o \u0111\u00e1nh n\u00e1t m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn, v\u00ec v\u1eady l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1. Sang th\u00e1ng 6, Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng La Kh\u1ea3i \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00fai ra \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t Qu\u1ea3ng Oai (nay thu\u1ed9c Ba V\u00ec, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i). Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng sai t\u01b0\u1edbng M\u1eadt \u00d4n \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam b\u1eaft. Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi Th\u0103ng Long, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Hoa m\u1eb7c nguy\u00ean qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o l\u1ed9i xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng h\u00e3y \u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n Ch\u0103m Pa nh\u01b0ng Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng nghe. Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ed1c su\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n s\u0129 d\u1ef1ng r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kinh th\u00e0nh, th\u00e1ng 12 qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1384, nh\u00e0 Minh \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00f9ng V\u00e2n Nam, sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f2i l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ea5p cho qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh \u1edf L\u00e2m An. Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c quan sai \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1385, 1386, nh\u00e0 Minh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i c\u1ea5p t\u0103ng nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng hoa qu\u1ea3, l\u1ea1i sai b\u1ecdn C\u1ea9m Y V\u1ec7 sang m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00f2i 50 con voi. Quan t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00fac Qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea7u Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u00e1n xin v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed s\u0129 \u1edf C\u00f4n S\u01a1n, \u0111em con l\u00e0 M\u1ed9ng D\u1eef g\u1eedi g\u1eafm cho Qu\u00fd Ly. Qu\u00fd Ly \u0111em c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Ho\u00e0ng Trung g\u1ea3 cho M\u1ed9ng D\u1eef. L\u00fac n\u00e0y H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c t\u00f4n th\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quan l\u1ea1i t\u1ecf ra lo l\u1eafng. N\u0103m 1387, H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u00ecnh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng ban cho m\u1ed9t thanh g\u01b0\u01a1m, m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 c\u1edd \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e1m ch\u1eef V\u0103n v\u00f5 to\u00e0n t\u00e0i, qu\u00e2n th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ee9c, Qu\u00fd Ly l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ea3m t\u1ea1."}
+{"text": "Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng tuy n\u1eafm gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec c\u0169ng L\u00ea Qu\u00fd Ly quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Qu\u00fd Ly t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nghi ng\u1ea1i. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i, t\u00f4n th\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, r\u00e3 r\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly s\u1ebd c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u00e1n li\u1ec1n k\u1ebft th\u00f4ng gia v\u1edbi h\u1ecd H\u1ed3, mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa qu\u00fd v\u00e0 to\u00e0n m\u1ea1ng sau n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng tin r\u1eb1ng Qu\u00fd Ly v\u1eabn trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n, n\u00ean trao cho h\u1ecd \u00f4ng g\u01b0\u01a1m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 c\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 \"V\u0103n v\u00f5 to\u00e0n t\u00e0i, qu\u00e2n th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ee9c\"."}
+{"text": "Qu\u00fd Ly nghe v\u1eady, b\u00e8n b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00e0o y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng r\u1ed3i c\u1ee9 y t\u00e2u nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi C\u1ef1 Lu\u1eadn. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng nghe v\u1eady, b\u00e8n gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd vi h\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 Y\u00ean Sinh, r\u1ed3i sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0110\u1ebf Hi\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0n vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ebf Hi\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ebfn, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb b\u1eaft r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb giam v\u00e0o ch\u00f9a T\u01b0 Ph\u00fac. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ec9 huy c\u00e1c ph\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n c\u0169 nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n Thi\u1ebft Li\u00eam l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Kho\u00e1i, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u00e2n Nhi, t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n Thi\u1ebft Gi\u00e1p l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Kha, L\u00ea L\u1eb7c, t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n Thi\u1ebft Sang l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1t S\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u01b0\u1edbp l\u1ea5y vua \u0111em ra. \u0110\u1ebf Hi\u1ec5n vi\u1ebft hai ch\u1eef \"Gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p\" \u0111\u01b0a cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 r\u0103n b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1i \u00fd th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi th\u00f4i. L\u00e1t sau, Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a vua xu\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee7 Th\u00e1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 cho th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 cho ch\u1ebft. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd L\u00ea \u00c1 Phu, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng Nguy\u1ec5n Kho\u00e1i, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u00e2n Nhi, Nguy\u1ec5n Kha, L\u00ea L\u1eb7c, Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1t S\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 L\u01b0u Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00ec c\u00f9ng m\u01b0u v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf Hi\u1ec5n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft c\u1ea3; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Nh\u1eadp n\u1ed9i h\u00e0nh khi\u1ec3n t\u1ea3 ty L\u00ea D\u1eef Ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y ra Tr\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea7u. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, s\u1eed gia Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng:"}
+{"text": "Vua Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u1ebf \u0110\u1ebf b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c c\u1ed5 cho ch\u1ebft, Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng l\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi con \u00fat l\u00e0 Chi\u00eam \u0110\u1ecbnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ngung l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c vua Tr\u1ea7n Thu\u1eadn T\u00f4ng, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1388, \u0111\u1ed5i ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Quang Th\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ea1i x\u00e1, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, vua l\u1eadp con g\u00e1i l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Qu\u00fd Ly l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly l\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2m ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m C\u1ef1 Lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m Thi\u00eam Th\u01b0 khu m\u1eadt vi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1, C\u1ef1 Lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed cho Qu\u00fd Ly ng\u01b0\u1eddi em l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Phi\u1ebfm c\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1ea3 Tu\u00e2n, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u00e0n T\u1eed T\u00e2y, Nguy\u1ec5n S\u00f9ng, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u01b0, Nguy\u1ec5n C\u1ea3nh Th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 T\u1eed M\u00e3n, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1389, Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00ean Thanh H\u00f3a, ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o h\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ed5 V\u00f4. Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i sai L\u00ea Qu\u00fd Ly d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1. Qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam \u0111\u1eafp ng\u0103n s\u00f4ng B\u1ea3n Nha \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u, qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ecdc d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch, gi\u1eef nhau 20 ng\u00e0y. Qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1eb5n qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 voi, gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd b\u1ecf doanh tr\u1ea1i r\u00fat v\u1ec1. H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n tinh nhu\u1ec7, d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m l\u00e0m qu\u00e2n c\u1ea3m t\u1eed truy k\u00edch qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam. Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t nh\u1ed5 c\u1ecdc ra \u0111\u00e1nh, qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc, tung voi tr\u1eadn x\u00f4ng ra. Qu\u00e2n tinh nhu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i xa, qu\u00e2n th\u1ee7y b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb thua to, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eed tr\u1eadn. Qu\u00fd Ly \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1ea1m Kh\u1ea3 V\u0129nh v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m c\u1ef1 v\u1edbi gi\u1eb7c, c\u00f2n m\u00ecnh th\u00ec tr\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 Th\u0103ng Long xin th\u00eam chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1. Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng cho, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u00f4ng giao tr\u1ea3 binh quy\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh n\u1eefa. Ph\u1ea1m Kh\u1ea3 V\u0129nh v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eef \u1edf Ngu Giang, bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh th\u1ebf y\u1ebfu, b\u00e8n d\u00f9ng k\u1ebf gi\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1edd x\u00ed, bu\u1ed9c thuy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn v\u00e0o c\u1ecdc, sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh gi\u1eef, \u0111ang \u0111\u00eam dong thuy\u1ec1n nh\u1eb9 r\u00fat lui. V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed ti\u00eau \u00e1n c\u00f3 ghi r\u1eb1ng:"}
+{"text": "B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd trong tri\u1ec1u th\u00ec L\u00ea Qu\u00fd Ly chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n, ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tay cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u00e2y c\u00e1nh, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea5n th\u00ec gi\u1eb7c gi\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm. \u1ede Thanh H\u00f3a c\u00f3 t\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Thanh t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Linh \u0110\u1ee9c V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m lo\u1ea1n \u1edf L\u01b0\u01a1ng Giang; t\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n K\u1ecb t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 L\u1ed7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m lo\u1ea1n \u1edf N\u00f4ng C\u1ed1ng. \u1ede Qu\u1ed1c Oai th\u00ec c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01b0 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 \u00d4n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh Kinh S\u01b0. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ho\u00e0ng, Thu\u1eadn T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y l\u00ean B\u1eafc giang. Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 \u00d4n l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kinh s\u01b0, \u1edf ba ng\u00e0y r\u1ed3i r\u00fat v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ed1c Oai. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u1ee5ng Th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf Ho\u00e0ng Giang \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng gi\u1eef qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, nghe tin S\u01b0 \u00d4n ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea5t Kinh s\u01b0 m\u1edbi \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ebbn b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u01b0 \u00d4n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 tan gi\u1eb7c \u1ea5y."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1397, Qu\u00fd Ly sai vi\u00ean quan \u0110\u1ed7 T\u1ec9nh \u0111i xem \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ed9ng An T\u00f4n ph\u1ee7 Thanh H\u00f3a, \u00fd mu\u1ed1n di chuy\u1ec3n kinh \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 Thanh H\u00f3a. Ph\u1ea1m C\u1ef1 Lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1eef Thuy\u1ebft can, Qu\u00fd Ly kh\u00f4ng nghe. Qu\u00fd Ly b\u1ecf Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1eef Thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u01b0u s\u0129 Ph\u1ea1m C\u1ef1 Lu\u1eadn \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n \u1edf Tuy\u00ean Quang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y b\u1ecb thua tr\u1eadn ch\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady khi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2m ph\u00fac, l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u01b0u s\u0129 Ph\u1ea1m C\u1ef1 Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb L\u00ea Qu\u00fd Ly tr\u1eeb b\u1ecf. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11, Qu\u00fd Ly b\u1ee9c vua Thu\u1eadn T\u00f4ng d\u1eddi kinh \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 Thanh H\u00f3a, cung nh\u00e2n Tr\u1ea7n Ng\u1ecdc C\u01a1 v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Ng\u1ecdc Ki\u1ec3m n\u00f3i m\u1eadt v\u1edbi vua r\u1eb1ng d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i, Qu\u00fd Ly cho gi\u1ebft c\u1ea3."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1397, H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly l\u00e0m ph\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh th\u00e1i s\u01b0, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, chia c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea5n; l\u1ed9 hay tr\u1ea5n th\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1t ph\u1ee7, ph\u1ee7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1t ch\u00e2u, ch\u00e2u th\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1t huy\u1ec7n, huy\u1ec7n th\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1t x\u00e3. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb Th\u0103ng Long, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n, ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u0103ng Hoa. \u0110\u1ed5i Thanh H\u00f3a l\u00e0m tr\u1ea5n Thanh \u0110\u00f4, Qu\u1ed1c Oai l\u00e0m tr\u1ea5n Qu\u1ea3ng Oai, \u0110\u00e0 Giang l\u00e0m Tr\u1ea5n Thi\u00ean H\u01b0ng, Ngh\u1ec7 An l\u00e0m tr\u1ea5n L\u00e2m An, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y\u00ean l\u00e0m tr\u1ea5n Thi\u00ean Quan, Di\u1ec5n Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0m tr\u1ea5n V\u1ecdng Giang, L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea5n L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n, T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea5n T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh. Sang \u0111\u1eddi H\u1ed3, khi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i Chi\u00eam v\u00e0 C\u1ed5 L\u0169y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u Th\u0103ng, Hoa, T\u01b0, Ngh\u0129a, g\u1ed3m l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 Th\u0103ng Hoa, t\u1ee9c mi\u1ec1n Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m 1397, Qu\u00fd Ly b\u1ee9c vua Tr\u1ea7n d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0o Thanh H\u00f3a, \u0111\u1eb7t Th\u0103ng Long (hay \u0110\u1ea1i La Th\u00e0nh) th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4, g\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh m\u1edbi x\u00e2y \u1edf n\u00fai An T\u00f4n thu\u1ed9c Thanh H\u00f3a l\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0110\u00f4."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1396, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e1t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9i sao. In xong, ra l\u1ec7nh cho d\u00e2n c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i 1 quan ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5y 1 quan 2 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y. C\u1ea5m ti\u00eau ri\u00eang, ch\u1ee9a ri\u00eang ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng; s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng thu h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9a \u1edf kho Ngao tr\u00ec kinh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 tr\u1ecb s\u1edf c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n. Ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9a ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3. Th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y: t\u1edd 10 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ebd r\u1ed3ng, t\u1edd 30 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ebd s\u00f3ng, t\u1edd 1 ti\u1ec1n v\u1ebd m\u00e2y, t\u1edd 2 ti\u1ec1n v\u1ebd r\u00f9a, t\u1edd 3 ti\u1ec1n v\u1ebd l\u00e2n, t\u1edd 5 ti\u1ec1n v\u1ebd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1edd 1 quan v\u1ebd r\u1ed3ng. K\u1ebb n\u00e0o l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu. L\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n, chia ra 3 m\u1ee9c, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trung, h\u1ea1."}
+{"text": "Theo Phan Huy Ch\u00fa b\u00ecnh trong s\u00e1ch L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed:ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh gi\u1ea5y vu\u00f4ng, ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1ng 5, 3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng 5, 6 tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, c\u00f3 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 r\u00e1ch n\u00e1t, m\u00e0 k\u1ebb l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o sinh ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng, th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u1ed5n v\u1eadt gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eady. Qu\u00fd Ly kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i g\u1ed1c l\u1ee3i h\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 ham chu\u1ed9ng h\u01b0 danh s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 cho ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 sinh ra \u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecdng, khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n nghe th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee3, th\u00eam m\u1ed1i x\u00f4n xao, th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e2u!."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1ec7 thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00f4 ru\u1ed9ng, tri\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu thu 3 th\u0103ng th\u00f3c nay thu 5 th\u0103ng. B\u00e3i d\u00e2u, tri\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu thu 9 quan ho\u1eb7c 7 quan, nay thu h\u1ea1ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu 5 quan ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y; h\u1ea1ng trung 4 quan ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y, h\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb3ng 3 quan ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y. Ti\u1ec1n n\u1ed9p h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a \u0111inh nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu 3 quan, nay chi\u1ec3u theo s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 5 s\u00e0o th\u00ec thu 5 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y; t\u1eeb 6 s\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn 1 m\u1eabu th\u00ec thu 1 quan; 1 m\u1eabu 1 s\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn 1 m\u1eabu 5 s\u00e0o thu 1 quan 5 ti\u1ec1n; t\u1eeb 1 m\u1eabu 6 \u0111\u1ebfn 2maaiu thu 2 quan; t\u1eeb 2 m\u1eabu 1 s\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn 2 m\u1eabu 5 sao thu 2 quan 6 ti\u1ec1n, t\u1eeb 2 m\u1eabu 6 tr\u1edf l\u00ean thu 3 quan. \u0110inh nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng, tr\u1ebb m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i, b\u00e0 g\u00f3a d\u1eabu c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1396, H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly \u0111\u00e3 cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch thi tuy\u1ec3n, ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n thi Th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc sinh chia ra th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea1i, h\u1ea1 tr\u1ea1i; thi \u0110\u00ecnh chia ra kinh, tr\u1ea1i (Ngh\u1ec7 An, Thanh H\u00f3a th\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea1i) l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed7 Tam kh\u00f4i, v\u0103n th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, d\u00f9ng ph\u00e9p thi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean, d\u00f9ng v\u0103n th\u1ec3 b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ecf b\u00e0i \u00e1m t\u1ea3 c\u1ed5 v\u0103n. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t thi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i kinh ngh\u0129a h\u1ea1n 500 ch\u1eef tr\u1edf l\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ec thi b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Lu\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00fa d\u00f9ng th\u1ec3 ly tao ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n tuy\u1ec3n h\u1ea1n 500 ch\u1eef tr\u1edf l\u00ean; tr\u01b0\u1eddng tam thi chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ebf bi\u1ec3u; tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 thi v\u0103n s\u00e1ch, ra \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 kinh s\u1eed h\u1ea1n 1000 ch\u1eef tr\u1edf l\u00ean."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 l\u1ea7n H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan r\u1eb1ng:L\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 100 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eb7c B\u1eafc ? Vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ed3ng tri khu m\u1eadt s\u1ee9 Ho\u00e0ng H\u1ed1i Khanh d\u00e2ng l\u00ean k\u1ebf s\u00e1ch,l\u00e0m s\u1ed5 h\u1ed5 t\u1ecbch trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, bi\u00ean h\u1ebft v\u00e0o s\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb hai tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0m th\u1ef1c s\u1ed1. kh\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0u vong m\u00e0 v\u1eabn bi\u00ean t\u00ean trong s\u1ed5. Y\u1ebft th\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c phi\u00ean tr\u1ea5n h\u1ec5 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kinh n\u00e0o tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 th\u00ec \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean qu\u00e1n. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1401, l\u00e0m s\u1ed5 h\u1ed9 t\u1ecbch xong, t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb 15 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean, 60 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cho n\u00ean n\u0103m 1402 \u0111i\u1ec3m binh c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1405, H\u1ed3 H\u00e1n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e2n Nam ban v\u00e0 B\u1eafc ban, chia th\u00e0nh 12 v\u1ec7; qu\u00e2n \u0110i\u1ec7n h\u1eadu \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2y chia th\u00e0nh 8 v\u1ec7; m\u1ed7i v\u1ec7 18 \u0111\u1ed9i, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed9i 18 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n th\u00ec 30 \u0111\u1ed9i, trung \u0111\u1ed9i th\u00ec 20 \u0111\u1ed9i, m\u1ed7i doanh l\u00e0 15 \u0111\u1ed9i, m\u1ed7i \u0111o\u00e0n l\u00e0 10 \u0111\u1ed9i, c\u1ea5m v\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f4 th\u00ec 5 \u0111\u00f4i, do \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh. T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n trong 12 v\u1ec7 Nam B\u1eafc l\u00e0 4.320 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong 8 v\u1ec7 \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 2.820 ng\u01b0\u1eddi; trong \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 540 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trung qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 360 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t hai v\u1ec7 Thi\u00ean ng\u01b0u v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee7ng th\u1ea7n, thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e2n Long ti\u1ec7p, c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4 \u00fay. L\u1ea1i th\u00eam h\u01b0\u01a1ng binh, ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1m cho cai quan qu\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb vong m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0m qu\u00e2n d\u0169ng h\u00e3n, \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ee9c thi\u00ean h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u00e1ch h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 cai qu\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2, n\u0103m 1400, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 ph\u00e1t binh 15 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. Th\u00e1ng 7, n\u0103m 1402, H\u00e1n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111em \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, ch\u00faa Chi\u00eam Ba \u0110\u00edch L\u1ea1i s\u1ee3, sai c\u1eadu l\u00e0 B\u1ed1 \u0110i\u1ec1n d\u00e2ng m\u1ed9t voi tr\u1eafng, m\u1ed9t voi \u0111en, s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t Chi\u00eam \u0110\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 xin r\u00fat qu\u00e2n. B\u1ed3 \u0110i\u1ec1n t\u1edbi, Qu\u00fd Ly \u00e9p ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda t\u1edd bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 d\u00e2ng n\u1ed9p c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng C\u1ed5 L\u0169y, r\u1ed3i chia \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u Th\u0103ng, Hoa, T\u01b0, Ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1eb7t An ph\u1ee7 s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 An ph\u1ee7 ph\u00f3 s\u1ee9 l\u1ed9 Th\u0103ng Hoa \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb; mi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ea5n T\u00e2n Ninh. Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh thu l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u00e1n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u An ph\u1ee7 s\u1ee9 l\u1ed9 Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n C\u1ea3nh Ch\u00e2n l\u00e0m An ph\u1ee7 s\u1ee9 l\u1ed9 Th\u0103ng Hoa. C\u1ea3nh Ch\u00e2n d\u00e2ng th\u01b0 xin theo vi\u1ec7c c\u0169 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9p th\u00f3c r\u1ed3i ban t\u01b0\u1edbc, mi\u1ec5n lao d\u1ecbch,..nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly ph\u00ea:Bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y ch\u1eef m\u00e0 d\u00e1m n\u00f3i vi\u1ec7c H\u00e1n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 th\u1eb1ng ng\u1ecdng hay n\u00f3i, ch\u1ec9 chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng c\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1403, H\u00e1n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng sai \u0111em nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u0103ng Hoa, bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf th\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, chia \u0111\u1ea5t cho h\u1ecd \u1edf. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ee3 con \u0111i theo, b\u1ecb b\u00e3o ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i, d\u00e2n o\u00e1n. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n \u0111inh nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1t lang, H\u1eafc B\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 Sa Li Nha t\u1eeb T\u01b0 Ngh\u0129a tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Nam \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Xi\u00eam l\u00e0m ch\u00e2u huy\u1ec7n. Hai vua H\u1ed3 gia phong Ph\u1ea1m Nguy\u00ean Kh\u00f4i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n 2 v\u1ec7 Thi\u00ean Ng\u01b0u v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5ng Th\u1ea7n, ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n Long ti\u1ec7p; H\u1ed3 V\u1ea5n l\u00e0m ph\u00f3; \u0110\u1ed7 M\u00e3n ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n Thi\u00ean C\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 C\u1ee7ng Th\u1ea7n, qu\u00e2n th\u1ee7y b\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng 20 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec1u theo ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nguy\u00ean Kh\u00f4i. Qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t Chi\u00eam, l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee5, v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh Ch\u00e0 B\u00e0n, s\u1eafp l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec qu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 9 th\u00e1ng, h\u1ebft l\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafng ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat v\u1ec1. Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u nh\u00e0 Minh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh sai 9 chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n sang c\u1ee9u, th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu g\u1eb7p qu\u00e2n Minh ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh b\u1ea3o Nguy\u00ean Kh\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e2u. Nguy\u00ean Kh\u00f4i t\u1eeb Chi\u00eam tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 b\u1ecb Qu\u00fd Ly tr\u00e1ch v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft qu\u00e2n Minh."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly ti\u1ebfm ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1400, tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Minh, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra. M\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1ng sau khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, Qu\u00fd Ly ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbch \u1edf hai m\u1eb7t. Qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam thua tr\u1eadn, ph\u1ea3i c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea5t hai ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i Chi\u00eam v\u00e0 C\u1ed5 L\u0169y cho \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu. N\u0103m 1395, d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 t\u1eeb Th\u0103ng Long v\u1ec1 Thanh H\u00f3a, x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng An T\u00f4n, cho \u0111\u00e0o h\u00e0o, tr\u1ed3ng tre gai xung quoanh... \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7. L\u00e0m s\u1ed5 h\u1ed9 t\u1ecbch, bi\u00ean h\u1ebft v\u00e0o s\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb 2 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0u vong m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 trong s\u1ed5, l\u00e0m s\u1ed5 xong nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb 15 \u0111\u1ebfn 60 g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00ean t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1402 \u0111i\u1ec3m binh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1406, nh\u00e0 Minh sai hai t\u01b0\u1edbng H\u00e0n Quan v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng Trung \u0111em 10 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu, m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1edb \u0111\u01b0a Tr\u1ea7m Thi\u00eam B\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u00e0y 8/4, \u1edf \u1ea3i L\u00e3nh Kinh (H\u00e0 B\u1eafc c\u0169), qu\u00e2n Minh-\u0110\u1ea1i Ngu giao chi\u1ebfn, qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i; s\u00e1ng h\u00f4m sau, qu\u00e2n th\u1ee7y b\u1ed9 giao chi\u1ebfn, Nh\u1ecb v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1ea1m Nguy\u00ean Kh\u00f4i, ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n Ch\u1ea5n C\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu B\u1ec9nh Trung,...b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. T\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed3 Nguy\u00ean Tr\u1eebng may ch\u1ea1y tho\u00e1t l\u00ean b\u1edd, do qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu ngh\u0129 qu\u00e2n Minh \u00edt qu\u00e2n, coi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7. Duy c\u00f3 T\u1ea3 Th\u00e1nh D\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3 V\u1ea5n k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n V\u0169 Cao t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Minh."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c, vi\u00ean h\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u1edbng Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh B\u1ed1 \u0110\u00f4ng khuy\u00ean v\u1edbi H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n l\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3n \u0111\u00e1nh ngay qu\u00e2n Minh, kh\u00f4ng cho ti\u1ebfn s\u00e2u v\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e2n Minh \u1ef7 v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng binh v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng nghe. Theo K.W Taylor nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh (Th\u0103ng Long) v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 \u1edf b\u1edd nam s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee5 vi\u1ebft b\u1ea3ng v\u0103n k\u1ec3 t\u1ed9i h\u1ecd H\u1ed3, cho th\u1ea3 tr\u00f4i theo d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n v\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ee5ng d\u1ea1 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u n\u1eefa. Theo Minh s\u1eed, gia \u0111\u00ecnh M\u1ea1c Th\u00fay, M\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec5n, Tr\u1ea7n Hu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn theo 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd H\u1ed3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kinh l\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u theo qu\u00e2n Minh ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd H\u1ed3."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c m\u0169i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu c\u00f3 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u00e1nh \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u01a1i r\u1ed3i r\u00fat v\u1ec1 gi\u1eef ph\u00f2ng tuy\u1ebfn Nam s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng. Qu\u00e2n Minh th\u1eeba c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung binh l\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh \u0110a Bang. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m B\u00ednh Tu\u1ea5t (ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1407) th\u00e0nh \u0110a Bang th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7, tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu c\u0169ng tan v\u1ee1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng. T\u1eeb \u0110a Bang ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1407, qu\u00e2n nh\u00e0 Minh tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfm c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 Th\u0103ng Long. Qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa r\u00fat lui xu\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec1n h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng. V\u00e0 sau m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u1eadn ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly v\u00e0 H\u1ed3 H\u00e1n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111em theo c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1 ch\u1ea1y ra bi\u1ec3n r\u1ed3i v\u00e0o Thanh H\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "S\u1eed gia Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean g\u1ecdi hai cha con h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1n th\u1ea7n t\u1eb7c t\u1eed: H\u1ecd H\u1ed3 gi\u1ebft Tr\u1ea7n Thu\u1eadn T\u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n (Nguy\u00ean) H\u00e3ng, Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1t Ch\u00e2n m\u01b0u gi\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Sau khi h\u1ecd ch\u1ebft, trong kho\u1ea3ng 7, 8 n\u0103m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y n\u1eefa. H\u1ecd H\u1ed3 t\u1ef1 cho l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ai d\u00e1m l\u00e0m g\u00ec n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1n th\u1ea7n t\u1eb7c t\u1eed th\u00ec ai ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 tr\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o tha tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ch\u00fang d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ea7m tr\u1eddi n\u00e0y! Ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ebft ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec ng\u01b0o\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng gi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Di ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang. C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh gi\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n gi\u1ea3 ngh\u0129a, s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i sinh linh th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ecdn gi\u1eb7c t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. Cho n\u00ean Th\u00e1i Cao T\u1ed5 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf ta l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecdn ch\u00fang."}
+{"text": "Xem c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly l\u00e0m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfc thay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u1ee9 gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n cho c\u00f3 th\u1ee7y chung (tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau), th\u00ec d\u1eabu gi\u1eb7c Minh c\u00f3 th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u \u0111i n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ea7u d\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam, m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i ti\u1ebfng th\u01a1m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ngh\u00ecn thu. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00e1i l\u00f2ng tham xui khi\u1ebfn, h\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 sinh ra b\u1ee5ng mu\u1ed1n tranh quy\u1ec1n, c\u01b0\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly m\u1edbi l\u00e0m s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Minh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e1i c\u1edb m\u00e0 sang \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam. C\u0169ng v\u00ec c\u00e1i c\u1edb \u1ea5y, cho n\u00ean l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1ecf h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 m\u00e0 \u0111em theo gi\u1eb7c, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i cha con h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 thua ch\u1ea1y, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, ph\u1ea3i \u0111em th\u00e2n \u0111i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1ee5c \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi! Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u1ed9i l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, c\u00f2n c\u00e1i t\u1ed9i l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam, th\u00ec ai g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c cho Qu\u00fd Ly?"}
+{"text": "George Washington (22 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1732 \u2013 14 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1799) (phi\u00ean \u00e2m: Gio\u00f3c-gi\u01a1 Qua-sinh-t\u01a1n) l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia non tr\u1ebb Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1775 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1799. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh trong cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u0103m 1775\u20131783, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4ng coi vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft ra Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1787. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 (1789\u20131797). Phong c\u00e1ch l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 nghi cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c v\u00e0 bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n v\u0103n nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi chi\u1ebfn tranh, d\u1eadp t\u1eaft n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb cha gi\u00e0 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "\u00d4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang. \u00d4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c gia, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, t\u00ecm n\u01a1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 (sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Washington, D.C.), gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 vinh danh tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i \"C\u00e1i t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9\" ph\u1ea3i x\u00f3a b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0o mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Khi m\u1ea5t, Washington \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ng t\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\". Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 coi \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Jefferson trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u1eddi v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i Washington. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Washington \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u00e2y \u00e2m vang t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latin. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lu\u00f4n x\u1ebfp \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 hai ho\u1eb7c ba v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 con \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Augustine Washington (1694\u20131743) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 th\u1ee9 hai, Mary Ball Washington (1708\u20131789), George Washington sinh ra trong trang tr\u1ea1i Pope's Creek g\u1ea7n n\u01a1i ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Colonial Beach trong Qu\u1eadn Westmoreland, Virginia. Theo l\u1ecbch Julius (c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3), Washington sinh ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1731; theo l\u1ecbch Gregory, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba th\u00ec \u00f4ng sinh ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1732. T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Washington \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Sulgrave, Anh; \u00f4ng c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 John Washington di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Virginia n\u0103m 1657. C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng: George Washington v\u00e0 N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh Elizabeth II c\u00f3 chung t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean. Cha c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Augustine l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 c\u00f3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Cha \u00f4ng sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1eed th\u1eddi v\u1eadn v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 khai qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft. Th\u1eddi George c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1i Virginia, \u1edf v\u00e0o c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc trung l\u01b0u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "S\u00e1u trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c anh chi em c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh c\u00f9ng cha kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9, Lawrence v\u00e0 Augustine, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng v\u00e0 Jane Butler Washington. B\u1ed1n anh ch\u1ecb em ru\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Samuel, Elizabeth (Betty), John Augustine v\u00e0 Charles. Ba anh ch\u1ecb em kh\u00e1c m\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh: em g\u00e1i ru\u1ed9t, Mildred ch\u1ebft l\u00fac m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh trai kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 m\u1ea5t khi c\u00f2n s\u01a1 sinh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecb kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 Jane ch\u1ebft l\u00fac 12 khi George hai tu\u1ed5i. Cha c\u1ee7a George qua \u0111\u1eddi khi \u00f4ng 11 tu\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a George l\u00e0 Lawrence sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi George noi g\u01b0\u01a1ng. William Fairfax, cha v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Lawrence v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em h\u1ecd v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Virginia, Thomas Fairfax c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. Washington d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian l\u00fac c\u00f2n b\u00e9 \u1edf n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i Ferry trong Qu\u1eadn Stafford g\u1ea7n Fredericksburg. Lawrence Washington th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng gia s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a cha, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Potomac m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Mount Vernon. George th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i Ferry ngay khi cha \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1eeba k\u1ebf Mount Vernon sau khi Lawrence qua \u0111\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a cha khi\u1ebfn cho \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Appleby c\u1ee7a Anh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh trai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m. \u00d4ng \u0111i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Fredericksburg cho \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i 15. Mong mu\u1ed1n gia nh\u1eadp H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng gia kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c sau khi m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho \u00f4ng. Nh\u1edd m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Lawrence v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf Fairfax n\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 17 tu\u1ed5i, George tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thanh tra qu\u1eadn Culpeper v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1749. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho \u00f4ng mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai trong thung l\u0169ng Shenandoah, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 mua \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Virginia. C\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Lawrence trong C\u00f4ng ty Ohio, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Virginia v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Lawrence trong vai tr\u00f2 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n Virginia n\u00ean George \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Virginia l\u00e0 Robert Dinwiddie ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn. Washington kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ecdt ra kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c: cao 6 ft 2 inche (188 cm; \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1n cao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i), \u00f4ng cao h\u01a1n \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1751, Washington c\u00f9ng \u0111i Barbados v\u1edbi Lawrence, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i b\u1ec7nh lao, v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a Lawrence. Washington m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ebft th\u1eb9o nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho \u00f4ng mi\u1ec5n nhi\u1ec5m v\u1edbi c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed9c n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau. S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a Lawrence kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n: \u00f4ng quay v\u1ec1 Mount Vernon v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m 1752. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n Virginia c\u1ee7a Lawrence chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t. Washington \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Dinwiddie b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1753 v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1 trong \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n Virginia. Washington c\u0169ng gia nh\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Tam \u0110i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i Fredericksburg v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1753, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o \"X\u1ee9 Ohio\", m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh l\u00e0 Virginia v\u00e0 Pennsylvania tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n. Cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p (French and Indian War) t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1754\u20131762. Chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 Chi\u1ebfn tranh 7 n\u0103m tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (1756\u201363). Washington \u1edf t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y khi m\u1edbi v\u1eeba b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. C\u00f4ng ty Ohio, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y, \u0111ang m\u1edf mang nh\u1eefng khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 M\u1ef9. Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Dinwiddie nh\u1eadn l\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Anh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng ph\u00e1i Thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1 Washington v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1753 giao m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p r\u1eddi b\u1ecf l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y. Washington c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t Tanacharison (c\u0169ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Half-King\") v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 Iroquois \u0111ang li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Virginia t\u1ea1i Logstown \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p; Washington v\u00e0 Tanacharison tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh. Washington giao l\u00e1 th\u01b0 cho t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng n\u00e0y t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi b\u1ecf l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Dinwiddie ph\u00e1i Washington tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i X\u1ee9 Ohio \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty Ohio \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i th\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty ra kh\u1ecfi khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ed3n Duquesne. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p do Joseph Coulon de Jumonville ch\u1ec9 huy b\u1ecb Tanacharison v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00edt chi\u1ebfn binh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Uniontown, Pennsylvania. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 Mingo, Washington v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh li\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong l\u00fac v\u00e0 sau tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Jumonville b\u1ecb tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft... ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ecb Tanacharison l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng ch\u00e9m b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee1i r\u00ecu hay do b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9ng s\u00fang b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft khi v\u1ecb s\u0129 quan b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y ng\u1ed3i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Washington - c\u1ea3 hai nghi v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft Washington t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3n Necessity v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1754. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Washington \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Virginia c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi binh s\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. S\u1eed gia Joseph Ellis k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 can \u0111\u1ea3m, th\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 h\u0103ng say chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Washington. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o Washington \u00e1m s\u00e1t Jumonville v\u00ec h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng Jumonville \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh ngo\u1ea1i giao. C\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 tranh gi\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 1755; chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1756."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1755, Washington l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 cao c\u1ea5p ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng Anh Edward Braddock trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh x\u1ea5u s\u1ed1 \u1edf Monongahela. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Anh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ra kh\u1ecfi X\u1ee9 Ohio. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 M\u1ef9 ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch v\u00e0 Braddock b\u1ecb t\u1eed th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong tr\u1eadn Monongahela. Sau khi b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1, qu\u00e2n Anh r\u00fat ch\u1ea1y t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n; tuy nhi\u00ean, Washington c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a ch\u1ea1y quanh tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba nh\u1eb1m kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean t\u00e0n qu\u00e2n Anh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n Virginia r\u00fat lui c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Dinwiddie th\u0103ng ch\u1ee9c Washington n\u0103m 1755 l\u00ean c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc \"\u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Trung \u0111o\u00e0n Virginia v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua\" v\u00e0 giao ph\u00f3 cho \u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng Virginia. Trung \u0111o\u00e0n Virginia l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba (\u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh quy ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian). Washington \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh \"h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 hay ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng\" b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Trong l\u00fac l\u00e0m t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n binh s\u0129, Washington l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u0129 quan c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt, lu\u00f4n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y; trong 10 th\u00e1ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c trung \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh 20 tr\u1eadn, v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 1/3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u0103ng say c\u1ee7a Washington c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1edf bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Virginia ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i \u00edt h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c; Ellis k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \"\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\" trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1758, Washington tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh Forbes nh\u1eb1m chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ed3n Duquesne. \u00d4ng s\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00f9ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m khi \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb Anh t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea7m nhau l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 s\u00fang. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 14 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 26 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3. Washington kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1edbn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Thung l\u0169ng Ohio khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p r\u00fat b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed3n. Theo sau cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh, Washington t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfi Trung \u0111o\u00e0n Virginia v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1758. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1775."}
+{"text": "Tuy Washington ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Anh m\u00e0 \u00f4ng mong \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1. \u00d4ng lu\u00f4n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9 sau n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi can \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tai bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u00e1o lui. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ra m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 huy: \u0111em h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 huy t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tu\u00e2n l\u1ec7nh \u00f4ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. Washington h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb trung \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Qua \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u0129 quan nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5, \u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp v\u1eadn. \u00d4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1eed gia Ron Chernow c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec Washington ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n khi th\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3; c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 khi \u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Chi\u1ebfn tranh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9 sau n\u00e0y.[Ghi ch\u00fa 1] \u00d4ng n\u1ea3y sinh m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n. Coi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, kinh nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 1 ng\u00e0n binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng xa x\u00f4i kh\u1eafc h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Boston, New York, Trenton v\u00e0 Philadelphia."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1759, Washington k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 t\u00ean Martha Dandridge Custis. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang y\u00eau Sally Fairfax, v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, George v\u00e0 Martha r\u1ea5t x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f4i v\u00ec Martha th\u00f4ng minh, duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u00f3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5. C\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng nu\u00f4i hai \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 l\u00e0 John Parke Custis v\u00e0 Martha Parke Custis, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia \u0111\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi th\u00e2n m\u1eadt l\u00e0 \"Jackie\" v\u00e0 \"Patsy\". Sau \u0111\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh Washington nu\u00f4i hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Washington l\u00e0 Eleanor Parke Custis v\u00e0 George Washington Parke Custis. George v\u00e0 Martha Washington kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con c\u00e1i chung \u2014 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1751 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 con. V\u00ec ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh n\u00ean Washington kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng minh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 con nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac ri\u00eang t\u01b0 \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 con. C\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 Mount Vernon g\u1ea7n Alexandria n\u01a1i \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Washington v\u1edbi Martha \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn lao. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t Virginia. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba trong s\u1ed1 18.000 m\u1eabu Anh (73 km\u00b2) \u0111i\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1ee3 ngay sau khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 kho\u1ea3ng $100.000 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ph\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i cho con c\u1ee7a Martha, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ch\u0103m s\u00f3c. \u00d4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng mua th\u00eam \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf v\u00f9ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 T\u00e2y Virginia nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng ph\u1ea9m d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng lao ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1775, Washington t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Mount Vernon l\u00ean 6.500 m\u1eabu Anh (26 km\u00b2) v\u00e0 t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00ean tr\u00ean 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t anh h\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec3 tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn n\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n t\u1ec9nh Virginia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1758."}
+{"text": "Washington c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u2014 s\u0103n c\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng th\u00edch \u0111i khi\u00eau v\u0169 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdp h\u1ed9i, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111i xem k\u1ecbch, \u0111ua, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 g\u00e0. Washington c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ch\u01a1i b\u00e0i, backgammon v\u00e0 bi da. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng xa x\u1ec9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb Anh v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng tr\u1ed3ng. Chi ti\u00eau qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt \u1edf Virginia v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Washington m\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n. (Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Thomas Jefferson qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t.)"}
+{"text": "Washington b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi n\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kinh doanh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 1766, \u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f9a v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh sinh l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Mount Vernon t\u1eeb thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 sang l\u00faa m\u00ec. L\u00faa m\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh kh\u00e1c trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u00e0m b\u1ed9t m\u00ec, nu\u00f4i c\u00e1, nu\u00f4i ng\u1ef1a, d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i. Patsy Custis (con g\u00e1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng) m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1773 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh gi\u00fap cho Washington tr\u1ea3 h\u1ebft n\u1ee3 cho nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 n\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00ec ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Patsy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a sang cho \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i Virginia. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1768 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1775, \u00f4ng m\u1eddi kho\u1ea3ng 2000 kh\u00e1ch m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n Mount Vernon c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng xem l\u00e0 \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p\". \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \"\u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi h\u1ecd l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1\" nh\u01b0ng \"h\u00e3y gi\u1eef h\u1ecd \u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m xa th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00ec khi h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng quen bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00fac b\u1ea1n m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd\". N\u0103m 1769, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Virginia \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a t\u1eeb V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh."}
+{"text": "Tuy \u00f4ng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Tem thu\u1ebf 1765 (Stamp Act 1765), m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt thu\u1ebf \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Townshend (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 1767) tr\u1edf n\u00ean lan r\u1ed9ng. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1769, Washington gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 George Mason th\u1ea3o ra, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Virginia t\u1ea9y chay h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Anh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Townshend n\u0103m 1770. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Washington xem vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng qua C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt b\u1ea5t khoan dung (intolerable acts) n\u0103m 1774 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta\". Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1774, \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp trong \u0111\u00f3 \"c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p Fairfax\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, Washington tham d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Virginia trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Virginia t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba."}
+{"text": "Sau c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1ea1i Lexington v\u00e0 Concord g\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Boston v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1775, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec1u tham chi\u1ebfn. Washington xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba trong qu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho chi\u1ebfn tranh. Washington c\u00f3 thanh th\u1ebf, kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, s\u1ee9c thu h\u00fat, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc cao \u0111\u1ed9. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 13 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, Virginia \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. T\u00e2n Anh, n\u01a1i chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam. Washington b\u00e0y t\u1ecf r\u00f5 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n tranh ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1775. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c John Adams c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Massachusetts \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed, Washington sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ee9 hai, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng ra t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n. \u00d4ng tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy v\u00e0 giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cho t\u01b0\u1edbng von Steuben, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n l\u00e0m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang cung c\u1ea5p nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m. Washington c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u00ec h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 huy. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edbng Nathaniel Greene, v\u00e0 tham m\u01b0u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Alexander Hamilton. C\u00e1c s\u0129 quan M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u1ecd thua ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (pitched battles). C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Boston (1776), Saratoga (1777) v\u00e0 Yorktown (1781) x\u1ea3y ra khi qu\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng g\u00e0i b\u1eaby d\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n Anh ra xa kh\u1ecfi c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t qu\u00e2n Anh h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, Washington l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn v\u0169 trang ch\u1ed1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n - \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. T\u1ea7m v\u00f3c to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ng\u0169 l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sau khi chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, \u00f4ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ra nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft trong qu\u00e2n v\u1ee5. V\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00f4n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt t\u1ed1t th\u00ec lu\u00f4n h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i nh\u1eefng binh s\u0129 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c binh s\u0129 nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ecf \u0111i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch."}
+{"text": "Washington nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cambridge, Massachusetts v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1775 trong l\u00fac cu\u1ed9c bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Boston \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng n\u00ean Washington y\u00eau c\u1ea7u xin th\u00eam ngu\u1ed3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf m\u1edbi. Qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch nh\u1eefng kho thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang c\u1ee7a Anh trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kho n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng Caribbe, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1. Qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 nh\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 (kho\u1ea3ng 2,5 tri\u1ec7u c\u00e2n Anh) v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1776, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p. Washington t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c bao v\u00e2y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c qu\u00e2n Anh r\u00fat lui b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1o binh \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3m cao Dorchester Heights nh\u00ecn xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Qu\u00e2n Anh r\u00fat ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi Boston v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1776 v\u00e0 Washington di chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1776, t\u01b0\u1edbng Anh l\u00e0 William Howe m\u1edf m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch h\u1ea3i b\u1ed9 l\u1edbn nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chi\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York. L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Washington giao chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee7ng Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn Long Island, tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u00edt qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Anh. Nhi\u1ec1u binh s\u0129 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e0o ng\u0169, v\u00e0 Washington b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i. D\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00f3, Washington b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u00e1o lui qua s\u00f4ng East v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam. \u00d4ng l\u00e0m v\u1eady m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trang b\u1ecb. Washington r\u00fat lui v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc kh\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y, t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho t\u01b0\u1edbng Howe t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ed3n Washington v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 1 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 t\u1eed th\u01b0\u01a1ng cao cho L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Washington sau \u0111\u00f3 r\u00fat lui ngang New Jersey; t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ecb ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c v\u00ec l\u1ec7nh nh\u1eadp ng\u0169 h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn. V\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam 25 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1776, Washington quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Hessian (qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18) t\u1ea1i t\u00e2y New Jersey. \u00d4ng d\u1eaft l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng Delaware \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n 1.000 binh s\u0129 Hessian t\u1ea1i Trenton, New Jersey. Sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Trenton, Washington ghi th\u00eam m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng kh\u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy Anh t\u1ea1i Princeton v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 1. Qu\u00e2n Anh r\u00fat lui tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1783. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Washington \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \"c\u1ee7 c\u00e0-r\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00e2y g\u1eady\" c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh - ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh r\u1ed3i khuy\u1ebfn d\u1ee5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ea3 ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a phe y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc tuy nhi\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u binh s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0o ng\u0169 trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7t. Washington v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gia t\u0103ng t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng cho binh s\u0129 \u1edf l\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e2n ng\u0169 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng gia t\u0103ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e0o ng\u0169. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 cho c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn sau cu\u1ed1i."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tranh lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng Washington th\u00edch ch\u1ecdn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Fabius \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y hoang mang cho qu\u00e2n Anh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nhanh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc b\u00e9n r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 r\u00fat lui \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n to l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Anh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng hay \u00f4ng th\u00edch ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn. Trong khi t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Greene s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt Fabius v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1780-81 th\u00ec Washington ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u00e0o m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m 1776 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1777 sau khi \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tan r\u00e3. Tr\u1eadn Trenton v\u00e0 Princeton l\u00e0 hai th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt Fabius. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1777, sau khi Washington \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin, \u00f4ng ng\u01b0ng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u1edf Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth v\u00e0 Yorktown."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1777, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Anh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a John Burgoyne \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp l\u1edbn t\u1eeb Quebec xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda Nam v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t v\u00f9ng T\u00e2n Anh n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. T\u01b0\u1edbng Anh l\u00e0 Howe t\u1ea1i New York \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng nam \u0111\u1ebfn Philadelphia thay v\u00ec l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Hudson \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Burgoyne g\u1ea7n Albany. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Anh. Washington li\u1ec1n v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 Philadelphia \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1p chi\u1ebfn Howe trong khi \u0111\u00f3 theo d\u00f5i s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng bang New York. Trong c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1p m\u1eb7t qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cho c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m, qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Washington b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. Trong tr\u1eadn Brandywine ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1777, chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Howe h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n Washington. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Howe h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Philadelphia m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng n\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 9. Qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Washington t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a Anh t\u1ea1i Germantown \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 10. Trong l\u00fac Burgoyne \u1edf ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Howe n\u00ean b\u1ecb v\u00e2y b\u1ee7a v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ra l\u1ec7nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Saratoga, New York. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m quay ch\u00ednh c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao. Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng vi\u1ec7c Burgoyne b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tham chi\u1ebfn, c\u00f4ng khai li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1edbn c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c Washington \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t Philadelphia \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Washington. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i sau khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Washington t\u1ec1 t\u1ef1u \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n g\u1ed3m 11 ng\u00e0n binh s\u0129 c\u1ee7a Washington \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Valley Forge n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Philadelphia v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1777. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 6 th\u00e1ng, con s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft trong tr\u1ea1i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u0111a s\u1ed1 do b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt), theo c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia th\u00ec con s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 2000 \u0111\u1ebfn 2500 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean 3000 binh s\u0129. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n t\u1eeb Valley Forge trong \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 do Baron von Steuben, m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng tham m\u01b0u Ph\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh r\u00fat b\u1ecf Philadelphia v\u1ec1 New York n\u0103m 1778 b\u1ecb Washington theo d\u00f5i. Washington li\u1ec1n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i Monmouth. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n th\u1eafng b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh. Sau c\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 New York, v\u00e0 Washington di chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra kh\u1ecfi New York."}
+{"text": "M\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1779, theo ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Washington, T\u01b0\u1edbng John Sullivan th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ti\u00eau th\u1ed5 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 40 ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 Iroquois trong kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 trung v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec3u bang New York; ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 \u1edf trong v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a Anh. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 M\u1ef9 trong v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1780, 5.000 binh s\u0129 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh Ph\u00e1p, do T\u01b0\u1edbng Comte Donatien de Rochambeau ch\u1ec9 huy, \u0111\u1ebfn Newport, Rhode Island \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kho\u1ea3ng $20.000 b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p cho L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, Washington \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00fa \u0111\u00e1nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh n\u0103m 1781 sau khi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p trong 1 tr\u1eadn h\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 bao v\u00e2y m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n Anh t\u1ea1i Virginia. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Yorktown v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1781 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba B\u1eafc M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Washington kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng sau tr\u1eadn Yorktown ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i m\u1edf c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 26.000 qu\u00e2n \u0111ang chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York, Charleston v\u00e0 Savannah c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat \u0111i, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1782-83. Ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 M\u1ef9 tr\u1ed1ng tr\u01a1n, c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ngang b\u01b0\u1edbng, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac mu\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh. Washington gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e2m m\u01b0u Newburgh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1783. K\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a ph\u00e1t ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng trong 5 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 11, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh di t\u1ea3n kh\u1ecfi Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York. Washington v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 12, t\u1ea1i Qu\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u Fraunces, Washington ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1783, \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh. S\u1eed gia Gordon Wood k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Washington l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh \u2014 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng r\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9ng. Vua George III \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi Washington \"nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\" v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u01b0u tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Washington \u1edf Mount Vernon ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i. \u00d4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00eda T\u00e2y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1784, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c tham gia H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Philadelphia v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1787, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng tham d\u1ef1 \u00edt v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i tranh lu\u1eadn (tuy \u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu ch\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c thu\u1eadn cho nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau) nh\u01b0ng uy t\u00edn cao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ch\u00e2n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp ra ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng cho Washington, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u. Sau h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p; Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 13 ti\u1ec3u bang th\u00f4ng qua."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho Washington $25.000 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m - \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1789. Washington, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u1eadn l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec \u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t v\u1ecb k\u1ef7. Tuy nhi\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec b\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i h\u1ed1i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o. V\u00ec nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0m s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 sau n\u00e0y n\u00ean Washington c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn tham d\u1ef1 bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecdng. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9c danh v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 ph\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd mang n\u00e9t phong ki\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. V\u00e0o l\u00fac cu\u1ed1i, \u00f4ng th\u00edch ch\u1ee9c danh \"Ng\u00e0i T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng\" h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean g\u1ecdi uy nghi\u00eam h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Washington kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00ec s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ti\u00eau tan ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. C\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1eadp ra hai phe ph\u00e1i, kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o ra khung s\u01b0\u1eddn cho H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 Alexander Hamilton c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh nh\u1eb1m thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho \u0111\u1ea3ng Li\u00ean bang. B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao Thomas Jefferson, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Jefferson, li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Hamilton nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i chung Washington \u01b0u \u00e1i Hamilton h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Jefferson. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Hamilton tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Dinh c\u01b0 n\u0103m 1790, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Washington k\u00fd, cho ph\u00e9p T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u1ecb tr\u00ed r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Potomac. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m ba \u1ee7y vi\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1ecb s\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch thu h\u1ed3i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n Washington tr\u00f4ng coi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y trong su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 1791, c\u00e1c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \"Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Washington trong L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Columbia\" \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh Washington. N\u0103m 1800, L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Columbia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1eb7c khu Columbia khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p theo c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Dinh c\u01b0."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1791, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t thu\u1ebf m\u00f4n b\u00e0i l\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u khi\u1ebfn g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed5 ra t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u bang Pennsylvania. N\u0103m 1794, sau khi Washington ra l\u1ec7nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ra tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a \u00e1n khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00ec c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 lan r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Whiskey. L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n li\u00ean bang qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf nhoi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00ean Washington \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 1792 \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7u h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang Pennsylvania, Virginia v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u bang kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00fap. C\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c ph\u00e1i binh s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn. Washington ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0o v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Washington \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1793, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1edbn n\u1ed5 ra gi\u1eefa n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn tranh lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1815. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c, Washington tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 trung l\u1eadp. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1i nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao Edmond-Charles Gen\u00eat (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Gen\u00eat) \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1ef9. Gen\u00eat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n nhi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho ph\u00eda Ph\u00e1p trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh. V\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. \u00d4ng c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t th\u01b0 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c t\u00e0u Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Anh. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho Washington gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec7u h\u1ed3i Gen\u00eat v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Washington c\u0169ng l\u00ean \u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "Hamilton v\u00e0 Washington th\u1ea3o ra Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Jay \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi Anh, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. John Jay l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng ra th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1794. Phe ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Jefferson \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00f4ng k\u00edch hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Washington \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t khi hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 2/3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd quanh Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed3, sau \u0111\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3-Canada \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh to\u00e1n, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh m\u1edf c\u1eeda c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba T\u00e2y \u1ea4n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi M\u1ef9. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1m g\u00e1c l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Anh v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi Anh. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1o gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m trong nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "B\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1eeb bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Washington (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1796) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. L\u00e1 th\u01b0 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Washington t\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o ra c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Hamilton. L\u00e1 th\u01b0 nh\u1eafn nh\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. \u00d4ng g\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n.\""}
+{"text": "B\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb g\u1edfi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Washington c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u00d4ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i trong n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung. \u00d4ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \"nh\u1eefng li\u00ean minh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c\". \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng khuy\u00ean Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u00ean l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u hay gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh \"v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn\" d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. B\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb M\u1ef9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1797, Washington quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Mount Vernon v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u1ea5t tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. \u00d4ng d\u00e0nh ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian cho n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ea5u r\u01b0\u1ee3u. X\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ea5u r\u01b0\u1ee3u n\u00e0y cho ra l\u00f2 m\u1ed9t m\u1ebb r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1797. Theo Chernow (2010) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u00ec sinh l\u1ee3i r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t xa \u1edf bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00eda T\u00e2y sinh l\u1ee3i r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u00ec ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 M\u1ef9 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ea5t cho \u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00ec \"v\u1ebb h\u00e0o quang th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng v\u0129\" n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i Mount Vernon c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 kho\u1ea3ng 1 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1799, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng $18 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 2009."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1798, Washington \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng John Adams \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc trung t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 s\u0129 quan cao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 13 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1798 v\u00e0 14 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1799. \u00d4ng tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n L\u00e2m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ra tr\u1eadn. V\u1ecb t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai sau \u00f4ng, Hamilton, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1799, Washington d\u00e0nh v\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i, m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u01b0a b\u0103ng - \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i \u0103n bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thay qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o \u01b0\u1edbt. S\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, \u00f4ng t\u1ec9nh gi\u1ea5c th\u1ea5y \u0111au c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd vi\u00eam h\u1ecdng hay \u0111au thanh qu\u1ea3n c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00e0ng th\u00eam khan c\u1ed5 khi ng\u00e0y tr\u00f4i qua. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 3 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ec7nh trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ec7nh t\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y th\u00eam tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 10h t\u1ed1i th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1799, th\u1ecd 67 tu\u1ed5i. L\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \"'Tis well\" (t\u1ea1m hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t l\u1eafm, t\u00f4i ch\u1ebft \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3)."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng qua ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft chung nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch trong T\u00f2a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef th\u00e2n x\u00e1c \u00f4ng. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1800, H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt chi ti\u00eau kho\u1ea3ng $200.000 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1y r\u1ed9ng 100 b\u1ed9 vu\u00f4ng (30 m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng). S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Mount Vernon l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t (\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb Virginia, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3)."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1831, \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m sinh nh\u1eadt l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 100 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y cho \u00f4ng. N\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i chung (\u1ee7y ban c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p) v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1832 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c d\u1eddi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Washington ra kh\u1ecfi Mount Vernon \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9 trong T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i do Charles Bullfinch x\u00e2y v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1820. L\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u1ecf ra r\u1ea5t d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, do s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec1m kh\u00edch ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u Wiley Thompson c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang Georgia ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam khi \u00f4ng n\u00f3i:"}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u1eb1m trong l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng hai v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi ri\u00eang t\u01b0. L\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a, c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, \u00f4n h\u00f2a, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt; tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t, trang nghi\u00eam, v\u00e0 uy nghi; m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang soi s\u00e1ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quanh \u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111ang tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n... Xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t ch\u00fang, c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u r\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u00e0n tay gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n thanh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng... \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Washington g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1edbt m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 la b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c ch\u1ea1y b\u0103ng qua s\u00f4ng Potomac \u1edf Mount Vernon v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1n ng\u00e3 c\u00e2y cherry c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y khi b\u1ecb tra h\u1ecfi; \"Con kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, ba \u00e0\". Giai tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Parson Weems, ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed, t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt. \u00d4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft Washington l\u00fac nh\u1ecf. Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb Weems \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in \u1ea5n r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong McGuffey Readers. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lu\u00f4n mong mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i anh h\u00f9ng qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Washington. Tuy nhi\u00ean sau n\u0103m 1890, c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn qua nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1eebng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n do Weems thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1904, Joseph Rodman ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Weems \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u0103n cho c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 Washington t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c; kh\u00f4ng ai t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n thay th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e2y cherry nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Weems th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng nghi ng\u1edd."}
+{"text": "H\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a George Washington \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in tr\u00ean ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 la v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i 25 xu. Tr\u00ean tem th\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3, h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Washington \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u00ecnh \u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng con tem \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean do B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1847 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Benjamin Franklin. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1908, B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t tem th\u01b0 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 khi ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 tem \"Washington-Franklin\". \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 tem th\u01b0 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 250 con tem c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh Washington v\u00e0 Franklin. H\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Washington \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in tr\u00ean tem th\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Abraham Lincoln v\u00e0 Benjamin Franklin."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau khi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i ghi c\u00f4ng Washington. Sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 ra l\u1ec7nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c khi \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a n\u1eafm ki\u1ebfm so\u00e1t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1801. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00ec Washington \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng Li\u00ean bang; h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Th\u00eam chuy\u1ec7n c\u00e3i v\u00e3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd Nam-B\u1eafc trong cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i Washington m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Washington \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 hai mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng n\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i n\u1eefa. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u00e1p n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean National Mall v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Boonsboro, Maryland \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m Washington v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1827."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y nay, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Washington th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 la v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i 25 xu, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tem th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tem th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean do B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1847, Washington c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, v\u00e0 Lincoln, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean \u0110\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ni\u1ec7m N\u00fai Rushmore. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i Washington, m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh \u00f4ng. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i Qu\u1ed1c gia Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m George Washington t\u1ea1i Alexandria, Virginia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1922 v\u00e0 1932 v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 52 c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean Washington \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh \u00f4ng. T\u00ean Washington tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 qu\u1ed1c gia, Washington, D.C., m\u1ed9t trong hai th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 (t\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Liberia l\u00e0 Monrovia). Ti\u1ec3u bang Washington l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u bang duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc George Washington v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Washington t\u1ea1i St. Louis \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Washington v\u00e0 Lee \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Washington khi Washington quy\u00ean t\u1eb7ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1796. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Washington t\u1ea1i Chestertown, Maryland (do hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec3u bang Maryland th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1782) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Washington \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c trao t\u1eb7ng 50 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0ng Anh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong ban h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00e1ch quan kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1789 (khi Washington \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng). V\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 mang t\u00ean Washington."}
+{"text": "Washington b\u1ecb r\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi \u00f4ng 22 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 1 chi\u1ebfc khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. John Adams tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng Washington m\u1ea5t r\u0103ng v\u00ec \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eafn h\u1ea1t Brasil nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a v\u00e0 s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m r\u1ee5ng r\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 r\u0103ng gi\u1ea3, b\u1ed1n trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 do m\u1ed9t nha s\u0129 c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 John Greenwood. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang ngh\u0129, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 r\u0103ng gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7. B\u1ed9 r\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0 voi v\u00e0 ng\u00e0 h\u00e0 m\u00e3, gi\u1eef ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ni\u1ec1ng v\u00e0ng. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a r\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho Washington th\u01b0\u1eddng hay \u0111au r\u0103ng n\u00ean \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng c\u1ed3n thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n. N\u1ed7i \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng \u0111au r\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecda khi \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c $1 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9.[Ghi ch\u00fa 4]"}
+{"text": "Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a cha n\u0103m 1743, c\u1eadu b\u00e9 George Washington 11 tu\u1ed1i th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng gia t\u00e0i g\u1ed3m 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Martha Custis n\u0103m 1759, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 36 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 (v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 mang \u0111\u1ebfn Mount Vernon m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 85 ng\u01b0\u1eddi). \u00d4ng d\u00f9ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 mua th\u00eam \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n. N\u0103m 1774, \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00ean 135 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 (kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0). L\u1ea7n mua n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1772 d\u00f9 sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb n\u1ee3. Washington c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng di c\u01b0 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c gia \u0111\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3 di d\u00e2n; th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1775, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 sau khi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1eed gia tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng Washington \u01b0\u1edbc mong nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n k\u1ebf th\u1eeba th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9, Washington kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0i t\u1ecf v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1786, Washington vi\u1ebft cho Robert Morris nh\u01b0 sau \"Kh\u00f4ng ai mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh h\u01a1n t\u00f4i l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7\". N\u0103m 1778, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n Mount Vernon r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \"b\u1ecf h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en\". Duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Mount Vernon th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean Washington kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00e1n nh\u1eefng \"n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf\" c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 (dower slaves) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean-h\u00f4n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng n\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi l\u00fd do n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec \u00f4ng gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0m cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd ly t\u00e1n."}
+{"text": "L\u00fac l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, Washington \u0111\u01b0a 7 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York n\u0103m 1789 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Sau khi th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 qu\u1ed1c gia chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Philadelphia n\u0103m 1790, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a 9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong dinh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. L\u00fac \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 317 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Mount Vernon trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 Washington l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 123 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, 154 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \"n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf\" c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 40 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m m\u01b0\u1edbn. Dorothy Twohig cho r\u1eb1ng Washington \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00ec \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 g\u00e2y chia r\u1ebd l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd."}
+{"text": "Washington l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Anh gi\u00e1o, sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Gi\u00e1m nhi\u1ec7m, \"c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp\" t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u bang Virginia (\u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc nh\u00e0 th\u1edd). \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong ban \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Christ t\u1ea1i Alexandria, Virginia v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Pohick g\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n Mount Vernon cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u; tuy nhi\u00ean gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn lo nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o."}
+{"text": "Theo s\u1eed gia Paul F. Boller Jr., th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u00f3i Washington l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o \"S\u1ef1 quan ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u1eddi\" hay cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \"\u00dd Tr\u1eddi\" b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \"\u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ed1i cao\" ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Calvin th\u00ec ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd. N\u0103m 1789, Washington tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \"\u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o V\u0169 tr\u1ee5\" \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c can thi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo Boller, Washington ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh hay b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 \u00e1i m\u1ed9 n\u00e0o t\u1edbi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n Kinh th\u00e1nh. Boller cho r\u1eb1ng \"nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u00f3ng gi\u00f3 v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Washington ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thi\u1ebfu chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u c\u1ea3m x\u00fac\" V\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, \u00f4ng say m\u00ea v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn tri\u1ebfc l\u00fd Stoic c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd n\u00e0y coi tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1nh cao b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Washington th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e1p t\u00f9ng v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd; tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p n\u00e0o n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng hi\u1ec7p l\u1ec5 (nh\u1eadn l\u1ec5 ban th\u00e1nh th\u1ec3). \u00d4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hay r\u1eddi l\u1ec5 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi hi\u1ec7p l\u1ec5 \u2014 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7p l\u1ec5 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ebfn khi b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch, \u00f4ng th\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt. Khi l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, \u00f4ng kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y tham gia th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5 t\u1ea1i v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o, Quaker v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Washington n\u1ed5i ti\u1ec3ng r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00d4ng tham d\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng ti\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o. L\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Philadelphia, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Washington d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c cung c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 b\u1ecb d\u1ecbch s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1793."}
+{"text": "Michael Novak v\u00e0 Jana Novak cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \"\u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Washington khi duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd (v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n) li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 m\u00e3i sau n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u1edbi, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\". H\u1ecd k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: \"\u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u1ee5c trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Gi\u00e1m nhi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1; v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i [sic] l\u00e0 \u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng; nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t khoan dung hay thi\u1ebfu t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c.\""}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1752 Washington \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o H\u1ed9i Tam \u0110i\u1ec3m. Trong l\u1ec5 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1789, \u0110\u1ea1i s\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 chi h\u1ed9i New York \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec l\u1ec5 tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1793, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 mang d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea1i s\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 H\u1ed9i Tam \u0110i\u1ec3m. Washington k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng cao \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i quy c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay ca ng\u1ee3i n\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u00edt khi tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a chi h\u1ed9i. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd khai s\u00e1ng; c\u00e1c chi h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng chia s\u1ebb tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng ch\u1ed1ng t\u0103ng l\u1eef m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c chi h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1ecb tai ti\u1ebfng"}
+{"text": "Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 200.000 ha thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 L\u00e0o ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i kho\u1ea3ng 200.000 ha. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00f9ng l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 85.754 ha v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m r\u1ed9ng 195.400 ha. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2013, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y l\u00ean 1233,26 km2. V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t trong hai v\u00f9ng carxt\u01a1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 300 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i b\u1eafc Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c B\u1eafc Trung B\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i, 300 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7m v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm n\u1eb1m trong S\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 S\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 80 km nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Anh v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m 20 km, trong \u0111\u00f3 17 km \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Phong Nha v\u00e0 3 km \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba m\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng ph\u00f4 di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, gi\u00fap nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c. Khu v\u1ef1c Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o carxt\u01a1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Di s\u1ea3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ecba m\u1ea1o n\u0103m 2003, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u1ea7n 2 l\u00e0 Di s\u1ea3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2015."}
+{"text": "T\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y gh\u00e9p t\u1eeb hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong Nha v\u00e0 t\u00ean khu v\u1ef1c r\u1eebng n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng. \u0110\u1ed9ng Phong Nha tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Phong Nha c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u00f3 (ch\u1eef H\u00e1n: \u98a8 phong) r\u0103ng (ch\u1eef H\u00e1n: \u7259 nha) (gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i t\u1eeb trong \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u0169 \u0111\u00e1 tua t\u1ee7a nh\u01b0 h\u00e0m r\u0103ng); nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng Phong Nha c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ean ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 r\u0103ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. Theo L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n th\u00ec Phong Nha l\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a (nay l\u00e0 th\u00f4n Phong Nha, x\u00e3 S\u01a1n Tr\u1ea1ch, huy\u1ec7n B\u1ed1 Tr\u1ea1ch). C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Phong Nha kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u0103ng v\u00e0 gi\u00f3, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai n\u1eb1m th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng d\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00e1c quan \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng tr\u00ean s\u00e2n ch\u1ea7u hay \u1edf quan th\u1ef1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y ch\u1eef Phong Nha theo ch\u1eef H\u00e1n (ch\u1eef \u5cf0 phong ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai, \u8859 nha c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 quan l\u1ea1i) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong Nha."}
+{"text": "Trong khu v\u1ef1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng c\u00f3 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a 12 x\u00e3 v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m l\u00e0 1479,45 km\u00b2 thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Minh H\u00f3a (c\u00e1c x\u00e3 D\u00e2n H\u00f3a, H\u00f3a S\u01a1n, Trung Hoa, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u00f3a); B\u1ed1 Tr\u1ea1ch (c\u00e1c x\u00e3 T\u00e2n Tr\u1ea1ch, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tr\u1ea1ch, Xu\u00e2n Tr\u1ea1ch, Ph\u00fac Tr\u1ea1ch, S\u01a1n Tr\u1ea1ch, Ph\u00fa \u0110\u1ecbnh, H\u01b0ng Tr\u1ea1ch) v\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh, Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh (x\u00e3 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n). C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u01b0 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1ed1ng ven c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 s\u00f4ng Ch\u00e0y, s\u00f4ng Son v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng c\u00f3 su\u1ed1i ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c v\u00f9ng s\u00e2u v\u00f9ng xa c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec7n, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. D\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng, khai th\u00e1c l\u00e2m s\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc Trung B\u1ed9 n\u00f3i chung, v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1edf v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y mang \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a, n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u1ea9m. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0 23-25\u00b0C, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u00e2t l\u00e0 41 \u00b0C v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ed1ng 6 \u00b0C v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh 28 \u00b0C, c\u00f2n t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 12 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 2 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh 18 \u00b0C. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 2.000\u20132.500 mm, v\u1edbi 88% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 160 ng\u00e0y m\u01b0a. \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 84%."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra trong l\u00f2ng d\u00e3y n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 400 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1ed5 sinh. Tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c pha chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y, ph\u1ed1i t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 u\u1ed1n n\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai tr\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7p do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e2ng cao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed3n tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ee5t l\u00fan, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh - \u0111\u1ecba m\u1ea1o, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ee7y v\u0103n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, k\u1ef3 th\u00fa v\u1ec1 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Devon \u0111\u1ebfn K\u1ef7 Cacbon - Trecmi."}
+{"text": "Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ban \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp n\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i. C\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i l\u00ean cao nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y v\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda. T\u1ea1i giao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y l\u1edbn, n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun l\u00ean s\u1ebd l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i th\u00e0nh v\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng (CaO) d\u1ec5 ho\u00e0 tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi mang v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y, khe n\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i d\u0103m, cu\u1ed9i, dung nham n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m. Dung nham n\u00e0y trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh b\u00f9n, s\u00e9t - kaolin m\u1ec1m nh\u00e3o d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1n tr\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c l\u1eafng ch\u00ecm v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khe n\u1ee9t, l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng do m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i t\u1eeb 0,3 - 0,4 g/cm3. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p l\u00f2ng hang, c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng gi\u1eefa n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i (cu\u1ed1n tr\u00f4i v\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng, b\u00f9n, s\u00e9t - kaolin) v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1ea1ch nh\u0169 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay."}
+{"text": "L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0110o\u00e0n \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t 20, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111o v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 1:500.000 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1965 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia Li\u00ean X\u00f4, trong \u0111\u00f3 khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng macma v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t-X\u00f4 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft. Sau \u0111\u1ee3t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111o v\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam (nay l\u00e0 C\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam) \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111o v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t \u1edf t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ho\u00e1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t 1:200.000 t\u1edd Mahaxay - \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi k\u00e8m theo thuy\u1ebft minh \"\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n t\u1edd Mahaxay - \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi\", \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ed5 sung nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf trong v\u00f9ng. N\u0103m 2001, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t 1:50.000 t\u1edd Minh Ho\u00e1 k\u00e8m theo B\u00e1o c\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft minh \"\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n t\u1edd Minh Ho\u00e1\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u1ed5 sinh \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng Mesozoi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt ph\u1ed1t ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ranh gi\u1edbi Frasni - Famen (K\u1ef7 Devon th\u01b0\u1ee3ng)."}
+{"text": "Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 k\u1ef7 Ordovicia (464 Ma). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ba lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba m\u1ea1o. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i carxt\u01a1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai th\u1ea5p tr\u00f2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ea5t t\u00edch t\u1ee5 m\u00e0i m\u00f2n d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Son v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Chay v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u00e9p kh\u1ed1i n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i trung t\u00e2m. Lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o carxt\u01a1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c carxt\u01a1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi c\u1ed5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i Trung sinh, nh\u01b0ng 2/3 c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 carxt\u01a1 t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2n sinh. \u0110\u00e1 v\u00f4i chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 200.000 ha, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Khammuane c\u1ee7a L\u00e0o. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o carxt\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7m, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eadc thang, \u0111\u1ed9ng treo, \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00ecnh c\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1eaft ch\u00e9o nhau. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 s\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Phong Nha \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng Son v\u00e0 8 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng V\u00f2m \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng Chay."}
+{"text": "So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c carxt\u01a1 kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, khu v\u1ef1c Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Khu v\u1ef1c Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng n\u1eb1m trong v\u00e0nh \u0111ai t\u1ea1o n\u00fai Alpi, m\u1ed9t \u0111ai n\u00fai tr\u1ebb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2n sinh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh do \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y. Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a n\u00ean c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng carxt\u01a1 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh carxt\u01a1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c ng\u1ea7m."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00f2a tan do trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ax\u00edt c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i (c\u00e1cbonat canxi). H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f9ng v\u0129 c\u1ee7a Phong Nha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c khe n\u1ee9t ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh phong ho\u00e1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7m m\u00f2n, ho\u00e0 tan, r\u1eeda tr\u00f4i qua h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u1ea9m, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh carxt\u01a1 ho\u00e1 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7. Ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i, v\u00f9ng n\u00fai \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1 m\u1eb9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e1cma ax\u00edt, \u0111\u00e1 s\u00e9t, \u0111\u00e1 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 sa c\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. So v\u1edbi 41 di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 carxt\u01a1, Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ecba m\u1ea1o v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Carxt\u01a1 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1ed5 Sinh, 400 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, do \u0111\u00f3 Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng carxt\u01a1 l\u1edbn c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c1. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 khu v\u1ef1c Hin Namno, m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Kh\u0103m Mu\u1ed9n, L\u00e0o, gi\u00e1p Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, th\u00ec khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 khu r\u1eebng carxt\u01a1 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 317.754 ha."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u 20 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 70 km hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 17 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Phong Nha v\u00e0 3 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng. N\u0103m 1999, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Trung t\u00e2m Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t-Nga c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng. \u0110\u1ed9ng Phong Nha d\u00e0i 7.729 m, c\u00f3 14 hang, c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7m d\u00e0i 13.969 m. C\u00e1c th\u1ea1ch nh\u0169 trong \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 h\u00f2a tan \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i (CaHCO3) m\u00e0 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1 m\u1eaft nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh s\u01b0 t\u1eed, h\u00ecnh ngai v\u00e0ng, h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v.v."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2009, \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m thu\u1ed9c Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0ng gia Anh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m khu v\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam 20 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 56 km. Trong \u0111\u1ee3t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u00e0y, h\u1ed9i hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0ng gia Anh v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean - \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 hang Cha Lo (Minh H\u00f3a) d\u00e0i tr\u00ean 5 km. \u0110o\u00e0n c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 Phong Nha tr\u00ean 57 km (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 45 km), V\u00f2m tr\u00ean 35 km, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hang Khe Ri l\u00e0 hang s\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7m d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t hang m\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1ea1m \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 S\u01a1n \u0110\u1ed9ng. Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y d\u00e0i 6,5 km, r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 150m v\u00e0 v\u00f2m hang ch\u1ed7 cao nh\u1ea5t h\u01a1n 200m, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ea5p 4-5 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi hang Phong Nha, l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi hang Deer t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Gunung Mulu t\u1ea1i Sarawak, Malaysia v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Con s\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7m \u1edf hang n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi s\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7m \u1edf hang Phong Nha. Hang n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7m. N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ng\u1ea7m trong hang r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh n\u00ean hi\u1ec7n \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0110o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t h\u1ed1 s\u1ee5t karst (\u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i) \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c hang V\u00f2m c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u1ef1c Tang v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ed1 s\u1ee5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn 255 m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 \u0111o h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a h\u1ed1 s\u1ee5t n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ed1 s\u1ee5t s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed9ng Ti\u00ean S\u01a1n hay \u0111\u1ed9ng Kh\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb9p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng. C\u1eeda v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9ng Ti\u00ean S\u01a1n n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong Nha kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 m, \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao so v\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n kho\u1ea3ng 200 m. \u0110\u1ed9ng Ti\u00ean S\u01a1n c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u00e0 980 m. T\u1eeb c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 400 m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ef1c s\u00e2u ch\u1eebng 10 m, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1 ng\u1ea7m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n 500 m, kh\u00e1 nguy hi\u1ec3m n\u00ean du kh\u00e1ch ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tham quan t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 400 m t\u1eeb t\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1935, ban \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng Ti\u00ean, do v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p k\u1ef3 b\u00ed th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9ng Ti\u00ean S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng Kh\u00f4, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong Nha l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ed9ng Ti\u00ean S\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh th\u1ea1ch nh\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1 k\u1ef3 v\u0129 huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong Nha nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 n\u00e9t ri\u00eang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00e2m thanh ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00f5 v\u00e0o vang v\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng c\u1ed3ng chi\u00eang v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ed1ng. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c H\u1ed9i hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0ng gia Anh, \u0111\u1ed9ng Ti\u00ean S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, khi m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y qua qu\u1ea3 n\u00fai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee5c r\u1ed7ng, b\u00e0o m\u00f2n n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, do ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t kh\u1ed1i n\u00fai n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1ee5p ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0m n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng Ti\u00ean S\u01a1n \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean. C\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7m ch\u1ea3y qua t\u1ea1o ra hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong Nha. D\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong Nha v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng Ti\u00ean S\u01a1n n\u1eb1m li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 nhau nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa hang \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng nhau. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 di ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u00e3i \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "Hang Thi\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 2005, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0ng gia Anh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2005 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh hang n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u00e0 31 km. Do v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a hang, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean hang n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Hang Thi\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong Nha. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7m ch\u1ea3y qua nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong Nha. Trong \u0111\u1ed9ng Thi\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed1i th\u1ea1ch nh\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1 k\u1ef3 \u1ea3o. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo, kh\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng n\u00ean thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c tham quan v\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m. Trong khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f9a H\u00e8 \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 36-37 \u00b0C th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong \u0111\u1ed9ng Thi\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00f4n \u1edf 20-21 \u00b0C. Hang Thi\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 1,1 km v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3n kh\u00e1ch tham quan t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2010."}
+{"text": "S\u01a1n \u0110\u1ed9ng hay S\u01a1n \u0110o\u00f2ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng hang m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Phong Nha-K\u1ebb Bang. Hang n\u00e0y do nh\u00f3m th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m thu\u1ed9c Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0ng gia Anh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m. Hang n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Khoang l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf S\u01a1n \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 5 km, cao 200 m v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng 150 m. V\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, hang S\u01a1n \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t hang Deer \u1edf v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Gunung Mulu \u1edf Sarawak Malaysia, l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p 4-5 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong Nha, l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0110\u1ed9ng Thi\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Do d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7m \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ea3y xi\u1ebft n\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Anh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a hang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e8n nh\u00e1y. \u0110o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c du l\u1ecbch ngay. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd quay l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 hang n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7m d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i trong v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. C\u00f3 ba con s\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh trong v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Ch\u00e0y, s\u00f4ng Son v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Tro\u00f3c. Ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i ng\u1ea7m d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c su\u1ed1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 \u00c9n, V\u00f2m, T\u1ed1i v\u00e0 Phong Nha. C\u1ea3 ba con s\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh trong v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng Gianh, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5 ra bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng \u1edf th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Ba \u0110\u1ed3n thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ea1ch."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c n\u00fai \u1edf v\u00f9ng carxt\u01a1 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean 800 m v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y n\u00fai li\u00ean t\u1ee5c d\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 L\u00e0o, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh: Phu T\u1ea1o (1174 m), Co Unet (1150 m), Phu Canh (1095 m), Phu Mun (1078 m), Phu Tu En (1078 m), Phu On Chinh (1068 m), Phu Dung (1064 m), Phu Tu \u00d4c (1053 m), Phu Long (1015 m), Phu \u00d4c (1015 m), Phu Dong (1002 m). N\u1eb1m xen gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao t\u1eeb 800\u20131000 m: Phu Sinh (965 m), Phu Co Tri (949 m), Phu On Boi (933 m), Phu Tu (956 m), Phu Toan (905 m), Phu Phong (902 m), n\u00fai Ma Ma (835 m)."}
+{"text": "V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh phi carxt\u01a1 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1ecf, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng nam c\u1ee7a Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao 500\u20131000 m v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c 25-30 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chia c\u1eaft cao. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thung l\u0169ng h\u1eb9p d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c con su\u1ed1i v\u00e0 khe nh\u01b0: khe Am, khe Cha Lo, khe Chua Ng\u00fat v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thung l\u0169ng n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo R\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf r\u00eca c\u1ef1c nam. Theo h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eafc-nam c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u01b0: Phu Toc Vu (1000 m), M\u00e3 T\u00e1c (1068 m), C\u1ed5 Khu (886 m), U B\u00f2 (1009 m), Co Rilata (1128 m) (\u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, n\u1eb1m \u1edf r\u00eca c\u1ef1c nam c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia)."}
+{"text": "V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng sinh th\u00e1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 r\u1eebng th\u01b0\u1eddng xanh \u1ea9m, r\u1eadm nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i cao 800 m so v\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n. 96,2% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch khu v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eebng bao ph\u1ee7; 92,2% l\u00e0 r\u1eebng nguy\u00ean sinh; 74,7% (110.476 ha) khu v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1eebng \u1ea9m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng xanh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao d\u01b0\u1edbi 800 m; 8,5% (12.600 ha) l\u00e0 r\u1eebng \u1ea9m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng xanh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao tr\u00ean 800 m; 8,3% (12.220 ha) l\u00e0 r\u1eebng \u1ea9m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00fai \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 cao \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi 800 m, 1,3% (1.925 ha) l\u00e0 b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e2y r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i; 2% (2.950 ha) l\u00e0 c\u1ecf, b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e2y r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean n\u00fai \u0111\u1ea5t; 180 ha l\u00e0 r\u1eebng tre n\u1ee9a v\u00e0 m\u00e2y song; th\u1ea3m c\u00e2y n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p 521 ha."}
+{"text": "\u1ede v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1eebng b\u00e1ch xanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean 5000 ha, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 2500 c\u00e2y v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 600 c\u00e2y/ha. C\u00e1c c\u00e2y b\u00e1ch xanh \u1edf v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i 500-600 n\u0103m. B\u1edfi hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 3 lo\u00e0i b\u00e1ch xanh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 b\u00e1ch xanh n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 (Calocedrus rupestris) l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Lo\u00e0i b\u00e1ch xanh n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00f3m 2A theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng v\u0103n s\u1ed1 3399/VPCP-NN (ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2002) \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh cho ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh 48 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a 140 lo\u00e0i th\u00fa thu\u1ed9c 31 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 10 b\u1ed9, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1ed5 v\u00e0 b\u00f2 t\u00f3t, lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 r\u1eebng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, 302 lo\u00e0i chim, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 43 lo\u00e0i n\u1eb1m trong S\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 19 lo\u00e0i n\u1eb1m trong S\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; 81 lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 (18 lo\u00e0i trong S\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 6 lo\u00e0i S\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi); 259 lo\u00e0i B\u1ed9 C\u00e1nh v\u1ea9y; 72 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 4 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u0103m 1996, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 10 lo\u00e0i linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng, chi\u1ebfm 50% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, 7 lo\u00e0i n\u1eb1m trong S\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 vo\u1ecdc H\u00e0 T\u0129nh, sao la, mang (th\u00fa). Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 khu d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef sinh quy\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng phong ph\u00fa b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. N\u0103m 2002, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c Thomas Zegler \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n tai m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Tripidophrus Nogei t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng n\u00fai karst thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c Ch\u00e0 N\u00f2i. Lo\u00e0i th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o 114 (2) ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2007 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Revue Suise De Zoologie. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng (danh ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc: Cyrtodactylus phongnhakebangensis). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t khu gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u1eddn th\u00fa K\u00f6ln \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra lo\u1ea1i r\u1eafn mai g\u1ea7m m\u1edbi. Qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, Nga v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam 10 lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi trong v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m 5 lo\u00e0i r\u1eafn, 5 lo\u00e0i t\u1eafc k\u00e8, th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u di v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5. C\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u r\u00ecu thu\u1ed9c Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u0103m 1899, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u0129 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p t\u00ean l\u00e0 L\u00e9opold Cadi\u00e8re \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Son. Trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft cho Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng b\u00e1c c\u1ed5, \u00f4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \"Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc. Gi\u1eef n\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u00edch cho khoa h\u1ecdc\"."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1995, Vi\u1ec7n Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong Nha c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. Vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ea5u t\u00edch \u1edf hang Bi K\u00fd trong \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u0103m Pa t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IX \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong Nha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh th\u00e2n v\u00e0 mi\u1ec7ng c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ng men c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e0m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m th\u00f4 s\u01a1 c\u00f3 l\u00f5i \u0111en, c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng mi\u1ec7ng loe r\u1ed9ng so v\u1edbi th\u00e2n, t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c g\u1ea7n vu\u00f4ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m hoa v\u0103n mi\u1ec7ng h\u00ecnh c\u00e1nh sen, m\u00e0u xanh ng\u1ecdc, m\u00e0u l\u00f4ng th\u1ecf h\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea1t."}
+{"text": "Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt g\u1eedi UNESCO ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2000 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ea7n 4,5 t\u1ea5n thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 cho m\u1ed7i km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Do \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n g\u00ec h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2002, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin cho UNESCO v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p Khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n hai l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc (85.754 ha) k\u00e8m theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n (quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2001)."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 UNESCO \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tuy\u1ebfn m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y do tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao, ngo\u00e0i ra tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn khu v\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u1eddn nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng 20 \u0111i qua khu l\u00f5i v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y (ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y, xe c\u1ed9 g\u00e2y x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng sinh v\u1eadt, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u0103n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y). \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cho r\u1eb1ng ti\u00eau v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb theo hai ti\u00eau ch\u00ed i (l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t) v\u00e0 iv (\u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda) ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t do ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba m\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p trong h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba m\u1ea1o khu v\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 27 t\u1eeb 30 th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2003, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n 160 qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c (UNESCO) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn V\u01b0\u1eddn Qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 30 \u0111\u1ecba danh kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n viii \"l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t hay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u0103n\"."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu Vi\u1ec7t Nam ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 th\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng UNESCO s\u1ebd c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n 2 v\u1edbi hai ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba m\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u0103m 2003. T\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y s\u00e1nh ngang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n hay c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00dac, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu di s\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i nh\u01b0 khu v\u1ef1c n\u00fai Emi v\u00e0 n\u00fai Ph\u1eadt L\u1ea1c S\u01a1n (Trung Qu\u1ed1c), v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia s\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7m Puerto Princesa \u1edf Palwan c\u1ee7a Philippines - m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i Philippines. V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n trung Vi\u1ec7t nam. WWF th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn khu v\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc cao nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh tinh."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i b\u1eb1ng du thuy\u1ec1n theo d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Ch\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o r\u1eebng s\u00e2u. C\u00e0ng \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Ch\u00e0y, d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u00fac khu\u1ef7u, \u0111i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1c gh\u1ec1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c r\u1eebng Tr\u1ed9 M\u1ee3ng. Tuy\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kinh doanh du l\u1ecbch kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1edf tuy\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch sinh th\u00e1i r\u1eebng Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch ngo\u00e0i tuy\u1ebfn tham quan c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong Nha v\u00e0 Ti\u00ean S\u01a1n. Khu v\u1ef1c Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u00e1c Ch\u00e0i cao kho\u1ea3ng 50 m, c\u00f3 b\u00e3i R\u00e0n B\u00f2... T\u00ean g\u1ecdi R\u00e0n B\u00f2 do \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i b\u00f2 t\u00f3t sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 sinh \u0111\u1ebb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "Trong 3 n\u0103m sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn tham quan V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn. S\u00e2n bay \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2008 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch, v\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn bay n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi S\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf N\u1ed9i B\u00e0i \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2008 v\u00e0 S\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf T\u00e2n S\u01a1n Nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2009. Vi\u1ec7c Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00fa h\u00edch cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n du l\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 thu h\u00fat du kh\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. T\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n du l\u1ecbch l\u1edbn nh\u01b0: khu bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u00f4ng Son, khu ngh\u1ec9 m\u00e1t \u0110\u00e1 Nh\u1ea3y, khu ngh\u1ec9 m\u00e1t 4 sao Sun Spa... \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch. Phong Nha K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Trung: C\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 Hu\u1ebf, Ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 H\u1ed9i An, Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n, Kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0103n h\u00f3a C\u1ed3ng Chi\u00eang T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 du l\u1ecbch mang t\u00ean Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng di s\u1ea3n mi\u1ec1n Trung do T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Du l\u1ecbch kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1edd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng du kh\u00e1ch tham quan khu v\u1ef1c Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng, kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 d\u00e2n khu v\u1ef1c Xu\u00e2n S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec1 du l\u1ecbch (d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 thuy\u1ec1n tham quan, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh\u2026). Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00e2m t\u1eb7c nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 r\u1eebng trong v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. Trung t\u00e2m V\u0103n h\u00f3a Du l\u1ecbch Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 248 thuy\u1ec1n, t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho 500 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i thuy\u1ec1n bao g\u1ed3m 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn du kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp kho\u1ea3ng 70.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. Trong n\u0103m 2000, trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01a1n tr\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb ph\u00e1 r\u1eebng sang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 r\u1eebng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 du l\u1ecbch."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh di s\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u00e2m t\u1eb7c, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u0103n b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i nguy cho v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng, trong khi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ec3m l\u00e2m l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 m\u1ecfng. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng du kh\u00e1ch tham quan khu v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c r\u00e1c th\u1ea3i, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u01b0\u1edbc do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng du l\u1ecbch, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean hang \u0111\u1ed9ng (nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ebb c\u00e1c m\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1 mang v\u1ec1, kh\u1eafc ch\u1ea1m linh tinh l\u00ean v\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng\u2026), nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u01a1i \u1edf trong c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u do s\u1ef1 tham quan c\u1ee7a du kh\u00e1ch."}
+{"text": "Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 20 ch\u1ea1y xuy\u00ean qua l\u00f5i v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed5 m\u00ecn ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i di d\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng, d\u00f9 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ea1y theo tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng 15 v\u00e0 12A, c\u0169 d\u1ecdc theo ranh gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a khu v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1eaft ngang qua khu v\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh khu v\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u0103n b\u1eaft \u1ed3 \u1ea1t th\u00fa r\u1eebng hoang d\u00e3 trong v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n \u0103n, nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb s\u0103n b\u1eaft, mua b\u00e1n, gi\u1ebft th\u1ecbt do \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n k\u00e9m, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m ng\u01a1, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00f4n x\u00e3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3, c\u00f3 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng an \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng th\u1ecbt r\u1eebng chuy\u00ean ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0103n b\u1eaft t\u1eeb V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng. V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n h\u1ed5 Panthera tigris, voi Elephas maximus v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 hoang d\u00e3."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c quy ho\u1ea1ch khu v\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd quy ho\u1ea1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong khu v\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p s\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecf tr\u00e0n lan cho d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng qu\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111o th\u1ecb m\u1edbi v\u00e0 khu du l\u1ecbch trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec3n khai d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1ea3n quy ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 200 ha do Trung t\u00e2m quy ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd thu\u00ea t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i quy ho\u1ea1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n du l\u1ecbch khu v\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1998, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed9ng Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (FFI) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. Ban Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Anh c\u0169ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ed1n cho Qu\u1ef9 B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WWF) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n song h\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y v\u00e0 khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n Hin Namno. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c FFI c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb qu\u1ef9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u thu\u1ed9c ph\u00f2ng M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, B\u1ed9 N\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c Anh qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n cho h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 du kh\u00e1ch."}
+{"text": "Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n v\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Th\u0103ng Long - kinh \u0111\u00f4 tri\u1ec1u c\u0169, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 L\u00fd. V\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n c\u0169ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 L\u00fd, h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf s\u1ebd s\u1edbm nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i cho Th\u00e1i t\u1eed m\u00e0 lui v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f9ng v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, khi ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf s\u1edbm c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c tranh gi\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i vua nh\u01b0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 L\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3; v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 l\u00e0m quen vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y Nho gi\u00e1o, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t t\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n Tam gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean, s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o - Nho gi\u00e1o - \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o. Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i Tr\u00fac L\u00e2m Y\u00ean T\u1eed n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi nay. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng danh th\u1ea7n \u0110o\u00e0n Nh\u1eef H\u00e0i, M\u1ea1c \u0110\u0129nh Chi, Nguy\u1ec5n Hi\u1ec1n, Nguy\u1ec5n Trung Ng\u1ea1n, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e1n Si\u00eau, Chu V\u0103n An, Tr\u1ea7n Quang Tri\u1ec1u,...l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u1ed5i danh v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c, th\u01a1 v\u0103n, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n to l\u1edbn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc xung quanh. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ee7y binh, r\u1ed3i k\u1ef5 binh, b\u1ed9 binh, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng binh....ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch chia th\u1ef1c \u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong h\u1ecd, m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c trong d\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tinh nhu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3n l\u1edbn khi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 qua 3 l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1258, 1285 v\u00e0 1287. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4n th\u1ea5t ho\u00e0ng gia nh\u01b0 Chi\u00eau Minh \u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n Quang Kh\u1ea3i, Chi\u00eau V\u0103n \u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt Du\u1eadt, H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n Hu\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1nh D\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n t\u00e0i ba, c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1285 v\u00e0 1287."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 ch\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1edbi, c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u lai gi\u1eefa d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i nh\u00e0 L\u00fd nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n L\u00fd v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1eeba, v\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1eeba l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n K\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng T\u1ee9c M\u1eb7c (nay l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ed9c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nam \u0111\u1ecbnh) s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1. Sau ba \u0111\u1eddi con ch\u00e1u s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n L\u00fd, l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n K\u00ednh. Tr\u1ea7n L\u00fd sinh ra Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1eeba. Vua (Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ea3nh) l\u00e0 con th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Th\u1eeba, m\u1eb9 h\u1ecd L\u00ea, sinh ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m M\u1eadu D\u1ea7n, Ki\u1ebfn Gia th\u1ee9 8 tri\u1ec1u L\u00fd."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng mang t\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e1, do ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n ch\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n. T\u1ed5 h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ch\u00e9p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n l\u00e0 \u9bc9, phi\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 \"L\u00fd\", ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1 ch\u00e9p. Con \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1eeba v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 D\u01b0a (c\u00e1 d\u01b0a). Hai con trai Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1eeba v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Leo (c\u00e1 leo), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean theo ch\u1eef H\u00e1n l\u00e0 Li\u1ec5u (cha c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n), ng\u01b0\u1eddi con th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 L\u00e0nh Canh (c\u00e1 l\u00e0nh canh), phi\u00ean sang ch\u1eef C\u1ea3nh. Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb Dung c\u0169ng v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ng\u1eeb (c\u00e1 ng\u1eeb), khi l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Dung. V\u1ec1 sau d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd b\u00e0 v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"B\u00e0 ch\u00faa Ng\u1eeb\"."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1209, khi trong tri\u1ec1u c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n, vua L\u00fd Cao T\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y l\u00ean Quy Ho\u00e1, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed L\u00fd S\u1ea3m (\u674e\u65f5) ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 H\u1ea3i \u1ea4p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Tr\u1ea7n L\u00fd gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed S\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft duy\u00ean c\u00f9ng Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb Dung - con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n L\u00fd. H\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u01b0\u01a1ng binh gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 L\u00fd d\u1eb9p lo\u1ea1n, di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb Qu\u00e1ch B\u1ed1c, \u0111\u01b0a vua L\u00fd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i kinh \u0111\u00f4. C\u1eadu ru\u1ed9t Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb Dung l\u00e0 T\u00f4 Trung T\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u0110i\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy s\u1ee9. Trung T\u1eeb l\u1ea1i \u0111ang t\u00e2m mu\u1ed1n n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang, l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea1t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 huy h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ef1 Kh\u00e1nh."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1223, Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ef1 Kh\u00e1nh ch\u1ebft, m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u u\u1ef7 quy\u1ec1n cho Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9, em h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1eeba (\u9673\u627f) v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 Kh\u00e1nh, khi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Ch\u1ec9 huy s\u1ee9, qu\u1ea3n l\u0129nh c\u1ea5m qu\u00e2n. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 m\u01b0u, quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n, Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 vua Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Chi\u00eau Th\u00e1nh, r\u1ed3i c\u1eaft t\u00f3c \u0111i tu \u1edf ch\u00f9a Ch\u00e2n Gi\u00e1o. Li\u1ec1n sau \u0111\u00f3, Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i thu x\u1ebfp cho L\u00fd Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng l\u00ean 7 tu\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y con trai th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1eeba l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ea3nh (\u9673\u715a) l\u00ean 8 tu\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 \u00e2m l\u1ecbch n\u0103m 1225, Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9 \u00e9p Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i cho ch\u1ed3ng, nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi anh em trong ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c, nh\u00e0 vua lu\u00f4n coi l\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft. \u00d4ng xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u t\u00f4n th\u1ea5t, khi b\u00e3i tri\u1ec1u th\u00ec v\u00e0o trong \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lan \u0111\u00ecnh. Vua c\u00f9ng \u0103n u\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. H\u00f4m n\u00e0o tr\u1eddi t\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec x\u1ebfp g\u1ed1i d\u00e0i, tr\u1ea3i ch\u0103n r\u1ed9ng, k\u00ea gi\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n c\u00f9ng ng\u1ee7 v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng y\u00eau qu\u00fd nhau. C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 tri\u1ec1u h\u1ea1, ti\u1ebfp t\u00e2n, y\u1ebfn ti\u1ec7c th\u00ec ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9, c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc cao th\u1ea5p. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ai l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn, k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m l\u1ed7i khinh nh\u1eddn, ki\u00eau c\u0103ng."}
+{"text": "Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh, m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a th\u1ea5t b\u00e1t. Ngay n\u0103m Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng b\u0103ng h\u00e0, trong tri\u1ec1u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee5c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tang l\u1ec5 th\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ngo\u00e0i kinh th\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3i to, 3 th\u0103ng g\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 1 quan ti\u1ec1n, d\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 b\u00e1n con trai con g\u00e1i l\u00e0m n\u00f4 t\u1ef3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1 1 quan ti\u1ec1n. Ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t th\u00f3c c\u00f4ng ch\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf nh\u00e2n \u0111inh. N\u0103m sau, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i, 2 n\u0103m n\u00e0y li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh, Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng ban chi\u1ebfu cho n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua chu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 ph\u1ee5c quan l\u1ea1i, Anh T\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e1o m\u0169, ki\u1ec7u ng\u1ed3i c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. N\u0103m 1300, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quan v\u0103n th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 \u0110inh t\u1ef1 m\u00e0u \u0111en, t\u1ee5ng quan th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 To\u00e0n hoa m\u00e0u xanh v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 quy ch\u1ebf c\u0169. \u1ed0ng tay \u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan v\u0103n v\u00f5 r\u1ed9ng 9 t\u1ea5c \u0111\u1ebfn 1 th\u01b0\u1edbc 2 t\u1ea5c, kh\u00f4ng cho d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb 8 t\u1ea5c tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c quan v\u0103n v\u00f5 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c xi\u00eam, t\u1ee5ng quan kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c th\u01b0\u1eddng (m\u0169 to\u00e0n hoa xanh c\u00f3 hai v\u00f2ng v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00ednh v\u00e0o hai b\u00ean). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m sau, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quan v\u0103n v\u00f5 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 \u0110inh t\u1ef1, th\u00eam mi\u1ebfng l\u1ee5a b\u1ecdc t\u00f3c m\u00e0u t\u00eda xen m\u00e0u bi\u1ebfc. C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u m\u0169 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u: ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f3c d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 Tri\u1ec1u thi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f3c ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 Bao."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Anh T\u00f4ng g\u1ea3 em g\u00e1i l\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa (\u7384\u73cd\u516c\u4e3b) cho Ch\u1ebf M\u00e2n (Jaya Sinhavarman III), \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y hai ch\u00e2u \u00d4, L\u00fd (t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e8o H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n, Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb ng\u00e0y nay). Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1 n\u0103m th\u00ec Ch\u1ebf M\u00e2n b\u0103ng h\u00e0, Anh T\u00f4ng lo s\u1ee3 Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng hay n\u00ean c\u1eed Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u1eafc Chung (\u9673\u514b\u7d42) c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa v\u1ec1, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh o\u00e1n h\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. N\u0103m 1311, ch\u00faa Chi\u00eam l\u00e0 Ch\u1ebf Ch\u00ed (Jaya Sinhavarman IV) \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 1318, Ch\u1ebf N\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3."}
+{"text": "Minh T\u00f4ng do s\u1ee7ng \u00e1i Anh T\u01b0 phu nh\u00e2n n\u00ean mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp con c\u1ee7a phu nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i t\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb cha c\u1ee7a L\u1ec7 Th\u00e1nh ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu (\u9e97\u8056\u7687\u540e) l\u00e0 Hu\u1ec7 V\u0169 v\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u1ea9n (\u9673\u570b\u7471), m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, con trai c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 Minh T\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng ch\u00fa. Khi Anh T\u00f4ng h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 giao Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u1ea9n ch\u0103m nom Minh T\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u1ea9n r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cao. Khi Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng l\u1eadp Tr\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i t\u1eed, Minh T\u00f4ng b\u00e8n th\u00f4i nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t b\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u1eafc Chung (\u9673\u514b\u7d42), V\u0103n Hi\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u (\u6587\u737b\u4faf) l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt Du\u1eadt, c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Anh T\u01b0 phu nh\u00e2n, Minh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft giam Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u1ea9n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u1ea9n thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5, con c\u1ee7a Cung T\u0129nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean D\u1ee5c (\u9673\u5143\u80b2) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a Nguy\u00ean D\u1ee5c m\u00e0 m\u1eb9 L\u1ec5 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e0o, v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a k\u00e9p h\u00e1t D\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u694a\u59dc). B\u00e0 m\u00faa v\u1edf V\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu hi\u1ebfn b\u00e0n \u0111\u00e0o, th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00ean Nguy\u00ean D\u1ee5c si m\u00ea, bu\u1ed9c b\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf D\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mang thai L\u1ec5. Sau khi Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5 sinh ra, Nguy\u00ean D\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m con m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ebfn khi D\u1ee5 T\u00f4ng b\u1ec7nh n\u1eb7ng, truy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4i cho Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. Th\u1eadt ra, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp Cung \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean thay, nh\u01b0ng Hi\u1ebfn T\u1eeb ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu l\u1ea1i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u m\u00ecnh, kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng l\u1eadp Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5 n\u00ean qu\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u nghe theo. Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, t\u00f4n Th\u00e1i h\u1eadu l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu, Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean Tr\u00e1c l\u00e0m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ed1c th\u00e1i t\u1ec3. Sau n\u00e0y, Th\u00e1i ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu bi\u1ebft chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5, h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t L\u1ec5 n\u00ean L\u1ec5 ra tay tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ea7m b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft Th\u00e1i h\u1eadu."}
+{"text": "B\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Minh truy s\u00e1t, Gi\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o Ngh\u1ec7 An, vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i tri ch\u00e2u ch\u00e2u H\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7ng T\u1ea5t gi\u1ebft quan nh\u00e0 Minh, d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n t\u1eeb H\u00f3a ch\u00e2u ra theo ph\u00f2, nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb Ngh\u1ec7 An v\u00e0o Th\u0103ng Hoa. N\u0103m 1408, qu\u00e2n H\u1eadu Tr\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n ra B\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Minh do Chinh Di t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n M\u1ed9c Th\u1ea1nh ch\u1ec9 huy \u1edf tr\u1eadn B\u00f4 C\u00f4, bao v\u00e2y c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m 1409, Gi\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebf nghe l\u1eddi gi\u00e8m pha, gi\u1ebft 2 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7ng T\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n C\u1ea3nh Ch\u00e2n, khi\u1ebfn cho 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7ng Dung v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n C\u1ea3nh D\u1ecb k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Ngh\u1ec7 An l\u1eadp Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u00fd Kho\u00e1ng l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua, hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Tr\u00f9ng Quang \u0111\u1ebf. Tr\u00f9ng Quang \u0111\u1ebf b\u1eaft Gi\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00f4n l\u00e0m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng, c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n Minh. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c nh\u00e0 Minh sai Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee5 \u0111em qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n cho M\u1ed9c Th\u1ea1nh. Gi\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebf thua tr\u1eadn b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. Tr\u00f9ng Quang \u0111\u1ebf n\u00fang th\u1ebf, lui d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u \u1edf Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a n\u0103m 1414. Tr\u00f9ng Quang \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu Tr\u1ea7n g\u1ed3m 2 vua, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 7 n\u0103m (1407-1414)."}
+{"text": "Theo \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia, vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n l\u00ean thay nh\u00e0 L\u00fd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 L\u00fd. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 (Nguy\u1ec5n N\u1ed9n, \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 h\u1ecda M\u00f4ng - Nguy\u00ean b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00fd, Nam T\u1ed1ng l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. D\u00f9 trong ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i theo nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang."}
+{"text": "C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u1eefa ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi trong th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng trong ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n. D\u00f9 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n, ngo\u00e0i l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc - v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i d\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c - s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u00e0i c\u1ea3 v\u0103n l\u1eabn v\u00f5. Th\u1eadt hi\u1ebfm d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd cai tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 hai: Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n, Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, Tr\u1ea7n Quang Kh\u1ea3i, Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt Du\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9, Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1nh D\u01b0, Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c To\u1ea3n..."}
+{"text": "M\u00f4ng - Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 Ai C\u1eadp qu\u00e1 xa x\u00f4i, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Indonesia \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n n\u00ean m\u1edbi b\u1ecb thua tr\u1eadn. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eb1m li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c Trung Hoa, chung \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m tr\u00f9m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c \u00c1-\u00c2u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y n\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf \u1edf ph\u00eda nam. C\u00f3 so s\u00e1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbch v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng 3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i M\u00f4ng - Nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \"h\u1ecda ngo\u1ea1i th\u00edch\", nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \"h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n n\u1ed9i t\u1ed9c\". Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi vua D\u1ee5 T\u00f4ng xa hoa h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1c, xa l\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea7n, tin d\u00f9ng gian th\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 L\u00fd Cao T\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. T\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u1ebf \u0110\u1ebf (\u0110\u1ebf Hi\u1ec7n), c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i, u t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng tin d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly, nghe l\u1eddi Qu\u00fd Ly s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t con ch\u00e1u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 \"d\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\" cho Qu\u00fd Ly c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n sau n\u00e0y. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, v\u1eady m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Qu\u00fd Ly lu\u00f4n ch\u1ea1y d\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd, l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u00f2n \u0110\u1ebf Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed7 T\u1eed B\u00ecnh, gian th\u1ea7n x\u1ea3o tr\u00e1 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a cha m\u00ecnh (Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng), kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n th\u0103ng l\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi ch\u1ebft (1382) c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy t\u1eb7ng gia phong. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i t\u0103m, m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \"tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a gi\u1ed1ng n\u00f2i\" do \"h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n n\u1ed9i t\u1ed9c\" nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi g\u00e2y ra? Nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n, tho\u00e1n ng\u00f4i kh\u00e1c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng (Tam Kha) \u0111o\u1ea1t Ng\u00f4, Ti\u1ec1n L\u00ea \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0110inh, Tr\u1ea7n \u0111o\u1ea1t L\u00fd, M\u1ea1c c\u01b0\u1edbp L\u00ea, Tr\u1ecbnh \u00e1t L\u00ea \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \"c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea7n hi\u1ebfp ch\u00faa\". Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Qu\u00fd Ly v\u1edbi Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng, T\u1eed B\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf Hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9 v\u1edbi L\u00fd Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng, M\u1ea1c \u0110\u0103ng Dung v\u1edbi L\u00ea Cung Ho\u00e0ng... Vi\u1ec7c dung t\u00fang cho c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \"kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft\" nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c vua Tr\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c vua Tr\u1ea7n th\u1eddi h\u1eadu k\u1ef3, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Minh T\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft chi\u00eau m\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i; l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00e9m t\u00e0i. N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eafng M\u00f4ng-Nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch oai h\u00f9ng bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi con ch\u00e1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, t\u1eebng n\u00fap b\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh trong chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng Nguy\u00ean M\u00f4ng x\u01b0a kia, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. T\u1edbi l\u00fac b\u1ecb Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9ng ra ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eb7c m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u00e0i ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c (Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1t Ch\u00e2n v\u1ed1n mang h\u1ecd L\u00ea). N\u1ebfu trong t\u00f4ng th\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i nh\u01b0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec d\u00f9 Qu\u00fd Ly c\u00f3 manh t\u00e2m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec7n c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i. Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ee5 T\u00f4ng, sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n D\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng g\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 cho H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i trong c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng l\u00fac n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea5y ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra. L\u00fac nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, n\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh v\u1eabn gi\u1eef l\u1ec7 tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 giao h\u00f2a. Trong \u0111\u1eddi vua Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, sau khi chinh ph\u1ea1t Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, th\u00ec gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 qua l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi vua Tr\u1ea7n Anh T\u00f4ng, l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean l\u00e0m th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 trong l\u00fac sang th\u0103m v\u00e3n c\u1ea3nh n\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u00eam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00ecnh giao h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a hai n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n, nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e2n cho vua Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 Ch\u1ebf M\u00e2n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1306. Ch\u1ebf M\u00e2n d\u00e2ng ch\u00e2u \u00d4 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u R\u00ed cho \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. Vua Tr\u1ea7n Anh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Thu\u1eadn Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 H\u00f3a Ch\u00e2u r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eb7t quan cai tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho di d\u00e2n sang \u1edf. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, Ch\u1ebf M\u00e2n ch\u1ebft. Theo t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh th\u00ec ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau ch\u1ebft theo. Vua Tr\u1ea7n Anh T\u00f4ng sai t\u01b0\u1edbng Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u1eafc Chung gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0o th\u0103m r\u1ed3i t\u00ecm k\u1ebf r\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1370, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed con vua Minh T\u00f4ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5 (xem ph\u1ea7n \"Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy t\u00e0n\" b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi) l\u1eadp Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng. M\u1eb9 Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5 ch\u1ea1y sang Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh xui vua Chi\u00eam \u0111\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n suy y\u1ebfu, Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 \u00fd kh\u1edfi binh \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i hai ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi vua Tr\u1ea7n Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng, vua Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, vua Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng sai \u0110\u1ed7 T\u1eed B\u00ecnh \u0111em qu\u00e2n tr\u1ea5n gi\u1eef H\u00f3a Ch\u00e2u. B\u1ed3ng Nga \u0111em 10 m\u00e2m v\u00e0ng d\u00e2ng l\u00ean. T\u1eed B\u00ecnh \u1ec9m \u0111i, c\u01b0\u1edbp l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u1ed1i d\u1ed1i l\u00e0 B\u1ed3ng Nga ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n v\u00f4 l\u1ec5, n\u00ean \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh. Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng gi\u1eadn l\u1eafm, quy\u1ebft \u00fd th\u00e2n chinh. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1376, qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t. N\u0103m 1377, qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfm c\u1eeda Th\u1ecb N\u1ea1i (Quy Nh\u01a1n ng\u00e0y nay) r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh kinh th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3 B\u00e0n. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga, m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua c\u00f3 t\u00e0i thao l\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u00f9ng k\u1ebf d\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0o \u1ed5 mai ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh tan. Vua Tr\u1ea7n Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1eed tr\u1eadn, H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly, \u0110\u1ed7 T\u1eed B\u00ecnh r\u00fat qu\u00e2n b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1eeba th\u1eafng x\u00f4ng l\u00ean, Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n mang qu\u00e2n sang \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn, qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam ba l\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long, vua t\u00f4i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea1y. Qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 kinh th\u00e0nh r\u1ed3i r\u00fat v\u1ec1. \u0110\u1ed7 T\u1eed B\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0m l\u00ednh 1 n\u0103m r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5c l\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n, qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ai Lao th\u01b0\u1eddng sang qu\u1ea5y ph\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c \u1edf v\u00f9ng Ngh\u1ec7 An v\u00e0 Thanh H\u00f3a. V\u00ec th\u1ebf tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i sai qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p m\u00e3i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua ph\u1ea3i th\u00e2n chinh \u0111i d\u1eb9p gi\u1eb7c, trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn vua Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb thua th\u00ec qu\u00e2n Ai Lao r\u00fat v\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i sang qu\u1ea5y ph\u00e1. Trong \u0111\u1eddi vua Tr\u1ea7n Anh T\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n th\u00e2n chinh \u0111i d\u1eb9p gi\u1eb7c nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh cho Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u0169 L\u00e3o h\u01a1n ba, b\u1ed1n phen \u0111i d\u1eb9p gi\u1eb7c. Vua Tr\u1ea7n Minh T\u00f4ng c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u phen th\u00e2n chinh \u0111i d\u1eb9p gi\u1eb7c. Trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 d\u1eb9p c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Ai Lao ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1257, t\u01b0\u1edbng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 Ng\u1ed9t L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ee3p Thai (Uriyangqadai hay \u5140\u826f\u5408\u53f0) mang 3 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng V\u00e2n Nam. Vua Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n ra chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn. Qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1eb7n nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u0103ng Long. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Th\u0103ng Long theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \"v\u01b0\u1eddn kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng\", r\u00fat v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean M\u1ea1c (H\u00e0 Nam). Ng\u1ed9t L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ee3p Thai k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o Th\u0103ng Long ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 1 th\u00e1ng th\u00ec b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c. Nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea7u (T\u1eeb Li\u00eam-H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i). Qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 thua ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Th\u0103ng Long, \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng Quy H\u00f3a (Y\u00ean B\u00e1i) b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng H\u00e0 B\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u00e1c, qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 r\u00fat ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 V\u00e2n Nam."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1279, qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nam T\u1ed1ng. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1280, vua M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y c\u1edb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean cho Toa \u0110\u00f4 m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh (Champa). Sau nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i giao h\u00f2a ho\u00e3n b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1284, nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Tho\u00e1t Hoan v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng Toa \u0110\u00f4 mang qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nam, b\u1eafc k\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. Tho\u00e1t Hoan \u0111i t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y c\u00f2n Toa \u0110\u00f4 \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1nh \"g\u1ecdng k\u00ecm\" th\u1ed1c l\u00ean t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nam \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i n\u0103m 1285 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u00f2ng tin c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. B\u1edfi v\u1eady trong l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 3 ch\u1ed1ng M\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean n\u0103m 1287, H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi vua Tr\u1ea7n: \"...Qu\u00e2n ta \u0111\u00e3 quen vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn, m\u00e0 qu\u00e2n n\u00f3 th\u00ec s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i xa... Theo nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y, ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn\". Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt tr\u00e1nh th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh, tri\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 qu\u00e2n Nguy\u00ean \u1edf s\u00f4ng B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1288, b\u1eaft s\u1ed1ng Nguy\u00ean so\u00e1i \u00d4 M\u00e3 Nhi, Ph\u00e0n Ti\u1ebfp, T\u00edch L\u1ec7 C\u01a1. Tho\u00e1t Hoan m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 b\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed7i l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trong l\u1ed9. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra l\u00e0m 3 h\u1ea1ng: h\u1ea1ng ti\u1ec3u ho\u00e0ng nam (t\u1eeb 18 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn 20 tu\u1ed5i), h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng nam (t\u1eeb 20 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn 60 tu\u1ed5i) v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng l\u00e3o (tr\u00ean 60 tu\u1ed5i). L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c quan nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi vua Anh T\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y. S\u00e1ch Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed Th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m C\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean, c\u00f3 ghi l\u1ea1i 12 l\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 sau: Thi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Long H\u01b0ng, Qu\u1ed1c Oai, B\u1eafc Giang, H\u1ea3i \u0110\u00f4ng, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y\u00ean, Ki\u1ebfn X\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u1ed3ng Kho\u00e1i, Thanh Ho\u00e1, Ho\u00e0ng giang, Di\u1ec5n Ch\u00e2u."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u so\u1ea1n b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed K\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. M\u1ea1c \u0110\u0129nh Chi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ef1c thanh li\u00eam, \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho vua quan nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i k\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c. Chu V\u0103n An l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc cao hi\u1ec1n n\u00eau g\u01b0\u01a1ng thanh khi\u1ebft, c\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng, Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, Anh T\u00f4ng, Minh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 so\u1ea1n Ng\u1ef1 t\u1eadp v\u00e0 danh t\u01b0\u1edbng Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n c\u00f3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 H\u1ecbch t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t phim s\u1ebd t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c c\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng v\u1edf k\u1ecbch, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1ed1c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi cao. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft (synopsis) \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a phim, nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n. K\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n phim quan tr\u1ecdng."}
+{"text": "Trong v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfp theo, k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n phim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec7n phim, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 phim. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i phim c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i phim, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 m\u00e0 phim h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 doan thu cho b\u1ed9 phim b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c sai l\u1ea7m trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y n\u00ean qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n t\u1ed1n kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft \u0111i vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n."}
+{"text": "Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Sau khi k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, h\u00e3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh cho nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 l\u00e0m phim v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 l\u00e0m phim t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim bom t\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Hollywood, kho\u1ea3n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u USD v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 l\u00e0m phim h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f2n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 co g\u1ecdn ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "C\u1ea3nh quay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n h\u00f4 \"di\u1ec5n\" v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng clapperboard d\u1eadp xu\u1ed1ng b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u, tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng clapperboard c\u00f3 ghi s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh phim, s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng, t\u00ean phim v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n. B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00e2m thanh t\u1ea1o th\u00eam b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. C\u1ea3nh quay k\u1ebft th\u00fac khi \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n h\u00f4 \"c\u1eaft\". \u0110\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i quay l\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh quay ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Sau khi c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n quay ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh quay s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1ng phim. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh quay t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1eaft v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda sao cho ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u01a1n tru \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 phim. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c k\u00ec t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, \u0111\u00f4i khi t\u1edbi t\u1eebng khu\u00f4n h\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c t\u1eebng gi\u00e2y v\u00ec n\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 phim. B\u1ed9 phim s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu th\u1eed cho \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m tra, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh ch\u1ec9 khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m phim. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n phim cho r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 DVD, VCD ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u0103ng t\u1eeb VHS. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n phim qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tung ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi phim ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim \u1edf r\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean Internet th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c trang web ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a phim ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c trang chia s\u1ebb phim nh\u01b0 Youtube. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y chi\u1ebfu ra m\u1eaft, phim s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, b\u00e1o, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u00e1p ph\u00edch phim v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ghi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng phim m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m phim nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. V\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i lu\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u1edf c\u00e1c li\u00ean hoan phim ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 phim. Hi\u1ec7n nay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c trang chia s\u1ebb phim tr\u00ean Internet."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n L\u00e2m T\u00e2y, qu\u1eadn T\u00e2n H\u01b0ng. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi L\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ea1t ch\u00e2u L\u00e2m T\u00e2y; v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n, \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 \u0110\u00e0 Giang, cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 tr\u1ea5n Thi\u00ean H\u01b0ng; th\u1eddi Minh thu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i chia l\u00e0m 2 ch\u00e2u Gia H\u01b0ng v\u00e0 Quy Ho\u00e1. N\u0103m 1463, tr\u1ea5n H\u01b0ng H\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, bao g\u1ed3m ba ph\u1ee7: Qu\u00fd H\u00f3a, Gia H\u01b0ng, An T\u00e2y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ef1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 M\u01b0\u1eddng Thanh. T\u1eeb 1466 v\u1ec1 sau, L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0m 12 th\u1eeba th\u1eeba tuy\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 H\u01b0ng H\u00f3a bao g\u1ed3m 3 ph\u1ee7, 4 huy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 17 ch\u00e2u. N\u0103m 1831, Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh H\u01b0ng H\u00f3a, t\u1ec9nh l\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n H\u01b0ng Ho\u00e1, huy\u1ec7n Tam N\u00f4ng (nay thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd)."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1954, \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \"l\u1eebng l\u1eaby n\u0103m ch\u00e2u, ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u\", ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t 80 n\u0103m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1ch th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n phong ki\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf T\u00e2y B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 mau ch\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf T\u00e2y B\u1eafc, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Khu t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Th\u00e1i - M\u00e8o theo Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1955. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, theo S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1 143-SL ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1953 c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc, Khu T\u00e2y B\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh L\u00e0o Cai, Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, S\u01a1n La v\u00e0 Lai Ch\u00e2u, t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi Li\u00ean khu Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "\u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai d\u1ed1c, hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf v\u00e0 chia c\u1eaft m\u1ea1nh.\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y n\u00fai ch\u1ea1y d\u00e0i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y B\u1eafc - \u0110\u00f4ng Nam v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 200 m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 1800 m. \u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh th\u1ea5p d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb B\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng Nam v\u00e0 nghi\u00eang d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb T\u00e2y sang \u0110\u00f4ng. \u1ede ph\u00eda B\u1eafc c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m cao 1085 m, 1162 m v\u00e0 1856 m (thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n M\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u00e9), cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh Pu \u0110en \u0110inh (1886 m). \u1ede ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m cao 1127 m, 1649 m, 1860 m v\u00e0 d\u00e3y \u0111i\u1ec3m cao M\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u0103ng k\u00e9o xu\u1ed1ng Tu\u1ea7n Gi\u00e1o. Xen l\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai cao l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thung l\u0169ng, s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 d\u1ed1c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i trong c\u1ea3 t\u1ec9nh. Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng M\u01b0\u1eddng Thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb thung l\u0169ng M\u01b0\u1eddng Thanh r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 150 km\u00b2, l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c T\u00e2y B\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 21 \u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn 23 \u00b0C, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m sau (t\u1eeb 14 \u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn 18 \u00b0C). C\u00e1c th\u00e1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 4 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9 (25 \u00b0C) ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 500m. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a h\u00e0ng n\u0103m trung b\u00ecnh t\u1eeb 1500 mm \u0111\u1ebfn 2500 mm, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung theo m\u00f9a, m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m sau. \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 76 \u0111\u1ebfn 84%. \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eafng, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 1820 \u0111\u1ebfn 2035 gi\u1edd/n\u0103m v\u00e0 t\u1eeb 115 \u0111\u1ebfn 215 gi\u1edd/th\u00e1ng. C\u00e1c th\u00e1ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edd n\u1eafng th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 6 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 7; c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edd n\u1eafng cao th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng 3, 4, 8 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 9."}
+{"text": "D\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh GRDP theo gi\u00e1 so s\u00e1nh n\u0103m 2016 \u0111\u1ea1t 9223,2 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng. Trong \u0111\u00f3: khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng \u2013 l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n t\u0103ng 3,56%; c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u2013 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u0103ng 6,07%; d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u0103ng 8,64%. C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch theo h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, trong \u0111\u00f3: khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng \u2013 l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfm 23,77%, gi\u1ea3m 1,08%; c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u2013 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chi\u1ebfm 25,29%, t\u0103ng 0,03%; d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfm 48,48%, t\u0103ng 1,04% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2015. Thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t 22,31 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng/ng\u01b0\u1eddi/n\u0103m, t\u0103ng 7,87% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2015."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng y t\u1ebf, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Y t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh l\u1edbn x\u1ea3y ra. \u01af\u1edbc c\u1ea3 n\u0103m t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1m b\u1ec7nh \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ean 1.000.000 l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa 103.800 l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0 tr\u00ean 6500 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i tr\u00fa, C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea1t 112%. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai, 90% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi, sinh s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u00f9ng cao n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1m, ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh."}
+{"text": "To\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 517 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 333 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, bao g\u1ed3m: 176 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, 124 tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf, 21 tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, 1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u00f3a, ph\u00e1t huy kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean chu\u1ea9n t\u0103ng nhanh."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb l\u00e2u nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 Jeremy Bentham, Benfild, William Stanley Jevons, John Ramsay McCulloch, Edward S. Herman. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111a di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nhu c\u1ea7u \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u00ec sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0o, ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u00ec x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh."}
+{"text": "Cho t\u1edbi nay ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a chung nh\u1ea5t cho kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nhu c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh hay c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a mang t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nhu c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng. Nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nhu y\u1ebfu tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u d\u00e0i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "Nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng \"c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3\" ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nhu c\u1ea7u. Sau h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhu c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"nhu y\u1ebfu\". Nhu y\u1ebfu \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nhu y\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nhu y\u1ebfu mang t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp, bao g\u1ed3m v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i m\u1eafc x\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nhu y\u1ebfu li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng, m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nhu y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t nhu c\u1ea7u theo m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a nhu c\u1ea7u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Benfild vi\u1ebft: \"Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p trong thang \u0111\u1ed9 nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1ebd sinh ra mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n\". Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 K. Alderfer: t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, quan h\u1ec7, n\u00e2ng cao; D. Mc Clelland: th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3, tham d\u1ef1, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c; V. Podmarcow: \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng, uy t\u00edn; V. Tarasenko: t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; A. Maslow: sinh l\u00fd, an to\u00e0n, tham d\u1ef1, (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n... N\u0103m c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc nhu c\u1ea7u theo ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a A. Maslow \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp theo h\u00ecnh b\u1eadc thang hay h\u00ecnh ch\u00f3p kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nhu c\u1ea7u. Ch\u00fang ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, y t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a-gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c-khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n r\u00f5 n\u00e9t v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111an xen. Tuy nhi\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \"h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\" m\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00f4i khi ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ed5 sung t\u00f9y v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "Nhu y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh nhu y\u1ebfu tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, hay \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng. Nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nhu y\u1ebfu mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nhu y\u1ebfu tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung nh\u1eefng \"\u0111am m\u00ea b\u1ea9m sinh\" (v\u1ec1 m\u00f9i v\u1ecb, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v.v.). Nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba nh\u00f3m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nhu y\u1ebfu tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; ch\u00fang \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt, m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c qua l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng nhu y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0:"}
+{"text": "Nhu y\u1ebfu nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf v\u00e0 nhu y\u1ebfu xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf ch\u1ed7 nhu y\u1ebfu th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f2n nhu y\u1ebfu th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 chung ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau theo m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \"m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u2013 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n\", nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nhu y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 (m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch). V\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nhu y\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3. Nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "Hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong v\u00f9ng l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng S\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f9 sa th\u1ea5p, d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 4.000 t\u1ef7 m\u00e9t kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n kho\u1ea3ng 100 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n ph\u00f9 sa, gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 39.734 km\u00b2. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ed9 cao trung b\u00ecnh so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 5 m\u00e9t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 t\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c Long Xuy\u00ean, \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y s\u00f4ng H\u1eadu \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 1 tri\u1ec7u ha b\u1ecb ng\u00e2p n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 4 th\u00e1ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m n\u01a1i n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecbnh l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp d\u1ea7n b\u1edfi ph\u00f9 sa c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long."}
+{"text": "Nam B\u1ed9 n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a v\u00e0 c\u1eadn x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u1ea9m phong ph\u00fa, \u00e1nh n\u1eafng d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, th\u1eddi gian b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 d\u00e0i, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng t\u00edch \u00f4n cao. Bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng trong n\u0103m th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u00f4n h\u00f2a. \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 80 - 82% . Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean hai m\u00f9a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu quanh n\u0103m l\u00e0 m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a. M\u00f9a m\u01b0a t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 5 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11, m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 12 t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 4. V\u1ec1 m\u00f9a v\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 (\u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng)."}
+{"text": "Sau n\u00e0y l\u1eadp th\u00eam c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u00e0nh (1959-1965), Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u1ec7n (1961), G\u00f2 C\u00f4ng (1963), H\u1eadu Ngh\u0129a (1963), Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c (1964), B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau (1964), Sa \u0110\u00e9c (1966), b\u1ecf t\u1ec9nh C\u00f4n S\u01a1n (1965). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u0103m 1962, Nam ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 24 t\u1ec9nh r\u1ed3i t\u0103ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh 27 t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 1966-1975: Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Lon, B\u00ecnh Long, Long Kh\u00e1nh, Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a, B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, B\u00ecnh Tuy, Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Tuy, Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Bi\u1ec7t khu Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 (S\u00e0i G\u00f2n), H\u1eadu Ngh\u0129a, Long An, T\u00e2y Ninh, G\u00f2 C\u00f4ng, \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng, Ki\u1ebfn T\u01b0\u1eddng, Ki\u1ebfn Phong, Sa \u0110\u00e9c, Ki\u1ebfn H\u00f2a, V\u0129nh B\u00ecnh, V\u0129nh Long, Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c, An Giang, Phong Dinh, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u1ec7n, Ba Xuy\u00ean, B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau, Ki\u00ean Giang, An Xuy\u00ean. T\u1ec9nh B\u00ecnh Tuy sau n\u00e0y nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh Thu\u1eadn H\u1ea3i, nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c Trung B\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nam B\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh m\u1ed1c l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1623 khi vua Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p cho ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n di d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf Prey K\u00f4r (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh hi\u1ec7n nay). V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Nam B\u1ed9 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng hoang d\u1ea1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai tr\u0169ng, \u00fang, s\u00ecnh l\u1ea7y v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng r\u1ea1ch ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n C\u1ea7n Gi\u1edd, So\u00e0i R\u1ea1p, C\u1eeda Ti\u1ec3u, C\u1eeda \u0110\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u00e0o. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa \u0111\u1ebfn quy thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn khai ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a - \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9 d\u00e2n t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u00e0 chia \u0111\u1eb7t doanh, huy\u1ec7n, l\u1eadp h\u1ed9 t\u1ecbch. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau Nam B\u1ed9 m\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qua th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi mang theo h\u00e0nh trang v\u1edbi v\u1ed1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nam B\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, d\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Nam B\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea5t Nam B\u1ed9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ef1a l\u00faa ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u1ef1a tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i hoa qu\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi. T\u1eeb ch\u00f4m ch\u00f4m, v\u00fa s\u1eefa, m\u0103ng c\u1ee5t, s\u1ea7u ri\u00eang cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00edt, chu\u1ed1i, xo\u00e0i, \u1ed5i, nh\u00e3n, cam, qu\u00fdt... M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt ri\u00eang, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa. V\u1edbi \u01b0u th\u1ebf s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i, k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt, b\u01b0ng bi\u1ec1n ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sanh s\u1ed1ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a r\u1eafn r\u1ebft, c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u, r\u00f9a, ba ba, t\u00f4m, c\u00e1, cua, c\u00f2ng... v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i chim ch\u00f3c n\u1eefa. Nam B\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n \u0103n ngon, nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt l\u1ea1 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o kho t\u00e0ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n gian."}
+{"text": "Nam B\u1ed9 v\u1eeba c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u s\u1ee9c tr\u1ebb do c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111ang d\u00e0y c\u00f4ng g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean. T\u1eeb v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Nam B\u1ed9, \u0111ang gi\u00fap tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nam B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh phong c\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u00f3a ri\u00eang v\u00f9ng. T\u00ednh m\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi l\u00e0m n\u00ean t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n, d\u00e1m ngh\u0129, d\u00e1m l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nam B\u1ed9. T\u00ednh m\u1edf l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a cao v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 th\u00eam n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u00f3 h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u1edf \u00d3c Eo (g\u1ea7n n\u00fai Ba Th\u00ea-An giang ng\u00e0y nay). Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 bu\u00f4n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 Trung Hoa, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 XIX \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y Nam B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi T\u00e2y-Nam, Tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Gia Long n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18. Lu\u1ed3ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng qua hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18-19, Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean thu\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf tuy\u1ebfn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi T\u00e2y-Nam, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 phong v\u0169 bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 bang giao gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u1edbi Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \"h\u00e0n th\u1eed bi\u1ec3u\" c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh - Nam Vang. Do \u0111\u00f3, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh- Nam Vang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, giao l\u01b0u v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong khu v\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n nay b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nam B\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c x\u01b0a. Tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1: H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, B\u00e0 R\u1ecba-V\u0169ng T\u00e0u, B\u00ecnh Ph\u01b0\u1edbc, T\u00e2y Ninh, Long An v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n Giang[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]. V\u00f9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf, n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, duy tr\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng cao, t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf chung c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong khu v\u1ef1c. C\u00f3 m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 12,6 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, chi\u1ebfm 60 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, 70 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a doanh thu xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 40 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc (GDP). Thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 VND31.4 tri\u1ec7u / n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Birmingham l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ee3 c\u1ee1 trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 trung c\u1ed5, sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u1edf t\u1ea7m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 khi l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m trong Khai s\u00e1ng Midlands r\u1ed3i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Trong c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, Birmingham \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, s\u1ea3n sinh h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn gi\u00fap \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1791, Birmingham \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i l\u00e0 \"th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\". Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn x\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ecf \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng cao, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn cao kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ea1o ra c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh t\u1ebf \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh t\u1ea1i Birmingham, \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Anh Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, khi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngo\u00e0i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c. Trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, Birmingham b\u1ecb Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c oanh t\u1ea1c \u00e1c li\u1ec7t. Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng do chi\u1ebfn tranh, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y nay, khu v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 chi ph\u1ed1i kinh t\u1ebf Birmingham. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1edbn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5p gamma+; v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng, mua s\u1eafm, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb. Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Birmingham l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 GDP \u0111\u1ea1t 121,1 t\u1ec9 USD v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c sau Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Birmingham, nh\u01b0 D\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c giao h\u01b0\u1edfng Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Birmingham, Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Birmingham c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh ti\u1ebfng t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c. Birmingham l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp du kh\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c. Di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf thao c\u1ee7a Birmingham c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, gi\u1ea3i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 Football League v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n v\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a chi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Birmingham c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 10.000 n\u0103m, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1, g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 theo m\u00f9a, c\u00e1c b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c s\u0103n b\u1eafn xuy\u00ean \u0111\u00eam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong r\u1eebng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y. Nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quanh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 song c\u01b0 tr\u00fa ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i di\u1ec5n ra gi\u1eefa 1700 TCN v\u00e0 1000 TCN, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do xung \u0111\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c di c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 (Roma) chinh ph\u1ee5c Anh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1, v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng tr\u00ean cao nguy\u00ean Birmingham t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ng\u0103n c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n La M\u00e3, qu\u00e2n La M\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed3n lu\u1ef9 Metchley t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c nay l\u00e0 Edgbaston v\u00e0o n\u0103m 48, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3."}
+{"text": "Birmingham tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Anglo-Saxon. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ed5 Beormingah\u0101m, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf hay khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Beormingas \u2013 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Birmingham \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 7 v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Angle v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t regio c\u00f9ng t\u00ean. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian Domesday Book (s\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec1n th\u1ed5) so\u1ea1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1086 th\u00ec th\u00e1i \u1ea5p Birmingham l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u00edt d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Warwickshire, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 20 shilling, v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t Warwickshire, Staffordshire v\u00e0 Worcestershire."}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Birmingham ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1166, khi L\u00e3nh ch\u00faa th\u00e1i \u1ea5p Peter de Bermingham nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ch\u1ee3 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ee3 c\u00f3 quy ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb th\u00e1i \u1ea5p trong l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba, quanh \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Bull Ring ng\u00e0y nay. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y bi\u1ebfn Birmingham th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a cao nguy\u00ean Birmingham v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, trong khi kinh t\u1ebf khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t quang, tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3, Birmingham ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1327, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba t\u1ea1i Warwickshire, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ebf n\u00e0y trong 200 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf Birmingham \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1538, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng theo ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. C\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng ngang b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia h\u00e0ng s\u1eaft, h\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, cung c\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 v\u00e0 giao d\u1ecbch c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1600, Birmingham tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2 r\u00e8n v\u00e0 l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb Nam Wales \u0111\u1ebfn Cheshire v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m xa \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2y \u1ea4n. C\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n kim c\u1ee7a Birmingham ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c r\u1eddi xa kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5p v\u1ed1n d\u0129 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 giao d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng cao v\u00e0 sinh l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Anh, do kinh t\u1ebf Birmingham b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 gia t\u0103ng, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u1ec1 linh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ho\u00e1, n\u00ean t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y di\u1ec5n ra ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng quanh li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng thay v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn, do v\u1eady l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn, l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi t\u00f4n ti truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. Danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ph\u00e1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i khi\u1ebfn Birmingham b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ea3o ho\u00e0ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng trong tr\u1eadn Birmingham v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1643, v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Thanh gi\u00e1o trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1630 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng theo qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1660."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y th\u0103ng hoa th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Khai s\u00e1ng Midlands. Th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u; v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng Birmingham \u2013 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c lan truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u1eafp gi\u1edbi tinh hoa tri th\u1ee9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Birmingham th\u1eddi Khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Matthew Boulton v\u00e0 James Keir \u2013 khi\u1ebfn th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi trao \u0111\u1ed5i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t-k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \"ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n\", h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft then ch\u1ed1t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p theo sau."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Birmingham b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1edbm h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Thay v\u00ec kinh t\u1ebf b\u1eadc thang v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tay ngh\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 duy nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 b\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c len trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ho\u00e1, th\u00ec ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Birmingham \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, l\u00e0m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi tay ngh\u1ec1 cao, trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t minh: Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb 1760 \u0111\u1ebfn 1850, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Birmingham \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "S\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Birmingham th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c quy tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, song c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m trong vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. N\u0103m 1709, Abraham Darby I v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i Birmingham \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Coalbrookdale thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1t Shropshire v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2 cao \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c nung ch\u1ea3y qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng than c\u1ed1c, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1ec3 t\u00edch v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gang. N\u0103m 1732, Lewis Paul v\u00e0 John Wyatt ph\u00e1t minh m\u00e1y xe s\u1ee3i con l\u0103n, \"m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t\" trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u00f4ng s\u1ee3i c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ho\u00e1. N\u0103m 1741, h\u1ecd m\u1edf x\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00f4ng s\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i Upper Priory c\u1ee7a Birmingham. N\u0103m 1746, John Roebuck ph\u00e1t minh quy tr\u00ecnh khoan d\u1eabn, cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t axit sulfuric quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1780 James Keir ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t ki\u1ec1m v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u khai sinh ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 1765, Matthew Boulton m\u1edf x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p Soho, \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1ed1n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd\". \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y."}
+{"text": "Birmingham tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1edd c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, khi Thomas Attwood v\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Birmingham \u0111\u01b0a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn trong \"C\u00e1c Ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng 5\", tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1832. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh t\u1ea1i Newhall Hill v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1831 v\u00e0 1832 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c. Hu\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Durham John Lambton l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt, vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \"qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1ee3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch cho Birmingham, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\". Danh ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1832 khi\u1ebfn John Bright bi\u1ebfn Birmingham th\u00e0nh di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1867, theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1820, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, cho ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Victoria, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Birmingham t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c h\u01a1n n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 Birmingham tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec t\u1ea1i Anh. Birmingham \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1889. Joseph Chamberlain t\u1eebng l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng Birmingham v\u00e0 sau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb s\u0129, v\u00e0 con trai \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Neville Chamberlain c\u0169ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Anh Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Birmingham. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp cho Birmingham, c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 150.000 nam gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang, t\u1ee9c h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u01b0 d\u00e2n nam trong \u0111\u00f3 13.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 35.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ho\u00e1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Birmingham v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, T\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh Anh Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 John French mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa Krupps v\u00e0 Birmingham\". \u0110\u1ebfn khi chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng David Lloyd George c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Birmingham trong chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \"qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, t\u00e0i kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Birmingham m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n\".."}
+{"text": "Birmingham ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 khi Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c oanh t\u1ea1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra hai kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn tranh. Otto Frisch v\u00e0 Rudolf Peierls m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n trong b\u1ecb vong l\u1ee5c Frisch\u2013Peierls n\u0103m 1940, trong c\u00f9ng n\u0103m manhetron h\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c John Randall v\u00e0 Henry Boot ph\u00e1t minh, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a radar v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00f2 vi s\u00f3ng. Chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 hai kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean do Frank Whittle ph\u00e1t minh t\u1ea1i Rugby l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a sang Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1940."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1ea3i qua t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 v\u00e0 1960. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n cao t\u1ea7ng quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Castle Vale. Bull Ring \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ga Birmingham New Street \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i Birmingham c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng, do th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng di d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung. The city's population peaked in 1951 at 1,113,000 residents."}
+{"text": "Birmingham duy tr\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh l\u1ebb gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i Anh cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh cao h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng nam, song \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o b\u1ecb suy tho\u00e1i trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1n t\u1ea1i Wales v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Anh. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 \"t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o t\u01b0 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i Birmingham, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u0169 n\u00e1t v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m\", v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4. Suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980 khi\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf Birmingham s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u00e0 b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong c\u00e1c khu n\u1ed9i th\u1ecb. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Birmingham s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00e0 th\u00ea th\u1ea3m. N\u0103m 1976, v\u00f9ng West Midlands v\u1edbi d\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Birmingham v\u1eabn c\u00f3 GDP cao nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Anh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng nam, song trong v\u00f2ng 5 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Anh. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang Birmingham \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i 200.000 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1971 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1981, t\u1eadp trung trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t; ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i West Midlands t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1970 xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1982, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1t 20%, v\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y g\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng hai l\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i th\u1ecb nh\u01b0 Aston, Handsworth v\u00e0 Sparkbrook."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111a d\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, b\u00e1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 du l\u1ecbch nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c thu h\u00fat c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c du kh\u00e1ch. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, Trung t\u00e2m Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m Qu\u1ed1c gia (NEC) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, n\u00f3 c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 16 km, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi Solihull l\u00e2n c\u1eadn song ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Birmingham. Trung t\u00e2m H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ICC) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m Birmingham v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990. Khu v\u1ef1c quanh ph\u1ed1 Broad, bao g\u1ed3m qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Centenary, ICC v\u00e0 Brindleyplace, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn khi b\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21. N\u0103m 1998, Birmingham \u0111\u0103ng cai h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec9nh G8 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 24."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 v\u00e0 2000 c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khu b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Pype Hayes thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c Erdington c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn song cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n do c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u0103n h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nh\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Castle Vale quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2003, t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p mua s\u1eafm Bullring \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh sau m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ba n\u0103m, trong c\u00f9ng n\u0103m n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u0103m 2008. Birmingham ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai n\u1ed9i th\u1ecb b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 mang t\u00ean Big City \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2011, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn do t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m g\u00e2y ra t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i th\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Winson Green."}
+{"text": "Birmingham n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng West Midlands t\u1ea1i Anh, tr\u00ean cao nguy\u00ean Birmingham t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao, dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 150 \u0111\u1ebfn 300 m tr\u00ean m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n thu\u1ef7 b\u1eafc-nam ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Anh \u0111i qua, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Severn v\u00e0 Trent. Ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i Lickey, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i Clent v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3i Walton, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3i Walton c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao 316 m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn r\u1ed9ng bao qu\u00e1t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Birmingham ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Tame c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c chi l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Cole v\u00e0 Rea."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Birmingham thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t khu th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb g\u1ed3m khu t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n nh\u00e0 \u1edf Solihull v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Wolverhampton v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Black Country v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc, ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ho\u00e1 West Midlands bao ph\u1ee7 g\u1ea7n 600 km\u00b2. Bao quanh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Birmingham, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u2013 bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Mercia l\u00e0 Tamworth v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh to\u00e0 Lichfield t\u1ea1i Staffordshire v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc; th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Coventry v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t Warwickshire l\u00e0 Nuneaton, Warwick v\u00e0 Leamington Spa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng; v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t Worcestershire l\u00e0 Redditch v\u00e0 Bromsgrove v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t, Birmingham ch\u1ecbu chi ph\u1ed1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n Birmingham ch\u1ea1y ch\u00e9o qua th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i Lickey t\u1ea1i t\u00e2y nam qua Edgbaston v\u00e0 Bull Ring, \u0111\u1ebfn Erdington v\u00e0 Sutton Coldfield t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n, m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 b\u00f9n Mercia m\u1ec1m h\u01a1n, r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1 cu\u1ed9i bunter v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Tame, Rea v\u00e0 Cole c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c chi l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u1eaft ngang qua. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n, cao h\u01a1n khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh t\u1eeb 46 \u0111\u1ebfn 183 m v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y d\u00e0i sa th\u1ea1ch Keuper c\u1ee9ng. \u0110\u00e1 n\u1ec1n b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi Birmingham ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Permi v\u00e0 Trias."}
+{"text": "Birmingham c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu h\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00f4n ho\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Anh, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 (th\u00e1ng 7) l\u00e0 21,3 \u00b0C; v\u00e0 trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng (th\u00e1ng 1) l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 6,7 \u00b0C. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1971 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2000 ng\u00e0y \u1ea5m nh\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m trung b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 28,8 \u00b0C v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ed1ng -9 \u00b0C. Kho\u1ea3ng 11,2 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed7i n\u0103m s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb 25,1 \u00b0C tr\u1edf l\u00ean v\u00e0 51,6 \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 34,9 \u00b0C v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1990. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c, Birmingham c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea3o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u0110\u00eam l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1982, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n -20,8 \u00b0C t\u1ea1i s\u00e2n bay Birmingham b\u00ean r\u00eca \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, song ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 -12,9 \u00b0C t\u1ea1i Edgbaston g\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Birmingham c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c, do c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1961 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1990, s\u00e2n bay Birmingham trung b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 13 ng\u00e0y tuy\u1ebft n\u1eb1m l\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, so v\u1edbi 5,33 t\u1ea1iLondon Heathrow. C\u00e1c c\u01a1n m\u01b0a tuy\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i qua th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebd h\u1edf Cheshire tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng kh\u00ed t\u00e2y b\u1eafc, song c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc qua d\u00f2ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc. Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u1ef1c \u0111oan hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p song th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2005 t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda nam th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p trong khu v\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Birmingham c\u00f3 571 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u2013 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 3.500 ha kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1edf c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean s\u00e1u tri\u1ec7u c\u00e2y xanh, v\u00e0 400 km c\u00e1c su\u1ed1i v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Sutton c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 971 ha t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia. V\u01b0\u1eddn th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt Birmingham n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, duy tr\u00ec c\u1ea3nh quan t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a J. C. Loudon v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1829, c\u00f2n V\u01b0\u1eddn th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt Winterbourne t\u1ea1i Edgbaston ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n khi\u1ebfu th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Edward t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. Birmingham c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c hoang d\u00e3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 Project Kingfisher v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u1ea5p h\u1ea1t Woodgate Valley ho\u1eb7c theo c\u00e1ch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 seLickey Hills, Handsworth, Kings v\u00e0 Cannon Hill, Cannon Hull c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Trung t\u00e2m T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Birmingham."}
+{"text": "Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 2011, 57,9% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng (53,1% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Qu\u1ed1c da tr\u1eafng, 2,1% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ireland da tr\u1eafng, 2,7% ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng kh\u00e1c), 4,4% l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed7n ch\u1ee7ng (2,3% da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 Caribe da \u0111en, 0,3% da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi da \u0111en, 1,0% da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1, 0,8% h\u1ed7n ch\u1ee7ng kh\u00e1c), 26,6% ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (13,5% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Pakistan, 6,0% ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, 3,0% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bangladesh, 1,2% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa, 2,9% c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u00e2u \u00c1 kh\u00e1c), 8,9% ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en (2,8% ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi, 4,4% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Caribe, 1,7% ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en kh\u00e1c), 1,0% ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0 1,0% mang c\u00e1c di s\u1ea3n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c. 57% h\u1ecdc sinh ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 52% h\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i nh\u00f3m Anh Qu\u1ed1c da tr\u1eafng."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i Birmingham, theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001 th\u00ec 60,4% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 16 \u0111\u1ebfn 75, so v\u1edbi 66,7% c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n Anh. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u1eef gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n nam gi\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tr\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t (0-18), cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 30 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 50. N\u1eef gi\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm 51,6% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trong khi nam gi\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm 48,4%. Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a n\u1eef gi\u1edbi. Th\u00e1p tu\u1ed5i ph\u00ecnh r\u1ed9ng \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 20 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Tr\u1ebb em kho\u1ea3ng 10 tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh suy gi\u1ea3m m\u1ee9c sinh \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn tr\u1ebb d\u01b0\u1edbi 5 tu\u1ed5i, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ee9c sinh cao h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua. S\u1ed1 ca sinh t\u0103ng 20% t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2001 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2011."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2011, trong s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Birmingham, 0,12% l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Anh Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 0,16%. Trong n\u0103m n\u00e0y, 25,9% s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, 29,3% kh\u00e1c s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3n vay th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n trung b\u00ecnh to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. 45,5% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n trung b\u00ecnh to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. 33,9% kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n trung b\u00ecnh to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 9,1% n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat do s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Birmingham, khi c\u00f3 46,1% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o trong \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 2001. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng cao, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n th\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, Sikh gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t; th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c. Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 2001 v\u00e0 2011, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Birmingham gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 59,1% xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 46,1%, trong khi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 14,3% l\u00ean 21,8% v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 12,4% l\u00ean 19,3%. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh to\u00e0 St Philip \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb v\u1ecb th\u1ebf nh\u00e0 th\u1edd th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng khi Gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn Anh gi\u00e1o Birmingham \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1905. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hai nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh to\u00e0 kh\u00e1c: Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh to\u00e0 Saint Chad l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 Birmingham, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh to\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o Hy L\u1ea1p. Gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o Coptic Midlands c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Birmingham. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Birmingham l\u00e0 St Martin t\u1ea1i Bull Ring, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng II*. Kh\u00f4ng xa Five Ways l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd nh\u1ecf Birmingham \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1910 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 s\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3ng y Newman."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i \u1edf Birmingham l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 Severn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1825 theo ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng Hy L\u1ea1p, nay l\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Tam \u0110i\u1ec3m. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1856, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Singers Hill \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng II*. Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Trung t\u00e2m Birmingham l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, Ghamkol Shariff Masjid \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i Small Heath. Gurdwara c\u1ee7a Sikha gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 Guru Nanak Nishkam Sewak Jatha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Soho t\u1ea1i Handsworth v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, v\u00e0 Ch\u00f9a Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh Dhammatalaka c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y g\u1ea7n h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc Edgbaston trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990."}
+{"text": "Birmingham t\u1eebng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, song kinh t\u1ebf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n nay do khu v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 chi ph\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2012 khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm 88% s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Birmingham l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf; v\u00e0 sau Leeds l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec ngo\u00e0i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kinh doanh kh\u00e1c. Birmingham \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5p beta-, \u0111\u1ee9ng sau Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u00e0 Manchester t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb quanh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi GDP PPP \u0111\u1ea1t 121,1 t\u1ec9 USD v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Birmingham g\u1ed3m c\u00f4ng ty k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt IMI plc, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb th\u00ec Birmingham l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn ch\u1ec9 sau Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng nam. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Trung t\u00e2m Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, thu h\u00fat 42% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm 8% s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Birmingham v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n Anh Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Jaguar Land Rover t\u1ea1i Castle Bromwich v\u00e0 Cadbury t\u1ea1i Bournville, trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng tham gia m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec: 40% kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong 300 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Jewellery Quarter c\u1ee7a Birmingham, duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Birmingham v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1308."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gia t\u0103ng GVA c\u1ee7a Birmingham l\u00e0 24,8 t\u1ec9 b\u1ea3ng theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2013-2015, \u0111\u1ea1t 4,2% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GVA b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec trong s\u1ed1 t\u00e1m \"th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n\" t\u1ea1i Anh. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ebfn 21% theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1997-2010, song gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m t\u0103ng h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i. V\u1edbi 16.281 c\u00f4ng ty kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013, Birmingham c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o kinh doanh cao nh\u1ea5t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n t\u1ea1i Anh, trong khi s\u1ed1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn 8,1% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016. Birmingham ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u00e0 Edinburgh v\u1ec1 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2010 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2013."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Birmingham cao h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Anh, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 x\u1ebfp sau Glasgow tr\u00ean to\u00e0n Anh Qu\u1ed1c. M\u1ee9c th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u1eb1m v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng cao nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, v\u1edbi 10,0% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p (th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2016). Trong c\u00e1c khu n\u1ed9i th\u1ecb Aston v\u00e0 Washwood Heath, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u00ean 30%. Hai ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Birmingham s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong 10% b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Anh, v\u00e0 Birmingham n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Anh x\u00e9t theo thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao, k\u00e9m h\u01a1n 60% so v\u1edbi trung b\u00ecnh to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 49% n\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, so v\u1edbi 65% tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 28% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Birmingham c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh 34% c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Sao Kim hay Kim tinh (ch\u1eef H\u00e1n: \u91d1\u661f), c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sao Th\u00e1i B\u1ea1ch (\u592a\u767d), Th\u00e1i B\u1ea1ch Kim tinh (\u592a\u767d\u91d1\u661f), l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh th\u1ee9 hai trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, t\u1ef1 quay quanh n\u00f3 v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 224,7 ng\u00e0y Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. X\u1ebfp sau M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean s\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi t\u1ed1i, v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p sao bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng \u22124.6, \u0111\u1ee7 s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u00f3ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1edfi v\u00ec Sao Kim l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh ph\u00eda trong t\u00ednh t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 qu\u00e1 xa M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi: g\u00f3c ly gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng 47,8\u00b0. Sao Kim \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ngay s\u00e1t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh minh, do v\u1eady m\u00e0 d\u00e2n gian c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sao H\u00f4m, khi h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y m\u1ecdc l\u00ean l\u00fac ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n, v\u00e0 sao Mai, khi h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y m\u1ecdc l\u00ean l\u00fac b\u00ecnh minh."}
+{"text": "Sao Kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"h\u00e0nh tinh ch\u1ecb em\" v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t do k\u00edch c\u1ee1, gia t\u1ed1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, tham s\u1ed1 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c. Sao Kim b\u1ecb bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi l\u1edbp m\u00e2y d\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 cao ch\u1ee9a ax\u00edt sunfuric, v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn. M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 b\u1ed1n h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 cacbon \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh cao g\u1ea5p 92 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trung b\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng 735 K (462 \u00b0C), Sao Kim l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t trong H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chu tr\u00ecnh cacbon \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a cacbon tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, do v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eefu c\u01a1 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 n\u00f3 trong sinh kh\u1ed1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eebng cho r\u1eb1ng Sao Kim \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh tinh t\u0103ng l\u00ean do hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh m\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb quang ly, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh tinh, hi\u0111r\u00f4 t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1edfi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Sao Kim l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hoang m\u1ea1c kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Kho\u1ea3ng 80% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Sao Kim bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda ph\u1eb3ng, hay 70% \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai v\u00e0 10% \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u00f9y. Hai \"l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba\" cao nguy\u00ean chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, m\u1ed9t l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u b\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c kia n\u1eb1m \u1edf ngay ph\u00eda nam x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh tinh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00eda b\u1eafc l\u00e0 Ishtar Terra, theo t\u00ean th\u1ea7n Ishtar, th\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon, l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 Australia. Ng\u1ecdn Maxwell Montes, n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Sao Kim, n\u1eb1m \u1edf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Ishtar Terra. Chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 11 km t\u00ednh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9 cao trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh. L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u nam c\u00f3 t\u00ean Aphrodite Terra, theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba cao nguy\u00ean l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Nam M\u1ef9. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t \u1edf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu \u0111i ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y dung nham c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda (caldera) v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. H\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u1ed1 va ch\u1ea1m, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ebb, x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 300\u2013600 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 va ch\u1ea1m, n\u00fai v\u00e0 thung l\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1, Sao Kim c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda ph\u1eb3ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"farra\", nh\u00ecn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh \u0111a v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 20\u201350 km, v\u00e0 cao 100\u20131.000 m; h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m h\u00ecnh c\u00e1nh sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"novae\"; nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t g\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 bao b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ng nh\u1ec7n hay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"arachnoids\"; v\u00e0 \"coronae\", nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ee9t g\u00e3y v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u00f4i khi bao quanh ch\u1ed7 l\u00f5m. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fai l\u1eeda."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecba m\u1ea1o Sao Kim hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda. Sao Kim t\u1eebng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 167 n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh tr\u00ean 100 km. V\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai l\u1eeda nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o L\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Hawaii. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec Sao Kim c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda h\u01a1n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t m\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1edbp v\u1ecf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 gi\u00e0 h\u01a1n. V\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 h\u00fat ch\u00ecm t\u1ea1i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i trung b\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng 100 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Kim Tinh c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i 300\u2013600 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 manh m\u1ed1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u00ean Sao Kim. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Venera c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4, c\u00e1c t\u00e0u Venera 11 v\u00e0 Venera 12 \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng tia s\u00e9t, v\u00e0 Venera 12 c\u00f2n ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng s\u00e9t n\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh ngay sau khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9. T\u00e0u Venus Express c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tia s\u00e9t trong l\u1edbp kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean cao. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tro bay ra t\u1eeb n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u00e9t trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh tinh. M\u1ed9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh \u0111i\u00f4xit trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i 10 l\u1ea7n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1978 \u0111\u1ebfn 1986. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 phun l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh \u0111i\u00f4xit ra kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 h\u1ed1 va ch\u1ea1m ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kh\u1eafp b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Sao Kim. Tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t hay M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 va ch\u1ea1m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch theo th\u1eddi gian r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u0111i h\u1ed1 gi\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n, trong khi tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, mi\u1ec7ng h\u1ed1 b\u1ecb phong h\u00f3a b\u1edfi m\u01b0a v\u00e0 gi\u00f3. Tr\u00ean Sao Kim, kho\u1ea3ng 85% h\u1ed1 va ch\u1ea1m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ed1 va ch\u1ea1m, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \"b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n\" t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, cho th\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh tinh tr\u1ea3i qua l\u1ea7n t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch kho\u1ea3ng 300\u2013600 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eaft d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda. Trong khi l\u1edbp v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean Sao Kim c\u00e1c v\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau t\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7t ra kh\u1ecfi l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 Sao Kim tr\u1ea3i qua chu tr\u00ecnh tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 t\u0103ng cao cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu/tan ch\u1ea3y l\u1edbp v\u1ecf. Do v\u1eady trong chu k\u1ef3 tr\u00ean 100 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, s\u1ef1 h\u00fat ch\u00ecm xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh tinh, l\u00e0m t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbp v\u1ecf."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c h\u1ed1 va ch\u1ea1m tr\u00ean Sao Kim c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh t\u1eeb 3 km \u0111\u1ebfn 280 km. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ed1 n\u00e0o v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 3 km, b\u1edfi v\u00ec do kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ecb h\u00e3m ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i khi n\u00f3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c k\u00edch c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 va ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc. M\u01b0a axit: Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a sao Kim l\u00e0 cacbonic v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp m\u00e2y n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9a sunfuric \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a axit sunfuric t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh. Ngo\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Sao Kim Kho\u1ea3ng 80% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Sao Kim bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda ph\u1eb3ng, hay 70% \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai v\u00e0 10% \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u00f9y. Do \u00e1p l\u1ef1c kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn n\u00ean ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch r\u01a1i v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh tinh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u00eau bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 b\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00e9m ch\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i v\u00e3i lung tung."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 men qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh h\u00e0nh tinh, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u00edt th\u00f4ng tin tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Sao Kim. S\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang gi\u1eefa Sao Kim v\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t g\u1ee3i ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau: g\u1ed3m l\u00f5i h\u00e0nh tinh, l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 l\u1edbp v\u1ecf. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, l\u00f5i Sao Kim \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec hai h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea1nh/ti\u00eau t\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7t b\u00ean trong v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Sao Kim cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n s\u00e2u b\u00ean trong h\u00e0nh tinh ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p su\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa hai h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean Sao Kim, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1edbp v\u1ecf qu\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra h\u00fat ch\u00ecm m\u1ea3ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean nhau. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t n\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec7t h\u00e0nh tinh, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian h\u00e0nh tinh b\u1ecb l\u1ea1nh \u0111i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Thay v\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Sao Kim b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n theo chu k\u1ef3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Sao Kim c\u00f3 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t d\u00e0y, ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu CO2 v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf N2. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p 93 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, trong khi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cao g\u1ea5p 92 so v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t\u2014\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng 1 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t t\u00ednh t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang/m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i g\u1ea7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng 65 kg/m\u00b3 (b\u1eb1ng 6,5% c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc). Kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n gi\u00e0u CO2, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y d\u00e0y SO2, t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh trong H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng 462 \u00b0C. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Sao Kim n\u00f3ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Sao Th\u1ee7y, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u \u2212220 \u00b0C v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng 420 \u00b0C, ngay c\u1ea3 khi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb Sao Kim \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng hai l\u1ea7n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn Sao Th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 do v\u1eady h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 25% n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi so v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Sao Th\u1ee7y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Do v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Sao Kim l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c n\u00f3ng r\u1ef1c. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng."}
+{"text": "Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Sao Kim t\u1eebng kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ecfng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh, nh\u01b0ng sau chu k\u1ef3 t\u1eeb 600 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i t\u1ef7 n\u0103m, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh m\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (runaway greenhouse effect) khi\u1ebfn b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 sinh ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong trung t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf."}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec7t (thermal inertia) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi gi\u00f3 trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n g\u1ea7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cho th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Sao Kim kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa ph\u00eda ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam, cho d\u00f9 h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f3 g\u1ea7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p, th\u1ed5i v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c v\u00e0i kil\u00f4m\u00e9t tr\u00ean gi\u1edd, nh\u01b0ng do m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n g\u1ea7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cao, lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn l\u00ean nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt n\u00f3 th\u1ed5i qua, v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1ecf \u0111i kh\u1eafp b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ngay c\u1ea3 khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t \u00f4xy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1."}
+{"text": "B\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1ea7ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n CO2 \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp m\u00e2y ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu SO2 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt ax\u00edt sunfuric. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 kho\u1ea3ng 90% \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc quan s\u00e1t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y v\u0129nh c\u1eedu bao ph\u1ee7 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Sao Kim c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Sao Kim g\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tr\u00ean cao v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c 300 km/h c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ed5i \u0111i v\u00f2ng quanh h\u00e0nh tinh trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m ng\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Sao Kim c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao g\u1ea5p 60 l\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 10% \u0111\u1ebfn 20% t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nhi\u1ec7t trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Sao Kim r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u; n\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1eefa ph\u00eda ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 hai v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a Sao Kim nh\u1ecf (\u00edt h\u01a1n 3 \u0111\u1ed9, so v\u1edbi 23 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 theo m\u00f9a c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra theo \u0111\u1ed9 cao. N\u0103m 1995, t\u00e0u Magellan ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 cao t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebft \u1edf tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebft, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao. Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t bay h\u01a1i ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 tr\u00ean g\u1ea7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u00ed bay l\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ea1nh \u0111i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i cao h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u01b0a. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 telua cho t\u1edbi ch\u00ec sunfit (galena)."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tr\u00ean Sao Kim c\u0169ng ph\u00f3ng tia s\u00e9t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i khi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00e0u Venera c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1edbp s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y. N\u0103m 2006\u201307 t\u00e0u Venus Express ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u00f3ng electron \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 tia s\u00e9t. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng tia s\u00e9t n\u00e0y \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 tia s\u00e9t b\u1eb1ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 2007, t\u00e0u Venus Express ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra hai xo\u00e1y kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u1ef1c nam h\u00e0nh tinh."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi Sao Kim kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1nh (t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sao Kim g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng 0) khi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng k\u00edch c\u1ee1 v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00f5i n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y-y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft dynamo. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft dynamo c\u00f3 ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, quay, v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u. L\u00f5i h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 trong khi h\u00e0nh tinh t\u1ef1 quay r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh cho th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 quay c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong thuy\u1ebft dynamo. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y dynamo kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u trong l\u00f5i h\u00e0nh tinh. Tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong l\u1edbp v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1ea1ng l\u1ecfng ph\u1ee7 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00f5i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 n\u00f3ng h\u01a1n ph\u00eda b\u00ean tr\u00ean g\u1ea7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Tr\u00ean Sao Kim, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1eaft s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n qua l\u1edbp v\u1ecf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 t\u0103ng, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t qua l\u00f5i h\u00e0nh tinh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh dynamo \u0111\u1ecba h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ec3 sinh ra t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb l\u00f5i l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i l\u1edbp v\u1ecf."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu bao quanh Sao Kim c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u00f3 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c ion hi\u0111r\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u00f4xy li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ly c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed trung h\u00f2a do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tia t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00f3 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn gi\u00fap cho nh\u1eefng ion n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh. S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ion c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u1eb9 nh\u01b0 hi\u0111r\u00f4, heli, v\u00e0 \u00f4xy li\u00ean t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m \u0111i, trong khi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 cacbon \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m l\u1ea1i trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh tinh. S\u1ef1 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh tinh b\u1edfi gi\u00f3 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n m\u1ea5t \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 deuteri so v\u1edbi hi\u0111r\u00f4 trong t\u1ea7ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec3n cao g\u1ea5p 150 l\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u1edf t\u1ea7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Sao Kim quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch trung b\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng 0,72 AU (108.000.000 km; 67.000.000 mi), v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o kho\u1ea3ng 224,65 ng\u00e0y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh elip, qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Sao Kim c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng g\u1ea7n tr\u00f2n nh\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 0,01. Do Sao Kim n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 giao h\u1ed9i trong, khi \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa n\u00f3 v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 41 tri\u1ec7u km. Trung b\u00ecnh, hai h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed giao h\u1ed9i trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1ch nhau 584 ng\u00e0y. Do hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ang gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m t\u1edbi. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1 t\u1edbi 5383, \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 526 l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 40 tri\u1ec7u km; sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 40 tri\u1ec7u km trong v\u00f2ng 60.158 n\u0103m. Trong th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, Sao Kim c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng 38,2 tri\u1ec7u km."}
+{"text": "M\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh tinh trong H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi quay tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o theo chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 khi nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb tr\u00ean c\u1ef1c b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 quay quanh tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 theo chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, nh\u01b0ng Sao Kim l\u1ea1i quay quanh tr\u1ee5c c\u00f9ng chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quay ngh\u1ecbch h\u00e0nh) v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 243 ng\u00e0y Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t\u2014t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 quay ch\u1eadm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh tinh trong H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Do v\u1eady m\u1ed9t \"ng\u00e0y\" (th\u1eddi gian sao-sidereal day) tr\u00ean Sao Kim d\u00e0i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t \"n\u0103m\" c\u1ee7a Sao Kim (243 ng\u00e0y so v\u1edbi 224,7 ng\u00e0y Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t). T\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o Sao Kim, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng 6,5 km/h, trong khi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 quay t\u1ea1i x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng 1.670 km/h. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a Sao Kim \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eadm \u0111i 6,5 ph\u00fat tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \"ng\u00e0y\" Sao Kim k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi t\u00e0u Magellan t\u1edbi h\u00e0nh tinh th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1990. B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 quay ngh\u1ecbch h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi (solar day) tr\u00ean Sao Kim ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y sao (sidereal day), b\u1eb1ng 116,75 ng\u00e0y Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t (ng\u00e0y m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Sao Kim ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n ng\u00e0y m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Sao Th\u1ee7y b\u1eb1ng 176 ng\u00e0y Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t); m\u1ed9t n\u0103m Sao Kim b\u1eb1ng 1,92 ng\u00e0y m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi Sao Kim. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean Sao Kim v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n kh\u00e1 lo\u00e3ng, anh/ch\u1ecb ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u1eb1ng t\u00e2y v\u00e0 l\u1eb7n \u1edf \u0111\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Sao Kim c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 quay v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang tr\u1ee5c quay kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 quay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n do nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00ean kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 sau th\u1eddi gian h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Chu k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a Sao Kim th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f3a th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh tinh do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec1n d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 gi\u1eefa chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a Sao Kim \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian trung b\u00ecnh 584 ng\u00e0y gi\u1eefa hai l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn g\u1ea7n nhau v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c 5 ng\u00e0y m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi Sao Kim. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a Sao Kim v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf."}
+{"text": "Sao Kim kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ec7 tinh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh 2002 VE68 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec7 tinh n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng quay tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, 2001 CK32 v\u00e0 2012 XE133. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n Giovanni Cassini c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ec7 tinh quay quanh Sao Kim, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Neith v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong su\u1ed1t 200 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec7 tinh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao \u1edf xa khi Sao Kim \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n n\u00f3. Trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Alex Alemi David Stevenson n\u0103m 2006 v\u1ec1 H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai t\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 California cho th\u1ea5y Sao Kim c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m gi\u1eefa n\u00f3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 10 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m sau c\u00fa va ch\u1ea1m, theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 va ch\u1ea1m kh\u00e1c x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho v\u1ec7 tinh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Sao Kim d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n theo th\u1eddi gian ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o Sao Kim. N\u1ebfu c\u00fa va ch\u1ea1m sau sinh ra m\u1ed9t M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a v\u1ec7 tinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c, do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a v\u1ec7 tinh quay quanh Sao Kim ho\u1eb7c Sao Th\u1ee7y, n\u00ean theo th\u1eddi gian hai h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c h\u00fat v\u00e0 va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi v\u1ec7 tinh ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec7 tinh bay tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi l\u1ef1c h\u00fat h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang."}
+{"text": "Sao Kim lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u1ea5p sao bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u22124,9, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf pha h\u00ecnh l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m khi n\u00f3 \u1edf g\u1ea7n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Sao Kim m\u1edd d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p sao \u22123 khi n\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng so v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. H\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0a khi tr\u1eddi quang \u0111\u00e3ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y khi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh \u1edf ph\u00eda trong, g\u00f3c ly gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c 47\u00b0 khi nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Sao Kim \"v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua\" Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i 584 ng\u00e0y Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Trong m\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb \"Sao H\u00f4m\", hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean sao khi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi l\u1eb7n, th\u00e0nh \"Sao Mai\", nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc. Trong khi Sao Th\u1ee7y, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh ph\u00eda trong kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 g\u00f3c ly gi\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng 28\u00b0 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 quan s\u00e1t du\u00f3i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00fac ch\u1ea1ng v\u1ea1ng, Sao Kim r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn ra khi n\u00f3 \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t. G\u00f3c ly gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi t\u1ed1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n sau khi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi l\u1eb7n. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00eam, \u0111\u00f4i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn Sao Kim v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \"v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 bay kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh\". T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 Jimmy Carter \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t UFO n\u0103m 1969, m\u00e0 sau khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Kim Tinh. V\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Sao Kim."}
+{"text": "Khi Sao Kim chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean qua k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng pha kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 pha M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng: Trong pha Sao Kim, h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u00f2n \"\u0111\u1ea7y\" nh\u1ecf khi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u1edf gi\u1eefa t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Sao Kim v\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 pha ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 l\u1edbn d\u1ea7n khi ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 g\u00f3c ly gi\u00e1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u00ednh t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m m\u1ecfng d\u1ea7n khi quan s\u00e1t qua th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh khi n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda g\u1ea7n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Sao Kim l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t khi n\u00f3 \u1edf \"pha m\u1edbi\", l\u00fac h\u00e0nh tinh \u1edf gi\u1eefa Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn qua k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh s\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi tr\u00ean kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh tinh."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Sao Kim h\u01a1i nghi\u00eang so v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t; do v\u1eady khi h\u00e0nh tinh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua gi\u1eefa Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i qua \u0111\u0129a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Sao Kim \u0111i qua M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m giao h\u1ed9i trong c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 \u0111i qua n\u00e0y c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 243 n\u0103m trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1eb7p hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i qua c\u00e1ch nhau 8 n\u0103m, m\u1ed7i c\u1eb7p hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch nhau kho\u1ea3ng 105,5 n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c 121,5 n\u0103m\u2014hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Sao Kim \u0111i qua M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi do nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Jeremiah Horrocks t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1639."}
+{"text": "C\u1eb7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1874 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1882; trong khi c\u1eb7p hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2117 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2125. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Sao Kim \u0111i qua M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a 1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thi\u00ean v\u0103n, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra b\u1edfi Horrocks n\u0103m 1639. Chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Cook \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Australia sau khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Tahiti n\u0103m 1768 nh\u1eb1m quan s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u trong khi quan s\u00e1t Sao Kim \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng x\u00e1m - m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t t\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh tinh, khi h\u00e0nh tinh \u1edf pha l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1643, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng xanh v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tin c\u1eady. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Sao Kim, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn Sao Kim v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"sao h\u00f4m\" v\u00e0 \"sao mai\", ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a hai thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u1ea3n quan s\u00e1t Sao Kim c\u1ee7a Ammisaduqa]], t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1581 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi\" khi ghi tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n trong c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t sau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p c\u0169ng t\u1eebng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, sao Phosphorus v\u00e0 sao Hesperus, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Pythagoras m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VI tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 coi sao h\u00f4m l\u00e0 Lucifer, hay \"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang l\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\", v\u00e0 sao h\u00f4m l\u00e0 Vesper."}
+{"text": "Khi nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc Galileo Galilei l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh quan s\u00e1t Sao Kim v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1610, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c pha gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 pha M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb g\u1ea7n tr\u00f2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Khi Sao Kim \u1edf c\u00e1ch xa M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh n\u1eeda h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, v\u00e0 khi n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m v\u00e0 tr\u00f2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra khi Sao Kim quay quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ptolemy."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Mikhail Lomonosov l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n Sao Kim c\u00f3 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1761. Cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1790, kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n Johann Schr\u00f6ter. Schr\u00f6ter ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y khi h\u00e0nh tinh \u1edf pha l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m, hai \u0111\u1ec9nh nh\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a cung l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 180\u00b0. \u00d4ng \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n Chester Smith Lyman quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong pha t\u1ed1i Sao Kim khi n\u00f3 \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed giao h\u1ed9i trong, cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u1eefa cho kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean Sao Kim c\u00f3 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. Do kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chu k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh, nh\u01b0 Giovanni Cassini v\u00e0 Schr\u00f6ter \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh sai chu k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 24 gi\u1edd khi hai \u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh quan s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh tinh."}
+{"text": "\u00cdt c\u00f3 th\u00eam kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 Sao Kim cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Do kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n qu\u00e1 d\u00e0y n\u00ean n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u0129a tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u01b0 ph\u1ed5 k\u1ebf, radar v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t qua tia t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh. Quan s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng UV \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920, khi Frank Ross ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tia UV c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh cho nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n khi quan s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng n\u00eau ra l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y do kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh r\u1ea5t d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c, t\u1ea7ng th\u1ea5p kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y ti \u1edf tr\u00ean cao."}
+{"text": "Quan s\u00e1t qua ph\u1ed5 k\u1ebf t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1900 \u0111\u01b0a ra manh m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh. Vesto Slipher c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111o d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n Doppler t\u1eeb \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb Sao Kim, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra h\u00e0nh tinh t\u1ef1 quay. Do v\u1eady \u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh tinh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 quay r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eebng ngh\u0129. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 sau trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 ch\u1ec9 ra Sao Kim t\u1ef1 quay ngh\u1ecbch h\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng ra \u0111a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ng\u00e0y nay."}
+{"text": "K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb quan tr\u1eafc ra \u0111a nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f2n cho nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Sao Kim. Nh\u1eefng xung c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t l\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 \u0111o t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i thu t\u1ea1i k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 300 m \u1edf \u0111\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t Arecibo, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng ra \u0111a th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh \u1edf hai v\u00f9ng, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Alpha v\u00e0 Beta. Sau c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng s\u00e1ng tr\u00ean \u1ea3nh ra \u0111a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn Maxwell Montes. Ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m duy nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y tr\u00ean Sao Kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1i n\u1eef."}
+{"text": "Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Sao Kim c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u Mariner m\u1ed9t trong l\u00fac ph\u00f3ng. T\u00e0u Mariner 2 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n khi n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 109 ng\u00e0y sau khi ph\u00f3ng l\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1962 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh phi v\u1ee5 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, khi ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn Sao Kim \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 34.833 km. C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 vi ba v\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y trong kh\u00ed c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tr\u00ean cao c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Sao Kim r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00e0nh tinh r\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 425 \u00b0C, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ecdi hi v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y. T\u00e0u Mariner 2 c\u0169ng g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh tinh, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh tinh hay v\u00e0nh \u0111ai b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1."}
+{"text": "T\u00e0u Venera 3 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng Sao Kim ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1966. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111i v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 va ch\u1ea1m xu\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u00ec c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 g\u1eedi v\u1ec1. Ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1967, Venera 4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc. Venera 4 cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cao h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 t\u00e0u Mariner 2 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 Venera 4 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 500 \u00b0C, b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh tinh ch\u1ee9a 90 \u0111\u1ebfn 95% cacbon \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt. Kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Sao Kim d\u00e0y h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u0129 s\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf Venera 4 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n v\u1edbi d\u00f9 bung hay l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n trong pin t\u00edch tr\u1eef h\u1ebft s\u1edbm h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i ch\u1ea1m m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Sau khi g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong 93 ph\u00fat h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 Venera 4 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng 18 bar t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 cao 24,96 km so v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00fang 1 ng\u00e0y sau, 19 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1967, Mariner 5 bay qua h\u00e0nh tinh \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 4000 km b\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y. T\u00e0u Mariner 5 ban \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f3ng l\u00ean Sao H\u1ecfa-c\u00f9ng Mariner 4, nh\u01b0ng khi phi v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u NASA quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Sao Kim. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u1ea1y h\u01a1n t\u00e0u Mariner 2, d\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 che khu\u1ea5t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Sao Kim. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa Venera 4 \u2013 Mariner 5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean v\u0169 tr\u1ee5."}
+{"text": "Thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb t\u00e0u Venera 4, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f3ng hai t\u00e0u gi\u1ed1ng nhau Venera 5 v\u00e0 Venera 6 c\u00e1ch nhau n\u0103m ng\u00e0y trong th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1969; ch\u00fang \u0111i v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Kim Tinh c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y 16 v\u00e0 17 th\u00e1ng 5 trong c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. L\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e0u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u00ean t\u1edbi 25 bar v\u00e0 hai t\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb d\u00f9 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang r\u01a1i nhanh h\u01a1n. Do ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Sao Kim c\u00f3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb 75 \u0111\u1ebfn 100 bar, cho n\u00ean hai t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khi ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t. Sau khi g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 50 ph\u00fat d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eb9p n\u00e1t \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 20 km tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u1ecbp ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u00eda m\u1eb7t t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Sao Kim."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tham v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi Venera 7 v\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Con t\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u1edbi m\u00f4 \u0111un ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u1edbi 180 bar. M\u00f4 \u0111un n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi con t\u00e0u Venera 7 \u0111i v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb d\u00f9 c\u00e1nh bu\u1ed3m cho ph\u00e9p th\u1eddi gian r\u01a1i d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u l\u00e0 35 ph\u00fat. Trong khi \u0111i v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1970, c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 tin r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb r\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 con t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 va ch\u1ea1m m\u1ea1nh xu\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, tuy kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. N\u00f3 v\u1eabn g\u1eedi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong kho\u1ea3ng 23 ph\u00fat, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Venera ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi phi v\u1ee5 Venera 8 khi n\u00f3 g\u1eedi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea5t trong kho\u1ea3ng 50 ph\u00fat, sau khi \u0111i v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1972. Venera 9, \u0111i v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1975, v\u00e0 ba ng\u00e0y sau 25 th\u00e1ng 10 t\u00e0u Venera 10, g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 quang c\u1ea3nh Sao Kim. Hai v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau xung quanh hai t\u00e0u: Venera 9 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t s\u01b0\u1eddn d\u1ed1c 20 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 30\u201340 cm n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c xung quanh; Venera 10 r\u01a1i tr\u00ean phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 ph\u1eb3ng ki\u1ec3u bazan bao quanh b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 b\u1ecb phong h\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi t\u00e0u Mariner 10 c\u00f3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o bay qua Sao Kim nh\u1eb1m l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Sao Th\u1ee7y. Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1974, Mariner 10 \u0111i qua h\u00e0nh tinh \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 5790 km, v\u00e0 g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n h\u01a1n 4.000 b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, cho th\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh tinh hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng qua b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i quan tr\u1eafc tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 th\u00eam b\u1ed1n phi v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 n\u1eefa di\u1ec5n ra trong b\u1ed1n n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0u Venera 11 v\u00e0 Venera 12 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n b\u00e3o \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n; v\u00e0 Venera 13 v\u00e0 Venera 14, \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch nhau b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y 1 v\u00e0 5 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1982, g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh. C\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n phi v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u00f9 bung \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e3m t\u00e0u r\u01a1i trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ra t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 cao 50 km, n\u01a1i kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c t\u00e0u ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ma s\u00e1t v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a d\u00f9. C\u1ea3 Venera 13 v\u00e0 14 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ed5 k\u1ebf hu\u1ef3nh quang tia X g\u1eafn tr\u00ean t\u00e0u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111o t\u00ednh n\u00e9n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01a1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb va ch\u1ea1m. Venera 14 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng l\u1eafp ch\u1ee5p camera v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Venera k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1983, khi Venera 15 v\u00e0 Venera 16 \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o quanh Sao Kim nh\u1eb1m v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh tinh th\u00f4ng qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ra \u0111a."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1985, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Sao Kim v\u1edbi th\u0103m d\u00f2 sao ch\u1ed5i Halley, sao ch\u1ed5i \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng b\u00ean trong H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn sao ch\u1ed5i Halley, ng\u00e0y 11 v\u00e0 15 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1985, hai t\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Vega m\u1ed7i t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u0103m d\u00f2 t\u1eebng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Venera v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t robot bay trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n nh\u1edd kh\u00ed c\u1ea7u. Robot kh\u00ed c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 cao kho\u1ea3ng 53 km, n\u01a1i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Hai robot \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kho\u1ea3ng 46 gi\u1edd, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Sao Kim h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eebng ngh\u0129, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh."}
+{"text": "T\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng gian Magellan c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u00f3ng l\u00ean ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1989, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Sao Kim b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u1ea3nh ra \u0111a. Con t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao trong su\u1ed1t 4,5 n\u0103m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c phi v\u1ee5 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Magellan ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 98% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng ra \u0111a, v\u00e0 v\u1ebd ra 95% b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u00e0nh tinh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00ean con t\u00e0u. N\u0103m 1994, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a phi v\u1ee5, c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi Magellan r\u01a1i v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Sao Kim nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh tinh. Sao Kim c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e0u Galileo v\u00e0 Cassini trong th\u1eddi gian ch\u00fang bay qua h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t Sao M\u1ed9c v\u00e0 Sao Th\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e0u Magellan l\u00e0 phi v\u1ee5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ri\u00eang Sao Kim."}
+{"text": "T\u00e0u Venus Express \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi ESA, ph\u00f3ng l\u00ean ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2005 b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda Soyuz-Fregat c\u1ee7a Nga th\u00f4ng qua c\u00f4ng ty s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung c\u1ee7a Nga v\u00e0 ESA l\u00e0 \"Starsem\", n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ef1c quanh Sao Kim ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2006. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a con t\u00e0u l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, bao g\u1ed3m l\u1eadp ra b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng plasma bao quanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Venus Express hai xo\u00e1y kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u1edf c\u1ef1c nam Sao Kim."}
+{"text": "C\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (JAXA) \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t t\u00e0u qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, Akatsuki (t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u0169 \"H\u00e0nh tinh-C\"), ph\u00f3ng l\u00ean ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2010, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Sao Kim th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2010. Hy v\u1ecdng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n khi c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7t con t\u00e0u v\u00e0o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e0u v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t camera h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra tia s\u00e9t trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "Trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh New Frontiers, NASA \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t phi v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 \"Venus In-Situ Explorer\" nh\u1eb1m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a regolith. Robot s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y khoan l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu \u0111\u00e1 ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb phong h\u00f3a d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh. M\u1ed9t phi v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, \"Surface and Atmosphere Geochemical Explorer\" (SAGE), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean trong New Frontiers n\u0103m 2009, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t phi v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn Sao Kim, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c con t\u00e0u v\u00e0 t\u00ean l\u1eeda c\u00f3 t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Apollo, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 ho\u1eb7c th\u00e1ng 11 c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1973, v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda Saturn V \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ba phi h\u00e0nh gia \u0111\u1ebfn Sao Kim trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 1 n\u0103m. Con t\u00e0u s\u1ebd bay qua b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Sao Kim \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 5.000 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t trong kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf v\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh."}
+{"text": "Theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a IAU, Sao Kim l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh duy nh\u1ea5t trong H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u1eef. Ba h\u00e0nh tinh l\u00f9n;\u2013 Ceres, Eris v\u00e0 Haumea \u2013 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ec7 tinh (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 tinh Galilei) c\u0169ng mang t\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i/ph\u00e1i n\u1eef. Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean ph\u00e1i n\u1eef trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\u2014Gaia/Terra, Selene/Luna\u2014 nh\u01b0ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n n\u1eef trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c cho m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean th\u1ec3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, Sao Kim \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb l\u00e2u v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u00f3a xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon nh\u01b0 B\u1ea3ng Sao Kim c\u1ee7a Ammisaduqa, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4i sao n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103m 1600 TCN. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ishtar (th\u1ea7n Inanna c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sumer), l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i n\u1eef, v\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. B\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n tr\u00f4ng coi sinh v\u00e0 t\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 hai thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tioumoutiri khi n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng (trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 sao Mai) v\u00e0 khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ouaiti (sao H\u00f4m). T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng Sao Kim c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sao Mai \u03a6\u03c9\u03c3\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, Phosphoros (Latin h\u00f3a Phosphorus), \"Bringer of Light\" \u1f18\u03c9\u03c3\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, Eosphoros (Latin h\u00f3a Eosphorus), \"Bringer of Dawn\". Sao v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hesperos (Latin h\u00f3a Hesperus) (\u1f1b\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \"sao h\u00f4m\"). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng, hai thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean n\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Aphrodite (\u0391\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c4\u03b7) (th\u1ea7n Astarte c\u1ee7a Phoenicia), t\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho h\u00e0nh tinh theo Venus, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Gaius Plinius Secundus (Natural History, ii,37) \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Sao Th\u1ee7y v\u1edbi Isis."}
+{"text": "Do nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Sao Kim l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n nay. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 50 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng so v\u1edbi t\u1ea1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u00f4xy v\u00e0 nit\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay b\u1eb1ng CO2. Do v\u1eady c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \"nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u1ed5i\" tr\u00ean kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Sao Kim. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00ed c\u1ea7u Aerostat c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eb1m th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u1ed5i n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ax\u00edt sunfuric hay thi\u1ebfu \u00f4xy t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9 cao n\u00e0y. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5u \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tia v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 khi h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n bao quanh."}
+{"text": "D\u00e3y n\u00fai Stanovoy t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Sakha v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Amur, d\u00e3y n\u00fai n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh. Th\u00f4ng l\u00f9n Siberi v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh nguy\u00ean n\u00fai cao m\u1ecdc tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u1edbn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u1eebng th\u00f4ng r\u1ee5ng l\u00e1 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c r\u1eebng b\u1ea1ch d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng m\u1ecdc d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng. S\u00f4ng Zeya b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai \u1edf d\u00f4ng b\u1eafc t\u1ec9nh. \u0110o\u1ea1n trung du c\u1ee7a con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ng\u0103n \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a Zeysky r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng ra 2.500 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng (970 sq mi) gi\u1eefa d\u00e3y Stanovoy v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y n\u00fai ch\u1ea1y song song \u1edf ph\u00eda nam. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa hai d\u00e3y n\u00fai n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Zeysky, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ea7y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c r\u1eebng th\u00f4ng r\u1ee5ng l\u00e1 v\u00e0 r\u1eebng th\u00f4ng. Ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y n\u00fai ph\u00eda nam l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng Amur r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm 40% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh."}
+{"text": "T\u1ec9nh Amur c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n, tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh Amur c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 400 t\u1ec9 USD. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0ng (tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Nga), b\u1ea1c, titan, molybden, wolfram, \u0111\u1ed3ng, thi\u1ebfc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. Tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng than \u0111en m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 than non \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 70 t\u1ec9 t\u1ea5n. Tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 3,8 t\u1ec9 t\u1ea5n. Tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ecf Garin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a 389 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft. Qu\u1eb7ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5p c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1eaft l\u00e0 69,9%. T\u1ec9nh Amur c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p titan h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n, v\u1edbi Bolshoy Seyim l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1948, t\u1ec9nh Amur cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Khabarovsk v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a CHXHCNXVLB Nga. Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i. Khi v\u00f9ng li\u00ean bang Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u1edf t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n Zeya (Zeiskaya GES), n\u00f3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft v\u00f9ng li\u00ean bang Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p 18,3% trong t\u1ed5ng GRP (t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m khu v\u1ef1c). C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh Amur trong n\u0103m 2007 l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, chi\u1ebfm 25,7% s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng, chi\u1ebfm 13% s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u, xe n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb khai m\u1ecf, m\u00e1y n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ec9nh bao g\u1ed3m OAO Svobodny Railroad Car Repair Plant, OAO Blagoveshchensk October Revolution Ship Building Plant v\u00e0 OAO Bureya-Kran."}
+{"text": "Khai m\u1ecf v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 chi\u1ebfm 19,9% s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007. T\u1ec9nh Amur x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u t\u1ea1i Nga v\u1ec1 khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m khai m\u1ecf v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn uranium l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Oktyabrsky, g\u1ea7n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Nga-Trung. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c m\u1ecf khai kho\u00e1ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 titan, s\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ed3ng, niken, apatit. T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng than \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 3.398 t\u1ea5n. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2007, b\u1ed1n m\u1ecf than \u0111\u00e1 do OOO Amur Coal \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 th\u00eam hai m\u1ecf n\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103m d\u00f2. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, t\u1ec9nh Amur \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 90 m\u1ecf than \u0111en v\u00e0 than non, v\u1edbi tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 70 t\u1ef7 t\u1ea5n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, khai th\u00e1c nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfm 2,9% s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Amur l\u00e0 g\u1ed7 tho (1.172.900 m\u00b3 \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c, B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Kazakhstan v\u00e0 Ukraina), c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng kim lo\u1ea1i (68.300 t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Kazakhstan), v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 xe v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i (12.300 t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, Kazakhstan v\u00e0 Ukraine.) C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ec9nh Amur l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Kazakshtan, Uzbekistan v\u00e0 Philippines; h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t may v\u00e0 gi\u00e0y d\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c; c\u00f2n m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Ukraina v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cb\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh h\u1ecdc\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California, San Diego, La Jolla, California v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1978 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Bruce Wilcox v\u00e0 Michael E. Soul\u00e9. Cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 n\u1ea1n ph\u00e1 r\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i, hay vi\u1ec7c suy gi\u1ea3m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 lo\u00e0i. C\u00e1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch thu h\u1eb9p kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu gi\u1eefa l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng nhau, gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n. C\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111a ng\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh h\u1ecdc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh li\u00ean quan bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n di truy\u1ec1n, b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh l\u00fd."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n, di c\u01b0, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quy m\u00f4 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, suy tho\u00e1i trong giao ph\u1ed1i c\u1eadn huy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00f9ng lo\u00e0i v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c lo\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i. B\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec, bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 di truy\u1ec1n, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i. M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 50% s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t trong v\u00f2ng 50 n\u0103m t\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh h\u1ecdc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng, v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 l\u1eadp danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham gia tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "\u00dd th\u1ee9c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u00e2y thi\u1ebfu ngu\u1ed3n cung cho c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3 x\u1eed li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean chung. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Alaskan Tlingit v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Haida \u1edf v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y B\u1eafc Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ranh gi\u1edbi t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gia t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft c\u00e1 \u1edf Sockeye Salmon. Nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i trong gia t\u1ed9c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng, su\u1ed1i m\u00e0 gia t\u1ed9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111i v\u00e0o trong quy t\u1eafc, nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia t\u1ed9c."}
+{"text": "L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m l\u1edbn trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1900, c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 150 b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, 250 \u1edf Anh, 250 \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 300 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u1ecba sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u01a1i ngu\u1ed3n qua nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Alexander von Humboldt, Charles Lyell v\u00e0 Charles Darwin. Nh\u1eefng m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1eabu v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfm tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf l\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 19 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111am m\u00ea thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m m\u1eabu v\u1eadt v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cb\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb \u201cqu\u1ea3n l\u00fd\u201d cho nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 g\u1ed7, c\u00e1, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n, l\u00fd do ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00ec kinh t\u1ebf. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 r\u1eebng (l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p), b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hoang d\u00e3, c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng hoang d\u00e3 v\u00e0 l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng qua d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n chim bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1869 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sau khi th\u00f4ng qua cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 chim bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chim n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Alfred Newton."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u00e8o l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Nam M\u1ef9 \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 New York Zoological Society. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng UNESCO v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1972. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2006 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 830 di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua: 644 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 162 di s\u1ea3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, trong \u0111\u00f3, M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean theo \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh h\u1ecdc khi th\u00f4ng qua Lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i nguy c\u1ea5p (1966) v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c gia (1970) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1972, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0169ng th\u00f4ng qua Lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1992 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh h\u1ecdc trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, sau \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i trong khu v\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n trong b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u1ea3nh quan, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i hay m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra theo quy m\u00f4 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn t\u1eadp trung b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng cao. Sinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan trong sinh quy\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n."}
+{"text": "Li\u00ean minh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean (IUCN) \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. IUCN cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n lo\u00e0i th\u00f4ng qua s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecf. S\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecf IUCN nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 quan t\u00e2m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n khi cung c\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u00ean Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t th\u1ee9 6 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm, \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. B\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh th\u00e1i nh\u01b0 di c\u01b0, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau bao g\u1ed3m di truy\u1ec1n, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p vai tr\u00f2 to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ee3t tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u bao g\u1ed3m: k\u1ef7 Ordovic (440 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), Devon (370 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), Permi-Trias (245 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), Trias-Jura (200 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 Creta-Paleogen (66 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc). Trong 10.000 n\u0103m qua, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong vi\u1ec7c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t; v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1 r\u1eebng, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4, m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t, B\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh tinh (Living Planet Report) do Qu\u1ef9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o sinh h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi g\u1ea5p 1,5 l\u1ea7n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t th\u1ee9 6 tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng \u1edf con s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng Holocene. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 100.000 l\u1ea7n. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng hai ph\u1ea7n ba tr\u00ean to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 44 kg \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng trong 50.000 n\u0103m qua. C\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 (Global Amphibian Assessment) ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 \u0111ang suy gi\u1ea3m nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 32% c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 43% trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang suy gi\u1ea3m nhanh ch\u00f3ng. T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 211 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111o t\u1eeb h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u201cT\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 25.038 \u0111\u1ebfn 45.474 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d. C\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, 23% \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa v\u00e0 12% c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a IUCN do \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 tr\u00ean Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c suy gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a san h\u00f4. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2000, 27% c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998 trong \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 16% r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 tr\u00ean Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t trong ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 acid trong n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n t\u0103ng, l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft c\u1ea3 r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 l\u1eabn t\u1ea3o c\u1ed9ng sinh. S\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m qua v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 s\u1ebd tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 an ninh l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh acid h\u00f3a do gia t\u0103ng n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 CO2, v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c th\u00edch nghi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3. Tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng khi ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng khi 90% c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 l\u1edbn (trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng \u226550 kg) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 ng\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, billfishes, c\u00e1 m\u1eadp... \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng hi\u1ec7n nay th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n v\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng bao g\u1ed3m n\u1ea5m, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng then ch\u1ed1t cho b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh h\u1ecdc. N\u1ea5m l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ed9ng sinh \u1edf r\u1ec5, l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng trong sinh quy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec ch\u00fang chi\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i, tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khi c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i thi\u1ebfu th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "D\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111ang \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1edbi \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7\u201d (\u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia Yellowstone). Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu g\u00e2y m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n gi\u1eefa tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u0103ng CO2 trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 carbon quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 15-37% c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2050 ho\u1eb7c 50% trong 50 n\u0103m t\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u00e2m \u1ec9 t\u1edbi \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh th\u00e1i bao g\u1ed3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, ph\u00e1 r\u1eebng, ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 gia s\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 chia c\u1eaft c\u00e1c sinh c\u1ea3nh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi c\u00e1c khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 11,5% b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chia c\u1eaft, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a nguy c\u01a1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt g\u00e2y gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n trong chu\u1ed7i th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 quy ho\u1ea1ch cho s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb gen t\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7n nay."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam (M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Nam) \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u sau n\u0103m 1975) nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ra \u0111\u1eddi trong phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u1ed3ng kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn l\u00e0: \"\u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m, tay sai \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9; th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean minh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u1ef1 do, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n sinh, gi\u1eef v\u1eefng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch trung l\u1eadp, ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\"."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng do M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf l\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ra trong n\u0103m 1956 (Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Geneve quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp k\u1ebft b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, c\u00f2n c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf nguy\u00ean t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed). Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u00eda ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Minh. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u1ed3ng kh\u1edfi. Sau n\u00e0y, do y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \"c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\" theo ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o v\u1ecb th\u1ebf m\u1edbi cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Theo nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, theo Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve, 190.000 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i vi\u1ec5n chinh Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 900.000 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n (75% l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c binh s\u1ef9 Ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam) c\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam; b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, con em c\u1ee7a qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd... t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean 140.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp k\u1ebft ra b\u1eafc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eadp k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c n\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Minh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n mi\u1ec1n Nam. V\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, coi nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, th\u1ee9 hai l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, CIA v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 gieo r\u1eafc n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o Nam. Sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (100 USD, cao h\u01a1n thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam)."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh hai v\u00f9ng t\u1eadp k\u1ebft qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u1ef9 tuy\u1ebfn 17 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n ph\u00eda Nam v\u1ef9 tuy\u1ebfn 17 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam (l\u00fac n\u00e0y Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p). T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 gian l\u1eadn trong cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t Qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng k\u00e9o theo c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u00e1p b\u1ee9c. \u00d4ng n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n khi m\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn, mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t do Vi\u1ec7t Minh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \"th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n\" nh\u01b0 Cao \u0110\u00e0i v\u00e0 H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o. \u00d4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Minh. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i n\u0103m 1959."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng ba n\u0103m 1958, sau m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i x\u00e3 lu\u1eadn \"\u0103n da\", ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda c\u00e1c t\u1edd b\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1960, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nhau - ban h\u00e0nh Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Caravelle, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb li\u1ec7t n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u0169 trang. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1958, kho\u1ea3ng 1/3 t\u1ec9nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 s\u0129 quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1960, \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n 2/3; 1962, 7/8 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan. \u00d4ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 an ninh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Theo nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ed9ng \"\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc\", s\u1ef1 \"b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n trong c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i\", \"n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an ninh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 khi cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u00e1p l\u1ef1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng\", \"trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng qu\u1ed1c gia\"... M\u1ef9 th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \"H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p Vi\u1ec7t Nam T\u1ef1 Do, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trong v\u00f9ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n nay\". T\u1eeb n\u0103m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh 1946 - n\u0103m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh 1961, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i NATO \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef9 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y. 75% vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 cung c\u1ea5p trong c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o chi ti\u00eau ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Tuy nhi\u00ean can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i."}
+{"text": "Theo Hoa K\u1ef3, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1960 \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n n\u00e0y trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00f9ng kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u l\u0103ng nh\u1ee5c Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m (M\u1ef9-Di\u1ec7m) do \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb cung c\u1ea5p v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c cho m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i hy v\u1ecdng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve, 1954 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec \"tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o\" trong khi \"Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m h\u1ee9a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u, giao \u00edt\"."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f2i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Minh c\u0169 c\u00f2n \u1edf l\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ra c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u0169 trang, b\u00e1n v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t. T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa 1957, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt du k\u00edch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Mao - Gi\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o M\u1ef9. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tuy c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng h\u1ed1 s\u00e2u ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c chia l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Minh t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam chia cho c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o, nay l\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 c\u0169. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 tham gia \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, uy t\u00edn c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m v\u00e0 Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i ra th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc khi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec1u gia \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n ly, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh. Do v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Sau khi H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng 15 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1959 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n. Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n can thi\u1ec7p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n Nam, trong khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. T\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "D\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch T\u00f4n \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Lenin v\u1ec1 li\u00ean minh 4 giai c\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mi\u1ec1n Nam, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u1ea7n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau; m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang; M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ph\u1ed3n vinh. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Minh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn m\u1edbi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p, t\u1eeb \u1ee7y ban trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf c\u1ea5p l\u00e0ng; ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ."}
+{"text": "Theo Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i III c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i tr\u00ean b\u00e1o Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n khi \u0111\u00f3 \"nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00e0: \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m tay sai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean h\u1ee3p d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, gi\u1eef v\u1eefng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng - Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi... \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n th\u1eafng, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o ta \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u1ea7n ra s\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng binh li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 - Di\u1ec7m l\u1ea5y li\u00ean minh c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111a s\u1ed1, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 - Di\u1ec7m. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n sinh, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, tranh th\u1ee7 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tranh th\u1ee7, trung l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i trung l\u1eadp, thu h\u00fat \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0o phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh chung ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 - Di\u1ec7m nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng n\u00eau r\u00f5: \"M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam\" (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i)."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc tuy nhi\u00ean c\u1ea3 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u00eam Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. \u0110\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn. Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c Mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 X\u1ee9 \u1ee7y Nam K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong Nam (do Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c t\u1eadp k\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00ean l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf l\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam). Do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m, Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng khai nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m. Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn (v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y), v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn (Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi) \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u00e1ng 11 v\u00e0 12 n\u0103m 1960, B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 Ban B\u00ed th\u01b0 g\u1eedi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n cho X\u1ee9 \u1ee7y Nam B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Li\u00ean khu \u1ee7y khu V b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, bao g\u1ed3m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng (\u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb S\u1ed1 17-NB ng\u00e0y 11-11-1960, \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb S\u1ed1 20-NB ng\u00e0y 12-11-1960, \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ban B\u00ed th\u01b0 S\u1ed1 34/NB ng\u00e0y 16-11-1960, \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ban B\u00ed th\u01b0 S\u1ed1 35/NB ng\u00e0y 20-11-1960, \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ban B\u00ed th\u01b0 S\u1ed1 40/NB ng\u00e0y 24-11-1960, \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ban B\u00ed th\u01b0 s\u1ed1 49/NB ng\u00e0y 3-12-1960 v.v.). Trong \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ban B\u00ed th\u01b0 ng\u00e0y 24-11-1960, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u00fat l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p, sau khi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh, \"Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi X\u1ee9 \u1ee7y Nam B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3n b\u1ed1t v\u00e0 t\u1ec1, ta s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y danh ngh\u0129a \u1ee6y ban M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn an ninh tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, ta v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n hai m\u1eb7t. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay.\""}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1960 t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 T\u00e2n L\u1eadp, huy\u1ec7n Ch\u00e2u Th\u00e0nh (nay l\u00e0 T\u00e2n Bi\u00ean) trong v\u00f9ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf t\u1ec9nh T\u00e2y Ninh, v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 V\u00f5 Ch\u00ed C\u00f4ng, Ph\u00f9ng V\u0103n Cung, Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ea5n Ph\u00e1t. Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ea5n Ph\u00e1t gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Ph\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ki\u00eam T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd \u1ee6y ban Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a trong th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, ch\u1ec9 hoan ngh\u00eanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, trong khi \u1ee6y ban TW M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f4ng khai \"\u0110\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 -Di\u1ec7m, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n Nam\" (L\u00fac n\u00e0y, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u1eabn g\u1eedi \u0111i\u1ec7n cho \u1ee6y ban qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111i\u1ec1u 14(c) Hi\u1ec7p ngh\u1ecb Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1)."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb khi ra \u0111\u1eddi, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi \"M\u1ef9 Di\u1ec7m\". V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ri\u00eang. Ph\u00eda M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u00e1c b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 15-12-1961 (m\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t T\u1ebft T\u00e2n S\u1eedu), t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng T\u00e2y Ninh, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 k\u1ebft n\u1ea1p L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f5 trang gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. T\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c m\u00edt-tinh n\u00e0y, Ban t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111o\u00e0n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch (c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e2m th\u1eddi c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn) g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u1ecb: B\u00e1c s\u0129 Ph\u00f9ng V\u0103n Cung thay m\u1eb7t gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c S\u00e0i G\u00f2n; \u00d4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Linh thay m\u1eb7t \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam; \u00d4ng Ung Ng\u1ecdc Ky thay m\u1eb7t \u0110\u1ea3ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam; \u00d4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Hi\u1ebfu thay m\u1eb7t \u0110\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam; \u00d4ng L\u00ea Thanh thay m\u1eb7t L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee6y ban Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Th\u1ecd (1961)."}
+{"text": "Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn: \"T\u1eeb khi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ta \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng cho \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 1945, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 Nh\u1eadt - Ph\u00e1p gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 anh d\u0169ng kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn 9 n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p M\u1ef9, \u0111\u01b0a cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn oanh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u1ebb vang.T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Gi\u01a1 ne v\u01a1 th\u00e1ng 7-1954, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i cam k\u1ebft r\u00fat qu\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tham d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecdng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam... V\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng cho nh\u1eefng nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, thu\u1eadn theo tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra \u0111\u1eddi.M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n tay sai c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n sinh, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh trung l\u1eadp \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c...V\u00ec h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, v\u00ec v\u1eadn m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ta v\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u ta. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean !T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e3y \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i! H\u00e3y xi\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng ng\u0169, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u00e0n \u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 tay sai Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee9u nh\u00e0. Ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eafng, v\u00ec l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch, v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta, v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay \u0111ang tan r\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1edbi di\u1ec7t vong. Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, phong tr\u00e0o ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i m\u1edbi"}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 tay sai c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i! S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng! H\u00e3y \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u anh d\u0169ng ! Ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i huy ho\u00e0ng cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta, cho T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c ta.\""}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 1-11-1964, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 2. C\u00f3 150 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u tham d\u1ef1. \u0110o\u00e0n Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u g\u1ed3m c\u00f3: Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch: Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Th\u1ecd - \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch: Abil Aleo - \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tin L\u00e0nh y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00ca\u0111\u00ea, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Phong tr\u00e0o t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, Ph\u00f9ng V\u0103n Cung - \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, V\u00f5 Ch\u00ed C\u00f4ng - ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng VN, Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ea5n Ph\u00e1t - T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, Th\u00edch Th\u01a1m M\u00ea Th\u1ebf Nh\u00eam - \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc (m\u1ea5t 1966), Tr\u1ea7n Nam Trung - \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n Qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam. C\u00e1c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean: Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb \u0110\u1ecbnh, Tr\u1ea7n B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng, Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n H\u00e0o, Tr\u1ea7n B\u1eedu Ki\u1ebfm, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Ng\u1ee3i, Phan Xu\u00e2n Th\u00e1i (Phan V\u0103n \u0110\u00e1ng), Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Th\u1ebf, \u0110\u1eb7ng Tr\u1ea7n Thi. Ban Th\u01b0 k\u00fd: Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ea5n Ph\u00e1t (TTK), L\u00ea V\u0103n Hu\u00e2n, H\u1ed3 Thu, Ung Ng\u1ecdc K\u1ef3, H\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n S\u01a1n (ph\u00f3 TTK) . Sau \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Hi\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i tham gia \u0110o\u00e0n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 8-1-1967, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn h\u1ecdp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh m\u1edbi, k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng 10 \u0111i\u1ec3m. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb1m thu h\u00fat l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tham gia \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9, l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, trung l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 6 \u0111\u1ebfn 8 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1969, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00e0 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam do Tr\u1ecbnh \u0110\u00ecnh Th\u1ea3o l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi do ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ea5n Ph\u00e1t l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 do lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Th\u1ecd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng, song th\u1ef1c ra c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. Ngay sau khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 Ba \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam. Ngay trong th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1969 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 23 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 21 n\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao. T\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1975, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 50 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a) c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng Tr\u1ea7n Nam Trung, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ban Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng khai l\u00e0 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c, Th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng \u0110\u1ed3ng V\u0103n C\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng khai l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c Mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u1ee7a Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, trong khi Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n C\u00fac (T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, tham gia th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7) tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng khai l\u00e0 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng khai l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c Mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1969 v\u1ec1 \"\u1ee6y ban qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Mi\u1ec1n Nam\", m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng khai l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c)"}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang, l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1976 t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, b\u1ea7u ra 492 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1976, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp phi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u00f4ng qua qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3, qu\u1ed1c huy, qu\u1ed1c ca, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, b\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ec3 ra \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "\u1ede c\u1ea5p trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, \u1ee6y ban Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea7u ra \u0110o\u00e0n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t, gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c Ban chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, hay c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn. C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ban th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 Ban Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng sau n\u00e0y n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh. Qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham gia M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u00f4ng khai l\u00e0 do B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng V\u0169 trang Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea3ng, qu\u00e2n \u1ee7y l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 theo ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1ea7u 1969 c\u00f3 750.000 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 300.000 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u00e2n s\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "\u1ee6y ban M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf 4 c\u1ea5p: c\u1ea5p mi\u1ec1n, c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh, c\u1ea5p huy\u1ec7n, c\u1ea5p x\u00e3. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1960-1967, \u1ee6y ban M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf c\u1ea5p m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1968 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean-Hu\u1ebf, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n-Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn-Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng... th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00ec \u1ee6y ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Sau khi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n."}
+{"text": "Trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tham gia M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 t\u00ean c\u00f4ng khai l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam (tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u00e1ch t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng) c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, \"linh h\u1ed3n\" M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn. Trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f4ng khai quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n h\u1eefu v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0ng sau chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, do Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, Khu \u1ee7y Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean (sau khi t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi Khu V, tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng), Khu \u1ee7y Khu V (sau khi t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c mi\u1ec1n Nam, tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng), Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee5c mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Khu \u1ee7y tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c (\u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n B2 c\u1ef1c nam Nam Trung B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean tr\u1edf v\u00e0o, sau khi t\u00e1ch Khu V v\u1ec1 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng) l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1eadp k\u1ebft t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 do Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve (1954) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 18/1/1962 tr\u00ean s\u00f3ng \u0110\u00e0i Ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i Vi\u1ec7t Nam tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 1/1/1962, l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 phong ki\u1ebfn. Tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx - Lenin t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu \u1ee7y l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea3ng do Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 ra. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 b\u00ed th\u01b0 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 V\u00f5 Ch\u00ed C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u0103m 1944, do Tr\u1ea7n B\u1eedu Ki\u1ebfm, Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ea5n Ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1961 do Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, c\u00f2n \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam lu\u00f4n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng khai r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, l\u00e0 ti\u00ean phong l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam th\u00f4ng qua B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t nam, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, mang l\u1ea1i h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng khai c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n tham gia Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c Mi\u1ec1n Nam, l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Geneve kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb). Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Trong \u0110i\u1ebfu v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam do T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 L\u00ea Du\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 truy \u0111i\u1ec7u H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1eabn kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam. Theo \u0110\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam, th\u00e1ng 8/1956, \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \"Phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t trong ba nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f9ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung l\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc\" hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 chung m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng."}
+{"text": "Theo nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tin t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o, gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. H\u1ecd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 ra chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u1eabn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u00eda M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1959 do Vi\u1ec7t Minh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1959."}
+{"text": "Theo X\u00e3 lu\u1eadn b\u00e1o Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ng\u00e0y 3 Th\u00e1ng Hai 1968 nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn vi\u1ebft \"Mi\u1ec1n Nam, ti\u1ec1n tuy\u1ebfn, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\", \"nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng l\u1eebng l\u1eaby c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 mi\u1ec1n Nam s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1n s\u1eed v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ta v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ta\" v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \"ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n to l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 to\u00e0n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1eb7c M\u1ef9 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0...\" cho th\u1ea5y M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam."}
+{"text": "Theo nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n tranh th\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \"Phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam\", m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh Cao \u0110\u00e0i, H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o, B\u00ecnh Xuy\u00ean, t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ea1y tho\u00e1t, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (1957). M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \"H\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam-Campuchia\", m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \"H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 H\u00f2a H\u1ee3p d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.\" Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham gia v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednhq quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n."}
+{"text": "Theo nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1959, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u1ecb gi\u1eb1ng x\u00e9 gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u00e2n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \"c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\", v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho cho b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n cho d\u00f9 Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Vi\u1ec7t Nam ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p k\u00eau g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, c\u01b0 x\u1eed kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u00edch v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eeb 1959, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn tranh Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc lu\u00f4n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 chi vi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i - ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn. Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam lu\u00f4n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0169 trang do c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb t\u1eeb trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "Philippe Devillers, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i hay kh\u00f4ng, b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, b\u1ecb b\u1ecf t\u00f9 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n. \u00d4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Nambo Veterans of the Resistance Association, th\u00e1ng 3/1960, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \"\u0111\u1ea5u tranh\" \u0111\u1ec3 \"gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng M\u1ef9, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 M\u1ef9...\" v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \"ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i ph\u00e1t x\u00edt c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Ng\u00f4\". \u00d4ng c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \"ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng\". Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3, trong s\u00e1ch tr\u1eafng v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 1961 v\u00e0 1965, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \"x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c\" c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft (Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Geneve quy \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia), t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0. \u0110\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1960, khi Hoa K\u1ef3 s\u1ebd cam k\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Di\u1ec7m trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam chia chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng mi\u1ec1n Nam th\u00e0nh 5 khu v\u1ef1c B-5 - Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb (gi\u00e1p v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 17), B4- B\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean - Hu\u1ebf, B3 - T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, B1 - Qu\u00e2n khu 5, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng - \u0110\u00e0 (nay thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh, Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a), B2 - Nam B\u1ed9 (t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c Nam c\u1ee7a Nam Trung b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0o - t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ee9c, Tuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Ninh Thu\u1eadn, g\u1ed3m Khu VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n - Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh), c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ranh gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia theo th\u1eddi gian. B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng V\u0169 trang Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ch\u1ec9 huy to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n Nam. B\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c khu Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean, Khu V v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c, Khu \u1ee7y Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean v\u00e0 Khu \u1ee7y Khu V (\u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n Khu V v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1) nh\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c mi\u1ec1n Nam. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i Khu, Khu \u1ee7y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n Khu. Ban Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p."}
+{"text": "Theo nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang t\u1ea1i Nam B\u1ed9 (B2). Tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a, Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. Theo nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c Mi\u1ec1n Nam, m\u00e0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam khi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c, Qu\u00e2n \u1ee7y v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh Mi\u1ec1n."}
+{"text": "Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, Qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c ph\u00eda c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n B2. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang do Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Qu\u00e2n \u1ee7y Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Khu \u1ee7y v\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n \u1ee7y t\u1eebng qu\u00e2n khu hay Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee5c Mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n \u1ee7y Mi\u1ec1n, Khu. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u do Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f4n vinh H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0m l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5, d\u00f9 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n h\u01a1n c\u00e1c tin t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ef1u trung, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, n\u00e2ng cao v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong thu h\u00fat l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tranh th\u1ee7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean b\u00e0n \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n, tr\u00e1nh mang ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \"x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c\"... n\u00ean c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea3ng, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i,... Sau 30/4/1975 m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ri\u00eang M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00ec s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a sau c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb hi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u1edf Mi\u1ec1n Nam giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, m\u00e0 do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng 15 v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho ph\u00eda c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u khi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ch\u1ec9 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, nh\u01b0ng sau th\u00ec M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p phong tr\u00e0o C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u0169 trang b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c chi vi\u1ec7n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Tuy nhi\u00ean ngo\u00e0i tham gia gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, t\u1ea1o uy th\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, nh\u1eb1m thu h\u00fat th\u00eam qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a k\u1ebb th\u00f9, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00eam s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i phe x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ecd l\u00fac th\u00ec kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn l\u00e0 do Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \"Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c\", nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u khi h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n khai th\u00e1c s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tham gia M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u00f9ng v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn nh\u1eb1m l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb phi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. Sau 30/4/1975, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hai ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ri\u00eang v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea3 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi. Trong th\u1eddi gian c\u00f2n chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh b\u00ed m\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f4i khi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi c\u00f3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng. Do Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 khi \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 \u1edf t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Ninh hay Campuchia, hay Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, hay ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u1edf ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb t\u1eeb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay th\u00f4ng qua Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c Mi\u1ec1n Nam. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng khai hay b\u00ed m\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng li\u00ean quan c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c. V\u00ec c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho Mi\u1ec1n Nam ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o thu\u1ed9c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00eda c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc nh\u01b0 sau n\u00e0y th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n Nam, nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee7y vi\u00ean B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c trong Nam, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tham gia Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c Mi\u1ec1n Nam. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i \u0110\u1ea3ng hay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 (sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai), nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i v\u00ec M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u00ed m\u1eadt t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc x\u00e1c l\u1eadp trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng khai l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u00f4ng khai l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng), sau n\u00e0y m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng khai, nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tranh th\u1ee7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u1edf \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c hay tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, hay t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o,... \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Minh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean trong M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng danh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c hay c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00ecn chung t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1u do \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 sau n\u00e0y th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tin t\u1ee9c b\u00f3p m\u00e9o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chia r\u1ebd n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng khai th\u00e1c th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01a1 s\u1edf, nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n hay hai qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nhau hay m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a k\u1ebb th\u00f9, \"\u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng\" v\u00e0 tranh th\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng. C\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn th\u00ec M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u00e0ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh qua c\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, hay c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Lenin, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh,..."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 khi ph\u00e2n chia Qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng (v\u1edbi Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf B2 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy, v\u00ec t\u1eeb B2 tr\u1edf v\u00e0o l\u00e0 do B\u1ed9 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang mi\u1ec1n Nam ch\u1ec9 huy - l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 huy Qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng khai khi Qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, B2 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n xa, Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ban ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u00ean thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c Mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c v\u1eabn ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng. C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n do Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o. T\u1ea1i B2 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u1edf Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u00ec B2 c\u00f3 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c, Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 B\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh, th\u00ec B2 c\u00f3 B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh Mi\u1ec1n, Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u1ee7y Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec B2 c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u1ee7y Mi\u1ec1n... d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1eefa m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c Khu hay qu\u00e2n khu."}
+{"text": "Theo nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc v\u00e0o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean cao, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n chu \u0111\u00e1o. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u g\u1ea7n t\u1ec9nh nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef, d\u00f9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. Du k\u00edch h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, tham gia x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00ed t\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbch... ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn. \u0110\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed5 sung nh\u01b0ng \u00edt c\u00f3 ho\u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c lu\u00f4n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m tinh nhu\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t. L\u00ednh mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc khi v\u00e0o Nam v\u1eabn gi\u1eef ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9n v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n Qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc di chuy\u1ec3n s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam c\u1ea7n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1edbi Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng khai t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ec1u do B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng V\u0169 trang Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng thu\u1ed9c M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 huy. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u0169ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chia r\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, v\u00ec qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng du k\u00edch t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng khi Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ea3 hai mi\u1ec1n, th\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n l\u00ednh M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Theo nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, trong khi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ng\u1ee5y trang t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng, c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1u trung h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Theo ph\u00eda Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \"tuy hai m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, tuy m\u1ed9t m\u00e0 hai\" c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay th\u00e0nh hai qu\u1ed1c gia ri\u00eang m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft th\u00e0nh hai v\u00f9ng t\u1eadp k\u1ebft qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u00ean chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai mi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn lu\u00f4n cho r\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y th\u00ec Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1i hay d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb 1945, v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebb th\u00f9 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, hay d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, hay c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Lenin r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Nga."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi ph\u00eda ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 do ai l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u00e0 theo h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, \u0111\u00f2i thi h\u00e0nh d\u00e2n sinh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c do h\u1ecd \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \"H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 H\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\" \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n hay Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Minh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \"chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n\", \"qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u00f3a\", \"t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a\", nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u00f4n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, v\u00ec trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx-Lenin l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t. Ngo\u00e0i ra do c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n tin kh\u00e1c nhau h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn."}
+{"text": "M\u1ef9 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa 1962, mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 2.500 l\u00e0ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 85% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 20% s\u1ed1 l\u00e0ng, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 9% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng n\u00e0y bao ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kho\u1ea3ng 47% d\u00e2n c\u01b0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 33% s\u1ed1 l\u00e0ng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u00f9ng ven c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, th\u1ecb x\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac h\u01a1n d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh. Trong 47% v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 44% d\u00e2n c\u01b0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh n\u0103m 1963), t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1965, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 50% v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb 1954, nh\u01b0ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1959. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gevene (1954) v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris (1973) \u0111\u1ec1u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi t\u1ea1i v\u1ef9 tuy\u1ebfn 17 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf v\u1ef9 tuy\u1ebfn 17. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed n\u0103m 1946 tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1954-1975, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n coi l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau n\u0103m 1954, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Sau khi H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Paris \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u00e0 coi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1954-1959, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve, \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Do l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1959, sau khi th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u1ea7m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf Mi\u1ec1n Nam th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chia c\u1eaft v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p to\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1946 v\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 1946 m\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 1959 l\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba."}
+{"text": "Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3a I k\u1ef3 11 ng\u00e0y 31-12-1959 (khi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1946 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch) - khi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn xem l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t - kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \"N\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho \u00fd ch\u00ed tranh \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ea3 hai mi\u1ec1n Nam - B\u1eafc\". Nh\u1eefng ghi nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd tr\u00ean to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, mi\u1ec1n Nam ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1959 c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 1980 v\u00e0 1992 sau n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u1ebfn 1960 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u1eabn c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i (kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea5u tranh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i III \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng)."}
+{"text": "Sau \u0110\u1ed3ng kh\u1edfi, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng do \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u1edf Mi\u1ec1n Nam h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u0169 kh\u00ed, qu\u00e2n trang, qu\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, binh s\u0129 v\u00e0o Nam chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Trong khi M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc vi ph\u1ea1m Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn l\u1ea5y danh ngh\u0129a gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn l\u1ea5y danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1945 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, nh\u01b0ng mi\u1ec1n Nam ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam - t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u1edbi Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng khi l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Mi\u1ec1n Nam nh\u01b0 sau n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra khi v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a (khi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5). Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn (\u0111i\u1ec3m IX):"}
+{"text": "Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc hai mi\u1ec1n c\u00f9ng nhau th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f9ng nhau b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, cho T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong khi n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 ch\u01b0a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 hai mi\u1ec1n c\u00f9ng nhau th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cam k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n chia r\u1ebd d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng binh l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trao \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf v\u0103n ho\u00e1 gi\u1eefa hai mi\u1ec1n. Cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n hai mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng, t\u1ef1 do g\u1eedi th\u01b0 t\u1eeb cho nhau."}
+{"text": "Sau khi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u00f4ng khai kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean bang, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p, theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 1 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ri\u00eang). H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh trong tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Daily Worker n\u0103m 1965 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1ed7i mi\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Sau n\u00e0y C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00ec Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c xem C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf Mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. Tuy v\u1eady C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t quan h\u1ec7 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 hay quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean bang. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t hai nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u00f4n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 hai ph\u00eda v\u00e0 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ninh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u00fd ch\u00ed n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i v\u1eabn th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tuy nhi\u00ean sau n\u00e0y th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam. L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3i chung \u0111a s\u1ed1 v\u1eabn th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 hai ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u1edf hai mi\u1ec1n theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean bang ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Mi\u1ec1n Nam. Do l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 Mi\u1ec1n Nam ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u00ean h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \"gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\", v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \"kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn\" \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn hai mi\u1ec1n nam - b\u1eafc v\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do, to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 ph\u00eda M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. N\u0103m 1955 v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1960 Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc cho th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c khu t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u00f4i k\u00e9o ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng (khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p trao cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1). Ph\u00eda M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi c\u0169ng cho th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u1ee6y ban t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn v\u00f9ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, trong th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u01b0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 khu t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. Tuy nhi\u00ean sau 1975 th\u00ec do v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Khmer \u0110\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 an ninh... n\u00ean c\u00e1c khu t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, \u1ee7y ban t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u1eabn mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n, quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf trung \u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng khai c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c danh do hi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ra (c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn hay ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p), hay ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0110\u1ea3ng (c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng) trong M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng (B\u1ed9 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang,...), nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris k\u00fd k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng khai c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c danh hay c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh (nh\u01b0 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng hay B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay trong Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i,...) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 chi vi\u1ec7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u1eed c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy Qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng chi ph\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn do s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham gia quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u00ed m\u1eadt trong th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Th\u1ecd g\u1eedi Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch BCHTU \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y 26-12-1967, c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n \"Qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng \"b\u1ea3y tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Qu\u1ed1c bao la l\u00e0 h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam\", r\u1eb1ng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ch\u00ed t\u00ecnh, to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa anh em\""}
+{"text": "Theo \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a William Colby, c\u1ef1u gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c CIA v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 huy Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ho\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u0111i l\u00fd l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia h\u01a1n, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt mi\u1ec1n Nam m\u00e0 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tung ra nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Minh th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Quy\u1ec1n chi ph\u1ed1i M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u1edbi v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc phi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "\u00d4ng L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u1ea3o, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean \u2013 Hu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i Ph\u00f3ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam trong th\u1eddi t\u1ed5ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng T\u1ebft M\u1eadu th\u00e2n: \"... Khi l\u00ean tr\u00ean n\u00fai, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft ngay M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i Ph\u00f3ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1eefu danh v\u00f4 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n th\u00f4i, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 do H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o. M\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea5u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2u.\" Theo RFA, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Tri\u1ebft Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1975 xem l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111i k\u00e8m nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \"Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng sau n\u0103m 1975 th\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 con b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc th\u00f4i. R\u1ed3i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd r\u00fat ra, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u1ea3. T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd sai l\u1ea7m, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i ra, th\u1ebf th\u00f4i, r\u1ed3i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 tan bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3\".."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ea3 hai mi\u1ec1n, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. S\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t khi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, v\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n-d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1-n\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7c M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bao b\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t cao vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn trong vi\u1ec7c thu h\u00fat m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111i theo c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, nh\u00e2n s\u0129, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a: \"Trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c to l\u1edbn. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng khai, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc; c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn l\u00e0 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c sau khi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ra \u0111\u1eddi, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i\""}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Parthia hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Arsaces (247 TCN \u2013 224 CN) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Iran \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1eddm c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y do vua Arsaces I s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Arsaces c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Parthia (\u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i \u1edf t\u00e2y b\u1ed9 Khurasan, thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc Iran). Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t satrap (t\u1ec9nh) trong cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Seleukos. Mithridates I c\u1ee7a Parthia (cai tr\u1ecb: 171-138 TCN) \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y Media (thu\u1ed9c ph\u00eda T\u00e2y B\u1eafc Iran) v\u00e0 L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Seleukos. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ec9nh cao, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Parthia tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Euphrates, nay l\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, t\u1edbi ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Iran. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u00e1n ng\u1eef tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 Seleukos c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 diadochi (s\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Macedonia - Hy L\u1ea1p) kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Parthia, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c diadochi, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Iran, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd y\u00eau th\u00edch n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 philhellenes (b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p) tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ban h\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 huy hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e0ng gia c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Ba T\u01b0, Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a khu v\u1ef1c. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Arsaces \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Iran. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 vua tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Arsaces \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \"Vua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua\", nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Achaemenes (tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba T\u01b0 (nay thu\u1ed9c Iran) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed), h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c, hay l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Iran, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c satrap n\u00e0y nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00edt m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Achaemenes. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Arsaces, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Nisa, Turkmenistan t\u1edbi Ctesiphon d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Tigris (ph\u00eda nam Baghdad, Iraq), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Parthia l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Seleukos \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scythia \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec Parthia m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, h\u1ecd b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Armenia, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3. La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Parthia \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nhau nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua c\u1ee7a Armenia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Marcus Licinius Crassus trong tr\u1eadn Carrhae v\u00e0o n\u0103m 53 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 trong n\u0103m 40-39 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Parthia \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng - ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb T\u00fdros - t\u1eeb tay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Parthia, tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 khi \u00f4ng ta v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ventidius. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh La M\u00e3-Parthia di\u1ec5n ra sau \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Seleucia v\u00e0 Ctesiphon nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Tuy v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c tranh gi\u00e0nh ngai v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Parthia l\u1ea1i t\u1ecf ra nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Parthia bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t khi Ardashir I, vua ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Estakhr \u1edf Fars, n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Arsaces v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft v\u1ecb vua cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Artabanus IV, trong n\u0103m 224 SCN. Ardashir \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Sassanid, cai tr\u1ecb Iran v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00f9ng C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Arsaces v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Arsaces c\u1ee7a Armenia, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Arsaces c\u1ee7a Iberia, v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Arsaces c\u1ee7a Caucasian Albania; T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Arsaces \u1edf Parthia."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c v\u0103n t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Parthia, ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c, l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u0103n t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Achaemenid v\u00e0 Sassanid. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh n\u00eam c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 Ostracon, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1, ti\u1ec1n xu drachma, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ghi ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y da, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Parthia ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n trong c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, th\u00f4ng qua mong mu\u1ed1n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hung N\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Arsaces I c\u1ee7a Parthia s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 Arsaces, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parni, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Iran \u1edf Trung \u00c1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c du m\u1ee5c trong li\u00ean minh Dahae. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parni r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1edf mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Iran, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u00e2y b\u1eafc Iran c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u1edf Parthia. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Achaemenes, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Seleukos. Sau khi chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parni ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ti\u1ebfng Parthia l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, n\u00f3i n\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Trung Ba T\u01b0, ti\u1ebfng Aramaic, Hy L\u1ea1p, Babylon, Sogdia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c trong v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd chinh ph\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "L\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Arsaces \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn n\u0103m 247 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Arsaces l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. A.D.H. Bivar k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u0103m v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Seleukos \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Parthia c\u1ee7a v\u1ec1 tay Andragoras, v\u1ecb ph\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd. Do \u0111\u00f3, Arsaces I \u0111\u00e3 \"t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian thu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\" t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y khi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Seleukos v\u1edbi Parthia \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 n\u0103m Arsaces \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n l\u00ean l\u00e0m t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Parni. Homa Katouzian v\u00e0 Gene Ralph Garthwaite l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m Arsaces chinh ph\u1ee5c Parthia v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Seleukos, nh\u01b0ng Curtis, v\u00e0 Maria Brosius l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng Andragoras \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1edfi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Arsaces cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 238 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Arsaces I sau \u0111\u00f3, Bivar v\u00e0 Katouzian kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 em trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Tiridates I c\u1ee7a Parthia, \u00f4ng ta sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf v\u1ecb b\u1edfi con trai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Arsaces II c\u1ee7a Parthia v\u00e0o n\u0103m 211 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Curtis v\u00e0 Brosius cho r\u1eb1ng Arsaces II l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Arsaces I, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 Curtis tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 211 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 Brosius cho l\u00e0 trong n\u0103m 217 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Bivar kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng n\u0103m 138 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Mithridates I, l\u00e0 \"ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Parthia.\" Do nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c, Bivar \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra hai bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed ho\u00e0ng gia kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Parthia c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i Achaemenes. Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n xu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb vua c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Achaemenes l\u1eabn Parthia \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1eafc m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh di truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 U s\u1ee3i th\u1ea7n kinh (Neurofibromatosis)."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, Arsaces \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf Parthia v\u00e0 Hyrcania b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Seleukos ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u1edf v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o Ptolemaios III Euergetes (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 246-222 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Ptolemaios, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Syria l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba (246-241 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p Diodotos I n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Hy L\u1ea1p-Bactria \u1edf Trung \u00c1. V\u1ecb vua k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3, Diodotus II, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Arsaces nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Seleukos, nh\u01b0ng Arsaces \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi Parthia b\u1edfi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Seleucus II Callinicus (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 246-225 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean). Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c du m\u1ee5c Apasiacae, Arsaces \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i Parthia. V\u1ecb vua k\u1ebf v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Seleukos II, Antiochus III \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf (cai tr\u1ecb: 222-187 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1eadp t\u1eaft cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Molon \u1edf Media."}
+{"text": "Antiochos III sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i Parthia v\u00e0 Bactria trong n\u0103m 210 ho\u1eb7c 209 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Arsaces II. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho Antiochus danh hi\u1ec7u basileos. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Seleukos \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Parthia sau khi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i h\u1ecd trong tr\u1eadn Magnesia v\u00e0o n\u0103m 190 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Phriapatius c\u1ee7a Parthia (cai tr\u1ecb: kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 191-176 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Arsaces II, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Phraates I c\u1ee7a Parthia (cai tr\u1ecb: 176-171 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean). Phraates I cai tr\u1ecb Parthia m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p th\u00eam b\u1edfi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Seleukos."}
+{"text": "Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Parthia v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Hy L\u1ea1p-Bactria tr\u1edf n\u00ean x\u1ea5u \u0111i sau khi Diodotus II b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, khi \u0111\u00f3 Mithridates x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm hai t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y, khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vua Eucratides I (cai tr\u1ecb: 170-145 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean). Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 Mithridates chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Seleukos, \u00f4ng xua qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ee9 Media v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh Ecbatana trong n\u0103m 148 ho\u1eb7c 147 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean; khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh sau khi nh\u00e0 Seleukos \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n do Timarchus d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u. Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh Babylon \u1edf v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 141 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Mithridates \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n xu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac t\u1ea1i Seleucia, c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Seleukos. Trong khi Mithridates quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 an d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ea1i Hyrcania, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Elymais v\u00e0 Characene, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh Susa. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi n\u00e0y, Parthia c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1edbi t\u1eadn s\u00f4ng Indus."}
+{"text": "Trong khi Hecatompylos \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Parthia, Mithridates \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng cung t\u1ea1i Seleucia, Ecbatana, Ctesiphon v\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Mithradatkert (Nisa, Turkmenistan), \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua Arsaces \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec. Ecbatana tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 ch\u00ednh d\u00e0nh cho ho\u00e0ng gia Arsaces. Ctesiphon \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kinh \u0111\u00f4 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Gotarzes I c\u1ee7a Parthia (cai tr\u1ecb: 90-80 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean). N\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Arsaces, theo Brosius."}
+{"text": "V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Seleukos \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edbng Diodotus Tryphon \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i kinh \u0111\u00f4 Antioch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 142 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1edbi n\u0103m 140 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Demetrius II Nicator \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia \u1edf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Seleukos \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Demetrios b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia b\u1eaft l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Hyrcania. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 Mithridates \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1eed t\u1ebf v\u1edbi t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; Demetrios th\u1eadm ch\u00ed k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Rhodogune c\u1ee7a Parthia."}
+{"text": "Antiochus VII Sidetes (cai tr\u1ecb:138-129 TCN), em trai c\u1ee7a Demetrios, l\u00ean ng\u00f4i vua Seleukos v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Cleopatra Thea. Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Diodotus Tryphon, Antiochos kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 130 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Phraates II c\u1ee7a Parthia (cai tr\u1ecb: 138-128 TCN). t\u01b0\u1edbng Indates c\u1ee7a Parthia \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea1i Zab, theo sau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia c\u1ee7a Babylon \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft. Antiochos chinh ph\u1ee5c Babylon v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm Susa, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fac nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Sau khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Media, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7u h\u00f2a, tuy nhi\u00ean Antiochos \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u1eeb khi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Arsaces ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u1eeb Parthia, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, v\u00e0 th\u1ea3 ngay Demetrios \u0111ang b\u1ecb giam c\u1ea7m. Nh\u00e0 Arsaces th\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do cho Demetrios v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1ebfn Syria, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c. M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 129 TCN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Medes ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Antiochos, v\u00ec qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. Trong khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng d\u1eadp t\u1eaft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft Antiochos trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn. Thi h\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Syria trong m\u1ed9t quan t\u00e0i l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c; ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai t\u00ean Seleukos c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con tim t\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Parthia v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o h\u1eadu cung c\u1ee7a Phraates."}
+{"text": "Trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 177-176 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi du m\u1ee5c Hung N\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi du m\u1ee5c Nguy\u1ec7t Chi kh\u1ecfi qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Cam T\u00fac \u1edf t\u00e2y b\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec7t Chi sau \u0111\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0o Bactria v\u00e0 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Saka (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scythia). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Saka \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, v\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Parthia. V\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf Mithridates \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Hyrcania sau cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh"}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Saka \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Phraates ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Antiochos. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. Khi Phraates t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Saka sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 khi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng d\u1eadp t\u1eaft cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u binh Seleukos, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e0o ng\u0169 kh\u1ecfi Phraates v\u00e0 gia nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Saka. Phraates II ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i li\u00ean qu\u00e2n n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eed tr\u1eadn sau \u0111\u00f3. S\u1eed gia La M\u00e3, Justin ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb vua k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Artabanus I c\u1ee7a Parthia (cai tr\u1ecb: 128-124 TCN) c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi du m\u1ee5c \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng ta tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng Artabanus \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tochigi s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec7t Chi), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Bivar tin r\u1eb1ng Justinus coi h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Saka. Mithridates II c\u1ee7a Parthia (cai tr\u1ecb: 124-90 TCN) sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Saka \u1edf Sistan."}
+{"text": "Sau khi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Seleukos r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Parthia c\u1ee7a Babylon, Himerus, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Arsaces ph\u1ea3i chinh ph\u1ee5c Characene, m\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi Hyspaosines t\u1eeb Charax Spasinu. Khi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, Hyspaosines x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Babylon v\u00e0o n\u0103m 127 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm Seleucia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u0103m 122 TCN, Mithridates II \u0111a bu\u1ed9c Hyspaosines ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Babylon v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Characene th\u00e0nh ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Parthia. Sau khi Mithridates m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Parthia xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, chi\u1ebfm Dura-Europos v\u00e0o n\u0103m 113 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. \u00d4ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb l\u00f4i k\u00e9o v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Armenia. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 vua Artavasdes I c\u1ee7a Armenia trong n\u0103m 97 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, b\u1eaft l\u00e0m con tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai Tigranes c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Tigranes II \"\u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf\" c\u1ee7a Armenia (cai tr\u1ecb: 95-55 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean)."}
+{"text": "V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1ea4n-Parthia, n\u1eb1m \u1edf Afghanistan, Pakistan, v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Parthia trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Bivar tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng hai qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ngang nhau. Sau khi nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p Apollonius c\u1ee7a Tyana vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Vardanes I c\u1ee7a Parthia (cai tr\u1ecb: 40-47 SCN) trong n\u0103m 42 SCN. Vardanes cung c\u1ea5p cho \u00f4ng ta s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n caravan khi \u00f4ng du h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n-Parthia. Khi Apollonius t\u1edbi Taxila, kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u1ea4n-Parthia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111o\u00e0n caravan \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e1nh ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Vardanes, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong ti\u1ebfng Parthia, cho m\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi Apollonius b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 m\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Sau nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Khi\u00ean t\u1edbi Trung \u00c1 d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y H\u00e1n (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec: 141 - 87 TCN), \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Mithridates II n\u0103m 121 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n T\u00e2y H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi Parthia th\u00f4ng qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i li\u00ean minh Hung N\u00f4 nh\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n. \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Parthia l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a \u00c1 \u00c2u, lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a xa hoa c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 mua Ng\u1ecdc trai c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c, trong khi Trung Qu\u1ed1c mua c\u00e1c gia v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Parthia, n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa, v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 Arsaces t\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n; trong n\u0103m 87, vua Pacorus II c\u1ee7a Parthia \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi t\u1eb7ng s\u01b0 t\u1eed v\u00e0 linh d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ba T\u01b0 cho vua Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ebf nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n (cai tr\u1ecb: 75-88) B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh l\u1ee5a t\u01a1 t\u1eb1m, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a Parthia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia La M\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m s\u1eaft t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, gia v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 da t\u1ed1t. Nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n Caravan du h\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Parthia mang thu\u1ef7 tinh T\u00e2y \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng cao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 t\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb Sogdia, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u00f4ng Iran, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung gian ch\u00ednh trong ng\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1ee5a tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa Parthia v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec7t Chi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Qu\u00fd S\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an ninh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Parthia. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 TCN tr\u1edf \u0111i, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Arsaces t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i La M\u00e3. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau khi Mithridates II chinh ph\u1ee5c Armenia, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c t\u1ec9nh Cilicia c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi Orobazus, s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Parthia \u1edf s\u00f4ng Euphrates. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa Parthia v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Rose Mary Sheldon cho r\u1eb1ng Sulla ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Roma."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfp sau tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Mithridates II, Gotarzes I \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb Babylon, trong khi Orodes I (cai tr\u1ecb 90-80 TCN) cai tr\u1ecb Parthia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Parthia, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p Tigranes II c\u1ee7a Armenia x\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Parthia \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Sanatruces c\u1ee7a Parthia (cai tr\u1ecb: 78-71 TCN). Sau khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Mithridatic l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, Mithridates VI c\u1ee7a Pontus (cai tr\u1ecb: 119-63 TCN), m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a Tigranes II c\u1ee7a Armenia, \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap t\u1eeb Parthia nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng Sanatruces t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. Khi vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 huy La M\u00e3 Lucullus h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi kinh \u0111\u00f4 Tigranocerta c\u1ee7a Armenia trong n\u0103m 69 TCN, Mithridates VI v\u00e0 Tigranes II \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a Phraates III c\u1ee7a Parthia. (cai tr\u1ecb: 71-58). Phraates \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eedi qu\u00e2n c\u1ee9u vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 sau khi Tigranocerta th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi Lucullus r\u1eb1ng Euphrates ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa Parthia v\u00e0 La M\u00e3."}
+{"text": "Tigranes Tr\u1ebb, con trai c\u1ee7a Tigranes II c\u1ee7a Armenia, sau khi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i vua Armenia t\u1eeb cha m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n sang cung \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Phraates III v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u00f4ng ta \u0111em ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh kinh \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Armenia t\u1ea1i Artaxarta. Khi cu\u1ed9c bao v\u00e2y n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, Tigranes Tr\u1ebb m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 Pompey. \u00d4ng ta h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u1edbi Pompeius r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qua Armenia, nh\u01b0ng khi Tigranes II quy ph\u1ee5c La M\u00e3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u, Tigranes tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Roma l\u00e0m con tin Phraates \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Pompey giao l\u1ea1i Tigranes Tr\u1ebb cho \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng Pompeius t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a, Phraates \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o Corduene (\u0111\u00f4ng nam Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3), t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y theo hai m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan La M\u00e3 Lucius Afranius \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia r\u00fat lui b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong hai c\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hay ngo\u1ea1i giao."}
+{"text": "Phraates III \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Orodes II c\u1ee7a Parthia v\u00e0 Mithridates III c\u1ee7a Parthia, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 Orodes quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh Mithridates, bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi Media \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1edbi t\u1ec9nh Syria c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. Aulus Gabinius, t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c t\u1ec9nh Syria c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho Mithridates t\u1edbi t\u1eadn Euphrates, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Ptolemaios XII Auletes (cai tr\u1ecb: 80-58, 55-51 TCN). d\u1eadp t\u1eaft cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 La M\u00e3 d\u00e0nh cho m\u00ecnh, Mithridates \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c chinh ph\u1ee5c Babylon, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n xu \u1edf Seleucia cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 54 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Orodes, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Surena, \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i Seleucia, v\u00e0 Mithridates \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "Marcus Licinius Crassus, m\u1ed9t trong Tam h\u00f9ng, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Syria, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o Parthia trong n\u0103m 53 TCN nh\u1eb1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 mu\u1ed9n m\u00e0ng cho Mithridates. Khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Carrhae (ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Harran, \u0111\u00f4ng nam Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3), Orodes II x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Armenia, chia c\u1eaft s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 Artavasdes II c\u1ee7a Armenia (cai tr\u1ecb: 53-34 TCN). Orodes thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Artavasdes \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Pacorus I c\u1ee7a Parthia (m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 38 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) v\u1edbi em g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Artavasdes."}
+{"text": "Surena, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 k\u1ecb binh, ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 Crassus Surena c\u00f3 1.000 cataphract, trang b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 9.000 k\u1ecb cung \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 kho\u1ea3ng 4-1 so v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Crassus, bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3y qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n tr\u1ee3 chi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m k\u1ecb binh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gaul v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 binh nh\u1eb9. H\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t b\u1eafn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd r\u00fat lui v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 quay ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i cung t\u00ean h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u1eb7ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u00e1c b\u1ed9 binh c\u1ee7a Crassus V\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 20.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. Kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u1ed1n th\u00f3at v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, Crassus b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Armenia. \u1ede v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Surena ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn Crassus, cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 Crassus ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng khi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u0129 quan c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1eaby, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u00f4ng ta khi \u0111i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Surena."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Crassus t\u1ea1i Carrhae l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Parthia \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi La M\u00e3 C\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng s\u0129 quan tu\u1ef3 t\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng t\u00f9 binh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m La M\u00e3 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1, Surena \u0111\u00e3 quay v\u1ec1 Seleucia c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 700 km (430 mi) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n m\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do lo s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng Surena c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 Arsaces, Orodes \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft Surena ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch b\u1edfi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng tr\u01b0\u1edbc Crassus, Parthia \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c1. Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Pacorus I v\u00e0 v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Osaces \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch v\u00e0o Syria xa t\u1edbi t\u1eadn Antioch trong n\u0103m 51 TCN, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i b\u1edfi Gaius Cassius Longinus, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft Osaces. Nh\u00e0 Arsaces \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf c\u00f9ng phe v\u1edbi Pompey trong cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Julius Caesar v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n g\u1eedi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Caesar trong tr\u1eadn Philippi n\u0103m 42 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Quintus Labienus, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Cassius v\u00e0 Brutus, \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf c\u00f9ng phe v\u1edbi Parthia ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tam h\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai trong n\u0103m 40 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 n\u0103m sau \u00f4ng ta x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Syria c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Pacorus I. Tam h\u00f9ng Marcus Antonius \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 huy ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Parthia do \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u00dd, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng ta t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Octavianus v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec hai b\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e0m t\u1ea1i Brundisium Sau khi Syria b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng b\u1edfi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f9a Pacorus, Labienus \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Parthia v\u00e0 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Anatolia trong khi Pacorus c\u00f9ng vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng Barzapharnes c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00f9ng C\u1eadn \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. H\u1ecd chinh ph\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i xa xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam t\u1edbi t\u1eadn Ptolemais (hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 Acre, Israel), v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 T\u00fdros \u1ede Judea, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e2n La M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 t\u1ed1i cao Hyrcanus II, Phasael,v\u00e0 Herod \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Antigonos II Mattathias (cai tr\u1ecb: 40-37 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vua c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Judea trong khi Herod ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n t\u1edbi ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Masada"}
+{"text": "B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i ra kh\u1ecfi C\u1eadn \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. Publius Ventidius Bassus, m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Marcus Antonius \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft Labienus t\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn c\u00e1nh c\u1ed5ng Cilicia (trong t\u1ec9nh Mersin ng\u00e0y nay, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 39 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n Parthia \u1edf Syria d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng Pharnapates \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi Ventidius \u1edf tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e8o Amanus K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, Pacorus I t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Syria. Khi quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 38 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi Ventidius trong tr\u1eadn n\u00fai Gindarus, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Antioch. Pacorus \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eed tr\u1eadn trong tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat lui qua s\u00f4ng Euphrates. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp, trong \u0111\u00f3 Orodes II \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn Phraates IV c\u1ee7a Parthia (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 38-2 TCN) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Sau khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i vua, Phraates IV \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh ngai v\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y anh em c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd, Monaeses b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n sang ch\u1ed7 Antonius v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u00f4ng ta x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Parthia. Antonius \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng minh Judea c\u1ee7a Parthia, Antigonus v\u00e0o n\u0103m 37 TCN, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a Herod l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u thay th\u1ebf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. N\u0103m sau, khi Antonius h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Erzurum, Artavasdes II c\u1ee7a Armenia m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed5i phe b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1eedi th\u00eam qu\u00e2n cho Antonius. Antonius x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Media Atropatene (hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 Azerbaijan),l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a Parthia l\u00e0 Artavasdes I c\u1ee7a Media Atropatene, v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y kinh \u0111\u00f4 Praaspa, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Phraates IV \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch h\u1eadu qu\u00e2n ph\u00eda sau c\u1ee7a Antonius, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 c\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho cu\u1ed9c bao v\u00e2y Praaspa, sau \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, Artavasdes b\u1ecf r\u01a1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Antonius Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia truy \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u00e0 qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Antonius khi h\u1ecd b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn Armenia. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1m t\u00e0n qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Antonius c\u0169ng r\u00fat v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Syria. Sau n\u00e0y, Antonius \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t Artavasdes II v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1eaby v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m t\u00f9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 34 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft . Antonius \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Artavasdes I c\u1ee7a Media Atropatene, khi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi Phraates IV g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf khi Antonius v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Armenia trong n\u0103m 33 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean; h\u1ecd th\u00f3at kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Parthia trong khi \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Antonius, Octavianus t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Sau khi Antonius \u0111i kh\u1ecfi, \u0111\u1ed3ng minh Parthia l\u00e0 Artaxias II \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y ngai v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Armenia."}
+{"text": "Sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Antonius trong tr\u1eadn Actium v\u00e0o n\u0103m 31 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Octavianus c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 trong n\u0103m 27 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban t\u00ean l\u00e0 Augustus b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o La M\u00e3, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Tiridates II c\u1ee7a Parthia \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Phraates IV m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, nh\u01b0ng Phraates IV \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi du m\u1ee5c Scythia Tiridates ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3, \u0111em theo m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng con trai Phraates \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 20 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Phraates s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00f3at con trai b\u1ecb b\u1eaft c\u00f3c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1edd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n l\u00ea d\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp m\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Carrhae trong n\u0103m 53 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0o c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i Parthia xem cu\u1ed9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n chu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Augustus ca ng\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1edd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc Parthia; cu\u1ed9c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n xu m\u1edbi, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng c\u1edd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean mi\u1ebfng gi\u00e1p ng\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Augustus c\u1ee7a Prima Porta."}
+{"text": "C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, Augustus c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eb7ng Phraates IV m\u1ed9t n\u1eef n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Musa c\u1ee7a Parthia. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng Phraataces con b\u00e0 s\u1ebd th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ngai v\u00e0ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1, Musa thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Phraates IV giao nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho Augustus l\u00e0m con tin. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, Augustus s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 quy ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Parthia tr\u01b0\u1edbc La M\u00e3, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi trong Res Gestae Divi Augusti Khi Phraataces l\u00ean ng\u00f4i l\u00e0 Phraates V c\u1ee7a Parthia (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2 TCN - 4 SCN), Musa k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi con trai ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta. Qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Parthia, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 lo\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u Arsaces, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 \u00f4ng ta Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Phraates, Orodes III c\u1ee7a Parthia ch\u1ec9 ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 hai n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf v\u1ecb b\u1edfi Vonones I c\u1ee7a Parthia, v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u phong c\u00e1ch La M\u00e3 trong th\u1eddi gian \u1edf La M\u00e3. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Parthia, t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn b\u1edfi c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Vonones cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3, \u0111\u00e3 quay ra \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t ngai b\u00e1u kh\u00e1c, Artabanus II c\u1ee7a Parthia (kho\u1ea3ng 10-38 SCN), \u00f4ng ta cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vonones v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Syria c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 ."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Artabanus II, hai d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 anh em ru\u1ed9t, Anilai v\u00e0 Asinai t\u1eeb Nehardea (g\u1ea7n Fallujah hi\u1ec7n nay, Iraq), \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Parthia c\u1ee7a Babylon. Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u00f4ng n\u00e0y, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb khu v\u1ef1c b\u1edfi Artabanus II, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng lo s\u1ee3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 Parthia c\u1ee7a Anilai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9c Asinai v\u00ec s\u1ee3 \u00f4ng ta s\u1ebd t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Anilai v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o. Sau n\u00e0y, Anilai b\u1ecb l\u00f4i k\u00e9o v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Artabanus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u00f4ng ta. V\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba Babylon \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i di c\u01b0 sang Seleucia. Khi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Parthia trong n\u0103m 35-36 SCN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aramaea. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i l\u01b0u vong ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn Ctesiphon, Nehardea, v\u00e0 Nisibis ."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111ang h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Parthia, La M\u00e3 v\u1eabn can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Tiberius (14-37SCN) \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Pharasmanes I c\u1ee7a Iberia nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a em trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 Mithridates ng\u1ed3i l\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Armenia b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u1ed3ng minh v\u1edbi Parthia c\u1ee7a Armenia Artabanus II \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Armenia c\u1ee7a Parthia, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n t\u1edbi Scythia. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed con tin, Tiridates III c\u1ee7a Parthia, \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, Artabanus \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Tiridates kh\u1ecfi ngai v\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i t\u1eeb Hyrcania Sau khi Artabanus qua \u0111\u1eddi trong n\u0103m 38 SCN, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn l\u00e2u d\u00e0i x\u1ea3y ra sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p Vardanes I c\u1ee7a Parthia v\u00e0 em trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 Gotarzes II c\u1ee7a Parthia. Sau khi Vardanes b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i s\u0103n, gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Parthia k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Claudius(cai tr\u1ecb: 41-54 SCN) trong n\u0103m 49 SCN ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed con tin Meherdates nh\u1eb1m th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c Gotarzes. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i khi Meherdates b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i b\u1edfi t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Edessa v\u00e0 Izates bar Monobaz c\u1ee7a Adiabene, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 mang n\u1ed9p cho Gotarzes, tuy nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha m\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i tai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ngai v\u00e0ng"}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 97, quan cai tr\u1ecb T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c l\u00e0 Ban Si\u00eau ph\u00e1i s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 Cam Anh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3. Cam Anh \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1i ki\u1ebfn vua Parthia l\u00e0 Pacorus II t\u1ea1i Hecatompylos, sau \u0111\u00f3 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi cung \u0111\u00ecnh Parthia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh La M\u00e3. \u00d4ng ta \u0111i xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn V\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y quan l\u1ea1i Parthia thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u00f4ng ta r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn du ngo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7y hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n quanh b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn La M\u00e3. Cam Anh kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e1n, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng d\u00e2ng l\u00ean vua H\u00e1n H\u00f2a \u0110\u1ebf (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec. 88\u2013105) m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia k\u1ec3 cho \u00f4ng nghe. William Watson suy x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 bang giao c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e1n v\u1edbi La M\u00e3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 sau nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng vang d\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Ban Si\u00eau tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n Hung N\u00f4 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Trung \u00c1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n La M\u00e3, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m th\u00e2u m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n La M\u00e3, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m kinh \u0111\u00f4 L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 166, \u0111\u1eddi c\u00e1c vua Marcus Aurelius (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec. 161 \u2013 180) v\u00e0 H\u00e1n Ho\u00e0n \u0110\u1ebf (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec. 146 \u2013 168). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius v\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m Antoninus Pius \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u00d3c Eo, Vi\u1ec7t Nam (c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c La M\u00e3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long), m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea3ng \"Cattigara\" b\u00ean b\u1edd Magnus Sinus (V\u1ecbnh Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng) trong cu\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ptolemaeus."}
+{"text": "Sau khi vua Iberia Pharasmanes I ph\u00e1i Rhadamistus con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 51-55 SCN) x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Armenia \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ecb vua ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u La M\u00e3, vua Mithridates, Vologases I c\u1ee7a Parthia (kho\u1ea3ng 51-77 SCN) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a em trai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tiridates I c\u1ee7a Armenia, l\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng . Rhadamistus cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi ngai v\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Tiridates, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia s\u1ebd gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u00e1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc tr\u00ean to\u00e0n Armenia cho d\u00f9 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn th\u00f4ng qua tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Arsaces c\u1ee7a Armenia. Ngay c\u1ea3 sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Parthia, d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i Arsaces v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Armenia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i Arsaces kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi Armenia, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua nh\u00e0 Arsaces Iberia c\u1ee7a Gruzia v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua trong qua tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Arsaces c\u1ee7a Albania Caucasus nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Khi Vardanes II c\u1ee7a Parthia n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i cha m\u00ecnh Vologases I trong n\u0103m 55 SCN, Vologases \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb Armenia v\u1ec1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i Trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh La M\u00e3-Parthia n\u0103m 58-63 SCN, t\u01b0\u1edbng Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Parthia khi \u0111\u01b0a Tigranes VI c\u1ee7a Armenia l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Corbulo, Lucius Caesennius Paetus b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh cho \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi qu\u00e2n Parthia v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi Armenia. Sau m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, Tiridates I du h\u00e0nh t\u1edbi Naples v\u00e0 Roma trong n\u0103m 63 SCN. T\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai n\u01a1i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Nero (kho\u1ea3ng 54-68 SCN) c\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn ng\u00f4i vua Armenia c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa Parthia v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Alan v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Parthia kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 72 SCN \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc La M\u00e3 Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Augustus v\u00e0 Nero \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng khi \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi Parthia. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00f9ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau, tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Parthia d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Tigris v\u00e0 Euphrates. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Roma. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Parthia s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cung t\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u1ecb binh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng minh n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nabataea, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng auxilia th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 binh l\u00ea d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng duy tr\u00ec trung \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ecb cung (sagittarii) v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ecb binh cataphract \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbn r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi Parthia v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c . \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ch\u00ednh cho chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a vinh quang c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 danh d\u1ef1 La M\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Parthia trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3."}
+{"text": "T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa Roma v\u00e0 Parthia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c khi Osroes I c\u1ee7a Parthia (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 109-128 SCN) \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 vua Tiridates c\u1ee7a Armenia v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf \u00f4ng ta b\u1edfi Axidares, con trai c\u1ee7a Pacorus II, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a Roma. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Trajan (cai tr\u1ecb: 98-117 SCN) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean Parthia ti\u1ebfp theo cho ngai v\u00e0ng, Parthamasiris, v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft \u00f4ng ta trong n\u0103m 114 SCN, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn Armenia th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh La M\u00e3 Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ch\u1ec9 huy b\u1edfi Lusius Quietus,c\u00f2n chi\u1ebfm Nisibis. Vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh qua mi\u1ec1n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 N\u0103m sau, Trajan x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t \u00edt kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 t\u1edbi t\u1eeb Meharaspes c\u1ee7a Adiabene, v\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Osroes \u0111ang tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Vologases III c\u1ee7a Parthia . Trajan \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng n\u0103m 115-116 t\u1ea1i Antioch, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n. Ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi s\u00f4ng Euphrates, \u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm Dura-Europos, kinh \u0111\u00f4 Ctesiphon v\u00e0 Seleucia v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed chinh ph\u1ee5c Characene, t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng xem nh\u1eefng con t\u00e0u kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1eeb V\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0."}
+{"text": "V\u1ecb vua k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Trajan, Hadrianus (cai tr\u1ecb 117-138 SCN) kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi La M\u00e3-Parthia \u1edf Euphrates, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Mesopotamia do ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. Parthamaspates ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n sau khi Parthia n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua c\u1ee7a Osroene. Osroes I ch\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u1edbi Vologases III, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf v\u1ecb b\u1edfi Vologases IV c\u1ee7a Parthia (cai tr\u1ecb: 147-191 SCN) \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh Tuy nhi\u00ean, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh La M\u00e3-Parthia n\u0103m 161-166 SCN b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi Vologases x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Armenia v\u00e0 Syria, chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i Edessa. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Marcus Aurelius (cai tr\u1ecb: 161-180 SCN) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Lucius Verus(cai tr\u1ecb:161-169 SCN) b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Syria trong khi Marcus Statius Priscus x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Armenia trong n\u0103m 163 SCN, theo sau l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Mesopotamia c\u1ee7a Avidius Cassius n\u0103m 164 SCN."}
+{"text": "Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 212 SCN, ngay sau khi Vologases VI c\u1ee7a Parthia (kho\u1ea3ng 208-222 SCN) l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, anh trai Artabanus IV c\u1ee7a Parthia (m. n\u0103m 224 SCN) \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Caracalla (cai tr\u1ecb: 211-217 CN) l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua c\u1ee7a Osroene v\u00e0 Armenia \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh La M\u00e3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 v\u1edbi l\u00fd do k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Artabanus- nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p -ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Parthia v\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c Arbil \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Tigris."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Parthia, b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu do xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi la M\u00e3, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Sassanid. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn sau \u0111\u00f3, vua Ardahir I, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ed1c Iran c\u1ee7a Persis (t\u1ec9nh Fars ng\u00e0y nay, Iran) t\u1eeb Estakhr b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 xung quanh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Arsaces \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t Artabanus IV trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn, ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 224 SCN c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1ea7n Isfahan, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Sassanid tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng, cho th\u1ea5y Volageses VI ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ban h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n xu t\u1ea1i Seleucia t\u1edbi n\u0103m 228 SCN."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 Sassanid s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba di s\u1ea3n Parthia l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 Ba T\u01b0 c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Achaemenes, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn chinh ph\u1ee5c C\u1eadn \u0111\u00f4ng, Anatolia, v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp t\u1eeb tay \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Khosrau II (r.590-628 SCn) Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y v\u00e0o tay Heraclius, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. D\u00f9 g\u00ec \u0111i ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, nh\u00e0 Sassanid \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 trong su\u1ed1t 400 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Parthia M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Parthia \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u0103n th\u01b0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Iran, Khwaday-Namag, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb vua cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u00e0 Sassanid, vua Yazdegerd III (cai tr\u1ecb: 632-651 SCN) C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Parthia v\u1eabn c\u00f2n khan hi\u1ebfm, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u00edt c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Iran. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 Parthia \u0111\u1ec1u bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u0103n t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfng Parthia v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Aramaic. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Parthia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Aramaic Ho\u00e0ng gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Achaemenes v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft Pahlavi."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o th\u1eddi gian ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Arsaces l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i drachma, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed7i v\u1ecb vua kh\u00e1c nhau. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Geo Widengren, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \"qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb di c\u1ea3o phi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n sang v\u0103n b\u1ea3n\". Nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Parthia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh n\u00eam v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ghi (ti\u1ebfng Anh: colophon) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Babylonia. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y da v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y papyrus v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4 Mithradatkert/Nisa (Turkmenistan ng\u00e0y nay) c\u1ee7a Parthia c\u1ee7a, c\u00e1c kho ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea5y da d\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 Dura-Europos, \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Parthia, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 thu\u1ebf m\u00e1, ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh."}
+{"text": "S\u1eed c\u0169 Hy L\u1ea1p - La M\u00e3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Parthia, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn. Nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecf qua kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Parthia Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn binh b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u0169ng tinh th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a; h\u1ecd ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Parthia trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng Apicius, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n m\u1ebfn m\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m b\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia. Apollodorus x\u1ee9 Artemita v\u00e0 Arrian c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch s\u1eed n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Parthia, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng qua tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c. Isidore x\u1ee9 Charax - m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi vua Augustus - vi\u1ebft n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Parthia, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Parthia. \u1ede m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Parthia c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Justinus, Strabo, Diodoros Sikolos, Plutarchus, Cassius Dio, Appian, Josephus, Pliny Gi\u00e0, and Herodian."}
+{"text": "L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Parthia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1eed c\u0169 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1eed c\u0169 Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eef quan \u0111i\u1ec3m trung l\u1eadp h\u01a1n khi mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Parthia, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c s\u1eed th\u1ea7n Trung Hoa c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n, l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Parthia. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ecdi Parthia l\u00e0 An T\u1ee9c (ch\u1eef H\u00e1n: \u5b89\u606f), c\u00f3 l\u1ebd theo t\u00ean Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Antiochia t\u1ea1i Margiana (ch\u1eef Hy L\u1ea1p: \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03aes) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1eef t\u1eeb t\u00ean \"Arsaces\" c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb vua khai qu\u1ed1c Parthia v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 Parthia bao g\u1ed3m S\u1eed k\u00fd (Th\u00e1i s\u1eed c\u00f4ng th\u01b0) c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean, H\u00e1n th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ban B\u01b0u, Ban C\u1ed1 v\u00e0 Ban Chi\u00eau, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Di\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c di d\u00e2n du m\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Saka v\u00e0o Parthia, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, S\u1eed k\u00fd T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng trao \u0111\u1ed5i ngo\u1ea1i giao, nh\u1eefng qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1eb9p l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a vua Mithridates II g\u1eedi cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh T\u00e2y H\u00e1n, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch thu ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ee5 m\u00f9a th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf Sparta, vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nho, nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n \u0111i h\u1ebft n\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i kia, v\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Parthia. S\u1eed k\u00fd T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia ghi nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \"vi\u1ebft ngang tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh da,\" h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y da."}
+{"text": "So v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Achaemenes tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, tri\u1ec1u \u0111inh Parthia c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p M\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Seleukos. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ba c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh: Parthia marzb\u0101n, x\u0161atrap, v\u00e0 dizpat, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ph\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng Seleukos, eparchy, v\u00e0 hyparchy \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Parthia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c b\u00e1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c Caucasia Iberia, Armenia, Atropatene, Gordyene, Adiabene, Edessa, Hatra, Mesene, Elymais, v\u00e0 Persis Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y cai tr\u1ecb l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00fac ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00fac ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac t\u1ea1i kho b\u1ea1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Achaemenes tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 Xatrap, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng \"c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1\", theo Brosius Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ph\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Parthia cai tr\u1ecb v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m Achaemenes c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec nh\u00e0 Seleukos, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi quy t\u1eafc b\u00e1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia cai tr\u1ecb sau n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Vua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Parthia. \u00d4ng duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111a th\u00ea v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ea3. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 Ptolemaios c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua Arsaces k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ch\u00e1u g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecb em c\u00f9ng cha, N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Musa k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi con trai m\u00ecnh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ef1c \u0111oan v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n. Brosius cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a vua Artabanus II trong n\u0103m 21 SCN, g\u1eedi t\u1edbi th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c (c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1a l\u00e0 \"Archon\") v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Susa. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n, v\u1ec7 s\u0129 hay th\u1ee7 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng \"tuy l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m vi quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao, nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p thay m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.\""}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c danh cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong su\u1ed1t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u00e0 Sassanid vua Ardahir I, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c danh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Parthia C\u00f3 ba t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi vua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua, th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u gia t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 nh\u1ecf ."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Parthia \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb hay l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Arsaces M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh cho nh\u00e0 vua, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i gia t\u1ed9c cao qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a Parthia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea v\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Sasania, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Parthia: Gia t\u1ed9c Suren v\u00e0 gia t\u1ed9c Karen. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Plutarch l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Suren, quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n trao v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed7i vua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua nh\u00e0 Arsaces m\u1edbi trong l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb vua Parthia c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i Achaemenes. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1edfi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh di truy\u1ec1n U s\u1ee3i th\u1ea7n kinh (Neurofibromatosis), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh qua nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c vua v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh gia t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Parthia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ea3y ra C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 vua, bao g\u1ed3m qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 v\u00e0 l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea, nh\u01b0ng \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng ho\u00e0ng gia n\u00e0y nh\u1ecf Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi; Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc Parthia ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c danh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ban cho nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 huy t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 ngo\u1ea1i giao. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n Trung Qu\u1ed1c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m Parthia \u1edf cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, S\u1eed K\u00fd T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi 20.000 k\u1ef5 binh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Parthia l\u00e0 cataphract, k\u1ef5 binh n\u1eb7ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi \u00e1o gi\u00e1p l\u01b0\u1edbi. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Cataphract \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 k\u1ebb th\u00f9, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cung v\u00e0 t\u00ean. Do chi ph\u00ed trang b\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u00e1o gi\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, cataphract \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Arsaces K\u1ef5 binh nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ecb cung, h\u1ecd m\u1eb7c \u00e1o d\u00e0i v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n d\u00e0i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cung gh\u00e9p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eafn v\u00e0o k\u1ebb th\u00f9 trong khi \u0111ang c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 quay m\u1eb7t \u0111i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1eafn ki\u1ec3u Parthia, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao. K\u1ef5 binh n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Parthia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Tr\u1eadn Carrhae, m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ba T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n La M\u00e3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Crassus. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb b\u1ed9 binh nh\u1eb9, bao g\u1ed3m tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 t\u1eeb d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sau khi k\u1ef5 binh \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng xu drachma Hy L\u1ea1p, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 tetradrachm, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Parthia Nh\u00e0 Arsaces duy tr\u00ec khu \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hecatompylos, Seleucia, v\u00e0 Ecbatana Nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1edf \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Mithridatkert / Nisa T\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, drachm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Parthia hi\u1ebfm khi c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng \u00edt h\u01a1n 3,5 g ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 4,2 g. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng tetradrachm Parthia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kho\u1ea3ng 16 g v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau khi Mithridates I chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Seleucia."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Seleukos \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, th\u1eddi k\u00ec Parthia \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Iran trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 trang ph\u1ee5c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o \u00dd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Ba T\u01b0 trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua Arsaces \u0111i phong c\u00e1ch theo ki\u1ec3u vua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Ba T\u01b0 v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 philhellene (\"b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p\") t\u1eeb \"philhellene\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n Parthia cho \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Artabanus II ng\u01b0ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Iran c\u1ee7a Parthia. Vologeses I l\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua Arsaces \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Parthia xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00fac song song v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Hy L\u1ea1p kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean ti\u1ec1n xu Parthia v\u1eabn c\u00f2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, vua Arsaces I \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1eb7c y ph\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ph\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 Achaemenes. Theo A. Shahbazi, Arsaces \"c\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi ti\u1ec1n xu nh\u00e0 Seleukos \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 cao tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng ho\u00e0ng gia c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 K\u0101rny / Karny (ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p: Autocratos), m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng Achaemenes t\u1ed1i cao, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Cyrus tr\u1ebb\" ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Achaemenes, nh\u1eefng ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Arsaces \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc t\u1ea1i n\u00fai Behistun, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Darius I c\u1ee7a Ba T\u01b0 (cai tr\u1ecb: 522-486 TCN)kh\u1eafc l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 v\u0103n bia c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u00e0 Arsaces tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1eeb vua Artaxerxes II c\u1ee7a Ba T\u01b0 (cai tr\u1ecb: 404-358 TCN) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Achaemenes, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua vinh quang\" c\u1ee7a Iran c\u1ed5 Vua Artabanus III \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng nam c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Darius v\u00e0 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Cyrus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf. C\u00e1c vua nh\u00e0 Arsaces ch\u1ecdn cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a B\u00e1i H\u1ecfa gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 v\u00e0i t\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \"kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y h\u00e0o h\u00f9ng\" c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh kinh Avesta, theo nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc V.G. Lukonin."}
+{"text": "Ngay b\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Parthia, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1edd c\u00fang c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Iran. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u00edn h\u1eefu Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia theo \u0111a th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o C\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Iran \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c pha tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Zeus th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Ahura Mazda, Hades v\u1edbi Angra Mainyu, Aphrodite v\u00e0 Hera v\u1edbi Anahita, Apollo v\u1edbi Mithra, v\u00e0 Hermes v\u1edbi Shamash Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb nam th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh, m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua tri\u1ec1u Seleukos, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Parthia cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua nh\u00e0 Arsaces \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd l\u00e0m Th\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t"}
+{"text": "M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Arsaces v\u1edbi B\u00e1i H\u1ecfa gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn trong h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Zoroaster \u0111\u00e3 coi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi Parthia c\u1ee7a Iran l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y vua Vologeses I khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 ma thu\u1eadt B\u00e1i h\u1ecfa gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n B\u00e1i h\u1ecfa gi\u00e1o thi\u00eang li\u00eang m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kinh Avesta Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Sassanid sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u00f4n B\u00e1i h\u1ecfa gi\u00e1o th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Cho d\u00f9 v\u1ecb ti\u00ean tri s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Minh gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 Mani (216 \u2013 276) kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3i huy\u1ec1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 228/229, Bivar kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng g\u1ed3m th\u00e2u \"nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin Mandae, thuy\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Iran, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng vang c\u1ee7a Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o...[Minh gi\u00e1o] c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i tri\u1ec1u Arsaces, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e1i H\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Sassanid s\u1edbm qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch h\u1ebft.\""}
+{"text": "Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Parthia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1eed - \u0111\u1ecba: n\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Parthia c\u1ed5, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a cao nguy\u00ean Iran, v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c Parthia T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Parthia ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i Mithridatkert/Nisa, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Iran ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Achaemenes v\u00e0 Seleukos trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Parthia t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng theo phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eddi Achaemenes, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau c\u1ee7a vua Mithridates II t\u1ea1i n\u00fai Behistun. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba x\u1ea3y ra d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia chinh ph\u1ee5c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 ."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 chung c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Parthia bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c s\u0103n b\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua nh\u00e0 Arsaces. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt chung c\u1ee7a Parthia trong th\u1eddi \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi tranh kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1, tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 tranh grafit\u00f4. M\u1ed9t\u00edp ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Sassanid th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n hai chi\u1ebfn binh c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a c\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u01a1ng giao chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nhau xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau Parthia t\u1ea1i n\u00fai Behistun."}
+{"text": "'\u0110i\u00eau kh\u1eafc m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3u Parthia', c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 quen g\u1ecdi n\u00f3, kh\u00e1c xa c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc theo m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3u Hy L\u1ea1p, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi sau kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nghi ng\u1edd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Hy L\u1ea1p, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc theo m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng n\u00f3 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd c\u00fang hay trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i; trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Hy L\u1ea1p n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0, tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. V\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Parthia, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Cho n\u00ean \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc theo m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3u Parthia th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng th\u00f3i quen cho th\u1ea5y, trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 n\u00e9t... \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 1."}
+{"text": "Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Parthia, v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd ch\u00e2n dung, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i sau nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb s\u00e2u s\u1eafc do \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Sassanid mang l\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngay sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00f9ng Dura-Europos n\u0103m 165, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Parthia trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ch\u1ee9ng qua nh\u1eefng tranh treo t\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 trong m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Dura-Europos, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Palmyrene v\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t Mithraeum trong khu v\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Parthia ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Achaemenes v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai. Phong c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i Mithridatkert /Nisa. \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ea3nh tr\u00f2n c\u1ee7a Nisa th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 khung v\u00f2m trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian vu\u00f4ng Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nisa, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean rhyton b\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0 voi, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa l\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Hy L\u1ea1p."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Parthia l\u00e0 iwan, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3nh (kh\u00e1n ph\u00f2ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng khung v\u00f2m h\u00ecnh v\u00f2ng cung ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 h\u1edf \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u00ean. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khung v\u00f2m h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 thay cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 mang phong c\u00e1ch Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee1 m\u00e1i nh\u00e0. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Iwan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Achaemenes v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00fang \u1edf quy m\u00f4 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Nh\u1eefng iwan s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Seleucia, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Nhi\u1ec1u iwan \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n c\u1ed5 \u1edf Hatra v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m theo phong c\u00e1ch Parthia. Nh\u1eefng iwan c\u1ee7a Parthia l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u1ecbp kho\u1ea3ng 15 m (50 ft)."}
+{"text": "Trang ph\u1ee5c c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda qua b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Parthia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i Shami, Elymais. C\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao 1.9 m (6 ft), nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y m\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u00e1o c\u00f3 c\u1ed5 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef V, \u00e1o h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef V \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh \u0111ai, qu\u1ea7n r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u u\u1ed1n n\u1ebfp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef ch\u1eb7t b\u1edfi n\u1ecbt t\u1ea5t, ngo\u00e0i ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t m\u0169 mi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c d\u1ea3i bu\u1ed9c tr\u00ean t\u00f3c m\u00ecnh, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00fai t\u00f3c. Trang ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1edf nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n Parthia c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 TCN."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 trang ph\u1ee5c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc mang c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb phong c\u00e1ch Parthia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Hatra, t\u00e2y b\u1eafc Iraq. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt mang trang ph\u1ee5c Parthia \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh (qamis), k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u trang tr\u00ed c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t. C\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u1edf Hatra b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3u b\u00fai t\u00f3c, m\u0169 v\u00e0 \u00e1o th\u1eaft ngang l\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u1edf trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Arsaces. Nh\u1eefng trang ph\u1ee5c n\u00e0y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua nh\u00e0 Arsaces m\u1eb7c, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc \u1edf m\u1eb7t sau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n. Qu\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3u Parthia c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u1edf Palmyra, Syria, song song c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phong c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc theo m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Parthia trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00fac Parthia, m\u0169 \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Parthia c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u theo th\u1eddi gian. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n Arsaces s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 bashlyk (ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p: kyrbasia), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u0169 m\u1ec1m v\u1edbi v\u00e0nh m\u00e1. Ki\u1ec3u m\u0169 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i m\u0169 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n Achaemenes v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u0169 nh\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau th\u1eddi Achaemenes t\u1ea1i Behistun v\u00e0 Persepolis. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Mithridates I cho th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 m\u1ec1m, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia Hy L\u1ea1p. Mithridates II l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3u Parthia, th\u00eau ng\u1ecdc trai v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u0169 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ed9i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 H\u1eadu-Parthia v\u00e0 Sassanid."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Parthia, nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 cung \u0111\u00ecnh (g\u014ds\u0101n) \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng k\u00e8m theo \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc theo th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c th\u01a1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Sassanid ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Parthia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o c\u00f2n gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean d\u1ea1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Vis v\u00e0 Ramin v\u00e0 s\u1eed thi v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Kayanid l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp v\u0103n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n gian t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Parthia, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3. Cho d\u00f9 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Parthia kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Arsaces ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Kurd l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Parthia. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc Iran, trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 giao thoa gi\u1eefa nh\u00f3m ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nam Iran.Martin van Bruinessen l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \"ti\u1ebfng Kurd mang n\u1eb7ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 T\u00e2y Nam Iran\", trong khi \"ti\u1ebfng Zaza v\u00e0 Gurani [...] l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Iran\".Ludwig Paul k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Kurd c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c T\u00e2y B\u1eafc Iran, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef T\u00e2y Nam Iran nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Ba T\u01b0. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Gernot Windfuhr l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Kurd c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Parthia, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Medes."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0 Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m con, nh\u01b0ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n \u1edf g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb T\u00e2y Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Alexander \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf, V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Umayyad, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ba T\u01b0, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Byzantine. \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, B\u1eafc Phi v\u00e0 b\u00ean trong v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Reconquista c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha khi V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Iberia, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 v\u00e0 13, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ra h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1415, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3ng Ceuta c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Phi. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean ti\u1ebfp theo B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ch\u00e2u Phi. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ch\u00e2u Phi, Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 c\u1ee7a hai n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean phi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb m\u1eabu qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha y\u1ebfu \u0111i th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 sau khi b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng Anh qu\u1ed1c (sau li\u00ean minh gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Scotland), Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan l\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1ef1u Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Nam Phi, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i. \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c (ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u1ed5 (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u00c1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c), c\u0169ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Phi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, ho\u1eb7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c. \u00dd x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Eritrea, Somalia v\u00e0 Libya. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh \u00dd-Ethiopia l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 2, \u00dd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Abyssinia, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1936 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u00dd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1823, Hoa K\u1ef3, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng b\u1edd c\u00f5i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u00ean b\u1edd Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Monroe trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1eebng can d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latin v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Carib\u00ea, cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 Theodore Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Monroe theo c\u00e1ch cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf Trung M\u1ef9, Carib\u00ea v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 n\u1ee3 cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roosevelt v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1904, H\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn Roosevelt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Monroe \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Roosevelt. Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho s\u1ef1 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1904, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i:"}
+{"text": "\"T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y mong mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u01b0 x\u1eed t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edd c\u1eady \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu n\u1ed3ng \u1ea5m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1ee3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3. C\u00f2n c\u1ee9 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i, hay t\u1ecf ra b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u0103n minh b\u1ecb n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng, th\u00ec \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0103n minh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u1edf T\u00e2y Hemisphere s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Monroe s\u1ebd bu\u1ed9c Hoa K\u1ef3, d\u00f9 mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sai tr\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (Roosevelt, 1904).\""}
+{"text": "M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c \"gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\" c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, v\u00e0 Philippines. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n M\u1ef9 thay th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Hawaii v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1893; n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o li\u00ean minh Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1898. Trong kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1898 v\u00e0 1902, Cuba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Puerto Rico, Guam, v\u00e0 Philippines, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb tay T\u00e2y Ban Nha. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1946, Phillipines \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Puerto Rico \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Samoa thu\u1ed9c M\u1ef9, Guam, v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Virgin thu\u1ed9c M\u1ef9. T\u1ea1i Cuba, Lu\u1eadt s\u1eed \u0111\u1ed5i Platt b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1934 b\u1edfi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Quan h\u1ec7 trao cho Cuba quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 cao h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao. N\u0103m 1934 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Franklin D. Roosevelt, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch L\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o Trung v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc thua cu\u1ed9c trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng chia nhau v\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0ng khi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u00e0y 14/8/1941 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Franklin D. Roosevelt v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Anh Winston S. Churchill c\u00f9ng nhau ra Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 chung Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u 3 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Anh v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ecd, Anh v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng mong mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u00f9ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a phi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhanh ch\u00f3ng."}
+{"text": "Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c nhau k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c phi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. N\u00f3i chung, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u1eb7c duy tr\u00ec thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf."}
+{"text": "H\u1eadu ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba) nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. V\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eebng b\u1ecb n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch trong c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ngh\u1ec1 xem cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Orientalism (d\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecdc) c\u1ee7a Edward Said v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1978 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y (d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Aim\u00e9 C\u00e9saire v\u00e0 Frantz Fanon \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Said)."}
+{"text": "Edward Said \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Balzac, Baudelaire v\u00e0 Lautr\u00e9amont, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129 k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i v\u0103n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3; v\u00ed d\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ph\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3n di\u1ec7n trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5p c\u1ed5 b\u00e9 h\u1ecdng c\u00f3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998 c\u1ee7a Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ea5p c\u1ed5 b\u00e9 h\u1ecdng."}
+{"text": "Trong cu\u1ed1n A Critique of Postcolonial Reason (ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00e1c l\u00fd do h\u1eadu th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999, Spivak \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a si\u00eau h\u00ecnh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (nh\u01b0 Kant, Hegel) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5p c\u1ed5 b\u00e9 h\u1ecdng ra kh\u1ecfi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1807 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng khai, trong \u0111\u00f3 xem n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n Kant c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c xen v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c (t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 l\u00e2y lan b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch, c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong y d\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi, ph\u00e1t minh m\u1edbi, v.v.) c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, trong c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c; m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng \u2014 xem Di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng Herero v\u00e0 Di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng Armenia \u2014 v\u00e0 Holocaust; v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba (c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i n\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba) ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. B\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba (Guanche) t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Canary v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 16. M\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hispaniola \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1518. B\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a c\u0169ng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 M\u00e9xico v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1520, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tenochtitl\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 150.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 Peru v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1530, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111i chinh ph\u1ee5c. B\u1ec7nh s\u1edfi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft h\u01a1n hai tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 M\u00e9xico v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1600. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1618\u20131619, b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch 90% ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i V\u1ecbnh Massachusetts. D\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1780\u20131782 v\u00e0 1837\u20131838 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn 95% ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 do b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt \u1edf C\u1ef1u Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n sang. Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady."}
+{"text": "B\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i \u00dac, gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng 50% ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u00dac v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u0101ori \u1edf New Zealand. \u0110\u1ebfn t\u1eadn 1848\u201349, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 40.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 150.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hawaii \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh s\u1edfi, ho g\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00fam. C\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea3o Easter. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1875, b\u1ec7nh s\u1edfi gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft 40.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Fiji, x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ainu \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19, do ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m do d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt mang v\u00e0o Hokkaido."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng b\u1ec7nh giang mai \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb mang t\u1eeb T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sang ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sau chuy\u1ebfn h\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Colombo. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang mang c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2y qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. B\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n ng\u00e0y nay. B\u1ec7nh giang mai l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng. \u0110\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Bengal, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1820 \u0111\u00e3 lan ra kh\u1eafp \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. 10.000 binh l\u00ednh Anh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1736 \u0111\u1ebfn 1834 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 10% nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t \u0111\u1ec3 quay v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0. Waldemar Haffkine, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vi sinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eafc-xin b\u1ec7nh t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1803, Vua T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh (th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Balmis) \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eafc xin \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a sang c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eam ch\u1ee7ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1832, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean bang Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eam ch\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Mountstuart Elphinstone, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n ti\u00eam ch\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u1ec1 sau, s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. D\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf nh\u1edd c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch ly c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng b\u1ed5 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi nay trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi do t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1edd c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 y h\u1ecdc. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 1,6 t\u1ef7 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng 6,7 t\u1ef7 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y nay."}
+{"text": "Sau n\u0103m 1492, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 gia s\u00fac tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh trong cu\u1ed9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e0 chua, ng\u00f4, khoai t\u00e2y v\u00e0 s\u1eafn t\u1eeb T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sang C\u1ef1u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Khi nh\u00e0 Minh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1368, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 60 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Minh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1644 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 150 tri\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 sang ch\u00e2u \u00c1 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng t\u00ean th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u00f4 v\u00e0 khoai lang, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khoai t\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i b\u1eafc \u00c2u. Ng\u00f4 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15. Do s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111i kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Ng\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16."}
+{"text": "N\u1ea1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 n\u1edf r\u1ed9 khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Anh, Ph\u00e1p, M\u1ef9, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft s\u1ea1ch. \u0110\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean phong ph\u00fa \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng. S\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f3. V\u1eady l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \"v\u0103n minh\" b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh s\u0103n l\u00f9ng, b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u00fa v\u1eadt. Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c vi\u1ebft: \u201cT\u1eeb l\u00fac Colombo t\u00ecm ra ch\u00e2u M\u0129 th\u00ec c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u00e0n qua \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0m \u0103n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m, th\u00ec ch\u00fang gi\u1ebft m\u00f2n, gi\u1ebft m\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf \u0111i r\u1ed3i b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Phi qua l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang\u201d."}
+{"text": "Mua m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 da \u0111en \u1edf Ch\u00e2u Phi ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed1n 70 \u0111\u1ebfn 100 fr\u0103ng, mang v\u1ec1 b\u00ean kia \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb 1000 \u0111\u1ebfn 2.000 fr\u0103ng, t\u1ec9 su\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn l\u00ean t\u1edbi 1.000% \u0111\u1ebfn 3.000%, do v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 di\u1ec5n ra r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u201cs\u0103n b\u1eaft\u201d v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u00e1n l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng bi th\u1ea3m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di chuy\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 da tr\u1eafng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i, ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh kh\u1ee7ng, khi t\u00e0u ch\u1edf n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn th\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng 1/4 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t, ch\u1ebft do b\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i. Johansson c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 th\u1ea3m c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 sau:"}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1807, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea5m vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1808 \u0111\u1ebfn 1860, \u0110\u1ed9i t\u00e0u T\u00e2y Phi c\u1ee7a Anh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 1.600 t\u00e0u ch\u1edf n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng 150.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi tr\u00ean t\u00e0u. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00e2u Phi n\u00e0o t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i k\u00fd m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u1eb7t vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1ee5 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \"Vua c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a Lagos\", b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1851. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 50 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u Phi. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1827, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t t\u1ed9i ch\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 m\u1edbi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u Phi ng\u00f3t 400 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u01b0 Anh, Ph\u00e1p, H\u00e0 Lan... \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft giam kho\u1ea3ng 10 t\u1edbi 28 tri\u1ec7u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh trong qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00e2y \u1ea4n, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1680 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1786 \u0111\u00e3 \u201cnh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u\u201d t\u1edbi 2,13 tri\u1ec7u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Ch\u00e2u Phi. M\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o Jamaica nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1700 \u0111\u1ebfn 1786 \u0111\u00e3 \u201cnh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u\u201d 610.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 da \u0111en."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi do b\u1ecb b\u1eaft sang ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u Phi trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh B\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p (1936) c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: \u201cD\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u Phi t\u1eeb ba th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 nay kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u1ede th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 17, th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 18, ch\u00e2u Phi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1/5 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u00e2u \u00c1 c\u00f3 1/2 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi 1/13 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u Phi trong kho\u1ea3ng 300 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean\u201d"}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t s\u1ea1ch d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c Di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n da \u0111\u1ecf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 100 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1783 \u0111\u1ebfn 1924. N\u0103m 1924, Chi\u1ebfn tranh Apache t\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn T\u00e2y Nam gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Apache ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Apache, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn d\u00e0i 302 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb tr\u1eadn Jamestown n\u0103m 1622 gi\u1eefa th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Anh v\u00e0 li\u00ean minh Powhatan \u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Virginia) v\u00e0 141 n\u0103m ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c da \u0111\u1ecf b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 h\u00e0m s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed trong t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang ra gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u1edf c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Venn, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p. C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p to\u00e1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 giao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m cao h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "Cantor ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, theo L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u00d4ng g\u1ecdi hai t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \" c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng nhau\" khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 song \u00e1nh v\u1edbi nhau, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p M theo Cantor, l\u00e0 l\u1edbp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng M. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u1ef1ong v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng n\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Cantor g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 'T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c."}
+{"text": "Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1889, Giuseppe Peano, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c logic c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 Peano, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho ng\u00f4ng ng\u1eef c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u2208 {\\displaystyle \\in } , \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 l\u00e0 \"ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a\". Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 \u2208 {\\displaystyle \\in } l\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u03b5 (epsilon) c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03af (ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p: \"l\u00e0\")."}
+{"text": "Gottlob Frege \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1893. Bertrand Russell \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1902, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd Russell. S\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn kh\u00e1c n\u1ea3y sinh do s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ng\u00e2y th\u01a1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Cantor kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Nichtmenge cho th\u1ea5y b\u1edfi ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd Cantor th\u1ee9 hai ."}
+{"text": "Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi Ernst Zermelo v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1907 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 schema of replacement c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 xung v\u00e0o. Zermelo th\u00eam n\u00f3 v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Zermelo-Fraenkel n\u0103m 1930, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng-ZF. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00f3 cho Urelement m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i Cantor g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.\" L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p Zermelo-Fraenkel, tuy nhi\u00ean, theo \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Fraenkel l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc thay v\u00ec theo m\u1ed9t ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng, tr\u00e1nh t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Felix Hausdorff 1914 ho\u1eb7c Erich Kamke t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1928. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ZF ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, v\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ZF. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ZF, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Cantor v\u1edbi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. Theo G\u00f6del's incompleteness theorems n\u0103m 1931 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 G\u00f6del ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Hilbert \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh, m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Intuitionismus, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ZF trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. Nh\u00f3m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi b\u00fat danh Nicolas Bourbaki \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y; h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1939 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ZF th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u1edf ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "Song song v\u1edbi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 thay th\u1ebf kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1937 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng theo Cantor v\u00e0 Zermelo-Fraenkel, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ki\u1ec3u (Type Theory) c\u1ee7a Willard Van Orman Quine t\u1eeb New Foundations (NF) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, n\u0103m 1940 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p Neumann-Bernays-Godel, m\u00e0 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a ZF v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp (Class (set theory)), hay n\u0103m 1955, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p Ackermann, khai tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Cantor."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed La M\u00e3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Roma (theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 753 TCN). Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua La M\u00e3 n\u0103m 509 TCN, s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 TCN, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 n\u0103m 395 CN, s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t vong c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 n\u0103m 476 CN v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb Roma c\u1ee7a man t\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5, 6 v\u00e0 7. Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 603 CN."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o kh\u00e1 y\u1ebfu, trong khi c\u00e1c quan t\u00f2a l\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 qua s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cao h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan t\u00f2a. Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb sau cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a hai quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n l\u00e0 Tiberius v\u00e0 Gaius Gracchus."}
+{"text": "Sau s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a sang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7, Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o m\u1ea5t \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Sau nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Diocletianus, Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia. Khi th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n kh\u1ecfi Roma, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n khi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Constantius II th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u1edf Constantinopolis."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd La M\u00e3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gens (th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c) hay clan (gia t\u1ed9c), v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Pater (ti\u1ebfng Latinh c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \"cha\"). C\u00e1c gens n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng chung, v\u00e0 patres \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c danh ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o (nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o La M\u00e3).. Theo th\u1eddi gian, patres nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o duy nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea7u ra vua (rex), v\u00e0 giao cho \u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i cao. Khi nh\u00e0 vua ch\u1ebft, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi patres."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i ra m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o l\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho nh\u00e0 vua.Nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng uy t\u00edn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 vua c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft ngh\u1ecb. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o ra lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang l\u1eafm khi xem nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \"ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt\" theo ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 vua m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o l\u1eabn \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Curia (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n)."}
+{"text": "Th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y, Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c quan t\u00f2a, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh (ch\u00e1nh quan t\u00f2a) trong vi\u1ec7c truy t\u1ed1 c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o c\u0169ng n\u1eafm trong tay m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf La M\u00e3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n cho th\u1ee7 qu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia. Khi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 La M\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o c\u0169ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p quan, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan t\u00f2a."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u00ecnh minh, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb quan t\u00f2a mu\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ban b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. Cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp di\u1ec5n ra c\u00f4ng khai, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qua nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o tham gia th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2m ni\u00ean."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu di\u1ec5n ra, v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp k\u1ebft th\u00fac,, m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ecdn c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c diem consumere) n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ta ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00eam khuya. Khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tri cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u00f4ng ta mu\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu g\u1ed3m l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Theo kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 10 TCN, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p Mycenae \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0o thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 2 TCN. Do c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Assyria, Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 Ba T\u01b0, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 333 TCN th\u00ec v\u1ec1 tay Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf. C\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp Ptolemaios, La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3, c\u00e1c khalifah c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Lusignan g\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Venezia, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 Ottoman cai tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb 1571 \u0111\u1ebfn 1878 (v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn 1914)."}
+{"text": "S\u00edp n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1878 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb Anh th\u00f4n t\u00ednh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1914. Sau b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950, S\u00edp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1960. N\u0103m 1963, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ed1c Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 g\u1ed1c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ed1c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1974, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a g\u1ed1c Hy L\u1ea1p ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0o Hy L\u1ea1p. \u0110\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm S\u00edp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 7, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 nay l\u00e0 B\u1eafc S\u00edp. \u1ee8\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 150.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp g\u1ed1c Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 50.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp g\u1ed1c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ed7 \u1edf. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ly khai c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp g\u1ed1c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983, \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y b\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, v\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi. Tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1eabn di\u1ec5n ra cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay."}
+{"text": "C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3o, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n Akrotiri v\u00e0 Dhekelia, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c Anh theo c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh: Khu v\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 n\u1eb1m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y chi\u1ebfm 59% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea3o; c\u00f2n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea3o do C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 B\u1eafc S\u00edp qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd chi\u1ebfm 36% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea3o. G\u1ea7n 4% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea3o thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1i t\u00ean \"S\u00edp\" trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb t\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \"Chypre\". C\u00f2n trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, t\u1eeb Cyprus c\u00f3 t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean h\u01a1i kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p ch\u1ec9 c\u00e2y b\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i (Cupressus sempervirens), \u03ba\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 (kyp\u00e1rissos), hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1i t\u00ean Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y l\u00e1 m\u00f3ng (Lawsonia alba), \u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (k\u00fdpros). M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u1eeb Eteocypriot cho \u0111\u1ed3ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Georges Dossin, cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Sumer cho \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecf (zubar) hay \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebfc (kubar), b\u1edfi tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o. Th\u00f4ng qua th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i xuy\u00ean bi\u1ec3n h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng La tinh c\u1ed5 cho lo\u1ea1i kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e2u aes Cyprium, \"kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a S\u00edp\", sau n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft g\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh Cuprum. S\u00edp c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"ho\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Aphrodite hay t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\", b\u1edfi trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u1ecb n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Aphrodite, c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1ea1i S\u00edp."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Assyrian C\u1ed5 cho \"h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eafng xa x\u00f4i\" l\u00e0 kype\u0159-a\u017e \u1e47-iti\u1e63, \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ngh\u0129a sang ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 kyperus nytis, hay kyprezu-nytys c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a (trong th\u1ed5 ng\u1eef Cretan C\u1ed5) \"h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eafng ph\u00eda nam\".[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] Sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cretan \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \"h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eafng ph\u00eda nam\", \"Kipriuznyt\".[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phoenician \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"K\u1ef9iprii U\u0171zta\" (\u0110\u1ea3o Cam),[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] c\u00e1i t\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"Ciprea Augusta\".[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, Augusta b\u1ecb b\u1ecf \u0111i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i Ciprea."}
+{"text": "T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n, S\u00edp l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh c\u1ee7a Aphrodite, Adonis v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a Vua Cinyras, Teucer v\u00e0 Pygmalion. \u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 Aetokremnos, n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda nam, cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0103n b\u1eafn h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 10.000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 8200 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa h\u00e0 m\u00e3 l\u00f9n v\u00e0 voi l\u00f9n, c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n cho truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft Cyclops. C\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y S\u00edp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ebfng c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 9,000 t\u1edbi 10.500 n\u0103m. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa m\u00e8o t\u00e1m th\u00e1ng tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i S\u00edp. Ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 9.500 n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m di\u1ec5n ra s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n ho\u00e1 th\u00fa nu\u00f4i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean s\u1edbm r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee3t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1edbi h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 3800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c t\u1eeb ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2400 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean."}
+{"text": "S\u00edp b\u1ecb Assyria chinh ph\u1ee5c n\u0103m 709 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Ba T\u01b0 n\u0103m 545 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Onesilos, gia nh\u1eadp c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em Hy L\u1ea1p t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Ionia trong cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed5i d\u1eady Ionia kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u0103m 499 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0 Achaemenes. H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p b\u1edfi Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Ptolemaios c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 Hy L\u1ea1p ho\u00e1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 di\u1ec5n ra trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ptolemaios, ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t khi S\u00edp b\u1ecb C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 La M\u00e3 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp n\u0103m 58 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean. S\u00edp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a S\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 Phaol\u00f4."}
+{"text": "C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Venice n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea3o n\u0103m 1489 sau s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Catherine Cornaro. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 go\u00e1 c\u1ee7a James II ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 Lusignan Vua S\u00edp cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Venice nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 Nicosia; th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a S\u00edp, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Venice n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Venice, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Osman th\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 S\u00edp. N\u0103m 1539 qu\u00e2n Osman ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 Limassol v\u00e0 v\u00ec lo ng\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Venice c\u0169ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 Famagusta v\u00e0 Kyrenia."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1570, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Piyale Pasha v\u1edbi 60.000 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Th\u1ed5 Ottoman, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nicosia v\u00e0 Famagusta. 20.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nicosia b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, m\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng millet v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng phi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00f4i gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 quy\u1ec1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.Thu\u1ebf kho\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, v\u1edbi x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1m cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u di\u1ec5n ra trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1572 v\u00e0 1668, bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c Sultan ph\u1ea3i can thi\u1ec7p. Cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman n\u0103m 1831, ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 14.983 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 29.190 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o. T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1872, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 144.000 g\u1ed3m 44.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 100.000 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, c\u1ee7a h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1ecb nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i cho \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh n\u0103m 1878 v\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nga-Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 (1877\u20131878). H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n c\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1906, khi c\u1ea3ng Famagusta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, S\u00edp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o Suez, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn t\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 khi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Anh. Sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i Li\u00ean minh Trung t\u00e2m, Anh Qu\u1ed1c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o. N\u0103m 1923, theo Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Lausanne, n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 y\u00eau s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o v\u1edbi S\u00edp v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1925 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ho\u00e0ng gia Anh. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Hy L\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh trong c\u1ea3 hai cu\u1ed9c Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn, v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng S\u00edp s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Hy L\u1ea1p.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1950 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd, b\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 t\u1ea9y chay, theo \u0111\u00f3 90% ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \"enosis\", c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Hy L\u1ea1p; t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Hy L\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi enosis. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n theo m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Anh \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. N\u0103m 1955 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c EOKA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Hy L\u1ea1p th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 (TMT), k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Taksim, hay s\u1ef1 ly khai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh d\u00f9ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Hy L\u1ea1p n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Makarios t\u1ea1i S\u00edp v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \"Enosis\" ('Li\u00ean minh' trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p) v\u1edbi Hy L\u1ea1p. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1i S\u00edp ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1974. Nikos Sampson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng S\u00edp. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng S\u00edp s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Anh, v\u1ed1n ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. B\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y sau, ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1974,Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u00edp tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n, theo c\u00e1c tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn Zurich v\u00e0 Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, \u0111\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e9m bom c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u1ea1i S\u00edp, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m l\u00ednh d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng khu v\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa Nicosia v\u00e0 Kyrenia, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb t\u1ed1t t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, trong khi ngo\u00e0i b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Kyrenia 30 t\u00e0u Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e0u khu tr\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 6,000 l\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe t\u0103ng, xe t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1ecdc th\u00e9p. Ba ng\u00e0y sau, khi m\u1ed9t tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 30.000 l\u00ednh tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm Kyrenia, h\u00e0nh lang n\u1ed1i Kyrenia v\u1edbi Nicosia v\u00e0 qu\u1eadn S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Nicosia. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i Athens v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Sampson S\u00edp m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. T\u1ea1i Nicosia, Glafkos Clerides n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp; b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb l\u00e2u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 chia r\u1ebd h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc S\u00edp"}
+{"text": "V\u00f9ng Ayia Napa ch\u1ec9 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng nh\u1edd n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m sau khu v\u1ef1c C\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n Anh, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 v\u00ec c\u1ea7n th\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm."}
+{"text": "\u00c1p l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn v\u00e0 \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 37% \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c trong v\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, 170.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Hy L\u1ea1p b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc v\u00e0 50.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3i ra \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 1983 ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed7i Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. T\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 1,534 ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 502 ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1974 l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quan h\u1ec7 Hy L\u1ea1p-Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. Kho\u1ea3ng 150.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1eeb Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc vi ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Gen\u00e8ve v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c[C\u00f2n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 \u2013 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn]. Sau cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda, b\u1edfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00fangkh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "B\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 cao, v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng t\u1ed1t. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c, Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o. V\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp, B\u1eafc S\u00edp, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eeb Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i S\u00edp l\u00e0 K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Annan. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp g\u1ed1c Hy L\u1ea1p."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1960 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chia s\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. Nh\u00e1nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, do m\u1ed9t T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng S\u00edp Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u l\u00ean v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 n\u0103m n\u0103m v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1964, sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c gh\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 trong ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n b\u1ecb b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i v\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u00edp trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e2n chia C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a hai c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau, hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng theo \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, b\u1edfi gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 cam k\u1ebft coi s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3"}
+{"text": "Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 59 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 n\u0103m n\u0103m, 56 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean theo \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ba th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maronite, Latin v\u00e0 Armenia. 24 gh\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1964. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea3ng Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (AKEL) c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng T\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0ph\u00e1i trung dung \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Phong tr\u00e0o D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (EDEK) v\u00e0 EURO.KO trung dung."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2008 Dimitris Christofias thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng S\u00edp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh l\u1edbn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn S\u00edp tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong ba qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, hai n\u01b0\u1edbc kia l\u00e0 Moldova v\u00e0 Nepal, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u duy nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Christofias ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1eeb Tassos Papadopoulos thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2003."}
+{"text": "S\u00edp c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c Khu v\u1ef1c C\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n Anh Dhekelia. Hai v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng Ormidhia v\u00e0 Xylotymvou. V\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea1m \u0111i\u1ec7n Dhekelia, b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Anh l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n. Ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hai l\u00e0ng tr\u00ean, trong khi v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda nam n\u1eb1m c\u1ea1nh bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, d\u00f9 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00e3nh h\u1ea3i ri\u00eang. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng Dhekelia v\u00e0 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u1ea1nh ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Ayios Nikolaos, n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Dhekelia b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh lang \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m quay v\u1ec1 g\u00f3c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam c\u1ee7a h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, v\u00f9ng Paralimni, l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo ph\u00e1p l\u00fd."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 l\u01b0u \u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. M\u1ea1i d\u00e2m lan tr\u00e0n tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng do Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng do Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda nam do Hy L\u1ea1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong ng\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i sex nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng bi\u00ean t\u1eadp b\u00e1o. Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 v\u1eabn h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc. C\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n nh\u1eadp c\u01a1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed S\u00edp Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t x\u00edt KISA."}
+{"text": "S\u00edp th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do d\u1ef1a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 du l\u1ecbch. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, thu h\u00fat 1/3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u chi\u1ebfm 1/3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a S\u00edp, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1ebfn 78% GDP v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat h\u01a1n 70% l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a S\u00edp. N\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p S\u00edp nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ec7t, gi\u00e0y d\u00e9p, may m\u1eb7c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng l\u00e2m s\u1ea3n...N\u0103m 2007, S\u00edp \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 20,8% GDPl\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam ngu\u1ed3n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn 9,996 t\u1ef7 USD."}
+{"text": "Kinh t\u1ebf S\u00edp kh\u00e1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e1 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Theo c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a IMF, GDP tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y (\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo s\u1ee9c mua) \u1edf m\u1ee9c $28.381, \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. S\u00edp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho nhi\u1ec1u doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i b\u1edfi c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 S\u00edp ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed cho vi\u1ec7c gia nh\u1eadp Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3ng euro l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi gia nh\u1eadp Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 S\u00edp \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 m\u1edbi ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2008. D\u1ea7u m\u1ecf g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1eefa S\u00edp v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa Liban v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba chia t\u00e1ch Liban v\u00e0 S\u00edp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u th\u00f4 v\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u1edbn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed trong v\u00f9ng."}
+{"text": "Kinh t\u1ebf khu v\u1ef1c do Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng (th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 Qu\u1eadn Mersin) ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, g\u1ed3m l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eb9 nh\u1ecf. K\u00ednh t\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do, d\u00f9 n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n cao, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ngu\u1ed3n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2003 v\u00e0 2004, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao 9.6% v\u00e0 11.4%. Thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1t $15.984 n\u0103m 2008. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng lira m\u1edbi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 du l\u1ecbch trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho thu\u00ea c\u1ee7a S\u00edp. Ngo\u00e0i ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n trong m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra do nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u00e0u l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 sau n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1976-2001 sau s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc S\u00edp theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a S\u1edf Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp theo c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eadp c\u01b0. Trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u0103m 2001 do C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u00e0 703.529 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc S\u00edp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u1edf Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 87.600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay 11% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a S\u1edf Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea S\u00edp cho r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2006 l\u00e0 867.600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi 89.8% (778.700) \u1edf v\u00f9ng do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 10.2% (88.900) ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc S\u00edp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp g\u1ed1c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc S\u00edp. Ngo\u00e0i ra, S\u1edf Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp c\u0169ng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng 150.000-160.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p\" trong B\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 2007 c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp, Ghi ch\u00fa t\u1ea1i tr. 72) \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc S\u00edp, \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc S\u00edp l\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 250.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh do C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2006 do 'ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7' B\u1eafc S\u00edp ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, theo \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 B\u1eafc S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 265.100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 S\u00edp h\u01a1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u1ed3m 778.700 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 S\u00edp ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 265.100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 B\u1eafc S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd."}
+{"text": "S\u00edp \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1i Lan, Philippines, v\u00e0 Sri Lanka, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Nga, Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga v\u00e0 Ukraina kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p H\u1eafc H\u1ea3i, nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u), Bulgaria, Rom\u00e2nia, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. T\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2007, kho\u1ea3ng 124.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i S\u00edp, ba nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 37.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p, 27.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, v\u00e0 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga. H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maronite 6.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Armenia kho\u1ea3ng 2.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Serbia, Palestine, v\u00e0 Liban. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd t\u1ea1i S\u00edp."}
+{"text": "\u0110a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp g\u1ed1c Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng Hy L\u1ea1p, trong khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Theo Eurobarometer 2005, S\u00edp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Malta, Romania, Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Ba Lan. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a S\u00edp, Makarios III, c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, (Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng S\u00edp, b\u1ed1n qu\u1ed1c gia kia l\u00e0 Malta, Hy L\u1ea1p, \u0110an M\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c Anh gi\u00e1o. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, Do Th\u00e1i, Tin l\u00e0nh (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Pentecostal), C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i nghi th\u1ee9c Maronite (Nghi th\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 T\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n Armenia nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1i S\u00edp."}
+{"text": "S\u00edp c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u0169ng b\u1edfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf g\u1ea7n 7% GDP \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khi\u1ebfn S\u00edp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba n\u01b0\u1edbc chi ti\u00eau nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong EU c\u00f9ng \u0110an M\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 Thu\u1ef5 \u0110i\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p trung h\u1ecdc nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 25% \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u00f4n, 75% c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i do gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3, theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00edt c\u00f4ng khai nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u00edp (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p) h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ecf qua to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p trung h\u1ecdc trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn. Tuy m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng trung h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c khi v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tham gia. \u0110a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp theo h\u1ecdc trung h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, Anh, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i S\u00edp c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf tu\u1ed5i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 trung h\u1ecdc cao \u1edf EU v\u1edbi 30% tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 Ph\u1ea7n Lan 29.5%. Ngo\u00e0i ra 47% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 25\u201334 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p ba, cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i EU. Sinh vi\u00ean S\u00edp r\u1ea5t ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n, v\u1edbi 78.7% \u0111ang h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ai h\u1ecdc b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i S\u00edp."}
+{"text": "\u00c2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n gian truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng S\u00edp c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u1edbi \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n gian Hy L\u1ea1p, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u1ea3y nh\u01b0 sousta, syrtos, zeibekikos, tatsia, v\u00e0 kartsilamas. C\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n gian S\u00edp l\u00e0 violin [\"fkiolin\"], \u0111\u00e0n lu\u00fdt [\"laouto\"], accordion, v\u00e0 s\u00e1o S\u00edp \"pithkiavlin\". C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u01a1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"chattista\", th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng S\u00edp g\u1ed3m Evagoras Karageorgis, Marios Tokas, Solon Michaelides, Savvas Salides. Nh\u1ea1c Pop t\u1ea1i S\u00edp n\u00f3i chung b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1ea1c pop \"La\u00efka\" Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 nh\u01b0 Anna Vissi v\u00e0 Evridiki n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Nh\u1ea1c rock S\u00edp v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c rock \"\u00c9ntekhno\" th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 nh\u01b0 Michalis Hatzigiannis v\u00e0 Alkinoos Ioannidis. Metal c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i S\u00edp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ban nh\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 Armageddon, Winter's Verge, RUST and Blynd Rev. 16:16."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f3n c\u00e1 c\u1ee7a S\u00edp g\u1ed3m m\u1ef1c \u1ed1ng, b\u1ea1c tu\u1ed9c, c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1 v\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3n. D\u01b0a chu\u1ed9t v\u00e0 c\u00e0 chua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0m salad. C\u00e1c m\u00f3n rau th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed3m khoai t\u00e2y v\u1edbi d\u1ea7u olive v\u00e0 m\u00f9i t\u00e2y, s\u00fap l\u01a1 ng\u00e2m r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 c\u1ee7 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u0103ng t\u00e2y v\u00e0 kolokassi. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e0 th\u1ecbt \u01b0\u1edbp trong rau m\u00f9i kh\u00f4, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 hun kh\u00f3i, nh\u01b0 lountza (th\u0103n l\u1ee3n hun kh\u00f3i), th\u1ecbt c\u1eebu n\u01b0\u1edbng than, souvlaki (th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt g\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbng than), v\u00e0 sheftalia / seftali (th\u1ecbt b\u0103m g\u00f3i trong m\u00e0ng treo ru\u1ed9t). Pourgouri (bulgur, l\u00faa m\u00ec xay) l\u00e0 m\u00f3n \u0103n carbohydrate truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng b\u00e1nh m\u00ec."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u1ec3 thao t\u1ea1i S\u00edp g\u1ed3m Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u00d4 t\u00f4 S\u00edp, Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n B\u00f3ng b\u00e0n S\u00edp, Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n B\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 S\u00edp, Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Cricket S\u00edp, Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 S\u00edp, Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Rugby S\u00edp v\u00e0 Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n B\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec1n S\u00edp. Marcos Baghdatis l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean tennis th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a S\u00edp tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong tr\u1eadn chung k\u1ebft Australian Open n\u0103m 2006, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o t\u1edbi v\u00f2ng b\u00e1n k\u1ebft Wimbledon c\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u1ea5y. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 Kyriakos Ioannou l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean nh\u1ea3y cao ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00edp sinh t\u1ea1i Limassol v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh t\u00edch 2.35 m t\u1ea1i IAAF World Championships in Athletics l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 11 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Osaka, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, n\u0103m 2007 \u0111o\u1ea1t huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng."}
+{"text": "B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng g\u1ed3m AEL Limassol, APOLLON FC, Anorthosis Famagusta FC, AC Omonia, Apollon Ladies, Nea Salamina Famagusta, AEK Larnaca v\u00e0 APOEL Nicosia FC. C\u00e1c s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng hay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ec3 thao t\u1ea1i S\u00edp g\u1ed3m S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng GSP (l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i S\u00edp), S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Makario, S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Neo GSZ, S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Antonis Papadopoulos, S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Ammochostos v\u00e0 S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Tsirion. Cyprus Rally c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean l\u1ecbch thi \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a World Rally Championship."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 S\u00edp \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1951, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng. Trong s\u1ed1 10.663 km (6.626 mi) \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng S\u00edp Hy L\u1ea1p n\u0103m 1998, 6.249 km (3.883 mi) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a, v\u00e0 4.414 km (2.743 mi) kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a. \u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103m 1996 v\u00f9ng S\u00edp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u1edbi x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 1.370 km (850 mi) \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 980 km (610 mi) ch\u01b0a tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a. S\u00edp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n qu\u1ed1c gia Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u duy nh\u1ea5t theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng theo ph\u00eda b\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ho\u00e1 Anh, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kia l\u00e0 Ireland, Malta v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i S\u00edp b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 bus t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Nicosia), taxi, v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 taxi 'chia s\u1ebb' (\u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 taxi d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5). S\u1edf h\u1eefu xe t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 5 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 2006 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 xe bus v\u00e0 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp S\u00edp, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e0 C\u1ea3ng Limassol v\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng Larnaca, v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 t\u00e0u du l\u1ecbch."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c S\u00edp l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a: Australia Group, Kh\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, CFSP, EBRD, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, Ph\u00f2ng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, T\u00f2a \u00e1n H\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Li\u00ean minh Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, IFAD, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, IHO, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, IMF, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Interpol, IOC, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Li\u00ean minh Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, ITU, MIGA, Phong tr\u00e0o Kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Mali hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ba \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Phi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i xuy\u00ean Sahara: \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ghana, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Mali (Mali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Songhai. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1800, Mali n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Soudan thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p. Mali gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1959 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Li\u00ean bang Mali. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau Li\u00ean bang Mali tan r\u00e3 v\u00e0 Mali tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng cai tr\u1ecb, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh 1991 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc Mali d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng. Kho\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Mali s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ngh\u00e8o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 1,25 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia Mali l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ba \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Phi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, v\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i xuy\u00ean Sahara v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0ng, mu\u1ed1i, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 kh\u00e1c. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Mali l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Sahel kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ghana v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Soninke, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Mande. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y Phi t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1078, khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c b\u1edfi tri\u1ec1u Almoravids."}
+{"text": "Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Mali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc con s\u00f4ng Niger, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Mali t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Djenn\u00e9 v\u00e0 Timbuktu tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt h\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 do nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u chia r\u1ebd trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Songhai. T\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Songhai b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb n\u01a1i m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y b\u1eafc Nigeria. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Songhai v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u1edf T\u00e2y Phi v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Mali."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Songhai d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Mali v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Mali. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Songhai s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 sau cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maroc do Judar Pasha ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1591. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Songhai \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean sau khi c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i xuy\u00ean Sahara m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1738 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1756, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1edf Timbuktu."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, Mali n\u1eafm d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1905, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Mali \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Sudan thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1959, Mali (sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Sudan) v\u00e0 S\u00e9n\u00e9gal h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Li\u00ean bang Mali. Li\u00ean bang Mali gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1960. Sau \u0111\u00f3 S\u00e9n\u00e9gal r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi li\u00ean bang v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1960, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Mali v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1960. Modibo Ke\u00efta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c Ke\u00efta thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea3ng, tr\u00ean v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1968, do n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Mali ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c suy gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Ke\u00efta b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi Moussa Traor\u00e9. Sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, Mali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi Traor\u00e9 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, \u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1968 v\u00e0 1974, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Traor\u00e9 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5 ra v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1970 v\u00e0 ba n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Traor\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1980."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf, tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Traor\u00e9 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. N\u0103m 1990, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n b\u1edfi b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9c s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc theo sau s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tuareg v\u1ec1 Mali."}
+{"text": "Phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1992, Alpha Oumar Konar\u00e9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Mali \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng. V\u00e0 trong l\u1ea7n t\u00e1i b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Konar\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng. N\u0103m 2002, \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Mali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9, m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991. Ng\u00e0y nay, Mali l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u Phi."}
+{"text": "Mali l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb1m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf T\u00e2y Phi, \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam c\u1ee7a Alg\u00e9rie. V\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u00e0 1.240.000 km2, Mali l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 24 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nam Phia hay Angola. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Mali n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda nam sa m\u1ea1c Sahara, v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng c\u00e2y savanna Sudan. \u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Mali ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng \u0111i l\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u1eafc th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi c\u00e1t. V\u00f9ng Adrar des Ifoghas n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "Mali c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nh\u01b0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam t\u1edbi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00f4 n\u00f3ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Mali nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3; v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n x\u1ea3y ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 12 l\u00e0 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, con s\u00f4ng Niger th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra l\u0169 l\u1ee5t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed9i Niger. Maii c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u1edbi v\u00e0ng, uranium, phosphate, kaolinit, mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1c th\u00e1c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t. Mali ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 sa m\u1ea1c h\u00f3a, ph\u00e1 r\u1eebng, x\u00f3i m\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch. M\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c. V\u00ec l\u00fd do c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Mali c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 49 cercle, bao g\u1ed3m 288 huy\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "Quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 5 n\u0103m b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang. M\u1ed9t Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Qu\u1ed1c gia theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01a1n vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Mali, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 5 n\u0103m. Trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 2007, Li\u00ean minh v\u00ec D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 113 gh\u1ebf trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 160 gh\u1ebf trong h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hai cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf Mali ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 quan sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2009, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Mali cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ea3 hai ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n b\u1eadc cao c\u1ee7a Mali bao g\u1ed3m T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao, v\u1ed1n n\u1eafm c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 T\u00f2a \u00e1n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1eb7t t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ph\u00e2n x\u1eed trong c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. C\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Mali v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o trong l\u00e0ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Mali d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y theo th\u1eddi gian. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Mali v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u00f3i ri\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Mali c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb Mali tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Mali l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u Phi, tham gia ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t trong v\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Liberia, v\u00e0 Sierra Leone, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Mali. Tuy nhi\u00ean Mali l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh. S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t an ninh chung d\u1ecdc bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i trong khu v\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Mali bao g\u1ed3m l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 binh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn binh v\u00e0 V\u1ec7 binh C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cua B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 C\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh Mali, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p, trang b\u1ecb k\u00e9m, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n khi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tuareg \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh quy c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i sau m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady Tuareg v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992. N\u00f3i chung qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ea5p k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m, Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u1eeb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m trong n\u0103m 2003, B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng an ninh l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \"bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng an ninh th\u1ef1c thi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n.\""}
+{"text": "Mali l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. L\u01b0\u01a1ng trung b\u00ecnh h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 1.500 \u0111\u00f4 la. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1992 v\u00e0 1995, Mali tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00fap t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap Mali gia nh\u1eadp T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1995. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m qu\u1ed1c gia (GDP) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng. N\u0103m 2002, t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng GDP l\u00e0 3,4 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn 5,8 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005,, trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP \u0111\u1ea1t 17,6%."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Mali l\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. B\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2y th\u00f4ng qua S\u00e9n\u00e9gal v\u00e0 B\u1edd Bi\u1ec3n Ng\u00e0. Trong n\u0103m 2002, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00f4ng \u1edf Mali \u0111\u1ea1t 620.000 t\u1ea5n nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 b\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong n\u0103m 2003. Ngo\u00e0i b\u00f4ng, Mali c\u00f2n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t g\u1ea1o, k\u00ea, b\u1eafp, rau qu\u1ea3, thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0ng, ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 80% h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Mali. 80$ c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Mali l\u00e0m trong ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 15% l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong khu v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft theo m\u00f9a d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i \u1edf Mali bao g\u1ed3m h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u gia s\u00fac, c\u1eebu v\u00e0 d\u00ea. Kho\u1ea3ng 40% \u0111\u00e0n gia s\u00fac c\u1ee7a Mali b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t trong n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n Sahel v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1972-74."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1991, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Mali c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c th\u00e1c m\u1edbi gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p khai kho\u00e1ng. V\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Mali, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba ch\u00e2u Phi (sau Nam Phi v\u00e0 Ghana). S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a v\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Mali t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1999 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng b\u00f4ng \u1edf B\u1edd Bi\u1ec3n Ng\u00e0. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Mali bao g\u1ed3m kaolinit, mu\u1ed1i, phosphate, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Mali c\u0169ng thi h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, bao g\u1ed3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a. Mali b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1988 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Qu\u1ef9 Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1988 \u0111\u1ebfn 1996, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Mali ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng. Trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, 16 doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a. 12 doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 12 doanh nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3. N\u0103m 2005, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Mali nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cho T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Savage. Hai c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, Societ\u00e9 de Telecommunications du Mali (SOTELMA) v\u00e0 Cotton Ginning Company (CMDT), d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2007, kho\u1ea3ng 48% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Mali d\u01b0\u1edbi 15 tu\u1ed5i, 49% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng 15\u201364 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 3% c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 65 hay gi\u00e0 h\u01a1n. Tu\u1ed5i trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Mali l\u00e0 15,9 n\u0103m. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007 l\u00e0 49,6 tr\u1ebb m\u1ed7i 1.000d d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 the t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 th\u1ee5 thai c\u1ed9ng d\u1ed3n l\u00e0 7,4 m\u1ed7i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong n\u0103m 2007 l\u00e0 16,5 m\u1ed7i 1.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. K\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng s\u1ed1ng khi sanh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb l\u00e0 49,5 n\u0103m (47,6 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nam v\u00e0 51,5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1eef). Mali l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong s\u01a1 sinh cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi 106 tr\u1ebb m\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i 1.000 ca sinh trong n\u0103m 2007."}
+{"text": "D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Mali bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c c\u1eadn Sahara, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bambara l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cao nh\u1ea5t trong d\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm 36.5% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. G\u1ed9p chung l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bambara, Sonink\u00e9, Khassonk\u00e9, v\u00e0 Malink\u00e9, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mand\u00e9, chi\u1ebfm 50% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Mali. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Peul (17%), Voltaic (12%), Songhai (6%), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tuareg v\u00e0 Moor (10%). Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c \u1edf Mali c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p; tuy nhi\u00eam v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Songhai v\u00e0 Tuareg. Trong 40 n\u0103m qua, n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tuareg ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng du m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 90% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Mali theo \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i (ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i Sunni), kho\u1ea3ng 5% l\u00e0 theo Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o (kho\u1ea3ng hai ph\u1ea7n ba theo Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba l\u00e0 theo Tin L\u00e0nh) v\u00e0 5% c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1eadt linh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mali theo thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. C\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1edf Mali c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, khoan dung, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Mali \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Mali ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Mali ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ngh\u00e8o, suy dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh. C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Mali thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong n\u0103m 2000, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 62\u201365 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 69 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u1ec7 sinh. N\u0103m 2001, chi ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 4 \u0111\u00f4 la trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf \u1edf Mali r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu thu\u1ed1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. S\u1ed1t r\u00e9t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh do \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u00e2n kh\u1edbp \u0111ang lan tr\u00e0n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u1edf Mali, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m khu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 lao. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Mali c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cao tr\u1ebb suy dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ch\u1ee7ng th\u1ea5p. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 1,9 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Mali b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch HIV/AIDS v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Ch\u00e2u Phi c\u1eadn Sahra."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Mali theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em t\u1eeb 7 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn 16 tu\u1ed5i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c bao g\u1ed3m s\u00e1u n\u0103m ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00fac tr\u1ebb em b\u1ea3y tu\u1ed5i, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00e1u n\u0103m trung h\u1ecdc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em Mali l\u1ea1i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5p, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd do ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 trang tr\u1ea3i chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c, s\u00e1ch, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2000\u201301, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 61% (71% tr\u1ebb em trai v\u00e0 51% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i); trong cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc \u1edf b\u1eadc trung h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 15% (20% tr\u1ebb em trai v\u00e0 10% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i). H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n do thi\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef \u1edf Mali dao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kho\u1ea3ng 27\u201330% \u0111\u1ebfn 46.4% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Mali k\u00e9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng h\u01a1n n\u1ec1n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, Mali v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a tri th\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u Phi. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Mali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t hay c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 jalis \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. Amadou Hamp\u00e2t\u00e9 B\u00e2, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Mali, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec3n mi\u1ec7ng n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m ghi nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Mali v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Mali l\u00e0 Yambo Ouologuem v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Le devoir de violence \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Prix Renaudot n\u0103m 1968 nh\u01b0ng di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1o v\u0103n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Mali bao g\u1ed3m Baba Traor\u00e9, Modibo Sounkalo Keita, Massa Makan Diabat\u00e9, Moussa Konat\u00e9, v\u00e0 Fily Dabo Sissoko."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mali ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mali m\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u00e1o d\u00e0i c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 boubous, m\u1ed9t trang ph\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y Phi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mali th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tham gia c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, khi\u00eau v\u0169 v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5. G\u1ea1o v\u00e0 k\u00ea l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Mali, v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c. Ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1t l\u00e0m t\u1eeb l\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y bina hay bao b\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u00e0 chua, hay n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eadu ph\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi th\u1ecbt n\u01b0\u1edbng (\u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 g\u00e0, c\u1eebu, b\u00f2, hay d\u00ea). \u1ea8m th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Mali thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo t\u1eebng v\u00f9ng."}
+{"text": "M\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Mali l\u00e0 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n khi Mali l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a C\u00fap b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 ch\u00e2u Phi 2002. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf t\u1ea7m qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 Djoliba AC, Stade Malien, v\u00e0 Real Bamako, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4. Tr\u1ebb em th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ea3i r\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n sinh nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh tuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Salif Keita v\u00e0 Jean Tigana. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric \"Fredi\" Kanout\u00e9, \u0111\u1ea1t danh hi\u1ec7u C\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 ch\u00e2u Phi c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 2007, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang ch\u01a1i cho c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 Sevilla FC t\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i La Liga c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng thi \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Ban Nha l\u00e0 Mahamadou Diarra, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 Mali, \u0111ang ch\u01a1i cho Real Madrid v\u00e0 Seydou Keita ch\u01a1i cho FC Barcelona. C\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111ang thi \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u01b0 Mamady Sidibe (Stoke City), Mohammed Sissoko (Juventus), Sammy Traore (Paris Saint-Germain), Adama Coulibaly (AJ Auxerre), Kalifa Cisse v\u00e0 Jimmy Kebe (Reading F.C.), v\u00e0 Dramane Traor\u00e9 (Lokomotiv Moskva). B\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao ch\u00ednh \u1edf Mali; \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1eef Mali, do Hamchetou Maiga l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh, \u0111\u00e3 tranh t\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i B\u1eafc Kinh 2008. V\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (la lutte) l\u00e0 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 suy gi\u1ea3m trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i oware, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n mancala \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fac nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i."}
+{"text": "Lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (C\u00e1c Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean) xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1687, \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 3 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Newton, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, khoa h\u1ecdc trong su\u1ed1t 3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo. \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nhau; b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Kepler v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n Thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eadt t\u00e2m v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "Isaac Newton sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Khi \u00f4ng \u1edf qu\u00e3ng tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 12 \u0111\u1ebfn 17, \u00f4ng h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i King's School, Grantham, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Latinh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 To\u00e1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1659, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng, l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai g\u00f3a b\u1ee5a, \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng Newton l\u1ea1i gh\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e1ng. Henry Stocks, th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i King's School, \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng cho \u00f4ng quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Newton l\u00e0 Robert Hooke v\u00e0 Edmond Halley. Sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t khi bay t\u1eeb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Hooke, Newton \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong t\u00ednh to\u00e1n qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Johannes Kepler. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn Halley v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Newton xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ch\u00fang. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1684 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1688, Newton ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, cu\u1ed1n Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica."}
+{"text": "Trong quy\u1ec3n I c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, Newton gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ba \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Newton. Quy\u1ec3n II tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Newton thay th\u1ebf cho tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Descartes. Quy\u1ec3n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng. \u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Newton \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n John Flamsteed ki\u1ec3m tra xem Sao Th\u1ed5 c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n \u0111i g\u1ea7n Sao M\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng. Flamsteed \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t nh\u1eadn ra hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Newton. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Newton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam b\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng b\u1eb9t c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i hai c\u1ef1c, thay v\u00ec l\u1ed3i ra t\u1ea1i hai c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1edfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Descartes. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Newton c\u0169ng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng, v\u00e0 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m quay l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a sao ch\u1ed5i Halley. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt \u00edt g\u00e2y l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t khi n\u1eb1m trong d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng hay ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed, Newton c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ra v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n gi\u1ea3i t\u00edch bi\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed1n quy t\u1eafc s\u00fac t\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, Newton \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Newton c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc cho l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i t\u00edch m\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p mang t\u00ednh tri\u1ebft l\u00fd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Aristoteles v\u00e0 Thomas Aquinas. Newton \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Galileo Galilei, t\u1ea1o ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay trong khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ch\u1eef sau \u0111\u00e2y trong quy\u1ec3n Opticks (Quang h\u1ecdc) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1eddi nay, n\u1ebfu Newton d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \"khoa h\u1ecdc\" thay cho \"tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\":"}
+{"text": "Newton \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra gi\u1ea3i t\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc Gottfried Leibniz. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i t\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc Leibniz. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ai \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra gi\u1ea3i t\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Newton \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd nh\u1ecb th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang cho c\u00e1c t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n s\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho John Wallis c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. Newton \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c cho v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e2m thanh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. L\u00fd do cho s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Newton th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u03b3\u00bd l\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u1edbi \u03b3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t dung c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed."}
+{"text": "Theo quy\u1ec3n Opticks, m\u00e0 Newton \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea7n ch\u1eeb trong vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Hooke m\u1ea5t, Newton \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng b\u1ecb chia th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, khi \u0111i qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh (thu\u1ef7 tinh c\u1ee7a l\u0103ng k\u00ednh c\u00f3 chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y m\u00e0u). Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Newton \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi l\u0103ng k\u00ednh \u1edf Cambridge. \u00d4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh sau l\u0103ng k\u00ednh c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng giao thoa m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng Newton, m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 Newton \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Newton \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i nhanh h\u01a1n trong thu\u1ef7 tinh, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Christiaan Huygens."}
+{"text": "Newton r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Hooke m\u1ea5t. Quy\u1ec3n Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Halley m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi. \u00d4ng t\u1ecf ra ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1eadp d\u1ecb v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh. Sau khi Newton qua \u0111\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m trong l\u00fac l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 l\u1eadp d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Newton."}
+{"text": "Newton \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho khoa h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0o trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00f3c khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 cho v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c h\u01a1n m\u1ecdi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Newton \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho m\u1ed7i l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Aristoteles v\u00e0 Aquinas tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Galileo v\u00e0 John Philoponus s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng Newton l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, gi\u1eefa to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ho\u00e1 m\u1ecdi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ho\u00e1 ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean Suy lu\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd m\u00e0 Newton \u0111\u01b0a ra do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay. Sau khi \u00f4ng ra \u0111i, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00fac sinh th\u1eddi. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0y nay."}
+{"text": "Isaac Newton sinh ra t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u1edf Woolsthorpe, g\u1ea7n Grantham \u1edf Lincolnshire, Anh, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1642 (4 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1643 theo l\u1ecbch m\u1edbi). \u00d4ng ch\u01b0a m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t cha, do cha \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u0169ng t\u00ean l\u00e0 Isaac Newton Sr., m\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng sinh ra kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u. S\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u1edbi cha d\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf, Newton b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng tr\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t, xa nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. May m\u1eafn l\u00e0 do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh trong vai anh c\u1ea3 sau khi cha d\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trinity College Cambridge) sau ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1661, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed."}
+{"text": "M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Newton t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Aristotle, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat b\u1edfi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Descartes, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Galileo v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Kepler. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y: \"Plato l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, Aristotle l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\". Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111a ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, Newton ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb sau n\u0103m 1663, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n Elements c\u1ee7a Euclid, Clavis Mathematica c\u1ee7a William Oughtred, La G\u00e9om\u00e9trie c\u1ee7a Descartes, Geometria a Renato Des Cartes c\u1ee7a Frans van Schooten, Algebra c\u1ee7a Wallis v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Fran\u00e7ois Vi\u00e8te."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau khi nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, n\u0103m 1630, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 2 n\u0103m v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda do b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch lan truy\u1ec1n. Hai n\u0103m n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Newton v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh vi ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00edch ph\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ho\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i to\u00e1n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn nhau nh\u01b0 t\u00ecm di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, t\u00ecm ti\u1ebfp tuy\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m. T\u00e0i n\u0103ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Cambridge nh\u1eadn ra khi tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf c\u1eeda tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103m 1670, sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1c s\u0129, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 quang h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9ng minh \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn cho k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng thay th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 nho\u00e8 \u1ea3nh do t\u00e1n s\u1eafc \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng qua thu\u1ef7 tinh."}
+{"text": "Newton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o H\u1ed9i Khoa h\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng gia Anh n\u0103m 1672 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c t\u1eeb Huygens v\u00e0 Hooke v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea1t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn suy s\u1ee5p tinh th\u1ea7n cho Newton v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1678. N\u0103m 1679 Newton v\u00e0 Hooke tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 trong tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u0103m 1684, Halley thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Newton xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n sau cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y trong quy\u1ec3n Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho Newton ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1693, sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb suy s\u1ee5p nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, Newton t\u1eeb b\u1ecf khoa h\u1ecdc, r\u1eddi Cambridge \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n. Newton t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1edd b\u1ed5ng l\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m 1703 Newton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i Khoa h\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng gia Anh v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 trong su\u1ed1t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng phong b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1705. vi\u1ec7c ai ph\u00e1t minh ra vi ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00edch ph\u00e2n, Newton v\u00e0 Lepnic kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tranh lu\u1eadn c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i tranh c\u00e3i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t khi\u1ebfn hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5. \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1727 t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1666, \u00f4ng ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u t\u1eeb Cambridge v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng \u1edf Lincolnshire. Trong khi \u0111ang lang thang tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0 trong v\u01b0\u1eddn, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn (\u0111\u00e3 mang qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o t\u1eeb tr\u00ean c\u00e2y r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t) kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng ra xa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129. T\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng cao nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng n\u00f3i \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i trong qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng lao v\u00e0o t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Newton \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n trong cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1660 v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch; Tuy nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7t ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch xa Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c gi\u1eef m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Newton \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3m t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c chung l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"l\u1ef1c v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\"."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y nay, trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb \"\u0111\u1ea1n\" \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. \u0110\u00f4i khi, \"\u0111\u1ea1n\" \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi nhau g\u1ed3m \"\u1ed1ng li\u1ec1u\", \"\u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n\", \"li\u1ec1u ph\u00f3ng\" v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb \"cartridge\" trong ti\u1ebfng Anh. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng \"\u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n\" \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eafn \u0111i. \u0110\u00f4i l\u00fac, t\u1eeb \"\u0111\u1ea1n\" l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea7n \"\u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n\" c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00fang b\u1eafn li\u1ec1u ph\u00f3ng r\u1eddi nh\u01b0 s\u00fang c\u1ed1i hay ph\u00e1o, ho\u1eb7c trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb \"tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n\". Th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng; \"\u0111\u1ea1n\" t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \"cartridge\" ti\u1ebfng Anh, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \"\u1ed1ng li\u1ec1u\", \"\u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n\" v\u00e0 \"li\u1ec1u ph\u00f3ng\". \"V\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1n\" t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb \"case\" trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, \"\u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n\" nh\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb \"bullet\", \"\u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n\" l\u1edbn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb \"projectile\"."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i, s\u00fang th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec. \u0110\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng gang \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u00fac h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0i tr\u00f2n, sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111i nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1n gang v\u1ec1 d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ea1n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 khi quay l\u1ed9n trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3n m\u00e1t. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, ch\u01b0a nh\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 b\u1eafn tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1 g\u00f3c th\u1ea5p \u0111i xa, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd do ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1 n\u1ed5 ngo\u00e0i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1u ph\u00e1o b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea1n tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1 g\u00f3c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ed3i \u00edt thu\u1ed1c b\u1eafn ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ea3y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam t\u1ea7m v\u0103ng. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1n ria, \u0111\u1ea1n g\u1ed3m bi ch\u00ec, m\u1ea3nh gang nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ed9p h\u1edf mi\u1ec7ng, nh\u1ed3i h\u1ed9p v\u00e0o ph\u00e1o nh\u01b0 nh\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea1n c\u1ea7u, b\u1eafn xong n\u1ebfu c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba th\u00ec \u0111i nh\u1eb7t h\u1ed9p v\u1ec1."}
+{"text": "Paixhans ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf ra ph\u00e1o b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea1n tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1 nh\u1ed3i nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. \u0110\u1ebfn nay l\u1ef1u ph\u00e1o b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea1n nh\u1ed3i nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5, b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea1n h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng \u0111i xa. \u0110\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u n\u1eefa m\u00e0 d\u00e0i ra, gi\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ea1n d\u00e0i gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng, kh\u00f4ng quay l\u1ed9n nh\u1edd hai c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf: xoay \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ea1n xoay \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sao cho t\u00e2m kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch xa t\u00e2m kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, quay quanh tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 con quay, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00e2m kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i sau t\u00e2m kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ea1n c\u00e1nh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 m\u0169i t\u00ean, c\u00e1nh \u0111u\u00f4i l\u00e0m h\u01a1i nghi\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1n xoay nh\u1eb9 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, b\u00f9 c\u00e1c sai s\u1ed1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn v\u00e0 xo\u00e1y nhanh qu\u00e1 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng sang s\u00fang n\u00f2ng xo\u1eafn, b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n d\u00e0i nh\u1ecdn, li\u1ec1n v\u1ecf. M\u1ed3i l\u1eeda thay b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1 l\u1eeda r\u1ed3i m\u1ed3i h\u1ea1t l\u1eeda, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 khai \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ea1t l\u1eeda b\u00ean h\u00f4ng li\u1ec1u ph\u00f3ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1n \"gi\u1eefa\", t\u1ee9c h\u1ea1t l\u1eeda \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebf \u1ed1ng li\u1ec1u. \u1ed0ng li\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1n l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u1ed1n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 kh\u1ed1i l\u1edbn. Sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u1ed1ng li\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n n\u00f2ng. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 th\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay th\u1ebf. Th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p c\u1ee9ng. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf d\u00f9ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u00fang c\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafn tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1 \u0111i xa, l\u1ef1u ph\u00e1o b\u1eafn tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1 \u0111i g\u1ea7n, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c ph\u00e1o m\u1ea1nh b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7c. C\u00e1c s\u00fang l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 n\u00f2ng tr\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ea1n c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea1n xuy\u00ean ph\u00e1, nh\u1ed3i nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 trong tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1, \u0111\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 trong n\u00f2ng s\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 khi \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o gi\u00e1p th\u00e9p d\u1ecbch, xuy\u00ean v\u00e0o trong m\u1edbi n\u1ed5. B\u00ed quy\u1ebft thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o hai ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 l\u00e0 TNT v\u00e0 Thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3i. Ch\u00fang tr\u1ed9n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 gia s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng v\u00f5 vi\u00ean t\u1ea1o b\u1ed9t, thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1c d\u1ed9 ch\u00e1y ngo\u00e0i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n. \u0110\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng di\u1ec7t b\u1ed9 binh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafp ng\u00f2i ch\u1ea1m n\u1ed5 nh\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng xuy\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi n\u1ed5. Ng\u00f2i n\u00e0y nh\u1eady nh\u01b0ng an to\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 trong n\u00f2ng s\u00fang."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1n s\u00e1t th\u01b0\u01a1ng (ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ed9 binh) c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1n n\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh v\u0103ng m\u1ea3nh (High explosive fragmentation - HE-FRAG). \u0110\u1ea1n ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u1ecf v\u1ee1 th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh, ph\u00e1 c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 vang m\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ng\u00f2i ch\u1ea1m n\u1ed5 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u1ed5; n\u1ed5 ngay, n\u1ed5 khi xuy\u00ean m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau (d\u01b0\u1edbi 1 m\u00e9t) hay n\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f2i ch\u00e1y ch\u1eadm \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o xuy\u00ean h\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ea1n 125mm b\u1eafn t\u1eeb xe t\u0103ng Nga c\u00f2n l\u1eafp ng\u00f2i n\u1ed5 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, khi \u0111i qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh cho ng\u00f2i, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t n\u1ed5 \u1edf t\u1ea7m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi b\u1eafn m\u00e1y bay. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1n b\u1eafn t\u1eeb s\u00fang y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a bi, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1n b\u1eafn t\u1eeb s\u00fang m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 v\u1ecf h\u1ee3p kim gi\u00f2n. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1n 3Sh-7 125mm Nga n\u1eb7ng 23kg, ch\u1ee9a h\u01a1n 3 kg h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 RDX v\u00e0 b\u1ed9t nh\u00f4m, khi n\u1ed5 t\u1ea1o ra 4700-4800 m\u1ea3nh 1,26g v\u0103ng \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 1km/s."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1n s\u00fang c\u1ed1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00f2ng tr\u01a1n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1nh \u0111u\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ea1n s\u00fang c\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, r\u1ea5t r\u1ebb. Li\u1ec1u ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1n ch\u1ee9a ngay trong c\u00e1n \u0111u\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng, b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi \u1ed1ng gi\u1ea5y hay v\u1eady li\u1ec7u m\u1ec1m. Khi b\u1eafn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam li\u1ec1u ph\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea5n thu\u1ed1c ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ef1ng trong \u1ed1ng m\u1ec1m quanh c\u00e1n \u0111u\u00f4i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1n s\u00fang c\u1ed1i b\u1eafn tr\u00ean ph\u00e1o c\u1ed1i n\u00f2ng xo\u1eafn, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quay. Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f4i, b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u00e1o th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n \u0111u\u00f4i c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eafn tr\u00ean ph\u00e1o n\u00f2ng xo\u1eafn."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh thu\u1ed9c duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i v\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o C\u00e0 Mau, mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c Nam c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1899 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1900. Ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1956, t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh Ba Xuy\u00ean. Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1964, t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1976, t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3, nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh Minh H\u1ea3i. Ng\u00e0y 06 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1996, t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp th\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111i v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1997 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.T\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau t\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y t\u00ean c\u1ee7a con r\u1ea1ch B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau (c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng do Poanh Lieu m\u00e0 ra, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n L\u00e0o tr\u00fa \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eddi x\u01b0a)."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau sinh s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m... Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau c\u00f3 phong c\u00e1ch ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Nam B\u1ed9. B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau c\u00f3 C\u00f4ng t\u1eed B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau l\u1eebng danh m\u1ed9t thu\u1edf gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu ch\u01a1i, ngo\u00e0i ra v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f2n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 Cao V\u0103n L\u1ea7u v\u00e0 b\u00e0i D\u1ea1 c\u1ed5 ho\u00e0i lang \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea1c Nam B\u1ed9. B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edfi ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m mu\u1ed1i, mu\u1ed1i B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau x\u01b0a nay v\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng, ch\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u00edt l\u1eabn t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t. Th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, M\u1ef9, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh mu\u1ed1i B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng Nam B\u1ed9, ra t\u1edbi t\u1eadn Phan Thi\u1ebft mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t giao l\u01b0u xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng M\u00eak\u00f4ng qua Campuchia, hi\u1ec7n nay ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m mu\u1ed1i tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau v\u1eabn l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "V\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 20.000 km2, m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n gi\u00e0u ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng huy\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc (qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 1A), c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1 kho\u1ea3ng 110 km v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh kho\u1ea3ng 280 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc; hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Nam S\u00f4ng H\u1eadu, Ng\u00e3 B\u1ea3y - C\u00e0 Mau (Qu\u1ea3n L\u1ed9 - Ph\u1ee5ng Hi\u1ec7p) \u0111i qua \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau trong s\u1ef1 giao l\u01b0u, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3i, n\u00fai ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, s\u00f4ng r\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt. B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a, th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft chia th\u00e0nh hai m\u00f9a r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a v\u00e0 m\u00f9a kh\u00f4. M\u00f9a kh\u00f4 hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00f9a n\u1eafng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10, th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 4, th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m sau. M\u00f9a m\u01b0a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 4, th\u00e1ng 5 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10, th\u00e1ng 11. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 28,5 0C, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m l\u00e0 18 0C, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m l\u00e0 36 0C. B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i r\u1eebng ng\u1eadp m\u1eb7n c\u00e1c r\u1eebng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 r\u1eebng tr\u00e0m, ch\u00e0 l\u00e0, gi\u00e1, c\u00f3c, l\u00e2m v\u1ed3,... B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt g\u1ed3m c\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i d\u00e2y leo. R\u1eebng B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau c\u00f3 104 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, 10 lo\u00e0i th\u00fa nh\u1ecf, 8 lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t,..."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau c\u00f3 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i 56 km. Bi\u1ec3n B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i t\u00f4m, c\u00e1, \u1ed1c, s\u00f2 huy\u1ebft,... H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1t g\u1ea7n 100 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n c\u00e1, t\u00f4m. Trong \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4m g\u1ea7n 10 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ea5n. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i t\u1ea1i B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau chia l\u00e0m hai nh\u00f3m. Nh\u00f3m 1 ch\u1ea3y ra h\u1ea3i l\u01b0u ph\u00eda nam, nh\u00f3m 2 ch\u1ea3y ra s\u00f4ng Ba Th\u1eafc. B\u1edd bi\u1ec3n th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ph\u1eb3ng r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m mu\u1ed1i, tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt ho\u1eb7c nu\u00f4i t\u00f4m, c\u00e1. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, s\u1ef1 b\u1ed3i l\u1ea5n bi\u1ec3n \u1edf B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0a kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n."}
+{"text": "T\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau\", \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ecdng Tri\u1ec1u Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 \"P\u00f4 L\u00e9o\", c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u00f3m ngh\u00e8o, l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 h\u1ea1 b\u1ea1c, t\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec1 ch\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1, \u0111i bi\u1ec3n. P\u00f4 ph\u00e1t \u00e2m theo ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \"B\u1ea1c\" v\u00e0 L\u00e9o ph\u00e1t \u00e2m l\u00e0 \"Li\u00eau\". \u00dd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng \"P\u00f4\" l\u00e0 \"b\u00f3t\" hay \"\u0111\u1ed3n\", c\u00f2n \"Li\u00eau\" c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"L\u00e0o\" (Ai Lao) theo ti\u1ebfng Kh\u01a1me, v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa ki\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn sinh s\u1ed1ng, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3n binh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e0o. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, h\u1ecd c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u00ean P\u00f4 L\u00e9o theo ti\u1ebfng Tri\u1ec1u Ch\u00e2u n\u00ean h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ph\u00eacheri - chaume c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"\u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u1ecf tranh\". Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Khmer Po Loenh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e2y \u0111a cao."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1708, M\u1ea1c C\u1eedu d\u00e2ng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Mang Kh\u1ea3m cho ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Chu. Ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Chu \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00f4n x\u00f3m v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1ea5n H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean, l\u00fac n\u00e0y M\u1ea1c C\u1eedu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng binh tr\u1ea5n H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean, v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1eedu Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ea7u. M\u1ea1c C\u1eedu l\u1eadp dinh tr\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e0nh, d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 1757, ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Kho\u00e1t thu nh\u1eadp th\u00eam v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Ba Th\u1eafc, l\u1eadp ra Tr\u1ea5n Giang (C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1), Tr\u1ea5n Di (S\u00f3c Tr\u0103ng, B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau). To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1777, Tr\u1ea5n Giang, Tr\u1ea5n Di \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf. N\u0103m 1802, vua Gia Long l\u00ean ng\u00f4i. N\u0103m 1808, tr\u1ea5n Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh cai qu\u1ea3n 5 tr\u1ea5n l\u00e0 Phi\u00ean An, Bi\u00ean Ho\u00e0, \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng, V\u0129nh Thanh (t\u1ee9c V\u0129nh Long), H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean"}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1923, t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng T\u00e2n L\u1ee3i, T\u00e2n L\u1ed9c, Th\u1edbi B\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng Long Th\u1ee7y l\u1eadp t\u1ed5ng m\u1edbi Long Th\u1edbi, thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn C\u00e0 Mau (c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1924). Ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1938, gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 qu\u1eadn V\u0129nh Ch\u00e2u, nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n qu\u1eadn V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng Qu\u1ea3ng Xuy\u00ean kh\u1ecfi qu\u1eadn C\u00e0 Mau l\u1eadp qu\u1eadn m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng Xuy\u00ean. Ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1942, l\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh T\u00e2n An thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn C\u00e0 Mau. Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1944, l\u1eadp qu\u1eadn Th\u1edbi B\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ed5ng Th\u1edbi B\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1944, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean qu\u1eadn Th\u1edbi B\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qu\u1eadn C\u00e0 Mau B\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean qu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng Xuy\u00ean th\u00e0nh qu\u1eadn C\u00e0 Mau Nam. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t 2 qu\u1eadn C\u00e0 Mau B\u1eafc v\u00e0 C\u00e0 Mau Nam th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn C\u00e0 Mau thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1948, t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau giao qu\u1eadn V\u0129nh Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng H\u01b0ng H\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 t\u1ec9nh S\u00f3c Tr\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00eam qu\u1eadn m\u1edbi l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn Ng\u1ecdc Hi\u1ec3n. Ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1948, c\u1eaft 2 l\u00e0ng V\u0129nh Tr\u1ea1ch, V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u1ecb x\u00e3 B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau. C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, t\u1ec9nh S\u00f3c Tr\u0103ng giao l\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u Th\u1edbi v\u1ec1 B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau. L\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u Th\u1edbi h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi l\u00e0ng Long Th\u1ea1nh th\u00e0nh l\u00e0ng Th\u1ea1nh Th\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1951, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00eam huy\u1ec7n Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u1eddi, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c x\u00e3: Kh\u00e1nh B\u00ecnh \u0110\u00f4ng, Kh\u00e1nh B\u00ecnh T\u00e2y, Tr\u1ea7n H\u1ee3i, H\u01b0ng M\u1ef9, Kh\u00e1nh An, Kh\u00e1nh L\u00e2m. N\u0103m 1952, t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn hai huy\u1ec7n An Bi\u00ean, H\u1ed3ng D\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh R\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 01 n\u0103m 1958, theo Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 9-BNV/NC/NP c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, qu\u1eadn V\u0129nh Ch\u00e2u b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o qu\u1eadn V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1960, t\u00e1i l\u1eadp qu\u1eadn V\u0129nh Ch\u00e2u thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Ba Xuy\u00ean. Ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1961, qu\u1eadn Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Long \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a giao v\u1ec1 cho t\u1ec9nh Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1963, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1edbi qu\u1eadn Ki\u1ebfn Thi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Long v\u00e0 Long M\u1ef9 c\u00f9ng t\u1ec9nh."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau h\u1ed3i th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t sung t\u00fac, d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o, l\u00e0 x\u1ee9 \u0103n x\u00e0i, l\u1eafm kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0o hoa phong nh\u00e3, ch\u1ee3 b\u00faa mua b\u00e1n ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m ch\u1ea5p ch\u00e1nh, t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau b\u1ecb s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh Ba Xuy\u00ean (S\u00f3c Tr\u0103ng c\u0169) tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o bao nhi\u00eau, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i h\u00f3a ra u tr\u1ec7 b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. V\u00ec b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1eadn l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i, tr\u1ecdn 9 n\u0103m ch\u00e2u th\u00e0nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau l\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh v\u1eafng v\u1ebb, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u0111i ngang qua c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00e0n ph\u00e1."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1964, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a k\u00fd S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1 254/NV quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 01 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1964 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i, Gi\u00e1 Rai, V\u0129nh Ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Ba Xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 qu\u1eadn Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Long c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u1ec7n. Ri\u00eang qu\u1eadn Ki\u1ebfn Thi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1975. T\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5 t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \"V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i\", do l\u1ea5y theo t\u00ean x\u00e3 V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5. T\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau g\u1ed3m 4 qu\u1eadn: V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i, V\u0129nh Ch\u00e2u, Gi\u00e1 Rai, Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Long cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1975."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1970, qu\u1eadn V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau nh\u1eadn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 Ch\u00e2u H\u01b0ng, qu\u1eadn Th\u1ea1nh Tr\u1ecb, t\u1ec9nh Ba Xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 H\u01b0ng H\u1ed9i nh\u01b0ng t\u1eebng b\u1ecb c\u1eaft chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn H\u00f2a T\u00fa thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Ba Xuy\u00ean; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u1eeda ph\u00eda b\u1eafc x\u00e3 Ch\u00e2u Th\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i, t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e3 Ch\u00e2u H\u01b0ng thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn Th\u1ea1nh Tr\u1ecb, t\u1ec9nh Ba Xuy\u00ean. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng 1500m ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng M\u1ef9 Thanh thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c x\u00e3 Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a v\u00e0 V\u0129nh Ph\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn V\u0129nh Ch\u00e2u thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau c\u0169ng giao v\u1ec1 cho qu\u1eadn H\u00f2a T\u00fa thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Ba Xuy\u00ean."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1957, Li\u00ean T\u1ec9nh u\u1ef7 mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1 Rai, V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i, V\u0129nh Ch\u00e2u, H\u1ed3ng D\u00e2n, th\u1ecb x\u00e3 B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau giao v\u1ec1 t\u1ec9nh S\u00f3c Tr\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. T\u1ec9nh u\u1ef7 S\u00f3c Tr\u0103ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i, th\u00e0nh huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i - V\u0129nh Ch\u00e2u. N\u0103m 1962, huy\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1 Rai s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh C\u00e0 Mau. N\u0103m 1963, T\u1ec9nh u\u1ef7 S\u00f3c Tr\u0103ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i - V\u0129nh Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh Ch\u00e2u. Ng\u00e0y 07 th\u00e1ng 03 n\u0103m 1972, nh\u1eadp x\u00e3 V\u0129nh H\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1 Rai v\u00e0o huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1975, B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ra Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 245-NQ/TW v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf khu, h\u1ee3p t\u1ec9nh trong to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \"nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ecb an, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc\". Theo Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, t\u1ec9nh C\u00e0 Mau, t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau v\u00e0 hai huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh Thu\u1eadn, An Bi\u00ean (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb 2 x\u00e3 \u0110\u00f4ng Y\u00ean v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Y\u00ean) c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh R\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1 s\u1ebd h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u1ec9nh m\u1edbi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5 s\u1ebd do \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1999, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ban h\u00e0nh Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 82/1999/N\u0110-CP, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ecb x\u00e3 B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n H\u1ed3ng D\u00e2n, Gi\u00e1 Rai. Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 09 n\u0103m 2000, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ban h\u00e0nh Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 51/2000/N\u0110-CP, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh huy\u1ec7n H\u1ed3ng D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp huy\u1ec7n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Long, t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau. Ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2001, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ban h\u00e0nh Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 98/2001/N\u0110-CP, chia huy\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1 Rai, t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau th\u00e0nh hai huy\u1ec7n \u0110\u00f4ng H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1 Rai."}
+{"text": "Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Long Xuy\u00ean, C\u00e0 Mau, R\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1, Tr\u00e0 Vinh, Sa \u0110\u00e9c, Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c v\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n Ph\u00fa Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i II c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long. Trong v\u00f2ng 4 n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (2010-2014), th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i III nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i II, trong khi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 C\u00e0 Mau t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i III l\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i II m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn 11 n\u0103m (1999-2010), th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u00f3c Tr\u0103ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i III t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2007 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau 3 n\u0103m) nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i II."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2011, M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trong t\u1ec9nh (GDP) \u0111\u1ea1t 9.826 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u0103ng 12% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2010. Thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u0103m 2011 \u0111\u1ea1t g\u1ea7n 25 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 1.123 USD), c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf g\u1ed3m khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p chi\u1ebfm 51,7%, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chi\u1ebfm 24,52% v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfm 23,78% trong GDP. T\u1ed5ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103m 2011 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n 5.603 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 25,83% GDP. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1t 9.958 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u0103ng 7,8% so v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c 900 ng\u00e0n t\u1ea5n, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ef7 s\u1ea3n khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3 n\u0103m l\u00ean tr\u00ean 250 ng\u00e0n t\u1ea5n, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh l\u00ean 4.356 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng. Kim ng\u1ea1ch xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n 260 tri\u1ec7u USD, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 n\u0103m t\u0103ng 16,5%, t\u1ed5ng m\u1ee9c l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1t 18.060 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng. Doanh thu du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1t g\u1ea7n 470 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 530 ng\u00e0n l\u01b0\u1ee3t du kh\u00e1ch (Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 17.000 l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf). ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Trong n\u0103m, t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 42 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 25 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd 1.107 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 225 tri\u1ec7u USD. T\u1ed5ng thu ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n 1.484 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, trong \u0111\u00f3, thu trong c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i 871 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng. T\u1ed5ng chi ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1t 2.490 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1eb1ng 106,9% d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n, b\u1eb1ng 97,9% so n\u0103m 2010. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i ng\u00e2n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n khu v\u1ef1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n 2.062/2.155 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ea1t 95,6%. T\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea1t 12.000 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u0103ng 12%, trong \u0111\u00f3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u0103ng 19%, t\u1ed5ng d\u01b0 n\u1ee3 cho vay \u0111\u1ea1t 9.800 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u0103ng 17%, cho vay trung v\u00e0 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1t 3.300 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u0103ng 13% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2010."}
+{"text": "Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 6 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2012, Tuy c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trong t\u1ec9nh (GDP) \u0111\u1ea1t 3.626 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng (theo gi\u00e1 so s\u00e1nh 1994), t\u0103ng 11,87% so c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3, trong \u0111\u00f3 Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u0103ng 8,96%, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p - x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u0103ng 13,95% v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u0103ng 14,15% so v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3. C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, kim ng\u1ea1ch xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, thu ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, t\u1ed5ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng so c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Nam b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 2/22 t\u1ec9nh, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. T\u1ed5ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i 3/22 t\u1ec9nh, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. thu ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch 7/22 t\u1ec9nh, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. s\u1ed1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u1ee3 x\u1ea5u th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t so c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh trong khu v\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2012, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 01/NQ-CP ng\u00e0y 03 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2012. Do \u0111\u00f3, S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch gieo tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec1u t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng so v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t, nh\u1edd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, ki\u1ec3m d\u1ecbch n\u00ean ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac, gia c\u1ea7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 t\u0103ng so v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong 12 th\u00e1ng t\u0103ng 15,5% so v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3, t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u t\u0103ng 20,3% so v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3, t\u1ed5ng ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u0103ng 17% so v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3. V\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111ang trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 13/NQ-CP c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n thu trong c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u0103ng ch\u1eadm, t\u1ed5ng thu trong c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch t\u0103ng 19% so v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3, thu qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd qua ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh t\u0103ng 16,7% so v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c V\u0103n h\u00f3a - X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 An ninh - Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c thanh tra, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec1 ra \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00fang quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tai n\u1ea1n giao th\u00f4ng so v\u1edbi th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3m c\u1ea3 03 m\u1eb7t, v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng"}
+{"text": "Sau khi ng\u1eafm v\u01b0\u1eddn chim, th\u0103m v\u01b0\u1eddn nh\u00e3n c\u1ed5, xem c\u00e2y xo\u00e0i 300 tu\u1ed5i, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua l\u00e0 khu Qu\u00e1n \u00e2m Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng g\u1ea7n c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n Nh\u00e0 M\u00e1t - m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u00e2m linh \u1edf B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng xa l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00eam khu bi\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 du kh\u00e1ch. Ngo\u00e0i ra, B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, ch\u00f9a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau (ch\u00f9a V\u0129nh \u0110\u1ee9c, ch\u00f9a Long Ph\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00f9a Xi\u00eam C\u00e1n, ch\u00f9a Gi\u00e1c Hoa, \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n Nguy\u1ec5n Trung Tr\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00ecnh T\u00e2n H\u01b0ng...). \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd B\u00e1c H\u1ed3 \u1edf x\u00e3 Ch\u00e2u Th\u1edbi, huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i v\u1edbi khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean r\u1ed9ng 6.000m\u00b2; khu di t\u00edch \u0110\u1ed3ng N\u1ecdc N\u1ea1ng (th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Gi\u00e1 Rai); khu di t\u00edch Ninh Th\u1ea1nh L\u1ee3i (huy\u1ec7n H\u1ed3ng D\u00e2n); khu l\u01b0u ni\u1ec7m Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eddn ca t\u00e0i t\u1eed Nam b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n Cao V\u0103n L\u1ea7u..."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Ninh B\u00ecnh l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 Di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a Qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 Khu l\u01b0u ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0110\u1eddn ca t\u00e0i t\u1eed Nam B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 Cao V\u0103n L\u1ea7u- \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m tham quan, du l\u1ecbch ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau. Tr\u00ean Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t khu v\u1ef1c \u0110BSCL t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u1eddng 1, TP B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh mang t\u00ean \u201cBi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft ngh\u0129a B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau - Ninh B\u00ecnh\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed9ng 176 m2v\u1edbi 3 v\u00f2m cong tr\u00ean h\u1ed3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7p, h\u00f9ng v\u0129 c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e8o Ba D\u1ed9i Ninh B\u00ecnh h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ru\u1ed9ng mu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c mang \u0111\u1ecba danh Ninh B\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng THCS B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau- Ninh B\u00ecnh, C\u1ea7u Kim S\u01a1n, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc Hoa L\u01b0, c\u1ea7u Gia Vi\u1ec5n, c\u1ea7u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y\u00ean, c\u1ea7u Tr\u00e0ng An\u2026 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n, th\u1ecb x\u00e3, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau."}
+{"text": "Luxembourg l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao, v\u1edbi GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (107.206 USD/ng\u01b0\u1eddi/n\u0103m). Luxembourg l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, NATO, Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, Benelux v\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh T\u00e2y \u00c2u, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh xu th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Luxembourg, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Luxembourg l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 trong \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Charlemagne. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Luxembourg b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Lucilinburhuc (ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Luxembourg) b\u1edfi Siegfried, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Ardennes v\u00e0o n\u0103m 963. T\u00ean hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a Luxembourg c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb t\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y Lucilinburhuc. Xung quanh \u0111\u1ed3n n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1437, Ho\u00e0ng gia Luxembourg kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y b\u1ecb b\u00e1n cho Philip Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Burgundy. V\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 theo sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3n Luxembourg \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 gia c\u1ed1 th\u00eam b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau, nh\u00e0 Bourbon, nh\u00e0 Habsburg, nh\u00e0 Hohenzollern v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. Sau khi Napol\u00e9on th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1815, Luxembourg b\u1ecb tranh gi\u00e0nh b\u1edfi Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Wien \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Luxembourg nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi H\u00e0 Lan. Luxembourg c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3n Li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00f3ng b\u1edfi l\u00ednh Ph\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng B\u1ec9 n\u0103m 1830\u20131839 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Luxembourg b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda, v\u00ec \u0111a ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho B\u1ec9. N\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Luxembourg \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1839 b\u1edfi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc London th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. C\u0169ng c\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, Luxembourg gia nh\u1eadp Zollverein. N\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trung l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Luxembourg l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1867 b\u1edfi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc London th\u1ee9 hai, sau cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng Luxembourg l\u00e0m chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 n\u1ed5 ra gi\u1eefa Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. Sau s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u00e1o d\u1ee1."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, Luxembourg \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch trung l\u1eadp, khi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y tham d\u1ef1 phe \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u01b0u vong c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i London, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m qu\u00e2n t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf tham d\u1ef1 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh Normandy. N\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1946, v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i NATO v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1949. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1957, Luxembourg tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong s\u00e1u n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Than v\u00e0 Th\u00e9p ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u) v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999, tham d\u1ef1 khu v\u1ef1c s\u1eed \u0111\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n euro."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1964, N\u1eef \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Charlotte tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i cho con trai l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Jean. N\u0103m 2000, con trai \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Jean l\u00e0 Henri l\u00ean k\u1ebf v\u1ecb. Vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o, Jacques Santer gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1984 \u0111\u1ebfn 1995, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Claude Juncler tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1995. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Luxembourg ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Maastricht chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1992. Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2000, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Henri tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc thay th\u1ebf cha l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Jean. N\u0103m 2002, Luxembourg ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng euro."}
+{"text": "Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua, Luxembourg lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng cao nh\u1ea5t trong EU. Thu nh\u1eadp GDP \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t cao su, nh\u1ef1a, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e9p, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. Khu v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng n\u00f3i ri\u00eang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng (T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u2013 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p 28% GDP c\u1ee7a Luxembourg). C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u GDP: n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p 1%, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p 14% v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 85% (2007). C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Luxembourg l\u00e0 B\u1ec9, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, Italia, H\u00e0 Lan, M\u1ef9. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1n c\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i (h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1) c\u1ee7a Luxembourg th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1n c\u00e2n thanh to\u00e1n l\u1ea1i th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0, nh\u1edd thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1ed3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Luxembourg hi\u1ec7n tham gia khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng euro."}
+{"text": "Luxembourg l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng T\u01b0\u1edbc (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c theo cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i. Theo \u0111\u00f3 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Luxembourg l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh theo hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1868 (\u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng T\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c), trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng T\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 ph\u00f3 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng T\u01b0\u1edbc sau cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u; h\u1ecd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. C\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Tuy l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng Luxembourg r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u0103m 1998, t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ODA c\u1ee7a Luxembourg \u0111\u1ea1t 4,1 t\u1ef7 franc Lux (117,5 tri\u1ec7u USD), t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 0,61% GNP v\u00e0 2,25% ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia; n\u0103m 1999 kho\u1ea3ng 4,5 t\u1ef7 franc Lux (129 tri\u1ec7u USD). Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 23/4/2008 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Luxembourg tr\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Luxembourg, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000, Luxembourg l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 5 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh 0,7% thu nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n cho vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u0103m 2007 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 0,9% v\u00e0 n\u0103m 2008 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t 0.91%. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Luxembourg l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c xo\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3i gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, trong \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m. \u01afu ti\u00ean t\u1eeb nay \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2015 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o\u2026 Cho t\u1edbi nay, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Luxembourg ch\u1ec9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho 10 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 6 n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c ti\u1ec3u v\u00f9ng sa m\u1ea1c Sahara (Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Mali, Namibia, Niger v\u00e0 S\u00e9n\u00e9gal), 2 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh (Nicaragua v\u00e0 El Salvador), 2 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam)."}
+{"text": "T\u00f4m t\u00edt, t\u00f4m t\u00edch, t\u00f4m thuy\u1ec1n, b\u1ec1 b\u1ec1 hay t\u00f4m b\u00faa (do m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng ch\u00f9y), l\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi nh\u00f3m gi\u00e1p x\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 T\u00f4m ch\u00e2n mi\u1ec7ng (Stomatopoda). Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4m c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecd ng\u1ef1a nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u00ean trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 Mantis shrimp hay t\u00f4m b\u1ecd ng\u1ef1a v\u00ec ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3 hai, v\u1edbi c\u1eb7p c\u00e0ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecd ng\u1ef1a. T\u00f4m t\u00edt c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. B\u1ed9 T\u00f4m ch\u00e2n mi\u1ec7ng bao g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean 400 lo\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong ph\u00e2n b\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n (Unipeltata). B\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecd, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd Squillidae l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "T\u00f4m t\u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i l\u00e0m v\u1eadt c\u1ea3nh trong b\u1ec3 c\u00e1 c\u1ea3nh n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4m t\u00edt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang l\u00e0 v\u1eadt h\u1ea1i v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee5c l\u1ed7 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng san h\u00f4 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1n trong \u0111\u00f3; nh\u1eefng m\u1ea9u san h\u00f4 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp v\u00ec ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 c\u00e1 c\u1ea3nh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, chuy\u1ec7n t\u00f4m t\u00edt c\u00f2n s\u00f3t trong m\u1ea9u san h\u00f4 nh\u00e0o ra t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 c\u1ea3nh, t\u00f4m c\u1ea3nh,... l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 b\u1eaft khi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00f4m t\u00edt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 c\u00e1 th\u1ee7y tinh."}
+{"text": "T\u00f4m t\u00edt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0i t\u1edbi 30 xentim\u00e9t (12 in) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00ec con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 38 cm (15 in). Gi\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4m t\u00edt ch\u1ec9 bao ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 4 \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u1ef1c. M\u00e0u s\u1eafc th\u00e2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y lo\u00e0i t\u1eeb n\u00e2u, xanh l\u1ee5c, \u0111en nh\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0ng nh\u1ea1t; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 c\u00e1. T\u00f4m t\u00edt c\u00f3 8 \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n, trong \u0111\u00f3 5 \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 c\u00e0ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n b\u01a1i. M\u1eaft t\u00f4m t\u00edt c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. M\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i \u0103ng ten \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n di \u0111\u1ed9ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f4m. M\u1eaft t\u00f4m t\u00edt gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chung quanh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng r\u1ea1ng san h\u00f4, nh\u1eefng con m\u1ed3i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u00e2n trong su\u1ed1t."}
+{"text": "\u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i t\u00f4m t\u00edt sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u0169ng, h\u1ed1 c\u1ea1n d\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00f4n \u0111\u1ed1i (v\u00f9ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng sang Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng bao g\u1ed3m khu v\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa Phi ch\u00e2u qua \u0111\u1ebfn Hawaii) t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng tri\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa. Ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng v\u00f9i, \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p trong hang hay k\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 chui ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm m\u1ed3i v\u00e0 t\u00f9y lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ho\u1ea1t ban ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c ban \u0111\u00eam. T\u00f4m t\u00edt thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i 't\u00f4m d\u1eef', \u0103n th\u1ecbt s\u1ed1ng, s\u0103n c\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, nhuy\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1p x\u00e1c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, to (th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e0ng) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft m\u1ed3i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i s\u0103n m\u1ed3i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t, gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 t\u00f4m t\u00edt v\u00ec lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 chui r\u00fac trong c\u00e1c hang h\u1ed1c ch\u1ee9 \u00edt ch\u1ecbu l\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ra ngo\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "C\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i t\u00f4m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 bung c\u00e0ng ra th\u1eadt nhanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp c\u00e0ng th\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o con m\u1ed3i. C\u00fa \u0111\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho con m\u1ed3i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi con m\u1ed3i c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u00f4m t\u00edt r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4m b\u00faa, c\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vung ra v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp v\u1edbi gia t\u1ed1c l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 10.400 'g' (102.000 m/gi\u00e2y2 hay 335.000 ft/gi\u00e2y2) v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c 23 m/gi\u00e2y t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi gia t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n 0,22 calibre. V\u00ec vung c\u00e0ng qu\u00e1 nhanh, t\u00f4m b\u00faa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng bong b\u00f3ng kh\u00ed n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o. Khi c\u00e1c bong b\u00f3ng n\u00e0y v\u1ee1 ra, ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng 1500 Newton c\u1ee7a c\u00e0ng v\u00e0o con m\u1ed3i, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c 1 l\u1ea7n vung c\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4m b\u00faa t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ebfn 2 c\u00fa \u0111\u1eadp c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u00e0o con m\u1ed3i: m\u1ed9t c\u00fa \u0111\u1eadp b\u1edfi c\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00fa \u0111\u1eadp b\u1edfi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o ra do s\u1ef1 v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bong b\u00f3ng kh\u00ed. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 t\u00f4m b\u00faa c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eadp h\u1ee5t \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec \u00e1p su\u1ea5t do bong b\u00f3ng kh\u00ed g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft con m\u1ed3i."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, vi\u1ec7c v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c bong b\u00f3ng kh\u00ed tr\u00ean c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t quang do \u00e2m thanh (Sonoluminescence). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd s\u1ea3n sinh m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed9 K) trong bong b\u00f3ng kh\u00ed - m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian c\u1ef1c ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec v\u1ec1 sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1edbi con m\u1ed3i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c vung c\u00e0ng qu\u00e1 nhanh. T\u00f4m ph\u00e1o c\u0169ng s\u1ea3n sinh ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y theo c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "M\u1eaft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4m t\u00edt l\u00e0 m\u1eaft k\u00e9p, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 6 h\u00e0ng m\u1eaft con \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c \"\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa\". 4 h\u00e0ng m\u1eaft mang 16 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi 12 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc m\u00e0u. Th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4m t\u00edt r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc si\u00eau ph\u1ed5. M\u1eaft k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1ng d\u00e0i v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i cu\u1ed1ng m\u1eaft c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi cu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1eaft k\u00e9p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. T\u00f4m t\u00edt c\u00f3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch theo chu\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch song song c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u00edch v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed7i m\u1eaft k\u00e9p c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 1 v\u1ea1n m\u1eaft con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o nhau. M\u1ed7i m\u1eaft k\u00e9p bao h\u00e0m hai b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u ph\u1eb3ng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nhau b\u1edfi 6 h\u00e0ng m\u1eaft con chuy\u00ean h\u00f3a, 6 h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa\" (midband) chia m\u1eaft ra l\u00e0m 3 v\u00f9ng. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u00f4m t\u00edt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng 3 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng 1 m\u1eaft. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed7i m\u1eaft k\u00e9p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa m\u1ee5c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian 3 chi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau (trinocular vision) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1ec1 s\u00e2u. B\u00e1n c\u1ea7u tr\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u00e0u s\u1eafc) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i gi\u00e1p x\u00e1c kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "H\u00e0ng 1-4 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 chuy\u00ean nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng m\u00e0u c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n; tuy nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c \u1edf ba h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 que \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 3 l\u1edbp s\u1eafc t\u1ed1, m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng tia s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng kh\u00e1c nhau. 3 l\u1edbp \u1edf h\u00e0ng 2 v\u00e0 3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc m\u00e0u (hay b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc trong th\u1ec3 que) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng hai lo\u1ea1i. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh k\u1eb9p nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng, v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 2 b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc m\u00e0u (thu\u1ed9c hai lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau) l\u00e0 \"nh\u00e2n\", k\u1eb9p b\u1edfi 3 l\u1edbp \"v\u1ecf b\u00e1nh\" l\u00e0 l\u1edbp s\u1eafc t\u1ed1. H\u00e0ng 5 v\u00e0 6 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1 l\u1edbp s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c (lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 9) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 trong m\u1ea3ng th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c h\u00f3a. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c. Lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c th\u1ee9 10 t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c \u1edf 2 b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u m\u1eaft n\u1eb1m 2 b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa ch\u1ec9 bao ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 5-10 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i gi\u00e1p x\u00e1c kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed7i m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4m t\u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1ng d\u00e0i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi m\u1eaft kia v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xoay sang b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o (l\u00ean t\u1edbi \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 70 \u0111\u1ed9) b\u1edfi 8 c\u01a1 c\u1ea7u m\u1eaft chia l\u00e0m 6 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 xoay \u0111\u1ea3o m\u1eaft, t\u00f4m t\u00edt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa sang nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \"qu\u00e9t\" h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt xung quanh, gi\u00fap t\u00f4m nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o v\u00e0 khung c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 hai ph\u1ea7n b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u m\u1eaft c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f4m t\u00edt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1eaft th\u1eadt nhanh theo qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1edbn khi hai m\u1eaft c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau. N\u00f3i chung, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u1ebfc m\u1eaft nhanh, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft t\u00f4m t\u00edt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e9t qua m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng gian r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i t\u00f4m t\u00edt c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 16 lo\u1ea1i quang th\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau chia l\u00e0m 4 nh\u00f3m (\u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1edd c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc m\u00e0u \u1edf v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c) v\u1edbi 12 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng kh\u00e1c nhau (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i) v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2ng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p so v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 3 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u00e0u s\u1eafc. Th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c r\u1eddi v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4m t\u00edt s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111i theo nhi\u1ec1u d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u song song d\u1eabn t\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1eadn kinh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "T\u00f4m t\u00edt c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, t\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9 th\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh hay ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t quang tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ra hi\u1ec7u cho \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i hay v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh vi. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t, nh\u1edb l\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn m\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 xung quanh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1edfi m\u00f9i. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c k\u1ebb th\u00f9."}
+{"text": "Trong nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i t\u00f4m t\u00edt \"chung th\u1ee7y\", th\u1eddi gian \"k\u1ebft h\u00f4n\" c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 20 n\u0103m. C\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng s\u1ed1ng chung trong m\u1ed9t hang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nhau trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. C\u1ea3 v\u1ee3 l\u1eabn ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c tr\u1ee9ng. Trong chi Pullosquilla v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chi Nannosquilla, con c\u00e1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebb hai \u1ed5 tr\u1ee9ng, m\u1ed9t \u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u1ed3ng ch\u0103m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ed5 th\u00ec v\u1ee3 lo. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, con c\u00e1i lo vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m tr\u1ee9ng c\u00f2n con \u0111\u1ef1c th\u00ec ki\u1ebfm \u0103n cho c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Sau khi tr\u1ee9ng n\u1edf, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng d\u1ea1ng phi\u00eau sinh v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00f4m con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi 3 th\u00e1ng."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4m t\u00edt th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf t\u00f4m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u00f4m h\u00f9m, lo\u00e0i t\u00f4m t\u00edt Nannosquilla decemspinosa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n th\u00f4 s\u01a1. Ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1t. V\u00e0o l\u00fac tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea5p, N. decemspinosa \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb m\u1eafc c\u1ea1n do nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n sau ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, t\u00f4m t\u00edt s\u1ebd b\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u0103n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f2n ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc. Theo c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t, N. decemspinosa th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u0103n tr\u00f2n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i 2 m\u00e9t (6,6 ft), tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 l\u0103n \u00edt h\u01a1n 1 m (3,3 ft)."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ec3 \u0110\u00f4ng hay \u0110\u00f4ng H\u1ea3i theo t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t, \u00fd l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Phan Huy Ch\u00fa, m\u1ee5c D\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ed ch\u00e9p: X\u00e9t trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y gi\u00e1p V\u00e2n Nam,.... Ho\u00e0ng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0 ch\u00ed, Phan Huy Ch\u00fa vi\u1ebft: \u5176\u5730\u897f\u63a5\u54c0\u7262,\u6771\u81e8\u5927\u6d77,\u5357\u593e\u5ee3\u5357,\u5317\u9023\u4e42\u5b89\u3002/K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ecba t\u00e2y ti\u1ebfp Ai Lao, \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i, nam gi\u00e1p Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, b\u1eafc li\u00ean Ngh\u1ec7 An./\u0110\u1ea5t [\u0110\u00e0ng Trong] ph\u00eda t\u00e2y ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p Ai Lao, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng [l\u00e0] bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn, \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00eda nam l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi Ngh\u1ec7 An. Trong B\u00ecnh Ng\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1o, (Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng H\u1ea3i (\u6771 \u6d77), Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i vi\u1ebft:"}
+{"text": "T\u00ean g\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n Nam Trung Hoa (South China Sea) hay g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n Hoa Nam v\u00ec th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t trong khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ed1n c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 cho d\u1ec5 tra c\u1ee9u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 ra c\u00e1c th\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, gi\u00e1p nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9; hay bi\u1ec3n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi Nga, B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi H\u00e1n v\u00e0 Nam B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ecdi bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \"Tr\u01b0\u1edbng H\u1ea3i\" (H\u00e1n v\u0103n ph\u1ed3n th\u1ec3: \u6f32\u6d77, H\u00e1n v\u0103n gi\u1ea3n th\u1ec3: \u6da8\u6d77), \"Ph\u00ed H\u1ea3i\" (H\u00e1n v\u0103n: \u6cb8\u6d77), t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed5i sang g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Nam H\u1ea3i\" (\u5357\u6d77). Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \"Nam H\u1ea3i\" l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi quan ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i, do t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u00ean khi d\u1ecbch sang Trung v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh th\u00eam t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ea3i\" (H\u00e1n v\u0103n ph\u1ed3n th\u1ec3: \u5357\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77, H\u00e1n v\u0103n gi\u1ea3n th\u1ec3: \u5357\u4e2d\u570b\u6d77) v\u00e0 \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c Nam H\u1ea3i\" (H\u00e1n v\u0103n ph\u1ed3n th\u1ec3: \u4e2d\u570b\u5357\u6d77, H\u00e1n v\u0103n gi\u1ea3n th\u1ec3: \u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u6d77)."}
+{"text": "Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh tranh ch\u1ea5p c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n chia ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u2013 s\u1eed gia \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean bi\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh \"bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1\" (\"Southeast Asia Sea\") hay bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (South East Asia Sea) - l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi trung l\u1eadp. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111ang l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 bao b\u1ecdc h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chu vi c\u1ee7a \"Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng\" v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 130.000 km trong khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i ph\u00eda nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 2.800 km[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]."}
+{"text": "\u1ede ph\u00eda nam: gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a eo bi\u1ec3n Singapore v\u00e0 eo bi\u1ec3n Malacca, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn Tanjong Kedabu (1\u00b006\u2032B 102\u00b058\u2032\u0110\ufeff / \ufeff1,1\u00b0B 102,967\u00b0\u0110\ufeff / 1.100; 102.967), tr\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o Sumatra t\u1edbi m\u0169i Lucipara (3\u00b014\u2032N 106\u00b005\u2032\u0110\ufeff / \ufeff3,233\u00b0N 106,083\u00b0\u0110\ufeff / -3.233; 106.083) r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Tanjong Nanka - c\u1ef1c t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Banka - b\u0103ng qua \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn Tanjong Berikat (2\u00b034\u2032N 106\u00b051\u2032\u0110\ufeff / \ufeff2,567\u00b0N 106,85\u00b0\u0110\ufeff / -2.567; 106.850) r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Tanjong Djemang (2\u00b036\u2032N 107\u00b037\u2032\u0110\ufeff / \ufeff2,6\u00b0N 107,617\u00b0\u0110\ufeff / -2.600; 107.617) tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Billiton, sau \u0111\u00f3 men theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn Tanjong Boeroeng Mandi (2\u00b046\u2032N 108\u00b016\u2032\u0110\ufeff / \ufeff2,767\u00b0N 108,267\u00b0\u0110\ufeff / -2.767; 108.267) r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn Tanjong Sambar (3\u00b000\u2032N 110\u00b019\u2032\u0110\ufeff / \ufeff3\u00b0N 110,317\u00b0\u0110\ufeff / -3.000; 110.317) - c\u1ef1c t\u00e2y nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Borneo."}
+{"text": "\u1ede ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng: xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb Tanjong Sambar, \u0111i qua b\u1edd ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea3o Borneo \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Tanjong Sampanmangio, r\u1ed3i theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Balabac v\u00e0 c\u1ee5m r\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1 Secam, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Bancalan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u0169i Buliluyan (\u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e2y nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Palawan), b\u0103ng qua \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00eda b\u1eafc m\u0169i Cabuli, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e2y b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Lubang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u0169i Fuego (14\u00b008'B) thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o Luzon, b\u0103ng qua \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u0169i Enga\u00f1o (t\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Luzon), r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i d\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng n\u1ed1i m\u0169i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Balintang (20\u00b0B) v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Y'Ami (21\u00b005'B), r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Garan Bi (m\u0169i ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110\u00e0i Loan (Formosa), b\u0103ng qua \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Santyo (25\u00b0B)."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh h\u1ea3i tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u1edfi Lu\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n n\u0103m 1982 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf (EEZ) m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng 200 h\u1ea3i l\u00fd (370,6 km) t\u1eeb l\u00e3nh h\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc quanh v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y CHND Trung Hoa \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u00e0u s\u00e2n bay \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u1edf Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tranh ch\u1ea5p g\u1ed3m:"}
+{"text": "ASEAN n\u00f3i chung, v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u00f3i ri\u00eang lu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p b\u00ean trong Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng leo thang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chung (Joint Development Authorities) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng tranh ch\u1ea5p ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf V\u1ecbnh Th\u00e1i Lan. Tuy nhi\u00ean, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa."}
+{"text": "Trump l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00ednh g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York v\u00e0 l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a Fred Trump, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho \u00f4ng \u0111i theo ngh\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Sau hai n\u0103m h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Fordham v\u00e0 trong khi theo h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1eddng Wharton thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Pennsylvania, Trump l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a cha m\u00ecnh, Elizabeth Trump & Son. \u00d4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c gia nh\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ty n\u0103m 1968 sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1971, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean c\u00f4ng ty th\u00e0nh \"The Trump Organization\". K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, s\u00e2n golf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng trong gi\u1edbi doanh nh\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf The Apprentice c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0i NBC \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ba \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi b\u00e1o l\u00e1 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a tin h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c chi ti\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "Trump \u0111\u00e3 hai l\u1ea7n ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua cho ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3. N\u0103m 2000, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u1edf hai cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2015, Trump tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec 2016 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed cho \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00e1c g\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i; th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a tin mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh super PAC. Trump lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u1eed tri c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u00ec m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t M\u1ef9. Phong c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trung th\u1ef1c, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Trump \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u1eed tri c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha/M\u1ef9 La-tinh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1, doanh nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2016, trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 2016, Donald Trump \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean Hillary Clinton c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 45 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3. Trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Trump \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0o M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, r\u00fat M\u1ef9 kh\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed1i t\u00e1c xuy\u00ean Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng (TPP), Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi Iran, c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Jerusalem l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Israel, v\u00e0 \u00e1p thu\u1ebf nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Canada, Mexico v\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Donald John Trump sinh ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1946 t\u1ea1i qu\u1eadn Queens thu\u1ed9c Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 con th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 trong s\u1ed1 n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a Mary Anne (1912\u20132000), m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 Fred Trump (1905\u20131999), m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. M\u1eb9 \u00f4ng sinh ra t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng Tong tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Lewis thu\u1ed9c Scotland. N\u0103m 1930, b\u00e0 t\u1edbi M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p Fred Trump. H\u1ecd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n n\u0103m 1936 v\u00e0 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i khu Jamaica Estates, Queens, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 Fred Trump tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trump c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi em trai, Robert (sinh n\u0103m 1948) v\u00e0 hai ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i: Maryanne (sinh n\u0103m 1937) v\u00e0 Elizabeth (sinh n\u0103m 1942). Maryanne l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n li\u00ean bang c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a Ph\u00fac th\u1ea9m V\u00f9ng 3 Hoa K\u1ef3. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh trai, Fred Jr. (1938\u20131981), ch\u1ebft v\u00ec c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng do nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u."}
+{"text": "\u00d4ng b\u00e0 n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Trump, Elizabeth v\u00e0 Frederick Trump, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 1885. Frederick l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 qu\u00e1n \u0103n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1eefa c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t t\u00ecm v\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Klondike. H\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Drumpf, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh Trump h\u1ed3i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1987 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, The Art of Deal (Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0m ph\u00e1n), Trump c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft nh\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng Frederick Trump l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, theo nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi cha \u00f4ng Fred Trump n\u00f3i su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Sau n\u00e0y Trump c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh Steuben c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i New York n\u0103m 1999."}
+{"text": "Gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n h\u1ed9 hai t\u1ea7ng x\u00e2y theo phong c\u00e1ch Tudor Revival \u1edf Wareham Place trong Jamaica Estates, n\u01a1i Trump s\u1ed1ng khi c\u00f2n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng The Kew-Forest. T\u1ea1i Kew-Forest, Fred Trump l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ee6y th\u00e1c. N\u0103m 1983, trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n Fred c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Donald \"kh\u00e1 c\u1ee5c c\u1eb1n khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9\", n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd cho con m\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 New York (NYMA). Trump h\u1ecdc h\u1ebft l\u1edbp t\u00e1m v\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i NYMA. Trong n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ea5p, Trump tham gia \u0111\u1ed9i di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fay c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebfu sinh qu\u00e2n. N\u0103m 2015, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed r\u1eb1ng NYMA \"\u0111\u00e3 r\u00e8n gi\u0169a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadp ng\u0169\"."}
+{"text": "Trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Trump \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tham gia b\u1ed1c th\u0103m g\u1ecdi nh\u1eadp ng\u0169. \"Th\u1ef1c ra t\u00f4i g\u1eb7p may b\u1edfi h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1 th\u0103m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t cao\", \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0i WNYW n\u0103m 2011. S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Trump \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 th\u0103m r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1969, nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1edfi b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n t\u1ea1m ho\u00e3n d\u00e0nh cho sinh vi\u00ean (2-S) khi c\u00f2n theo h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p n\u0103m 1968 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1m ho\u00e3n v\u00ec l\u00fd do s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe (1-Y, sau chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh 4-F). N\u0103m 1966 sau khi kh\u00e1m s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Trump \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1eadp ng\u0169 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i 1-A b\u1edfi ban tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1edfi l\u00fd do s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe n\u0103m 1968. Trump n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd do s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 do \u00f4ng b\u1ecb \"gai x\u01b0\u01a1ng\" \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n, theo l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed n\u0103m 2015, nh\u01b0ng khi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed t\u1ea1i Iowa \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng b\u1ecb gai x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u00ean ch\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb l\u00e0 b\u00ean n\u00e0o."}
+{"text": "Khi Trump t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 200.000 USD (1.021.000 USD theo th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 2016). \u00d4ng kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cha m\u00ecnh, Elizabeth Trump & Son, n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o m\u1ea3ng nh\u00e0 cho thu\u00ea d\u00e0nh cho gi\u1edbi trung l\u01b0u t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn Brooklyn, Queens v\u00e0 Staten Island c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trump l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed3i sinh t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u0103n h\u1ed9 Swifton Village \u1edf Cincinnati, Ohio, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha \u00f4ng mua l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 5,7 tri\u1ec7u USD n\u0103m 1962. Fred v\u00e0 Donald Trump \u0111\u1ec1u tham gia v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, n\u00e2ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a 1.200 c\u0103n h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb 34% l\u00ean 100% v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 500.000 USD. Trump qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd 14.000 c\u0103n h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty \u1edf Brooklyn, Queens v\u00e0 Staten Island. N\u0103m 1972, The Trump Organization b\u00e1n Swifton Village v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 6,75 tri\u1ec7u USD."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1971, Trump t\u1edbi Manhattan, tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Trump b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1973, khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecb B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Nh\u00e0 \u1edf C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd 39 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0. Trump c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o \u00f4ng v\u00ec c\u00f4ng ty \u00f4ng l\u1edbn, \u00e9p \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p thu\u00ea nh\u00e0. Trump d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp xong v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u00ec ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \"\u00e9p The Trump Organization cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111ang nh\u1eadn tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p thu\u00ea nh\u00e0, tr\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\"."}
+{"text": "Trump c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua v\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n Penn Central. H\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u00e2n ga Ph\u1ed1 60 d\u1ecdc S\u00f4ng Hudson \u2013 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh khu Riverside South \u2013 v\u00e0 khu \u0111\u1ea5t xung quanh Grand Central Terminal m\u00e0 Trump \u0111\u00e3 mua v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 60 tri\u1ec7u USD v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ecdc. Sau n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3n \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf 40 n\u0103m t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n Commodore c\u1ea1nh Grand Central th\u00e0nh Grand Hyatt v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean The Trump Organization."}
+{"text": "Trump t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t x\u00e2y Trung t\u00e2m H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Jacob K. Javits theo d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York tr\u00ean s\u00e2n ga Ph\u1ed1 30 c\u1ee7a Penn Central. Trump \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi 110 tri\u1ec7u USD, nh\u01b0ng trong khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trump, h\u1ecd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u1eddi m\u1eddi th\u1ea7u v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 Trump nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed m\u00f4i gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa s\u00e2n b\u0103ng Wollman (kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1955) \u1edf C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1980 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 hai n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1986 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a xong. Trump ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 chi tr\u1ea3 th\u00eam b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong ba th\u00e1ng v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed 1,95 tri\u1ec7u USD, \u00edt h\u01a1n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch ban \u0111\u1ea7u 750.000 USD."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1988, Trump mua l\u1ea1i Taj Mahal Casino sau m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi Merv Griffin v\u00e0 Resorts International, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 l\u1edbn n\u00ean t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1989, Trump kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ef1oc c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay m\u1edbi v\u00e0 gia h\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 l\u00e3i, n\u1ee3 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a Trump ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991. Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u USD nh\u01b0ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1ea1i n\u1ee3. Taj Mahal tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1991 khi Trump nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i 50 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n \u1edf s\u00f2ng b\u1ea1c cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1o h\u1ea1n. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng b\u00e1n \u0111i c\u00f4ng ty h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0103n k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 Trump Shuttle v\u00e0 du thuy\u1ec1n d\u00e0i 85m Trump Princess c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 1990 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Trump. N\u0103m 1999, cha c\u1ee7a Trump sau khi m\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 chia \u0111\u1ec1u cho b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb 250\u2013300 tri\u1ec7u USD."}
+{"text": "Trump Tower n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eebng l\u00e0 c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Bonwit Teller, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf n\u0103m 1980. Trump b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7n v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 mang phong c\u00e1ch Art Deco tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a l\u00e0 s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n giao cho B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Metropolitan v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 200 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1 d\u1ee1 g\u1ea5p r\u00fat. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) kho\u1ea3ng 4 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 USD m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 12 ti\u1ebfng m\u1ed9t ca. N\u0103m 1990 Trump khai nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng hi\u1ebfm khi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean \"L\u1eef \u0111o\u00e0n Ba Lan\". V\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp n\u0103m 1999, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef k\u00edn."}
+{"text": "The Trump Organization \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e2n golf v\u00e0 khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2014, Trump mua l\u1ea1i Doonbeg Golf Club t\u1ea1i C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ireland. Ngu\u1ed3n tin x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u00e2n golf s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Trump International Golf Links, Ireland. N\u0103m 2006, Trump mua l\u1ea1i Menie Estate \u1edf Balmedie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n golf ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea7y tranh c\u00e3i, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u00ean khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. You've Been Trumped (B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Trump ch\u01a1i x\u1ecf) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 2011 b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m phim ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Anthony Baxter, thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u00e2n golf v\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 Donald Trump. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Trump h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra 6.000 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 sau \u0111\u00f3, s\u00e2n golf \u1edf Scotland ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra 200 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2015, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Trump nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00f3 trong t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n golf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf b\u1edfi n\u0103m th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n To\u00e0 \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Anh, trong v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa C\u00f4ng ty TNHH Trump International Golf Club Scotland v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Scotland. C\u1ef1u Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Scotland Alex Salmond b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn Trump l\u00e0 \"k\u1ebb thua cu\u1ed9c ba l\u1ea7n\". M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Trump Organization \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Salmond: \"C\u00f3 ai quan t\u00e2m \u00f4ng ta ngh\u0129 g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng? \u00d4ng ta h\u1ebft th\u1eddi r\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y c\u00f2n ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf ch\u00ednh c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh... \u00d4ng \u1ea5y n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t: khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea5y t\u1ea5m ch\u00e2n dung hoa m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng th\u00eam c\u00e1i t\u00f4i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ed1n d\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 to t\u01b0\u1edbng\"."}
+{"text": "Trump \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u1eabn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 kinh doanh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Trump Financial (c\u00f4ng ty th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p), Trump Sales & Leasing (b\u00e1n nh\u00e0 \u1edf), Trump International Realty (c\u00f4ng ty m\u00f4i gi\u1edbi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i), The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative (c\u00f4ng ty gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kinh doanh v\u00ec l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trump), Trump Restaurants (n\u1eb1m trong Trump Tower v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m Trump Buffet, Trump Catering, Trump Ice Cream Parlor v\u00e0 Trump Bar), GoTrump (c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm du l\u1ecbch online), Select By Trump (d\u00f2ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea), Trump Drinks (n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng t\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u00e0nh cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Israel v\u00e0 Palestine), Donald J. Trump Signature Collection (d\u00f2ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1eddi trang nam, ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3), Donald Trump The Fragrance (2004), SUCCESS by Donald Trump (nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi Trump Organization v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ty N\u01b0\u1edbc hoa Five Star, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2012), n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3ng chai Trump Ice, Trump Magazine, Trump Golf, Trump Chocolate, Trump Home (n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 \u1edf), Trump Productions (c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh), Trump Institute, Trump: The Game (board game n\u0103m 1989 v\u1edbi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i n\u0103m 2005 g\u1eafn v\u1edbi The Apprentice), Donald Trump's Real Estate Tycoon (tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp kinh doanh), Trump Books, Trump Model Management, Trump Shuttle, Trump Mortgage, Trump Vodka, Trump Steakhouse v\u00e0 Trump Steaks. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, theo nh\u01b0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u00ec Trump \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn 1,5 tri\u1ec7u USD cho m\u1ed7i gi\u1edd thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean The Learning Annex. Trump c\u0169ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ACN Inc., m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty \u0111a c\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ACN, m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh doanh v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty. \u00d4ng ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 1,35 tri\u1ec7u USD cho ba b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, 450.000 USD m\u1ed7i b\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2011, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Forbes \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Trump l\u00e0 200 tri\u1ec7u USD. Trump kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh n\u00e0y, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 kho\u1ea3ng 3 t\u1ec9 USD. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 thu\u00ea Trump qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, Trump kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ean m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. Theo Forbes, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh doanh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Trump, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c con c\u1ee7a Trump, l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 562 tri\u1ec7u USD. C\u0169ng theo Forbes, c\u00f3 33 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n cho thu\u00ea th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u \u0111ang \u0111\u1ef1oc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3y \"kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n chung c\u01b0\" (b\u1ea3y d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Trump International Hotel & Tower). Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2015, Forbes \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u Trump \u1edf m\u1ee9c 125 tri\u1ec7u USD khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb nh\u01b0 Macy's Inc v\u00e0 Serta Mattresses b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea9y chay c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u Trump, m\u00e0 Macy b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \"th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb Mexico.\""}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2011, trong khi d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u0111ang quan s\u00e1t xem li\u1ec7u Trump c\u00f3 tranh c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec 2012 kh\u00f4ng, Politico tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n tin gi\u1ea5u t\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu Trump ra tranh c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y s\u1ebd n\u1ed9p \"b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 [s\u1ebd] li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean 7 t\u1ec9 USD v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 250 tri\u1ec7u USD ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt n\u1ee3\". (C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh sau khi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd tranh c\u1eed). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Trump kh\u00f4ng tranh c\u1eed nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec 2012, b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n 7 t\u1ec9 USD."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Trump bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n: v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015, Forbes \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 4 t\u1ec9 USD, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Bloomberg Billionaires Index (\u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t k\u0129 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 n\u1ed9p cho H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea7u c\u1eed Li\u00ean bang c\u1ee7a Trump) \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n 2,9 t\u1ec9 USD. Ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2015, ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Trump tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tranh c\u1eed, Trump c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u1edbi b\u00e1o gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t trang \"t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n l\u1edbn \u2013 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty uy t\u00edn nh\u1ea5t\" li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n 8.737.540.000 USD. \"T\u00f4i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u\", Trump n\u00f3i. Forbes b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng con s\u1ed1 g\u1ea7n 9 t\u1ec9 USD l\u00e0 \"100%\" c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2015, \u1ee7y ban \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Li\u00ean bang c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Trump v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean 1,4 t\u1ec9 USD, bao g\u1ed3m \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 70 tri\u1ec7u USD t\u1eeb c\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 265 tri\u1ec7u USD."}
+{"text": "Trump n\u00f3i trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2015, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau khi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tranh c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, r\u1eb1ng \"t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng h\u01a1n 10 t\u1ec9 USD\". Tuy nhi\u00ean, Trump t\u1eebng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00f3 l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u2013 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i\". Trump c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cao h\u01a1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u00e0 \"c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh\". Forbes n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Trump \"chia s\u1ebb r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1\", \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \"lu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cao h\u01a1n \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\". Forbes gi\u1ea3m \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Trump xu\u1ed1ng 125 tri\u1ec7u USD sau nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u0103m 2015 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 Mexico, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng kinh doanh c\u1ee7a Trump v\u1edbi NBCUniversal, Univision, Macy's, Serta, PVH Corporation v\u00e0 Perfumania \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Young & Rubicam v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u Trump gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \"lao d\u1ed1c\" c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2015, ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh doanh c\u1ee7a Trump c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Trump n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i The Trump Organization, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. N\u0103m 2011, Trump g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu sau khi th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n g\u1eedi ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 Trump mua, \u00f4ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 mua c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Bank of America, Citigroup, Caterpillar Inc., Intel, Johnson & Johnson v\u00e0 Procter & Gamble. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2012, Trump c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u00eam c\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Facebook v\u00e0o danh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trump c\u0169ng c\u00f3 9 tri\u1ec7u USD \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m r\u1ee7i ro. \u00d4ng ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 6,7 tri\u1ec7u USD t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu Bank of America v\u00e0 3,9 tri\u1ec7u USD t\u1eeb b\u00e1n c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu Facebook trong n\u0103m 2014."}
+{"text": "Generals s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi Houston Gamblers trong k\u00ec ngh\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i sau m\u00f9a gi\u1ea3i, b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Jim Kelly v\u00e0 Ricky Sanders. Michaels b\u1ecb sa th\u1ea3i, thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi c\u1ef1u hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Gamblers Jack Pardee, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0 n\u00e9m t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Gamblers. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh trong m\u01a1 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a USFL kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi \u0111\u1ea5u. M\u00f9a gi\u1ea3i 1986 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf sau khi USFL gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea1nh tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i NFL. Gi\u1ea3i USFL c\u0169ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 ngay sau \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Trump ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e2m \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ec7n Univision 500 tri\u1ec7u USD v\u1edbi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd danh d\u1ef1. Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u00e1p Reelz sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng cu\u1ed9c thi Hoa h\u1eadu M\u1ef9. Trump chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed People v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2015 r\u1eb1ng v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Univision l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed [t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng]\". Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2015, Trump tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mua l\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0i NBC trong T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Hoa h\u1eadu Ho\u00e0n v\u0169, bi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu duy nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \"d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp\" xong v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng Trump \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e2m \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ec7n NBC th\u1eadt hay \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi \u0111e d\u1ecda su\u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u00e1n \u0111i c\u1ed5 t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Trong gi\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, Trump \u0111\u00e3 hai l\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean cho Gi\u1ea3i Emmy, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 phim \u1ea3nh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u1ede nh\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh 2: L\u1ea1c \u1edf New York The Nanny, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Days of Our Lives, Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c (The Little Rascals). \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u danh h\u00e0i, h\u1ecda s\u0129 phim ho\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u0129 tranh bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda online. Trump c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n radio c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang \u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Trumped! \u00d4ng c\u0169ng t\u1eebng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a phim truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Sex and the City qua m\u1ed9t vai di\u1ec5n kh\u00e1ch m\u1eddi. Trump c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Screen Actors Guild v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 110.000 USD h\u00e0ng n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2011, Trump l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp Comedy Central Roast. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn b\u1edfi Seth MacFarlane, kh\u00e1ch m\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (roaster) bao g\u1ed3m Larry King, Snoop Dogg v\u00e0 Anthony Jeselnik c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch m\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c. Con g\u00e1i Trump, Ivanka, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3. Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2011, Trump tham d\u1ef1 White House Correspondents' Dinner (Ti\u1ec7c Li\u00ean hoan Ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng), v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a danh h\u00e0i Seth Meyers. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u \u0111\u00f9a ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm Trump."}
+{"text": "Trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, Trump ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 50.000 USD m\u1ed7i t\u1eadp (g\u1ea7n 700.000 USD cho m\u00f9a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean). Ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u, sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 t\u1edbi 3 tri\u1ec7u USD m\u1ed7i t\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c th\u00f9 lao cao nh\u1ea5t. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2015, Trump c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea7u c\u1eed Li\u00ean bang r\u1eb1ng NBCUniversal \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 cho \u00f4ng 213.606.575 USD trong su\u1ed1t 14 m\u00f9a d\u1eabn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 2007, Trump \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn sao tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Danh v\u1ecdng Hollywood v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh (The Apprentice)."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2015, NBC th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t The Apprentice m\u00f9a th\u1ee9 15. M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y sau, Trump tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \"ch\u01b0a s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng\" \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00fd h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng cho m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a n\u1eefa v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng s\u1ebd tranh c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 3, NBC v\u1eabn tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 6, sau khi l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tranh c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Trump lan r\u1ed9ng, NBC ra th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, \"Do nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Donald Trump v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, NBCUniversal s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0m \u0103n v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Trump\", v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00fac vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Trump trong The Apprentice."}
+{"text": "Trump m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng qua r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp l\u1eabn nhau theo th\u1eddi gian. Politico mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chi\u1ebft trung, \u1ee9ng bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n\". \u00d4ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \"t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\". \u00d4ng c\u0169ng t\u1eebng tranh c\u1eed d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf su\u1ea5t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu nh\u1eadp cao, quy\u1ec1n n\u1ea1o h\u00fat thai v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Trump l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ronald Reagan cho ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Mitt Romney l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. N\u0103m 2015 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, Trump l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn Bill Clinton thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 thay v\u00ec George H.W. Bush v\u00e0 George W. Bush thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Clinton's Foundation \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn kho\u1ea3ng 100.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 250.000 USD t\u1eeb Trump v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tham d\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Trump n\u0103m 2005. N\u0103m 2008 Trump c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Hillary Clinton s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi\"."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf, Trump \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe H\u1ee3p t\u00fai ti\u1ec1n (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean \"Obamacare\") v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do cho ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u00f3 c\u1ea1nh tranh nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng t\u1eebng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc bao c\u1ea5p ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. Trump \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef v\u00e0 x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 b\u00ea b\u1ed1i ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh n\u0103m 2014. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 C\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, thu\u00ea nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh kh\u00e1c, gia t\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh n\u1eef v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m v\u1ec7 tinh quanh c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh."}
+{"text": "Trump t\u1eebng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u1ea5m l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \"ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tin \u0111\u1ed3n nh\u1ea3m\". \u00d4ng c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5m l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m cho ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh\", m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f9a. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"C\u1ee5c B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ef9 (EPA) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p\". Trump \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00e1c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1 phi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00f3, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"c\u00e1c m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00f3 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t\" trong khi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1ong \"kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7\"."}
+{"text": "Trump c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecf \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh tranh c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1988, 2004 v\u00e0 2012 v\u00e0 tranh c\u1eed Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c New York v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 2006 v\u00e0 2014, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a George H. W. Bush cho t\u1ea5m v\u00e9 v\u00e0o Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i thua cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Dan Quayle. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ea5u h\u1ecfi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 do Trump hay chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Bush. N\u0103m 1999, Trump n\u1ed9p h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1999 so s\u00e1nh \u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a George W. Bush v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Al Gore cho th\u1ea5y Trump c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 sau \u0111\u00f3 Trump b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c v\u00ec l\u00fd do l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee5c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng, Trump v\u1eabn gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i bang California v\u00e0 Michigan."}
+{"text": "Trong khi Trump c\u00f4ng khai c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 2012 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, m\u1ed9t th\u0103m d\u00f2 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Wall Street Journal/NBC News c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2011 cho th\u1ea5y Trump d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, h\u01a1n c\u1ef1u Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c bang Massachusetts Mitt Romney m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m. M\u1ed9t th\u0103m d\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Newsweek th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2011 cho th\u1ea5y Trump h\u01a1n Barack Obama v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eed tri c\u00f2n \u0111ang l\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ef1 cho cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2012. M\u1ed9t th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2011 b\u1edfi Public Policy Polling cho th\u1ea5y Trump d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec3m trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng cho \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u00f4ng h\u00f2a, gi\u1eefa l\u00fac \u00f4ng v\u1eabn \u0111ang c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n tranh c\u1eed. Gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Trump c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng The Apprentice. Ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2011, Trump tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tranh c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Public Policy Polling mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2011 l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n l\u00ean v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng nhanh nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tranh c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng\"."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2011, Trump \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ea5u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Barack Obama, c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c r\u1eb1ng \"b\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u1edf Kenya n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta sinh ra \u1edf Kenya v\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1eadn m\u1eaft ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn\" (Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Trump b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111o\u1ea1n ghi \u00e2m b\u00e0i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi b\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Obama, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 bang Pennsylvania ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u Obama). Trump c\u0169ng ho\u00e0i nghi vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7u Obama c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Lu\u1eadt Harvard hay kh\u00f4ng. Trump n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111i\u1ec1u tra t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1edbi Hawaii, n\u01a1i sinh ghi tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd c\u1ee7a Obama v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi The Today Show \"h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y\". Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2011, Trump k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Obama h\u00e3y k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u1ea5y khai sinh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Hai ng\u00e0y sau, Obama \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng nh\u1eb1m kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u1ea5y khai sinh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trump b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea5y khai sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 qua m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng mong r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \"h\u1ee3p l\u00fd\" v\u00e0 \"ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng?\" Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2015 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang Obama sinh ra \u1edf M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng, Trump n\u00f3i: \"T\u00f4i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. \u00dd t\u00f4i l\u00e0, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\"."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2008, Trump n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edbm \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u0103m 2009 nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 M\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2012 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ef1oc \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi 56% ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 (63% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u1edf Michigan), theo cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 t\u1eeb Pew Research Center. Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Trump g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng vaccine c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra b\u1ec7nh t\u1ef1 k\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch b\u1edfi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2013, Trump l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch m\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i Conservative Political Action Conference (H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb B\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 - CPAC). B\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eafng nghe. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u USD nh\u1eb1m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tranh c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9. Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2013, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a New York ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng Trump n\u00ean tranh c\u1eed th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c bang n\u0103m 2014, c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi Andrew Cuomo. Trump n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 New York c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf th\u00ec qu\u00e1 cao, vi\u1ec7c tranh c\u1eed th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c bang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2015, Trump kh\u00f4ng gia h\u1ea1n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh The Apprentice, d\u1ea5y l\u00ean tin \u0111\u1ed3n r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u00e0o Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng n\u0103m 2016."}
+{"text": "Trump ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tham gia tranh c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec 2016 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2015. Th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed \u1edf Trump Tower t\u1ea1i Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York. Trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, Trump c\u0169ng h\u1ee9a s\u1ebd t\u0103ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch An sinh X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i chu\u1ea9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c li\u00ean bang Common Core v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Mexico-Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft Mexico ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \"\u0110\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i\" (Make America Great Again). Trump n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n t\u00fai trang tr\u1ea3i cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang. Trump lu\u00f4n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cao su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tranh c\u1eed trong c\u00e1c th\u0103m d\u00f2 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi The Economist/YouGov c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2015, l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c cho th\u1ea5y Trump l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. M\u1ed9t th\u0103m d\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Suffolk/USA Today c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2015 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 17% c\u1eed tri \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Trump, 14% \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Jeb Bush. M\u1ed9t th\u0103m d\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Washington Post/ABC News th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y 16\u201319 th\u00e1ng 7 cho th\u1ea5y Trump c\u00f3 24% s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, h\u01a1n Scott Walker t\u1ea1i 13%. M\u1ed9t th\u0103m d\u00f2 c\u1ee7a CNN/ORC cho th\u1ea5y Trump d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi 18% c\u1eed tri \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, h\u01a1n Jeb Bush t\u1ea1i 15%. M\u1ed9t th\u0103m d\u00f2 c\u1ee7a CBS News ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 8 cho th\u1ea5y Trump c\u00f3 24% ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, Bush \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai v\u1edbi 13% v\u00e0 Walker th\u1ee9 ba v\u1edbi 10%."}
+{"text": "T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Trump nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u1eed tri c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i gay g\u1eaft xoay quanh \u00f4ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a trong c\u00e1c th\u0103m d\u00f2 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0a tin v\u1ec1 Trump v\u00e0 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp gi\u00fap \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cao trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a tin li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh super PAC, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y cho vi\u1ec7c g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Vi\u1ec7c Trump n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3i gi\u1ea3m n\u00f3i tranh trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 y\u00eau th\u00edch. Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a tin nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trump li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0 an ninh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c Trump \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, x\u00e2y t\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecdc bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Mexico, v\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0o Hoa K\u1ef3, trong khi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn mang t\u00ednh k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o M\u1ef9 qua bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Mexico."}
+{"text": "Trump nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ef1oc s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"c\u00f3 sao n\u00f3i v\u1eady\", v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u00e1n k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i gi\u1ea3m n\u00f3i tr\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi phe truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 quan ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Trump v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a tin r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u1eed tri c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Trump c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh g\u00e2y \"b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a\", \"kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00eam t\u00fac\" v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"t\u00ean du c\u00f4n\"."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh super PAC (H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb) r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7, Trump nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u2013 nh\u1edd c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 (do \u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 ph\u00fa) \u2013 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng \"kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb mua chu\u1ed9c\". Tuy nhi\u00ean, cho t\u1edbi 15 th\u00e1ng 10 th\u00ec quy\u00ean g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1eb7t t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Trump chi ti\u1ec1n \u00edt h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a tin mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o gi\u1edbi thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i thu\u00ea qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Trump. \u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u2013 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u00edt khi d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Trump, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp trong k\u00ec b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Anh David Cameron, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u00e1p Manuel Valls v\u00e0 Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng Canada Stephane Dion, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Reince Priebus, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n M\u1ef9 thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Paul Ryan, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n M\u1ef9 thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Mitch McConnell. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea5m Trump nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0o V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean 540.000 ch\u1eef k\u00fd, m\u1ed9t k\u1ec9 l\u1ee5c cho website c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Trump c\u0169ng tranh lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea5m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p (quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o) v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m c\u1eeda nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng minh th\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho CIA cho \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Abdullah c\u1ee7a Jordan v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho ISIL th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ISIL r\u1eb1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111ang ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. L\u1ea7u N\u0103m G\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng \"b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ISIL v\u00e0 \u0111em n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia\". The Washington Post \u0111\u01b0a tin, \"Donald Trump c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t video tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn\"."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2013, Trump l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf Israel, \u0111\u00e3 mua \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Israel. Trump c\u00f2n \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n video \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Israel Benjamin Netanyahu trong k\u00ec b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 2013. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ea5m ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3, nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Do th\u00e1i, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Netanyahu, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trump. H\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c Israel, trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i, g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Netanyahu kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t Trump trong th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y sau, Trump ho\u00e3n chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m t\u1edbi Israel cho t\u1edbi khi \"m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 sau khi t\u00f4i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9\", n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n khi\u1ebfn cho Netanyahu ph\u1ea3i \"ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c\"."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a Trump v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"C\u1ea5m Donald J. Trump t\u1edbi Anh\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Anh, tr\u00ean trang web ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh c\u1ea5m \u00f4ng nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh. T\u1edbi 05:00 ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 12, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef k\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 500.000, v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa m\u1ee9c 100.000 theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn trong Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. Ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 1, H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n Anh tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u00ec c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 3 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean trong ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 Trump l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t th\u1eb1ng h\u1ec1\", \"\u0111i\u00ean kh\u00f9ng\", \"hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn\" v\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb kh\u00f3 \u01b0a\"."}
+{"text": "Trump k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eabu Ivana Zeln\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1977 t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Marble Collegiate \u1edf New York. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi con: hai con trai Donald Jr. (sinh ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1977) v\u00e0 Eric (sinh ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1984) v\u00e0 con g\u00e1i Ivanka (sinh ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1981). Ivana nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 1988 v\u1edbi Trump l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o l\u00e3nh. Trump \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean \"The Donald\", bi\u1ec7t danh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng hay d\u00f9ng sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ivana s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean Spy Magazine n\u0103m 1989. T\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1990, chuy\u1ec7n h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t gi\u1eefa Trump v\u00e0 Ivanna v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Trump ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean Marla Maples trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a tin kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c b\u00e1o l\u00e1 c\u1ea3i. H\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi li d\u1ecb v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991."}
+{"text": "Trump c\u00f3 qua l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eabu Kara Young v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \"kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1\" C\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng Diana b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 hoa \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n sau khi b\u00e0 li d\u1ecb Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Charles n\u0103m 1996. \"T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh \u00e1i \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecf t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng Diana Spencer\", Trump vi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1997 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh The Art of the Comeback (Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt L\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng). \"T\u00f4i c\u00f3 g\u1eb7p b\u00e0 \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n... B\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u2013 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong m\u01a1\"."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1998, Trump b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eabu th\u1eddi trang g\u1ed1c Slovenia, Melania Knauss. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00ednh h\u00f4n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2004 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2005 t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Episcopal Bethesda-by-the-Sea, Palm Beach, Florida, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i dinh th\u1ef1 Mar-A-Lago c\u1ee7a Trump. N\u0103m 2005, Melania nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch M\u1ef9. C\u0169ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0 sinh cho Trump m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai Barron William Trump. (Trump tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00fat danh \"John Barron\" trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 giao k\u00e8o kinh doanh). Barron th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfng Slovene do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf. Trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2009 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n tin Nightline c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0i ABC, Trump c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 c\u0169: \"T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 cho h\u1ecd [Ivana v\u00e0 Marla] \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00ec t\u00f4i y\u00eau nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u00f3. Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\"."}
+{"text": "Trump l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Nhi\u1ec7m. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2011 tr\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 700 Club, \u00f4ng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn: \"T\u00f4i theo \u0111\u1ea1o Tin L\u00e0nh, t\u00f4i theo Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Nhi\u1ec7m. V\u00e0 b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5y t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 th\u1edd trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi\". Trump n\u00f3i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed n\u0103m 2015 t\u1ea1i Nam Carolina r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Marble Collegiate, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea7u Ivana n\u0103m 1977. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \"kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u00edch c\u1ef1c\"."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1983, \u0110\u1ee9c cha Norman Vincent Peale, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed tr\u00ean New York Times l\u00e0 \"cha x\u1ee9\" c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Trump, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Trump l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \"t\u1eed t\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c\". Trump n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1n The Art of Deal (Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0m ph\u00e1n) (1987) m\u00e0 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \"cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u01b0a th\u00edch th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec\" c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed: \"C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u01b0a th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng? Kinh th\u00e1nh! Kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kinh th\u00e1nh\". \u00d4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i chia s\u1ebb ti\u1ebft Kinh th\u00e1nh m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i \"T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch chia s\u1ebb \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng quen bi\u1ebft\"."}
+{"text": "Ki\u1ec3u t\u00f3c c\u1ee7a Trump \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m cho c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc. Ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng c\u00e1t v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 theo Vanity Fair mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u \"ch\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4i\" hai h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea1 m\u1eaft, n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh. Louis Licari ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u00f3c c\u1ee7a Trump, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 do c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p t\u00f3c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p t\u00f3c Norman Orentreich. M\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1993 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean Harry Hurt III c\u1ee7a Newsweek n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Trump \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua cu\u1ed9c ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt g\u1ecdt da \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt th\u1ea9m m\u0129 c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 [c\u0169] Ivana, m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y Trump \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2015, trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Mobile, Alabama, Trump n\u00f3i: \"N\u1ebfu tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u1ecf m\u0169 v\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt\". Trump tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u00ean Playboy n\u0103m 2004 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ki\u1ec3u t\u00f3c cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ec9a n\u00f3: \"B\u1ea1n g\u00e1i [gi\u1edd l\u00e0 v\u1ee3] Melania\". Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 tin n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Trump c\u00f3 th\u1ee3 c\u1eaft t\u00f3c ri\u00eang. N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u0103m s\u00f3c t\u00f3c, Trump n\u00f3i trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2015, t\u1ea1i Hilton Head, Nam Carolina r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng th\u00edch t\u1ef1 do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1i c\u0103n h\u1ed9 \u1edf New York. B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh x\u1ecbt, Trump g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh b\u01a1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh x\u1ecbt t\u00f3c!\" Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2015, Trump n\u00f3i v\u1edbi The Des Moines Register r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i ki\u1ec3u t\u00f3c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 2016, b\u1edfi \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian v\u00ec \u00f4ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \"l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1edf h\u01a1i tai t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng\"."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Trump ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n xin ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 Lu\u1eadt Ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n M\u1ef9. Theo m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Forbes n\u0103m 2011, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u do vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n v\u00e0 s\u00f2ng b\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Atlantic g\u1eb7p qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n, bao g\u1ed3m Trump Taj Mahal (1991), Trump Plaza Hotel (1992), Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (2004) v\u00e0 Trump Entertainment Resorts (2009). Trump n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt n\u1ee3... Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ty. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0 trong The Apprentice v\u1eady. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m \u0103n\". \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \"doanh nh\u00e2n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\" kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady."}
+{"text": "Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sau hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean, Trump \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n 900 tri\u1ec7u USD c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 kinh doanh g\u1ea7n 3,5 t\u1ec9 USD. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1n \u0111i du thuy\u1ec1n Trump Princess v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty Trump Shuttle (mua n\u0103m 1989), \u00f4ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ef1oc Trump Tower \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ba s\u00f2ng b\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Atlantic. Trump nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu West Side Yards cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 theo nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n trong th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Chase Manhattan Bank. Trump \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c cao \u1ed1c. N\u0103m 1995, \u00f4ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n \u1edf c\u00e1c s\u00f2ng b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 ngay c\u1ea3 khi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat."}
+{"text": "L\u1ea7n doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 ba x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2004, khi Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3. Theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1eb7t ra, c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Trump \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 56 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m xu\u1ed1ng 27 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu s\u1ebd x\u00f3a b\u1edbt n\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng ty. Trump Hotels bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n l\u1ea5y g\u00f3i c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kinh doanh. Sau khi c\u00f4ng ty n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2004, Trump ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2005 c\u00f4ng ty tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n v\u1edbi t\u00ean m\u1edbi Trump Entertainment Resorts Holdings. Vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u0103m 2007 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Think BIG and Kick Ass in Business and Life (Ngh\u0129 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng), Trump vi\u1ebft: \"T\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eadn t\u00e2m c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft? T\u00f4i c\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, 'T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1ed3i l\u1ebd ra c\u00e1c \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean cho t\u00f4i vay. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1ed3i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o'\"."}
+{"text": "L\u1ea7n ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n doanh nghi\u1ec7p g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trump l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009. Ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 2, Trump tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u00f4ng s\u1ebd r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trump Entertainment Resorts v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n xin ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 Lu\u1eadt Ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n M\u1ef9. T\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, Trump Entertainment Resorts c\u00f3 ba t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Atlantic: Trump Taj Mahal, Trump Plaza v\u00e0 Trump Marina (b\u00e1n n\u0103m 2011). \u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2014, Trump \u0111\u00e2m \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u g\u1ee1 t\u00ean \u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi Trump Plaza Hotels & Casino v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Taj Mahal v\u00ec \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y n\u1eefa. Trump Entertainment Resorts sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n xin ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1990, sau khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ea1i Janney Montgomery Scott n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Taj Mahal c\u1ee7a Trump ban \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ebd \"ph\u00e1 k\u1ec9 l\u1ee5c\" nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ebft n\u0103m, Trump \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ebd ki\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ty ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1eeb khi nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u00fat l\u1ea1i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb sa th\u1ea3i. Nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i r\u00fat l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng ty sa th\u1ea3i. Taj Mahal sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n xin ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1990. Nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec7n Trump v\u00ec b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd danh d\u1ef1, \u0111\u00f2i b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng 2 tri\u1ec7u USD. V\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ra t\u00f2a. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Taj Mahal sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t l\u00e0 \"ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng\"."}
+{"text": "Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh 2008, Trump International Hotel & Tower (Chicago) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 doanh s\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Ch\u1ee7 n\u1ee3 Deutsche Bank t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd cho Trump h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng doanh s\u1ed1. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 kh\u00e1ng, Trump \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n trong h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3. Sau \u0111\u00f3 Trump \u0111\u00e2m \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ec7n, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. Hai b\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u00fat \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kinh doanh."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2008, Trump kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n 100 tri\u1ec7u USD ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Rancho Palos Verdes, California, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ven bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi 41.000 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng n\u0103m ch\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1edbi 20 tri\u1ec7u USD, do \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u0103n h\u1ed9 cao c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u00e2n golf ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ea1t l\u1edf (mua b\u1edfi Trump n\u0103m 2002 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 27 tri\u1ec7u USD) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 Trump \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thu\u00ea t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m trong Trump National Golf Club, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ph\u1eadt \u00fd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng theo t\u00ean \u00f4ng. Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Trump \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng \"t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi\" c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Trump, v\u00ec Trump tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng n\u1ed9p h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 xin c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p. V\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn 2012 v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Trump v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p cho 20 c\u0103n h\u1ed9 cao c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ef1oc nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t (c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 36 c\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Trump l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t thay v\u00ec m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 s\u00e2n golf c\u0169."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2009, Trump b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ecdc ti\u1ec1n, t\u1eeb 200.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 300.000 USD m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c chung c\u01b0 trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n treo Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng Trump (\u0111\u00e3 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng xem c\u00e1c video qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1) \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, r\u1eb1ng sau khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh Trump n\u00f3i m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n, r\u0169 b\u1ecf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ch\u00f3ng v\u00e1nh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n l\u1ea1i g\u00ec h\u1ebft. T\u1edd Associated Press n\u0103m 2009 \u0111\u00e3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3: \"Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trump Baja l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3n qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m h\u00ecnh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Donald Trump m\u1eddi ch\u00e0o m\u1edf b\u00e1n chung c\u01b0. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c treo ph\u00eda tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t showroom v\u00e0 c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda, m\u1ed9t b\u00e3i \u0111\u1eadu xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1t g\u1ea1ch, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ed1 to c\u1eaft ngang b\u00e3i c\u1ecf, v\u00e0i \u1ed1ng c\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng\". Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a \u00e1n bang California, lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Trump ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean San Diego Union-Tribune v\u1ec1 ph\u00f3ng s\u1ef1 n\u0103m 2006 v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \"Trump \u0111\u1eb7t 't\u00ean' m\u00ecnh cho Baja v\u1edbi chung c\u01b0-kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n\", trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 tr\u00edch l\u1eddi Trump n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \"c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn\" c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. T\u00f2a \u00e1n bang California \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf m\u00e1nh kh\u00f3e ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Trump, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Lu\u1eadt B\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 California kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra ngu\u1ed3n tin c\u1ee7a ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean. N\u0103m 2013, Trump \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd-l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 chung c\u01b0, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2011, t\u00f2a ph\u00fac th\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T\u00f2a \u00e1n bang New Jersey, b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i 5 t\u1ec9 USD b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Trump \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Timothy L. O'Brien, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald (Qu\u1ed1c gia Trump: Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt khi l\u00e0 The Donald) (2006), r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Trump th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb 150 \u0111\u1ebfn 250 tri\u1ec7u USD, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \"h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7\" nh\u01b0 Trump \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2005. Trump ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m \u0103n v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean to\u00e0 ph\u00fac th\u1ea9m l\u1ea1i l\u01b0u t\u00e2m t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ba ngu\u1ed3n tin m\u1eadt m\u00e0 O'Brien c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ef1oc."}
+{"text": "Trump \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi ki\u1ec7n danh h\u00e0i Bill Maher 5 tri\u1ec7u USD v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Maher xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh The Tonight Show with Jay Leno v\u00e0 n\u00f3i s\u1ebd quy\u00ean g\u00f3p 5 tri\u1ec7u USD cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu Trump \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea5y khai sinh ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng giao ph\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0\u01a1i. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c Trump tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c Obama \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea5y khai sinh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u00f3i s\u1ebd quy\u00ean g\u00f3p 5 tri\u1ec7u USD cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 Obama ch\u1ecdn n\u1ebfu Obama \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 l\u00fd l\u1ecbch h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu. Trump \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea5y khai sinh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ki\u1ec7n sau khi Maher kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef l\u1eddi, v\u1edbi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb 5 tri\u1ec7u USD c\u1ee7a Maher l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. \"T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00f9a\", Trump n\u00f3i. \"\u00d4ng \u1ea5y n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u00e1c \u00fd\". Maher \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng Trump n\u00ean h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \"\u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f9a v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng\" v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \"kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i cho b\u1ecdn nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n \u0111\u00f9a ngh\u1ecbch\", n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 con v\u1edbi nhau. Trump r\u00fat l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ec7n danh h\u00e0i t\u00e1m tu\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2013, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi T\u1ed5ng ch\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd New York Eric Schneiderman c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c Trump l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o h\u01a1n 5.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n 40 tri\u1ec7u USD v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Trump \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00ec l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trump, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 2005 \u0111\u1ebfn 2011. Schneiderman l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Trump c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \"c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p\", s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o sai l\u1ec7ch, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c treo \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00ea b\u00e1n th\u1ecbt ch\u00f3, c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t sai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o kh\u00e1c. Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2014, T\u00f2a \u00e1n bang New York \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng ch\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2014, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh Trump ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, Trump Entrepreneur Initiative, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trump. (Trump ng\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb \"\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\" sau ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb n\u0103m 2010 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch New York, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Trump l\u00e0 \"g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p\", ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n bang tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o Trump v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ea1i New York). Trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2014, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n li\u00ean bang San Diego cho ph\u00e9p nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n t\u1ea1i California, Florida v\u00e0 New York kh\u1edfi ki\u1ec7n. Trump \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng ch\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c quy\u00ean g\u00f3p cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed. V\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra b\u1edfi \u1ee7y ban \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c New York v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2015. Trump c\u0169ng kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i 1 tri\u1ec7u USD b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trump Tarla Makaeff, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chi kho\u1ea3ng 37.000 USD cho c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1, sau khi b\u00e0 tham gia v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch x\u1ea5u, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trump thua ki\u1ec7n khi b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi ki\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecbt mi\u1ec7ng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng, b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 Makaeff v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 798.774,24 USD chi ph\u00ed t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng theo ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n t\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2015"}
+{"text": "\"\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecbt mi\u1ec7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\", Makaeff b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2014, c\u1ef1u hoa h\u1eadu Pennsylvania Sheena Monnin b\u1ecb x\u1eed thua 5 tri\u1ec7u USD, sau khi b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Trump v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c thi Hoa h\u1eadu M\u1ef9 2012 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ef1oc d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp. Monnin vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean trang Facebook c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i t\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t th\u00ed sinh kh\u00e1c k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u00f4 l\u00e0 c\u00f4 ta \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y danh s\u00e1ch n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 khi n\u0103m c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 theo \u0111\u00fang th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, Monnin nh\u1eadn ra l\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c thi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u1edd \u00e1m, khi\u1ebfn c\u00f4 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf danh hi\u1ec7u Hoa h\u1eadu Pennsylvania c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Trump n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Monnin khi\u1ebfn cho cu\u1ed9c thi m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 l\u1edbn t\u1eeb British Petroleum v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tham d\u1ef1 Hoa h\u1eadu M\u1ef9 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Theo l\u1eddi Monnin, l\u1eddi khai t\u1eeb T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Hoa h\u1eadu Ho\u00e0n v\u0169 v\u00e0 Ernst & Young ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng top 15 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n cu\u1ed9c thi, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m kh\u1ea3o. \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Monnin ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat l\u1ea1i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \"N\u00f3i ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i m\u1ea5t \u0111i qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u\", Monnin n\u00f3i."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2014, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eabu Alexia Palmer kh\u1edfi ki\u1ec7n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Trump Model Management v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng 75.000 USD h\u00e0ng n\u0103m nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea3 3.380,75 USD cho ba n\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Palmer cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang b\u1ecb n\u1ee3 h\u01a1n 200,000 USD. Palmer qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ngo\u00e0i ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u00ec Trump Model Management \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1eeb \"c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n chi m\u1edd \u00e1m\", t\u1eeb b\u01b0u ph\u1ea9m cho t\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn xe limousine, v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4. Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Trump Alan Garten cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \"gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm\"."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2015, Trump kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n 10 tri\u1ec7u USD \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp Jos\u00e9 Andr\u00e9s, cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn m\u1edf m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Trump International Hotel Washington, D.C. Andr\u00e9s \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Trump \"v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\". \u0110\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp Geoffrey Zakarian, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Andr\u00e9s, \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Trump International Hotel sau nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Trump v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p Mexico (v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t 500.000 USD kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ecdc cho thu\u00ea nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng v\u00ec chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y). Trump sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi ki\u1ec7n Zakarian v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2015 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \"tr\u00ean 10 tri\u1ec7u USD\" v\u00ec b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ch\u1ed7 thu\u00ea v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u01a1n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Trump c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Zakarian \"t\u00f2 m\u00f2 b\u1edfi l\u1ebd quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Trump v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng Trump lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chia s\u1ebb th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft\"."}
+{"text": "Johnston v\u00e0 Barrett qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Trump mua khu \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Trump Plaza Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Atlantic v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i gi\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m Philadelphia Salvatore Testa v\u00e0 theo nh\u01b0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u0103m 1986 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban \u0110i\u1ec1u tra Bang New Jersey v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00ec Trump \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u00f2ng b\u1ea1c nh\u1edd hai doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1edfi Nicodemo Scarfo. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Trump l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau li\u00ean bang trong m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u tra h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 n\u0103m 1979 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1981, kh\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra n\u00e0o d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi t\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1. Trump b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u00f3 khi \u00f4ng n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd m\u1edf s\u00f2ng b\u1ea1c \u1edf New Jersey v\u00e0 Johnston c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch bang gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111i\u1ec1u tra l\u00fd l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Johnston v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u tra kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a tin Trump Tower, Trump Plaza v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi b\u00ea t\u00f4ng mua t\u1eeb S&A Concrete Co., c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1edfi Anthony Salerno, \u00f4ng tr\u00f9m b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m Genovese v\u00e0 Paul Castellano, \u00f4ng tr\u00f9m b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m Gambino."}
+{"text": "Theo nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u tra ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh John Sweeney, Trump b\u1ecf ngang m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi Sweeney cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Panorama c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0i BBC sau khi Trump tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec sao \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m \u0103n v\u1edbi Felix Sater, c\u1ef1u t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \"c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a Donald Trump\" (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Trump \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y), b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Sater v\u1edbi mafia v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam b\u1ea3n \u00e1n n\u0103m 1998 v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi mafia l\u00ean t\u1edbi 40 tri\u1ec7u USD, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a tin r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i n\u0103m 2007. N\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n trong v\u1ee5 l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Sater bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t sau v\u1ee5 Holocaust Ernest v\u00e0 Judit Gottdiener. Sater t\u1eebng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u1edf Trump Tower c\u00f9ng t\u1ea7ng v\u1edbi v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Trump n\u0103m 2010, theo nh\u01b0 ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u00e0i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Associated Press. \"Felix Sater, ch\u00e0, t\u00f4i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3\", Trump n\u00f3i v\u1edbi AP v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2015. \"T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng quen \u00f4ng \u1ea5y l\u1eafm\". Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 Sater b\u1edfi The New Yorks Times v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2007, Trump b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Sater \"Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00fd l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c k\u0129 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. T\u00f4i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y l\u1eafm\". Sater sinh n\u0103m 1966 t\u1ea1i Nga v\u00e0 t\u1edbi M\u1ef9 c\u00f9ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u0103m l\u00ean 8, sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m Bonanno v\u00e0 Genovese. \u00d4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi Trump trong \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 4 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n bao g\u1ed3m Trump SoHo, Trump International Hotel & Residence Phoenix (v\u1ec1 sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i), Trump International Hotel & Residence Ft. Lauderdale (v\u1ec1 sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n cao \u1ed1c ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Denver. Sater t\u1eebng \u0111i c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Trump t\u1edbi Denver v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u00f9ng Trump b\u1edfi The Rocky Mountain News n\u0103m 2005 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y. Alan Garten, lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a Trump, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Sater \"c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i l\u00e0m \u0103n\" v\u00e0 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi Trump trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xa x\u1ec9 cao c\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd k\u00fd k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0o cho Trump trong su\u1ed1t 6 th\u00e1ng l\u00e0m \u0103n ngo\u00e0i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010"}
+{"text": "\"N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng Sater \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n\", vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m gi\u1eef k\u00edn c\u00e1o tr\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Sater tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea9m tra c\u00f4ng khai trong v\u00f2ng 14 n\u0103m, \"th\u00ec t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u00f4ng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Trump\"."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1636 b\u1edfi C\u01a1 quan L\u1eadp ph\u00e1p Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba V\u1ecbnh Massachusetts v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a John Harvard - ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Harvard l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp b\u1eadc cao l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t Hoa K\u1ef3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard (Harvard College, sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard) trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX th\u00ec Harvard \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa v\u00f9ng Boston. Sau N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3, Charles W. Eliot trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (t\u1eeb 1869 \u0111\u1ebfn 1909) \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Harvard l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900. James Bryant Conant l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1i suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00e0 sau chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n sinh. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u00e0nh cho c\u1ea3 nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1977 khi n\u00f3 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Radcliffe."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh 11 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt - 10 ph\u00e2n khoa \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Cao c\u1ea5p Radcliffe - v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Boston: khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh r\u1ed9ng 209 m\u1eabu Anh (85 ha) n\u1eb1m \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Cambridge, c\u00e1ch Boston ch\u1eebng 3 d\u1eb7m (4,8 km) v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc; Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh doanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ec3 thao, bao g\u1ed3m S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Harvard, n\u1eb1m b\u00ean kia s\u00f4ng Charles \u1edf khu Allston c\u1ee7a Boston; c\u00f2n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y khoa, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nha khoa, v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y t\u1ebf C\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng th\u00ec n\u1eb1m \u1edf Khu Y khoa Longwood. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00f3 t\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean Harvard; ch\u1eebng 150 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean, gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, hay nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 62 t\u1ec9 ph\u00fa hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 335 H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Rhodes, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean Harvard. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2013, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng m\u00e0 Harvard c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 32,3 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4-la, l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Harvard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1636 theo sau cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan L\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00f9ng Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba V\u1ecbnh Massachusetts. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 New College hay \"tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf New Towne\". N\u0103m 1638, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y in \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, do con t\u00e0u John of London ch\u1edf t\u1eeb Anh sang. N\u0103m 1639, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Harvard College, theo t\u00ean m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 John Harvard (1607-1638), m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge \u1edf Anh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng. John Harvard khi m\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng 779 b\u1ea3ng Anh (m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda gia s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng) v\u00e0 ch\u1eebng 400 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch."}
+{"text": "Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 Thanh gi\u00e1o. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh - nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf v\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y t\u1eebng theo h\u1ecdc \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge - v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Thanh gi\u00e1o th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o, nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb Harvard ra \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd theo ph\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i Nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 \u1edf kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng New England. M\u1ed9t t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1643, \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i mong mu\u1ed1n \"th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng m\u00e3i s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc cho nh\u00e0 th\u1edd\"."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai minh v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong gi\u1edbi m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 theo Gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf trong th\u1ebf c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m theo th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Calvin c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n. Khi Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc David Tappan qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1803 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Harvard Joseph Willard qua \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 1804, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay th\u1ebf. Henry Ware \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1805, v\u00e0 Samuel Webber - m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 do - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng hai n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf Harvard sang th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do theo l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Jacobus Arminius."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1846, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Louis Agassiz \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf New York l\u1eabn trong khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Agassiz duy t\u00e2m theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho \"s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0o B\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 Th\u1ea7n t\u00ednh\" c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u \"nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 tri th\u1ee9c\". C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Agassiz v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p quan s\u00e1t v\u1edbi tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \"k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh\" trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nguy\u00ean v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c mang t\u00ednh c\u1ea3m quan kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb hai tri\u1ebft gia Scotland Thomas Reid v\u00e0 Dugald Stewart, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Harvard v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u1ea5y."}
+{"text": "Charles W. Eliot, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1869\u20131909, \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u \u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o trong khi cho ph\u00e9p sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Eliot l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3, \u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec mong mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 Ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m (Transcendentalist Unitarian). B\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb William Ellery Channing v\u00e0 Ralph Waldo Emerson, nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u00ednh n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, danh ti\u1ebfng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Harvard gia t\u0103ng khi nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. S\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean theo h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean khi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c sinh vi\u00ean b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Radcliffe, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1879 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecb em v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e0nh cho n\u1eef gi\u1edbi \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. Harvard tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900."}
+{"text": "James Bryant Conant, gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1933 \u0111\u1ebfn 1953, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o sinh l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Conant xem gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i thay v\u00ec l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n, thu h\u00fat, v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 t\u00e0i. N\u0103m 1943, \u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, c\u1ea3 \u1edf b\u1eadc trung h\u1ecdc l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. B\u1ea3n \"B\u00e1o c\u00e1o\" (Report) nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX."}
+{"text": "Sinh vi\u00ean n\u1eef v\u1eabn h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang \u1edf Radcliffe, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u1edf Harvard. Ngo\u00e0i ra, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n sinh vi\u00ean b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Harvard v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi, c\u1ee9 kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n nam sinh theo h\u1ecdc Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef sinh theo h\u1ecdc Radcliffe. Theo sau vi\u1ec7c Harvard v\u00e0 Radcliffe b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tuy\u1ec3n sinh chung v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1977, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u1eef sinh vi\u00ean b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh xu h\u01b0\u1edbng chung c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Harvard, v\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn sinh vi\u00ean n\u1eef v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n sinh vi\u00ean \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. N\u0103m 1999, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Radcliffe ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Cao c\u1ea5p Radcliffe."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Widener \u1edf khu Harvard Yard, c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 80 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb ch\u1ee9a h\u01a1n 15 tri\u1ec7u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Theo Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc Cabot, Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Lamont, v\u00e0 Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Widener l\u00e0 ba trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh vi\u00ean b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u01b0a th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t do d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Harvard c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch hi\u1ebfm, b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t; Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Houghton, Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Arthur v\u00e0 Elizabeth Schesinger, v\u00e0 V\u0103n kh\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u01b0u gi\u1eef c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm \u00edt \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3. B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Harvard-Yenching."}
+{"text": "Harvard \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7n B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Harvard c\u00f3 ba vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng. Vi\u1ec7n B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Arthur M. Sackler c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u00f4 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau; Vi\u1ec7n B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Busch-Reisinger tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Trung \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc \u00c2u; c\u00f2n Vi\u1ec7n B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Fogg th\u00ec tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u00dd th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Anh th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n-Raphael, v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Vi\u1ec7n B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Harvard bao g\u1ed3m Vi\u1ec7n B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t Harvard, Vi\u1ec7n B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt Harvard, v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu. Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m Trung t\u00e2m Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c Carpenter, do Le Corbusier thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, Vi\u1ec7n B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc Peabody chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh T\u00e2y B\u00e1n c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Semitic tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Harvard r\u1ed9ng 209 m\u1eabu Anh (85 ha), trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 Harvard Yard \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Cambridge, n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch khu trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Boston ch\u1eebng 3 d\u1eb7m (4,8 km) v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y-t\u00e2y b\u1eafc, v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra khu Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Harvard \u1edf chung quanh. Khu Harvard Yard c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c khu h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp bao g\u1ed3m Sever Hall v\u00e0 University Hall, Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Memorial, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u01b0 x\u00e1 d\u00e0nh cho sinh vi\u00ean n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean n\u0103m hai, ba, v\u00e0 t\u01b0 s\u1ed1ng trong 12 khu nh\u00e0 n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa; ch\u00edn trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda nam Harvard Yard, d\u1ecdc theo ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng Charles, ba khu nh\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y d\u00e0nh cho sinh vi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Radcliffe n\u1eb1m trong khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u00e1ch Harvard Yard ch\u1eebng n\u1eeda d\u1eb7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc \u1edf khu T\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c (Quadrangle)."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh doanh Harvard v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ec3 thao c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, bao g\u1ed3m S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Harvard, n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean r\u1ed9ng 358 m\u1eabu Anh (145 ha) n\u1eb1m \u1edf khu Allston, \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Cambridge b\u00ean kia s\u00f4ng. C\u1ea7u John W. Weeks l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u \u0111i b\u1ed9 b\u1eafc qua s\u00f4ng Charles, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i hai khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y khoa Harvard, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nha khoa Harvard, v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y t\u1ebf C\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean r\u1ed9ng 21 m\u1eabu Anh (8,5 ha) \u1edf Khu H\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Y khoa Longwood, c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m Boston ch\u1eebng 3,3 d\u1eb7m (5,3 km) v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh \u1edf Cambridge ch\u1eebng 3,3 d\u1eb7m (5,3 km) v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh \u1edf Cambridge, Allston, v\u00e0 Longwood, Harvard c\u00f2n s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u1eddn B\u00e1ch th\u1ea3o Arnold (Arnold Arboretum), \u1edf khu Jamaica Plain c\u1ee7a Boston; Trung t\u00e2m L\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Dumbarton Oaks (Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection) \u1edf Washington, D.C.; R\u1eebng Harvard \u1edf Petersham, Massachusetts; Tr\u1ea1m Th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m Concord (Concord Field Station) \u1edf Estabrook Woods, Concord, Massachusetts v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Villa I Tatti \u1edf Florence, \u00dd. Harvard c\u0169ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Trung t\u00e2m Harvard Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i Harvard c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ec3 thao nh\u01b0 Lavietes Pavillion, m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111a n\u0103ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u00e2n nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Harvard. Trung t\u00e2m Th\u1ec3 thao Malkin (MAC) v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n nghi th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 thao ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1ec7 tinh cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thi \u0111\u1ea5u li\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 n\u0103m t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a MAC c\u00f3 hai ph\u00f2ng tim m\u1ea1ch, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 b\u01a1i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Olympic, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 b\u01a1i nh\u1ecf cho m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7u d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1eedng d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng t\u1eadp xe \u0111\u1ea1p trong nh\u00e0, ba ph\u00f2ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ba s\u00e2n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5. MAC c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. MAC l\u00e0 s\u00e2n nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ea5u ki\u1ebfm, v\u00e0 wrestling c\u1ee7a Harvard."}
+{"text": "L\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi h\u01a1n gi\u1ea3i Rose Bowl \u0111\u1ebfn 23 n\u0103m l\u00e0 Harvard-Yale Regatta, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thi \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u1eefa Harvard v\u00e0 Yale \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua thuy\u1ec1n Harvard-Yale Regatta t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Thames ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng ti\u1ec3u bang Connecticut. \u0110\u1ed9i Harvard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i thi \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a Harvard c\u0169ng \u1edf trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u00f4n hockey tr\u00ean b\u0103ng (\u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Cornell), b\u00f3ng qu\u1ea7n, m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y Harvard gi\u00e0nh c\u00e1c danh hi\u1ec7u v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea5u ki\u1ebfm nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a NCAA. Harvard c\u0169ng gi\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u0110ua thuy\u1ec1n Li\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 2003."}
+{"text": "Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng theo h\u1ecdc \u1edf Harvard c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 John Hancock, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 35 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 John F. Kennedy, Al Gore, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 43 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 George W. Bush, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 44 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 Barack Obama v\u00e0 phu nh\u00e2n Michelle Obama, to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Canada David Lloyd Johnston, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Canada Mackenzie King v\u00e0 Pierre Trudeau; c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n Aga Khan IV v\u00e0 Bill Gates; nh\u00e0 t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n Huntington Hartford; c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Mexico Felipe Calder\u00f3n, Carlos Salinas de Gortari v\u00e0 Miguel de la Madrid, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Chile Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Colombia Juan Manuel Santos, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Costa Rica Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Figueres, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00e0i Loan M\u00e3 Anh C\u1eedu, th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Israel Benjamin Netanyahu v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch T\u1ed1i cao Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n Israeli Aharon Barak, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Peru Alejandro Toledo, th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Albania Fan S. Noli, t\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c Ban Ki-moon; tri\u1ebft gia Henry David Thoreau, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ralph Waldo Emerson v\u00e0 William S. Burroughs, nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Harlan Hanson, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot v\u00e0 E. E. Cummings; ch\u1ec9 huy d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c Leonard Bernstein, danh c\u1ea7m violon Yo Yo Ma, danh h\u00e0i Conan O'Brien; c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean Fred Gwynne, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Portman, Mira Sorvino, Ashley Judd, Tatyana Ali, Elisabeth Shue, Rashida Jones, Scottie Thompson, Hill Harper, Matt Damon v\u00e0 Tommy Lee Jones; \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n Darren Aronofsky, Mira Nair, Whit Stillman, v\u00e0 Terrence Malick; ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Philip Johnson; c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 Rivers Cuomo, Tom Morello, v\u00e0 Gram Parsons; nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c Ryan Leslie, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Facebook Mark Zuckerberg, nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh Richard Stallman, danh th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c Ryan Fitzpatrick, danh th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 Jeremy Lin v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n W. E. B. Du Bois."}
+{"text": "Love Story (Chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh), xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1970, c\u1ee7a Erich Segal, c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean Harvard v\u00e0 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 m\u00f4n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u1edf Yale, vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean lu\u1eadt Harvard con nh\u00e0 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i (do Ryan O\u2019Neal th\u1ee7 di\u1ec5n) v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1eef sinh vi\u00ean \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0o Radcliffe nh\u1edd h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng (Ali MacGraw). C\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n phim \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Cambridge. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u1edf Harvard v\u1eabn c\u00f3 l\u1ec7 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m cho chi\u1ebfu phim Love Story v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp t\u00e2n sinh vi\u00ean. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Erich Segal nh\u01b0 The Class (1985) v\u00e0 Doctors (1988) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean Harvard."}
+{"text": "Harvard c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nhi\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh \u1edf M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 Stealing Harvard, Legally Blonde, Gilmore Girls, Queer as Folk, The Firm, The Paper Chase, Good Will Hunting, With Honors, How High, Soul Man, 21, v\u00e0 Harvard Man. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac Love Story \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh phim v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Harvard th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 cho \u0111\u1ebfn phim The Great Debaters th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 2007, Harvard kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p quay phim b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0; h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh quay \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 khung c\u1ea3nh gi\u1ed1ng Harvard nh\u01b0 \u1edf Toronto, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 UCLA, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Wheaton, hay Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bridgewater State, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3nh quan ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh quay t\u1eeb tr\u00ean cao khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean Harvard \u1edf Cambridge v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Phim Legally Blonde c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh quay tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Widener c\u1ee7a Harvard nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sinh vi\u00ean Harvard l\u00e0m di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u00ec trang ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00f4ng \"kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng Harvard\". C\u1ea3nh quay l\u1ec5 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p trong phim With Honors th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u00ednh ph\u00f2ng Foellinger c\u1ee7a UIUC."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u1ea5y b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Harvard ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Harvard. Robert Langdon, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m The Da Vinci Code (M\u1eadt m\u00e3 Da vinci) v\u00e0 Angels and Demons c\u1ee7a Dan Brown \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \"gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng\" (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \"ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng\" \u2013 symbolgoy - kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ean ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o). Pamela Thomas-Graham, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft trinh th\u00e1m (Blue Blood, Orange Crushed, v\u00e0 A Darker Shade of Crimson) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Harvard ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean Harvard ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1n The Sound and the Fury (\u00c2m thanh v\u00e0 Cu\u1ed3ng n\u1ed9) c\u1ee7a William Faulkner, v\u00e0 Prozac Nation c\u1ee7a Elizabeth Wurtzel. C\u1ef1u nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean CIA Wyman Ford trong Tyrannosaur v\u00e0 Blasphemy c\u1ee7a Douglas Preston c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean Harvard."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, Harvard c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, b\u1ecb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c. Sau nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, Harvard h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u1ea1ng danh d\u1ef1 t\u1eeb 90% trong n\u0103m 2004 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 60% n\u0103m 2005, v\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc h\u01a1n khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban t\u1eb7ng c\u00e1c danh hi\u1ec7u danh d\u1ef1 \"John Harvard Scholar\" cho nh\u00f3m 5% \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \"Harvard College Scholar\" cho nh\u00f3m 5% k\u1ebf c\u1eadn \u2013 v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m trung b\u00ecnh t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 3.8. Qu\u1ef9 Carnegie Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, t\u1edd The New York Times, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Harvard \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u1ee3 gi\u1ea3ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1eed nh\u00e2n; theo h\u1ecd, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1edd New York Times cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Ivy."}
+{"text": "T\u1edd Globe cho \u0111\u0103ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Consortium on Financing Higher Education (COFHE) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 31 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ban gi\u1ea3ng hu\u1ea5n, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham v\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1994. T\u1edd Harvard Crimson c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Theo tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Harvard Crimson, Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard l\u00e0 Benedict Gross t\u1ecf ra quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 COFHE \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau, v\u00e0 h\u1ee9a s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh. C\u1ef1u vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard l\u00e0 Larry Summer nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \"T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ban gi\u1ea3ng hu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean cao h\u1ecdc tham gia gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u00ean sinh vi\u00ean. \u00cdt ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo nh\u00f3m trong v\u0103n kh\u1ed1.\""}
+{"text": "Zirconi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kim lo\u1ea1i m\u1ec1m, d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 u\u1ed1n, \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1eafn khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng. Khi \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft th\u1ea5p th\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 gi\u00f2n h\u01a1n. \u1ede d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t th\u00ec zirconi r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y nh\u01b0ng \u1edf d\u1ea1ng kh\u1ed1i r\u1eafn th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f3 b\u1eaft l\u1eeda h\u01a1n. Zirconi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ki\u1ec1m, ax\u00edt, n\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c r\u1ea5t cao. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u00f2a tan trong c\u00e1c ax\u00edt nh\u01b0 ax\u00edt clohi\u0111ric v\u00e0 ax\u00edt sulfuric, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t flo. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi k\u1ebdm s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u00ednh khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi 35 K."}
+{"text": "Do kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a zirconi n\u00ean n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o h\u1ee3p kim trong c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0103n m\u00f2n cao, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u00f2i, c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt, k\u00edp n\u1ed5, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t thu kh\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u00f4x\u00edt zirconi (ZrO2) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c n\u1ed3i n\u1ea5u ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n kim, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda. Zircon (ZrSiO4) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ng\u00e0nh kim ho\u00e0n. Cacbonat zirconi ng\u1eadm n\u01b0\u1edbc (3ZrO2\u2022CO2\u2022H2O) t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong m\u1ef9 ph\u1ea9m d\u00e0nh cho da \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf do n\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i da trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. Kho\u1ea3ng 90% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng zirconi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n do n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n b\u1eaft n\u01a1tron th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n cao. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee7a zirconi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 do kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i, kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt r\u1eafn zircon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7c xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1t s\u1ecfi d\u01b0 th\u1eeba v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ilmenit v\u00e0 rutile. C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ph\u1ea9m sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n do ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1t b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n. Zircon \u0111\u00e3 tinh l\u1ecdc sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh ch\u1ebf th\u00e0nh zirconi tinh khi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed clo hay c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung k\u1ebft d\u00ednh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n kim. Zirconi v\u00e0 hafni \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong zircon v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi nhau do ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "Kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt zircon ch\u1ee9a zirconi hay c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (nh\u01b0 jargoon, hyacinth, jacinth, ligure), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Kinh Th\u00e1nh. Kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn khi Klaproth ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1eabu jargoon t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3o Ceylon \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng.\u00d4ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho ngy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Zirkonerde (zirconia). Humphry Davy \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u00f4 l\u1eadp nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1808 b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Zirconi (t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Syriac zargono, ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp zark\u00fbn t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ba T\u01b0 zarg\u00fbn \u0632\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0646 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u00e0ng\") l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Berzelius c\u00f4 l\u1eadp \u1edf d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng tinh khi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1824 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nung n\u00f3ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kali v\u00e0 florua zirconi-kali \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y trong \u1ed1ng s\u1eaft."}
+{"text": "Zirconi c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u1ea3ng 130 mg/kg trong l\u1edbp v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 0,026 \u03bcg/L trong n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u1edf d\u1ea1ng kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ngu\u1ed3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ee9a zirconi l\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt silicat zirconi l\u00e0 zircon (ZrSiO4), ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u1edf Australia, Brasil, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Nga, Nam Phi, Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch v\u1edbi tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. 80% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng zircon khai th\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Australia v\u00e0 Nam Phi. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng zircon to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 tr\u00ean 60 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 900.000 t\u1ea5n."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kim lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp, zirconi t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1, nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt zirconi (ZrO2). H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 zirconia, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n cao, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi \u1edf d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho zirconia l\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch khi l\u00e0m l\u1edbp che ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay th\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tungstat zirconi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 co l\u1ea1i khi b\u1ecb nung n\u00f3ng thay v\u00ec gi\u00e3n n\u1edf ra nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a zirconi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hi\u0111rua zirconi (II), nitrua zirconi, tetraclorua zirconi (ZrCl4), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Friedel-Crafts."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c \u0103n hay h\u00edt th\u1edf ph\u1ea3i Zr93, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ung th\u01b0. Ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n v\u1edbi b\u1ed9t zirconi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra d\u1ecb \u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1eaft m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i y t\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7c h\u00edt th\u1edf ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t zirconi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra u h\u1ea1t da v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5i. H\u01a1i zirconi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra u h\u1ea1t ph\u1ed5i. Ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m kinh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tetraclorua zirconi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ebft \u1edf chu\u1ed9t nh\u1eaft v\u00e0 chu\u1ed9t lang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hemoglobin m\u00e1u v\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u \u1edf ch\u00f3. OSHA khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m trung b\u00ecnh 5 mg/m3 v\u00e0 10 mg/m3 cho gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra \u0111\u1ebfn cao \u0111\u1ed9 20 km (12 d\u1eb7m) \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, gi\u1ea3m t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 11 km \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh, \u00edt h\u01a1n 7 km (4 d\u1eb7m) \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u00f9a h\u00e8 c\u00f2n trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. L\u1edbp kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 80% t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 xon kh\u00ed (aerosol). Trong khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed li\u00ean t\u1ee5c lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Nit\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u00f4xy l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y. T\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u n\u1eb1m ngay ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng b\u00ecnh l\u01b0u. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u, n\u01a1i ma s\u00e1t v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ranh gi\u1edbi h\u00e0nh tinh. L\u1edbp n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0y t\u1eeb v\u00e0i tr\u0103m m\u00e9t t\u1edbi 2 km (1,2 d\u1eb7m), ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba m\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y. Ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng b\u00ecnh l\u01b0u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u, l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u l\u00e0 do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tia n\u1eafng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf tr\u00ean cao tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed kh\u00e1 trong su\u1ed1t ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t \u00edt n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tia n\u1eafng. \u0110a ph\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh b\u1edfi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng l\u00ean (n\u00f3ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u00ean cao). M\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed g\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t; kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed g\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u1edf ra, nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u00e0 bay l\u00ean cao nh\u1edd l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y \u00c1csim\u00e9t. Khi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng bay l\u00ean cao, n\u00f3 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u0103ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh, m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a). C\u00e0ng l\u00ean cao, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00e0ng ngu\u1ed9i d\u1ea7n. Khi ra xa kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. \u1ede c\u00e1c cao \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed lo\u00e3ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t k\u00e9m h\u01a1n, khi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb t\u1ea3n \u0111i h\u1ebft. C\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i khi \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u0103ng l\u00ean 1.000 m\u00e9t th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3m trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 6,5 \u00b0C."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m theo \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng chung trong t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec7t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1edf ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng khi l\u00ean cao. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, xung quanh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t ngh\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ban \u0111\u00eam, th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y sau khi gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc tr\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi gi\u00f3 th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh chuy\u1ec3n sang h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng nam v\u00e0 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee3t gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a m\u1edbi. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ngh\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec7t, kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ecb \u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecdng \u1edf t\u1ea7ng th\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecfa \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, do ch\u00fang l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00ed b\u00ean tr\u00ean."}
+{"text": "T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ( d T / d z {\\displaystyle dT/dz} th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf) th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t (hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 d S / d z \u2260 0 {\\displaystyle dS/dz\\neq 0} ). N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ph\u00eda tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \u1ea5m h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o b\u1edfi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t ( d S / d z > 0 {\\displaystyle dS/dz>0} ) th\u00ec khi kh\u1ed1i kh\u00ed b\u1ed1c l\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng quanh n\u00f3. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, kh\u1ed1i kh\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi xung quanh n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ph\u00eda tr\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o b\u1edfi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t ( d S / d z < 0 {\\displaystyle dS/dz<0} ) th\u00ec khi kh\u1ed1i kh\u00ed b\u1ed1c l\u00ean t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao m\u1edbi n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi xung quanh v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u1ed1c l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c \u0111o s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 theo \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng b\u00ecnh l\u01b0u gi\u00fap nh\u1eadn ra v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u. T\u1ea1i t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m theo \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, trong t\u1ea7ng b\u00ecnh l\u01b0u th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eef \u1edf m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng l\u00ean theo \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea5u t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u01a1ng (t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u) sang \u00e2m (t\u1ea7ng b\u00ecnh l\u01b0u) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, kho\u1ea3ng l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ngh\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t\u00edt s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa hai t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Sao M\u1ed9c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7ng th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 theo chi\u1ec1u th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf Sao M\u1ed9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u gi\u1ea3m v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u cao cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u, t\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u. Tr\u00ean Sao M\u1ed9c, kho\u1ea3ng l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u \u1edf v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 50 km b\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (\u1edf kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ee9c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t 1 bar), t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 0,1 bar v\u00e0 110 K. B\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u, t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng b\u00ecnh l\u01b0u tr\u1edf l\u00ean, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng l\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Kho\u1ea3ng l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Sao M\u1ed9c ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e2y ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u1edf tr\u00ean cao, n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t 0,6 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,9 bar, ch\u1ee9a b\u0103ng amoniac. B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y b\u0103ng amoniac, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c h\u01a1n ch\u1ee9a amoni hydro sulfua ho\u1eb7c amoni sulfua (n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 2 bar) v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (3 \u0111\u1ebfn 7 bar) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e2y m\u00eatan do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 cao \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00eatan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1ea7ng m\u00e2y d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 cao c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi amoniac v\u00e0 hydro sulfua (do oxy l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n nit\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh)."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc New York (ti\u1ebfng Anh: New York University, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 NYU) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1831, NYU l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9. Khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a NYU n\u1eb1m \u1edf l\u00e0ng Greenwich thu\u1ed9c khu Lower Manhattan, ngo\u00e0i ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u1edf khu Upper East Side, c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 k\u00fd t\u00fac x\u00e1 tr\u00ean ph\u1ed1 Wall, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean Brooklyn t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c \u1edf Trung t\u00e2m MetroTech thu\u1ed9c khu Downtown Brooklyn. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf NYU Abu Dhabi, NYU Shanghai v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd 11 Trung t\u00e2m Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u1edf Accra, Berlin, Buenos Aires, Florence, London, Madrid, Paris, Prague, Sydney, Tel Aviv v\u00e0 Washington, D.C."}
+{"text": "NYU \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1950. C\u00e1c c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb NYU \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng ba m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u gi\u1ea3i Nobel, ba gi\u1ea3i Turing, tr\u00ean ba m\u01b0\u01a1i Huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 Khoa h\u1ecdc, C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, tr\u00ean ba m\u01b0\u01a1i gi\u1ea3i Pulitzer, tr\u00ean ba m\u01b0\u01a1i gi\u1ea3i Oscar, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3i Russ, gi\u1ea3i Gordon, gi\u1ea3i Draper v\u00e0 huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Fields, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i Emmy, gi\u1ea3i Grammy v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i Tony. NYU c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng MacArthur v\u00e0 Guggenheim Fellowship, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3, Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c c\u00e1c bang, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u1ec9nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. NYU c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Oscar h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean NYU n\u1eb1m trong danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y t\u1ef7 ph\u00fa hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "Albert Gallatin, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 Hoa K\u1ef3 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Thomas Jefferson v\u00e0 James Madison, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \"trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh n\u00e0y... m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd r\u1ed9ng c\u1eeda ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\". M\u1ed9t \"h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc\" k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ba ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1830 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ean 100 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi New York n\u00e0y tin r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean tr\u1ebb, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o d\u1ef1a theo n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb hay t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1831, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, ch\u1ee7 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia. Albert Gallatin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1831, c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York b\u1edfi C\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p bang New York; c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u0169 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi NYU v\u1edbi t\u00ean n\u00e0y. Tuy v\u1eady, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc New York ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc New York v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1896. N\u0103m 1832, NYU m\u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc thu\u00ea c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Clinton, to\u1ea1 l\u1ea1c g\u1ea7n H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. N\u0103m 1835, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Lu\u1eadt, tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a NYU, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec7m Tin L\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1i h\u1ecd coi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i T\u00e2n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Columbia, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, NYU kh\u00f4ng theo gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Hoa K\u1ef3, n\u0103m 1917 nh\u1eadn 9.300 sinh vi\u00ean. T\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, NYU s\u1edf h\u1eefu khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Washington. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 mua th\u00eam m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean n\u1eefa \u1edf University Heights, The Bronx b\u1edfi khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac. NYU c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York l\u00ean ph\u1ed1 tr\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc New York chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn The Bronx v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1894, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Henry Mitchell MacCracken. Khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i University Heights r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00f3ng tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a NYU \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1eadc sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Washington. N\u0103m 1914, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Washington \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a NYU. N\u0103m 1935, NYU m\u1edf \"Khu t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m Nassau College-Hofstra c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc New York \u1edf Hempstead, Long Island\". Khu n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hofstra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi NYU."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp 1960 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00eam 1970, kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 k\u00ecm ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n lan r\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 NYU. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nguy c\u01a1 ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n \u0111ang t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch NYU James McNaughton Hester \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n l\u1ea1i khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i University Heights cho \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1973. N\u0103m 1973, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc New York h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7n B\u00e1ch khoa Brooklyn, Vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o NYU v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc New York v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014. Sau khi b\u00e1n khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean \u1edf Bronx, kh\u1ed1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Washington. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch John Brademas, NYU kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4-la trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft kinh ph\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t trong 15 n\u0103m, tuy nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn 10 n\u0103m. N\u0103m 2003 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch John Sexton ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 2,5 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4-la \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2009, NYU \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n tr\u00ean The New York Times cho th\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i Abu Dhabi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ra tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u1edf khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i Abu Dhabi. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2014 tr\u00ean t\u1edd The Times cho th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ed1n ho\u00e1 h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 USD n\u00e0y v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1eaft c\u00e1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00e9 ba. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ecbch thu h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, b\u1eaft l\u00e0m th\u00eam gi\u1edd, thu ph\u00ed tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ea7m gi\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ee7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7y gi\u00e1n. theo b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a NYU \u0111\u1ec1u ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. NYU c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i ngay trong ng\u00e0y b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng v\u00e0 xin l\u1ed7i c\u00e1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3n c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t. Nh\u1eefng ai kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Logo c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean, l\u1ea5y \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb T\u01b0\u1ee3ng N\u1eef th\u1ea7n T\u1ef1 do, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a NYU \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York. Ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 con d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a NYU v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t logo kh\u00e1c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1965 b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Tom Geismar c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf Chermayeff & Geismar. C\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00edm Violet. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn b\u1edfi v\u00ec Chi Hoa t\u00edm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t r\u1eadm r\u1ea1p \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Washington v\u00e0 xung quanh tr\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169. S\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00edm violet l\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi Athens, trung t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Washington v\u00e0 L\u00e0ng Greenwich l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 giao thoa v\u1edbi NYU v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. C\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u00f4ng Hudson, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u1ecda s\u0129 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, s\u1ed1ng xung quanh Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Washington. Samuel F.B. Morse, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e3 Morse, l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u0110i\u00eau kh\u1eafc. \u00d4ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Daniel Huntington l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng thu\u00ea To\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169 h\u1ed3i gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. (NYU \u0111\u00e3 cho thu\u00ea kh\u00f4ng gian ph\u00f2ng v\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u0103n h\u1ed9 ngay trong to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \"gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\" n\u00e0y.) Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1870, hai nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc Augustus Saint-Gaudens v\u00e0 Daniel Chester French sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u1ea7n Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920, C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Washington \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Do \u0111\u00f3, khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean NYU t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Washington tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i h\u1ea3 nh\u1edd c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u1edf NYU. Nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m Eugene O'Neill, John Sloan, v\u00e0 Maurice Prendergast. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Jackson Pollock v\u00e0 Willem de Kooning, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft duy th\u1ef1c Edward Hopper v\u00e0 Thomas Hart Benton \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ebd xung quanh Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Washington. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 khu n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c beat v\u00e0 folk (d\u00e2n gian), khi Allen Ginsberg v\u00e0 Bob Dylan sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u00e0 NYU, v\u1ed1n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. N\u0103m 1975, tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf m\u1ed9t B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt X\u00e1m t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 100 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Washington Square East, nh\u1eb1m l\u01b0u tr\u1eef b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a NYU v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "NYU \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch huy \u0111\u1ed9ng 2,5 t\u1ef7 USD trong b\u1ea3y n\u0103m, v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ngo\u00e0i mong \u0111\u1ee3i khi \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n ba t\u1ef7 USD trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea3y n\u0103m. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2001, chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \"g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 1 tri\u1ec7u USD m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 chi tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, m\u1eddi th\u00eam c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a NYU\". Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 50 tri\u1ec7u USD t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh Tisch (sau n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean h\u1ecd) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 kh\u00e1c tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 60 tri\u1ec7u USD t\u1eeb s\u00e1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Qu\u1ef9 Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n\" nh\u1eb1m m\u1eddi th\u00eam c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2007, tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh Silver \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 50 tri\u1ec7u USD cho Tr\u01b0\u1eddng C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "NYU \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c 25 n\u0103m, tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi d\u1ecbp k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2031. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \"NYU 200\" n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t cho sinh vi\u00ean, m\u1eddi th\u00eam c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York theo m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh quy ho\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, NYU hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n, th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y, NYU \u0111\u00e3 mua 118 tri\u1ec7u kil\u00f4watt gi\u1edd n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f3 trong n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2006\u20132007 \u2013 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York. Trong n\u0103m 2007, tr\u01b0\u1eddng mua t\u1edbi 132 tri\u1ec7u kil\u00f4watt gi\u1edd n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00f3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, C\u01a1 quan B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 M\u00f4i sinh Hoa K\u1ef3 (EPA) x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng NYU l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc xanh nh\u1ea5t Hoa K\u1ef3 sau ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Xanh v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "NYU li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n 449,34 tri\u1ec7u USD trong n\u0103m 2013 v\u00e0 455,72 tri\u1ec7u USD n\u0103m 2014. NYU c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc gi\u00e0u th\u1ee9 19 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1edbi 5,3 tri\u1ec7u USD ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 trong n\u0103m t\u00e0i kho\u00e1 2014. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2002 \u0111\u1ebfn 2015, NYU \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n 6 t\u1ef7 USD, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 9 ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 (t\u1eeb 100 tri\u1ec7u USD tr\u1edf l\u00ean); trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Harvard \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u00ean."}
+{"text": "NYU \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi nh\u1ea1c vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Tisch. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng thu\u00ea c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a NYU. C\u00e1c s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a NYU bao g\u1ed3m Trung t\u00e2m Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n Skirball (850 ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i) to\u1ea1 l\u1ea1c \u1edf s\u1ed1 566 LaGuardia Place, ngay ph\u00eda nam Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Washington Nam, v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Eisner-Lubin Auditorium (560 ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i) t\u1ea1i Trung t\u00e2m Kimmel. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, Trung t\u00e2m Skirball l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a John Kerry v\u00e0 Al Gore. Trung t\u00e2m Skirball l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda nam \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng 42."}
+{"text": "Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Elmer Holmes Bobst, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1967 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1972, l\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc New York v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1edfi Philip Johnson v\u00e0 Richard Foster, g\u1ed3m 12 t\u1ea7ng, r\u1ed9ng 425.000 foot vu\u00f4ng (39.500 m2) to\u1ea1 l\u1ea1c \u1edf r\u00eca ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Washington (s\u1ed1 70 Washington Square South) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e1m th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi 4,5 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Bobst cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t Trung t\u00e2m Tham kh\u1ea3o \u0110a ng\u00e0nh, m\u1ed9t Khu Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Chung, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 s\u00e1ch m\u1edf d\u00e0i 28 d\u1eb7m (45 km), v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 2.000 ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i cho sinh vi\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3n g\u1ea7n 6.800 l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 cho m\u01b0\u1ee3n h\u01a1n 1 tri\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Bobst c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng. B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp Fales l\u01b0u tr\u1eef m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp truy\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng Anh v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp Downtown, ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a New York t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 t\u1edbi nay, v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u1ea8m th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn, ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Hoa K\u1ef3, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Bobst c\u00f2n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Tamiment, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3. Tamiment c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m Kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Robert F. Wagner, Kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Ireland, Trung t\u00e2m Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m T\u1ef1 do H\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt Frederic Ewen."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000, NYU \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i Khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Washington v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. Trung t\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kimmel \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t Trung t\u00e2m Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n Skirball, nh\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 Rosenthal, h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Eisner & Lubin v\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m Sinh vi\u00ean Loeb. Khoa Lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a NYU \u0111\u00e3 cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Furman v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a hai to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0o chung m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n (m\u1ed9t trong hai to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eebng n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Edgar Allan Poe)."}
+{"text": "Hoa K\u1ef3: 36.516 ch\u1ebft (bao g\u1ed3m 2.830 kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u) 92.134 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng 8.176 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch 7.245 t\u00f9 binh Anh Qu\u1ed1c: 1.109 ch\u1ebft 2.674 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng 1.060 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb b\u1eaft Th\u1ed5 nh\u0129 K\u1ef3: 721 ch\u1ebft 2.111 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng 168 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch 216 t\u00f9 binh Canada: 516 ch\u1ebft 1.042 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng Australia: 339 1.200 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p: 300 ch\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t t\u00edch Hi L\u1ea1p: 194 ch\u1ebft 459 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng Colombia 163 ch\u1ebft 448 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch 28 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft Th\u00e1i Lan: 129 ch\u1ebft 1.139 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng 5 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch H\u00e0 Lan: 123 ch\u1ebft Philippines: 112 ch\u1ebft B\u1ec9: 101 ch\u1ebft 478 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng 5 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch New Zealand: 33 ch\u1ebft Nam Phi: 28 ch\u1ebft 8 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch Luxembourg: 2 ch\u1ebft T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng: 178.698 ch\u1ebft, 32.925 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch v\u00e0 566.434 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng"}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1950 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1953 tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft v\u00ec s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3. Chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1950 khi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean (B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean) t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0n D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c (Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean). T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf gi\u1eefa hai l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, quy m\u00f4 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn khi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa can thi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "Sau ba n\u0103m, chi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea1m ng\u01b0ng khi hai mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1953, v\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh n\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a k\u1ebft th\u00fac cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn nay. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf v\u1eabn di\u1ec5n ra, hai b\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn. C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean (B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean) v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 coi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec 28.000 qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Hi\u1ec7n nay, l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a hai b\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh danh trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eb1m th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Yalta v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1945, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Li\u00ean X\u00f4 Joseph Stalin k\u00eau g\u1ecdi l\u1eadp \"c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m\" t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Stalin tin r\u1eb1ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i Li\u00ean X\u00f4 s\u1ebd tham chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \"hai ho\u1eb7c ba tu\u1ea7n sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng.\" Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1945, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 8 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi M\u1ef9, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 d\u1eebng qu\u00e2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 38 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eafc. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1945, khi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga c\u00f3 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, hai v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 l\u00e0 Dean Rusk v\u00e0 Bonesteel \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 38 \u0111\u1ed9 trong v\u00f2ng n\u1eeda ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd Qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o. Rusk, sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 qu\u00e3ng c\u00e1ch khi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c\"."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945, trung t\u01b0\u1edbng John R. Hodge c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebfn Incheon \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u1edf ph\u00eda nam v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 38. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, T\u01b0\u1edbng Hodge \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t mi\u1ec1n nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean (USAMGIK 1945-48). \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. USAMGIK t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc (PRK) do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1945, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u1ee6y ban H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p Hoa K\u1ef3-Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp sau b\u1ed1n n\u0103m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea3 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecd qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a hai ph\u1ea7n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u1ea1i \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng theo \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean b\u00e1c b\u1ecf v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i \u1edf c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n nam.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p trong vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1947. Li\u00ean X\u00f4 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 trong Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c.. Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1947, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat lui, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t U\u1ef7 ban c\u1ee7a LHQ v\u1ec1 Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 UNTCOK. Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea9y chay b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng coi ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a LHQ mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng LHQ kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda Li\u00ean X\u00f4, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a LHQ \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ban \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o) . M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u UNTCOK cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. Kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean b\u1ecb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ea7m t\u00f9 t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t sang Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u01a1i \u00f4ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Georgetown, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton. Hoa K\u1ef3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n b\u1edfi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh"}
+{"text": "Khi \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf 2 mi\u1ec1n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \"\u1ee7y ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\" nh\u1eb1m chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n n\u01b0\u1edbc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1t khao \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, c\u00e1c \"\u1ee7y ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\" n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n qu\u1ea3n Li\u00ean X\u00f4. [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 (\u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Li\u00ean X\u00f4) trong c\u00e1c \"\u1ee7y ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\" do qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang l\u1eadp n\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ra s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi do L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u. L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1947, Lyuh Woon-hyung, nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia c\u1ea5p cao cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i, ch\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t do L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn.. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed n\u1ed5i d\u1eady phe c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3. Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m, t\u1eeb 30.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y.. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia mi\u1ec1n Nam Kim Koo v\u00e0 Kim Kyu-sik c\u0169ng t\u1ea9y chay cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia kh\u00e1c. Kim Koo v\u1ec1 sau b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1948, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0n D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam, v\u1edbi L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng 1 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9/1948, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh, m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh t\u1eebng tham gia kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt su\u1ed1t 20 n\u0103m (CHDCND Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra c\u00f4ng khai \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u1edf c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n Nam). V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n Li\u00ean X\u00f4, h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u00fap Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc. Nh\u1edd uy t\u00edn khi t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn binh kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 n\u00ean Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh khao kh\u00e1t gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cho Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng g\u1ea7n 50 n\u0103m qua.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1946, Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu v\u00e0 chia cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o . C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00edt b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c; nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 sau. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh 400.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e0 Trung t\u01b0\u1edbng Kim Ik-ryeo n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m k\u1ebft th\u00fac kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady. \u00d4ng h\u1ecdp v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Kim Dal-sam c\u1ee7a SKLP song hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 mu\u1ed1n qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, c\u00f2n qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb, mi\u1ec5n nhi\u1ec7m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quan ch\u1ee9c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o, c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thanh ni\u00ean b\u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean.:174"}
+{"text": "Giao tranh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c sau khi \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng du k\u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 1.700 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u1ebfn Jeju.:168 Ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1948, L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft qu\u00e2n lu\u1eadt nh\u1eb1m ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean tham gia c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1948 khi Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng l\u00e0ng, b\u1eaft gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u nam n\u1eef thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, hi\u1ebfp d\u00e2m t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c n\u1eef thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean trong hai tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nam thanh ni\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Do c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn s\u1ed1 xe t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tuy \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n \u1edf Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed n\u1eb7ng kh\u00e1c, B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 leo thang c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00f4ng k\u00edch trong khi Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u1edbi h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 \u00edt s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a h\u01a1n. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 tin r\u1eb1ng Kh\u1ed1i X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i kh\u1ed1i n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u00f3ng vu\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Hoa K\u1ef3 xem \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "Su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u00e1 gh\u00ea g\u1edbm, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a theo khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1950 th\u1eddi gian quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e0ng g\u1ea5p r\u00fat \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 B\u00ecnh Nh\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 Moskva v\u00ec th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng an ninh c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c du k\u00edch qu\u00e2n do B\u00ecnh Nh\u01b0\u1ee1ng g\u1eedi v\u00e0o Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean trong n\u0103m 1949. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau tan, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n \u0111ang gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf. Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1950, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft tuy \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t. Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1950, Stalin, qua \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1o, th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh hay r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng gi\u00fap Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. Trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn theo sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh, Stalin \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb: \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 25 ng\u00e0n t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u00edch cho B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Sau nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m Moskva c\u1ee7a Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh trong th\u00e1ng ba v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1950, Stalin ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn 6 tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u1ed5 ra cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch sau khi c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Josef Stalin. Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m B\u01b0u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c sang Li\u00ean X\u00f4 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian.[c\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n]"}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 19/1/1950, Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda Nam \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Stalin g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1edbi Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd cung c\u1ea5p trong n\u0103m 1950 v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft cho n\u0103m 1951, \u0111\u1ec3 Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam 3 s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n, n\u00e2ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u00ean 10 s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n. Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1edbi Stalin r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm xong H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh can thi\u1ec7p. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Stalin l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng l\u00e0 Inchon v\u00e0 Pusan cho h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Li\u00ean X\u00f4, thay th\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ea1i Li\u00ean (Trung Qu\u1ed1c) m\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t trong th\u00e1ng 8/1945.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 b\u00ean n\u1ed5 s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 25/6/1950 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y m\u1edf m\u00e0n chi\u1ebfn tranh. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1 n\u0103m, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch nh\u1ecf mang t\u00ednh khi\u00eau kh\u00edch nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. Ngay t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 6/1949, h\u01a1n 250 bi\u1ec7t k\u00edch Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng \u1edf B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 200 bi\u1ec7t k\u00edch Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean t\u1eed tr\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 sau 2 tu\u1ea7n. Cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y 25/6/1950 c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 ai l\u00e0 b\u00ean khai chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc"}
+{"text": "\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi 135.438 binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 242 xe chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u (bao g\u1ed3m 150 xe t\u0103ng T-34 v\u00e0 v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c ph\u00e1o t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 SU-76) c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 180 m\u00e1y bay, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 40 m\u00e1y bay ti\u00eam k\u00edch Yak v\u00e0 70 m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. Tuy v\u1eady, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 th\u00f4 s\u01a1 (so v\u1edbi h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3). \u0110i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp v\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3 ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n Nam khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu \u0111em so v\u1edbi B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u1ea1y lo\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c x\u00e1ch tay \u0111\u1ed3 ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec7u."}
+{"text": "Khi cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh oanh t\u1ea1c Phi tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kimpo g\u1ea7n Seoul. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Seoul tr\u01b0a ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 6, ch\u1ec9 3 ng\u00e0y sau khi ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. Trong cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1o lui ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n, qu\u00e2n Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eadt m\u00ecn \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u0111\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 bao, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 80% l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 mi\u1ec1n nam, qu\u00e2n Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf \u1edf quanh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea3ng Busan."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c M\u1ef9 tham chi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd do nh\u01b0 sau. Harry Truman l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111ang b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec qu\u00e1 nh\u1eb9 tay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 Joseph McCarthy, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gay g\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \"l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t Trung Hoa\" v\u00e0o tay \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Truman, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Munich n\u0103m 1938 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Washington, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u00eam nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an do c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 trong H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an \u2014 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1ea9y chay H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb tay Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c sang C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa. Do Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t n\u00ean gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft (5 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 Anh, Ph\u00e1p, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3), v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Nam T\u01b0 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu tr\u1eafng, Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 6. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 th\u00eam binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb 15 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c: Canada, \u00dac, New Zealand, Anh, Ph\u00e1p, Nam Phi, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, Th\u00e1i Lan, Hy L\u1ea1p, H\u00e0 Lan, Ethiopia, Colombia, Philippines, B\u1ec9, v\u00e0 Luxembourg. Tuy nhi\u00ean, M\u1ef9 g\u00f3p 50% l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 binh (Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i), 86% l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, v\u00e0 93% kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y v\u1edbi l\u00fd do l\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. \u0110\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 1950, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u00e0 r\u00fat c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf."}
+{"text": "Sau khi nghe b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n n\u1ed5 ra t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Truman ra l\u1ec7nh cho T\u01b0\u1edbng MacArthur chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 che ch\u1edf vi\u1ec7c di t\u1ea3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3. Truman kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng k\u00edch \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh cho H\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0i Loan c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean tuy nhi\u00ean b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 s\u1ee3 chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 khi\u1ebfn C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung hoa can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec7m Smith (Task Force Smith) c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n B\u1ed9 binh s\u1ed1 24 B\u1ed9 binh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 7, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Osan v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong cao. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam, v\u00e0 S\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ed9 binh s\u1ed1 24 v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 Taejeon l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u0169ng b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. T\u01b0\u1edbng William F. Dean b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng ch\u00edn, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng xung quanh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Pusan\u2014kho\u1ea3ng 10% B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean\u2014v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong tay l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ti\u1ebfp v\u1eadn l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f2ng tuy\u1ebfn d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Nakdong. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e1m gi\u1eef li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u00e0nh \u0111ai Pusan. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u00eam l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp tay, t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf tr\u1edf n\u00ean nguy k\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n 40 phi v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1ed9 binh, nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt (\u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 oanh t\u1ea1c c\u01a1 B-29 c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n) g\u00e2y ng\u1eebng l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xe h\u1ecfa trong ban ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 32 c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c di t\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Xe l\u1eeda d\u00f9ng cho c\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i l\u00fac ban ng\u00e0y b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m."}
+{"text": "Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 khi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kim kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u Stalin h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb Li\u00ean X\u00f4 th\u00ec c\u0169ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n g\u1eedi qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nguy c\u01a1 g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng M\u1ef9, Stalin g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n cho Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng: \"Theo t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n nay, n\u1ebfu Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean th\u00ec 5-6 s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u1ed5n th\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 38. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c\"."}
+{"text": "Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0a v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 binh s\u0129 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c \u00e0o \u1ea1t v\u00e0o Pusan. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n xe t\u0103ng Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb San Francisco \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean; v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng t\u00e1m, Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 500 xe t\u0103ng lo\u1ea1i trung t\u1ea1i v\u00e0nh \u0111ai Pusan. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng ch\u00edn, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean (\u0111\u1ed3ng minh 180.000 qu\u00e2n so v\u1edbi B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean 100.000 qu\u00e2n). V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng minh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u0103ng vi\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec7u y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n so v\u1edbi M\u1ef9. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c \u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi V\u00e0nh \u0111ai Pusan, T\u01b0\u1edbng MacArthur, t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0o b\u1edd xa ph\u00eda sau ph\u00f2ng tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Incheon (\uc778\ucc9c; \u4ec1\u5ddd, Nh\u00e2n Xuy\u00ean), m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn ven b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Ho\u00e0ng H\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, g\u1ea7n Seoul."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u cao v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m. MacArthur b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y sau khi chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng L\u1ea7u N\u0103m G\u00f3c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u00e1c b\u1ecf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p, MacArthur t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p Qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n X d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edbng Edward Almond g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 70.000 qu\u00e2n t\u1eeb S\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n l\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 1, S\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n B\u1ed9 binh s\u1ed1 7 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng ph\u00e1i v\u1edbi 8.600 qu\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 ra l\u1ec7nh cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i Incheon trong Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Chromite. V\u00e0o l\u00fac t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 9, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o th\u00e1m b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c du k\u00edch qu\u00e2n Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra th\u00f4ng tin sai l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1o k\u00edch k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9, th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i Incheon n\u00ean l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9 ch\u1ec9 g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 y\u1ebfu \u1edbt khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 l\u00ean Incheon."}
+{"text": "L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c (g\u1ed3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9) \u0111\u1ea9y lui qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1ee3c qua V\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 38. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec b\u1ecb quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi tay ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n n\u00ean l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc quan tr\u1ecdng trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i xa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n \"ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n\" m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn tranh."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c g\u00e2y lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c. H\u1ecd lo l\u1eafng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf S\u00f4ng \u00c1p L\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 s\u1ebd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng bao g\u1ed3m T\u01b0\u1edbng MacArthur ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Truman v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd, v\u00e0 MacArthur \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng khi ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, MacArthur kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u1eefa v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf qua c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb d\u1ed9i bom. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i d\u1ecbp hi\u1ebfm hoi, c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn c\u00e1ch xa t\u1ea7m bay \u0111\u1ebfn M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Hoa K\u1ef3 qua c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao trung l\u1eadp r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia. Truman xem c\u00e1c l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 \"m\u1ed9t m\u01b0u toan t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f9 d\u1ecda Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c\" v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng n\u00f3 l\u1eafm. Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1950, Truman \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea3o Wake \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdp ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i v\u1edbi MacArthur. C\u1ee5c T\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 cho Truman bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c Trung Qu\u1ed1c tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. MacArthur suy \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 \u00edt r\u1ee7i ro v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. MacArthur cho r\u1eb1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t d\u1ecbp gi\u00fap B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. \u00d4ng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 300.000 qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 100.000-125.000 qu\u00e2n d\u1ecdc theo S\u00f4ng \u00c1p L\u1ee5c; ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u00f4ng \u00c1p L\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, \"n\u1ebfu Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed1 tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh Nh\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e0n s\u00e1t.\" MacArthur nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng Trung Hoa mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1950, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y sau khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 38, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t l\u1ec7nh t\u1eadp k\u1ebft Ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. B\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Mao ra l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng \u00c1p L\u1ee5c, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng. Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 coi s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft: \"N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 cho Hoa K\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng to\u00e0n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean...ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ch\u1edd Hoa K\u1ef3 tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Trung Hoa,\" \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Stalin nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Chu \u00c2n Lai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn Moskva \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 cho nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Mao. Mao tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n trong l\u00fac ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 chi vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn t\u1eeb Li\u00ean X\u00f4, h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb 13 th\u00e1ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 19 th\u00e1ng 10. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cung c\u1ea5p y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 60 d\u1eb7m Anh (100 km) t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn. C\u00e1c phi c\u01a1 MiG-15 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 trong m\u00e0u s\u1eafc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh l\u00e0 \"H\u00e0nh lang MiG\" (MiG Alley - do c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1eb7t), c\u00e1c phi c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phi c\u01a1 F-80 do Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o (Lockheed F-80 Shooting Stars) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c phi c\u01a1 F-86 (North American F-86 Sabre) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t gi\u1eadn d\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u1ee9 \u0111inh ninh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9a cung \u1ee9ng y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. M\u1ef9 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef im l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng leo thang chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1950 v\u1edbi 270.000 qu\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng B\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0i khi\u1ebfn cho Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u00fat lui v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng n\u00fai. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c coi s\u1ef1 r\u00fat lui c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 sai l\u1ea7m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 s\u00f4ng \u00c1p L\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfm x\u1ec9a g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh."}
+{"text": "T\u00ecnh b\u00e1o M\u1ef9, s\u01a1 s\u00e0i trong su\u1ed1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c bao v\u00e2y t\u1ea1i V\u00e0nh \u0111ai Pusan. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt, qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ng\u1ee7 trong r\u1eebng n\u00ean gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1i \u0111a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ba s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb An Tung \u1edf M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u00e1ch s\u00f4ng \u00c1p L\u1ee5c kho\u1ea3ng 286 d\u1eb7m (460 km) \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i t\u1eadp k\u1ebft t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean trong kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 16 \u0111\u1ebfn 19 ng\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00fai ngo\u1eb1n ngo\u00e8o, trung b\u00ecnh \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 18 d\u1eb7m (29 km) m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y trong v\u00f2ng 18 ng\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n trong b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb sau khi ch\u1eadp t\u1ed1i l\u00fac 19 gi\u1edd v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac l\u00fac 3 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng h\u00f4m sau. Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n tr\u00fa \u1ea9n ch\u1ed1ng phi c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc 5 gi\u1edd 30 s\u00e1ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00fa v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che gi\u1ea5u hay ng\u1ee5y trang. Trong ban ng\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m trinh s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5y trang di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a khu \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau. Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y v\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fd do g\u00ec, h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 l\u1ec7nh d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i ngay t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng khi c\u00f3 m\u00e1y bay xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c s\u0129 quan c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1eafn h\u1ea1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 binh s\u0129 n\u00e0o vi ph\u1ea1m l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 11 (1950) l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u00f9ng 2 s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n 42 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Ho\u00e0ng Th\u1ea3o L\u0129nh, Ph\u00f3 Chi\u1ebfn L\u0129nh thu\u1ed9c m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng, l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng 3 qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n 42 (sau t\u0103ng th\u00eam 2 qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n) ph\u1ea3n k\u00edch \u1edf m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh lui qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00eda nam s\u00f4ng Thanh Xuy\u00ean. Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 11, c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n 20, 26, 27 thu\u1ed9c Binh \u0111o\u00e0n 9 qu\u00e2n Ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh ki\u00eam Ch\u00ednh u\u1ef7 T\u1ed1ng Th\u1eddi Lu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. T\u1edbi l\u00fac n\u00e0y, binh l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00ean t\u1edbi 9 qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n g\u1ed3m 30 s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 380.000 qu\u00e2n, chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ed3m 5 qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n, 13 s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n, 3 l\u1eef \u0111o\u00e0n, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 220.000 qu\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 11, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Chongchon, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n ch\u00ed t\u1eed v\u00e0o s\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c. \u1ede m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, qu\u00e2n Ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n 7 qu\u00e2n Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u1ecb s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n 2 qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9. \u1ede m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u1ecb s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n l\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn 1, s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ed9 binh 2 qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c McAthur ph\u1ea3i ra l\u1ec7nh cho qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean r\u00fat lui to\u00e0n b\u1ed9. T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 8 qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 trong khi r\u00fat lui \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec tai n\u1ea1n xe."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n 8 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c r\u00fat lui d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng, trong Tr\u1eadn h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Chosin, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb 30.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a S\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n B\u1ed9 binh s\u1ed1 7 M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ecbp cho nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f2ng v\u00e2y nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong 15.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn n\u00e0y, Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n l\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c r\u00fat lui sau khi g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 cho s\u00e1u s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1eddm v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9, ngay c\u1ea3 khi qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 h\u1ecfa l\u1ef1c. Qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 xe t\u0103ng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c binh s\u1ef9 c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1t, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt cao c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Trong khi c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 Trung Qu\u1ed1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebfu y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecfa l\u1ef1c n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed b\u1ed9 binh h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9, chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 Bevin Alexander gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong cu\u1ed1n \"How Wars Are Won\" (C\u00e1ch th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eafng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh):"}
+{"text": "L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, t\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ch\u1edbp nho\u00e1ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n nam nhanh h\u1ebft m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh \u0111ai ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 quanh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng Hungnam, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di t\u1ea3n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1950. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, 193 l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u00e0u ch\u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ebfn di t\u1ea3n kh\u1ecfi B\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng Hungnam. Kho\u1ea3ng 105.000 binh s\u0129, 98.000 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n, 17.500 xe c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 350.000 t\u1ea5n ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0u ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn Pusan trong v\u00f2ng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf \u0111i, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1eadp ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa th\u00e2n trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c kh\u00f3 t\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a B\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0i cho d\u00f9 l\u00ednh Trung Qu\u1ed1c chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Kim ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd sau khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb t\u1eeb Stalin. Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh c\u0169ng tranh c\u00e3i v\u1edbi B\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1951 xung quanh vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 38 v\u00ec Kim Nh\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh ra l\u1ec7nh ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n, song B\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp sau khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb t\u1eeb Stalin \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 B\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang n\u0103m 1951, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea1nh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9 ba (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c). Qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh th\u0103m d\u00f2 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed xa m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn theo sau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t xung phong v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng k\u00e8n, c\u1ed3ng chi\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd sa s\u00fat n\u00ean h\u1ecd r\u00fat lui nhanh v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n nam. Seoul b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1951."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c r\u00fat lui cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ecd t\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ea1y d\u00e0i t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nam Suwon \u1edf mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y, Wonju \u1edf gi\u1eefa, v\u00e0 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Samchok \u1edf mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Qu\u00e2n Ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf xa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp v\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u00ean g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi ti\u1ebfn ra xa kh\u1ecfi Seoul v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111ang \u1edf cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec7u. Do thi\u1ebfu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi, l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c xe \u0111\u1ea1p t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng \u00c1p L\u1ee5c, c\u00e1ch c\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u1edf xa h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m km. T\u01b0\u1edbng B\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0i ra l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sang ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m ch\u00fat \u00edt s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c oanh t\u1ea1c t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb 10 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1951 t\u1ea1i Kaesong. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0o. Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 m\u1edf c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch nh\u1eb1m th\u1eed quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3o ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Bloody Ridge v\u00e0 Heartbreak Ridge n\u0103m 1951, c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 Tr\u1eadn Old Baldy \u1edf gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 Tr\u1eadn Hook \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y trong su\u1ed1t n\u0103m 1952\u201353, Tr\u1eadn \u0110\u1ed3i Eerie n\u0103m 1952, v\u00e0 Tr\u1eadn \u0110\u1ed3i Pork Chop n\u0103m 1953."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1951, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch C\u1ea3ng Hudson v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 phi c\u01a1 B-29 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c phi v\u1ee5 t\u1eadp n\u00e9m bom gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb Okinawa \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean mang theo c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \"h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9m\" ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i bom th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb C\u0103n c\u1ee9 Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Yokota t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Cu\u1ed9c t\u1eadp tr\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eed ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e9m bom. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbch k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm hoi."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1952, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed l\u00e0 Dwight D. Eisenhower \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a l\u00fac tranh c\u1eed l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, l\u1ec7nh ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1953 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i quanh v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 38, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng phi qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quanh n\u00f3, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda v\u00e0 ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 M\u1ef9. Kaesong, n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, v\u1ed1n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c khu c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft, theo k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u00e0o v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ph\u00eda nh\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 tra c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, v\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh do M\u1ef9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i sau khi m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. Con s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1eeb t\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c di chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, b\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong l\u00fac chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 y t\u1ebf.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecfi cung c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c cho r\u1eb1ng \"Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 chung sau chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n Ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \"lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb\" 1,09 tri\u1ec7u qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch, bao g\u1ed3m 390.000 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, 660.000 qu\u00e2n Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 29.000 qu\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. Con s\u1ed1 \"lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb\" m\u1eadp m\u1edd kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau chi ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft.\""}
+{"text": "N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn tranh, 70 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 Qu\u00e2n Ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c (t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 2,97 tri\u1ec7u) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 600.000 d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng. Qu\u00e2n Ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 148.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 114.000 t\u1eed tr\u1eadn, 34.000 ch\u1ebft do tai n\u1ea1n, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ebft r\u00e9t; v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 380.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 7.600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t t\u00edch. C\u00f3 7.110 t\u00f9 binh Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao tr\u1ea3 sau chi\u1ebfn tranh.\" C\u0169ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn con s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, \"Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u00f3 290.000 th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong v\u00e0 90.000 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn.\""}
+{"text": "L\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn tranh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng to\u00e1n c\u1ea3m t\u1eed qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00e1p s\u00e1t c\u00e1c xe t\u0103ng T-34 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u0103ng ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 v\u00e0o trong \u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ee5ng xe t\u0103ng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc th\u00e9p l\u00e0 m\u1ecfng nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u00edt hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 (ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ed9 binh b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u1ecbp t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n xe) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng xe t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. Nh\u1edd c\u00e1c \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1edbn trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn tranh."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c xe t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 tham chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c xe t\u0103ng h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 M24 Chaffee \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai (c\u00e1c xe t\u0103ng h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n). C\u00e1c xe t\u0103ng h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i xe t\u0103ng T-34/85 h\u1ea1ng trung v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n sau \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c xe t\u0103ng h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 M4 Sherman v\u00e0 M26 Pershing, xe t\u0103ng Centurion c\u1ee7a Anh Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c khu tr\u1ee5c c\u01a1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a phe \u0110\u1ed3ng minh v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 xe t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1950, B\u1eafc H\u00e0n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u bay c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 ti\u00eam k\u00edch MiG-15 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 phi c\u01a1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng tham d\u1ef1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t lo ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c khu tr\u1ee5c c\u01a1 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c phi c\u01a1 Gloster Meteor c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng gia \u00dac c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c phi c\u01a1 MiG v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng phong \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1950, Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phi c\u01a1 F-86 Sabre. C\u00e1c phi c\u01a1 MiG c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay cao h\u01a1n, 50.000 ft so v\u1edbi 42.000 ft (12.800 m\u00e9t) c\u1ee7a phi c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, cho th\u1ea5y l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a MiG. Trong l\u00fac bay \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng nhau - kho\u1ea3ng 660 d\u1eb7m Anh m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd (1.060 km/gi\u1edd). Phi c\u01a1 MiG c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean cao t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n; phi c\u01a1 Sabre c\u00f3 thao t\u00e1c bay t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fai xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0169 kh\u00ed, phi c\u01a1 MiG mang hai kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o 23 mm v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c 37 mm, so v\u1edbi phi c\u01a1 Sabre c\u00f3 s\u00e1u kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang m\u00e1y n\u00f2ng c\u1ee1 0,5 inch (12,7 mm). C\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang m\u00e1y n\u00f2ng c\u1ee1 0,5 inch c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eafn nhanh h\u01a1n, trong khi c\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o c\u1ee7a MiG l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phi c\u01a1 Sabre, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn phi c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sau khi Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phi c\u01a1 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 F-86, c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 do c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u1ea7m l\u00e1i. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00f3 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng phi c\u01a1, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng n\u1ed5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t \u01b0u th\u1ebf tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn tranh \u2014 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c c\u01a1, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c phi c\u01a1 F-86F v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1952, c\u00e1c phi c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 coi nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m thao t\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c gi\u00fap xoay chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1n c\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ed1ng ng\u1eafm radar t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 F-86 (d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c g\u1eafn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o radar l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay ti\u00eam k\u00edch MiG), c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t s\u1ed1 d\u1ec5 nh\u00ecn h\u01a1n trong ph\u00f2ng l\u00e1i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u1eef th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00fac bay nhanh v\u00e0 bay cao t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3 bay ch\u1ed1ng gia t\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng F-86 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 cho l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eafn r\u01a1i 792 phi c\u01a1 MiG-15 v\u00e0 108 phi c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c trong khi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t 78 phi c\u01a1 Sabres, m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa 10:1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn 379 l\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec con s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tranh lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1eeba qua, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Li\u00ean X\u00f4 th\u1eddi Stalin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 cho l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 345 MiG-15 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t trong su\u1ed1t Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 1.300 b\u1eafn h\u1ea1 m\u00e1y bay Li\u00ean qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 335 MiG b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3. Con s\u1ed1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa l\u00e0 231 phi c\u01a1 b\u1ecb b\u1eafn r\u01a1i trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng (\u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 MiG-15) v\u00e0 168 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t kh\u00e1c. Con s\u1ed1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ecd m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 200 phi c\u01a1 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 th\u00eam 70 phi c\u01a1 sau khi Trung Hoa can thi\u1ec7p. Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1eafn h\u1ea1 650 m\u00e1y bay F-86, v\u00e0 Trung Hoa tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1 th\u00eam 211 phi c\u01a1 F-86 n\u1eefa trong kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn - c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng. Theo m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1eeba qua, con s\u1ed1 phi c\u01a1 F-86 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 674 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 phi c\u01a1 F-86 m\u1ea5t v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 230 chi\u1ebfc."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1951, c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u trong su\u1ed1t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. Qua m\u00f9a h\u00e8 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m 1951, c\u00e1c phi c\u01a1 Sabre v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 44 chi\u1ebfc t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m) c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n ti\u00eam k\u00edch \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1eb7n s\u1ed1 4 (4th Fighter Interceptor Wing) ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ea1i H\u00e0ng lang MiG g\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng \u00c1p L\u1ee5c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbch c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 500 phi c\u01a1. Jabara, Becker, v\u00e0 Gibson tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng phi c\u00f4ng Sabre \u01b0u t\u00fa. Theo sau th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Harrison Thyng g\u1edfi v\u1ec1 L\u1ea7u N\u0103m G\u00f3c, Kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n ti\u00eam k\u00edch \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1eb7n s\u1ed1 51 \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n Kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ed1 4 \u0111ang b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1951. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t n\u0103m r\u01b0\u1edfi ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u1ea3 hai kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng H\u00e0nh lang MiG."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1950, T\u01b0\u1edbng Stratemeyer \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh: \"M\u00e1y bay d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ed1 5 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00fa \u1ea9n.\" C\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y, 22 chi\u1ebfc B-29 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Kanggye, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y 75% th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Sau khi MacArthur b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh T\u1ed1i cao \u1edf Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1951, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u00f3 cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e9m t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 635.000 t\u1ea5n bom, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 32.557 t\u1ea5n napalm t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 bom d\u00f9ng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed3i Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u1edbn \u1edf B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 M\u1ef9 William F. Dean, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c hoang m\u1ea1c. Ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1951, B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n n\u00e9m bom b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e9m bom c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9: 95% c\u1ee7a Manpojin, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 90% c\u1ee7a Hoeryong, Namsi v\u00e0 Koindong, 85% c\u1ee7a Chosan, 75% c\u1ee7a Sakchu v\u00e0 Huichon, v\u00e0 20% c\u1ee7a Uiju \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. Theo \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ph\u00eda M\u1ef9, \"18 trong s\u1ed1 22 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u1edf B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda\"."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1950, B\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng tham m\u01b0u Li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 (JCS) ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb d\u1ed9i bom tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c oanh t\u1ea1c c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa hay c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean m\u1edf c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng k\u00edch Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 ra l\u1ec7nh chuy\u1ec3n 9 qu\u1ea3 bom h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Mark 4 \"cho li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n oanh t\u1ea1c c\u01a1 s\u1ed1 9 c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 mang lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed n\u00e0y... [v\u00e0] k\u00fd l\u1ec7nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c\". Tuy nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd truy\u1ec1n l\u1ec7nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang."}
+{"text": "Trong cu\u1ed1n The Origins of the Korean War (1981, 1990), s\u1eed gia Hoa K\u1ef3 Bruce Cumings cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1950, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Truman \"l\u00e0 l\u1eddi \u0111e d\u1ecda d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bom h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1edf l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\" Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1950, B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh \"gia t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed.\"[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Kavalam Panikkar, cho bi\u1ebft \"Truman \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111ang ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 lay \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u00e0y... H\u1ecd gia t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch 'Kh\u00e1ng M\u1ef9 vi\u1ec7n Tri\u1ec1u' tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c gia h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a Truman r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Trung Hoa, gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd gi\u1eef v\u1eefng nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\""}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Truman l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00f4ng - v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 - m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ra l\u1ec7nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u01b0a cho ph\u00e9p. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chung c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1950, Truman h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Anh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean Kh\u1ed1i Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung Anh Clement Attlee, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u00e1p Ren\u00e9 Pleven, v\u00e0 Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng Robert Schuman \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u00f3 tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Hoa K\u1ef3 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec \"Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n leo thang\" Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean m\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c - \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, Kh\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung Anh, v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p - quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khi\u1ebfn cho kh\u1ed1i NATO kh\u00f3 ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 trong l\u00fac Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trung Qu\u1ed1c khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm T\u00e2y \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1950, sau khi Trung Qu\u1ed1c can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y lui c\u00e1c l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c kh\u1ecfi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng J. Lawton Collins (Tham m\u01b0u tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3), \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng MacArthur, \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c C. Turner Joy, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng George E. Stratemeyer, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan tham m\u01b0u l\u00e0 Thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng Doyle Hickey, Thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng Charles A. Willoughby, v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng Edwin K. Wright h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i Tokyo \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c; h\u1ecd x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn ba k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1951, Hoa K\u1ef3 leo thang g\u1ea7n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. V\u00ec C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00eam c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Trung-Tri\u1ec1u n\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, \"ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 l\u00f5i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu\" t\u1ea1i C\u0103n c\u1ee9 Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Kadena, Okinawa. Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1951, Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Hudson Harbor \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 khi h\u1ea1t nh\u1eadn. C\u00e1c oanh t\u1ea1c c\u01a1 B-29 c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp n\u00e9m bom ri\u00eang l\u1ebb xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb Okinawa \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc H\u00e0n (s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 bom th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n gi\u1ea3), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb C\u0103n c\u1ee9 Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Yokota n\u1eb1m \u1edf gi\u1eefa ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Hudson Harbor \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \"ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 trong \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, d\u1eabn d\u1eaft, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng k\u00edch t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t\". D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng k\u00edch cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 binh \u0111\u1ecbch v\u00ec \"vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o th\u00ec r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3.\""}
+{"text": "Ngay trong ng\u00e0y n\u1ed5 ra chi\u1ebfn tranh, 28/6/1950, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n c\u1ee7a Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ra l\u1ec7nh t\u1eed h\u00ecnh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb gom h\u1ebft v\u00e0o t\u1ed9i danh \"\u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\" (d\u00f9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ecf ra ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n). \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1i t\u00f9 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o Jeju c\u1ef1c nam H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00f9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 A, B, C, D, t\u00f9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea1m thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m C, D b\u1ecb x\u1eed b\u1eafn l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c theo l\u1ec7nh \"H\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m C,D b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u1eed b\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 9 (n\u0103m 1950)\" c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Th\u1eeba V\u00e3n. Tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00f9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nghi can c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o Bodo League (\ubcf4\ub3c4\uc5f0\ub9f9 \uc0ac\uac74), b\u1ecb t\u1eed h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec phi\u00ean t\u00f2a, phi\u00ean x\u00e9t x\u1eed n\u00e0o.T\u00f9 nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb x\u1eed b\u1eafn t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u1ed1ng xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed1 ch\u00f4n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ecb d\u00f9ng b\u00e1ng s\u00fang \u0111\u1eadp ch\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb qu\u0103ng xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e1c t\u00f9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea1m bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, b\u1ea3n \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c thi tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. Gregory Henderson, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0a ra con s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y b\u1ecb qu\u0103ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 ch\u00f4n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3."}
+{"text": "G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u1ee6y ban H\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 T\u00ecm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 7.800 v\u1ee5 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong 150 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. Theo nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Kim Dong-choon, nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \"ch\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kinh ho\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean\". \u1ee6y ban H\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 theo \u00f4ng Kim, con s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao g\u1ea5p hai l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf. Trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng ngh\u1eb9t c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n \u0111ang b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y khi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e2y b\u1eaft v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef trong v\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u1eadp ng\u0169; h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u1eefa. Theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a R. J. Rummel, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Hawaii, kho\u1ea3ng 400.000 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u1eaft qu\u00e2n d\u1ecbch ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm Seoul v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1950, theo ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 83.000 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y b\u1ecb c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u00fat lui c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean mang theo, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5. B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean th\u00ec tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef"}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh xem b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean n\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh \"v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a\" h\u1ecd v\u00ec s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t b\u1eeba b\u00e3i h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 No Gun Ri trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 - \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb con v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 - b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 d\u1ed9i bom l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \"ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n\" t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i \u1edf m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1952, U\u1ef7 ban Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh vi khu\u1ea9n \u1edf Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c (ISC) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho th\u1ea5y M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh sinh h\u1ecdc trong chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2018 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. M\u00e1y bay Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t nhi\u1ec5m m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch v\u00e0o B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1952. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1952, nhi\u1ec1u \u1ed5 b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0ng Bal-Nam-Ri b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25/2/1952, trong s\u1ed1 600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u00e0ng, 50 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 36 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft"}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3i, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eed th\u1ea7n\" do B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Trung Hoa th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u00f9 binh Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c x\u1eed b\u1eafn h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba danh nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ed3i 312 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3i 303 trong V\u00e0nh \u0111ai Pusan, b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 xung quanh Daejeon; chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u. Theo b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3: \"H\u01a1n 5.000 t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh M\u1ef9 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 1.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i \u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tranh. (\u2026) Kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng 2/3 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ch\u1ebft v\u00ec t\u1ed9i \u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tranh.\""}
+{"text": "B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Trung Hoa tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean 70.000 binh s\u0129 Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 trao tr\u1ea3 8.000 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, 76.000 t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c trao tr\u1ea3. Ngo\u00e0i con s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 12.000 ch\u1ebft trong l\u00fac b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, theo Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 50.000 t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. Theo B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 300 t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean trong n\u0103m 2003. V\u1eeba qua, m\u1ed9t binh s\u0129 Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t t\u1eeb Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 trong n\u0103m 2003, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1994 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 30 t\u00f9 binh Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. B\u00ecnh Nh\u01b0\u1ee1ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0o.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "Ph\u00eda Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 khi b\u1ecb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn l\u00ednh B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Trung Hoa, trong \u0111\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t 1.800 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb do qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i mi\u1ec1n Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Daejeon, trong ba ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng 7/1950. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh binh l\u00ednh H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n khi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c r\u00fat lui tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1950. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb t\u00ecnh nghi c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb x\u1eed b\u1eafn."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 binh s\u0129 Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00e0y. Trong th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1950, \u1ee6y ban Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd 406.000 binh l\u00ednh Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1951, 50.000 t\u1edbi 90.000 binh l\u00ednh Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft trong khi h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, b\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tham \u00f4 ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 d\u00e0nh cho th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a binh s\u0129. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i \u1ee6y ban Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c cho nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t sau n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 hai si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh nhau t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa hai qu\u1ed1c gia to l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. C\u00e1c si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1nh r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhau, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nhau. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 g\u00e2y lo ng\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn cho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn sau c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 li\u00ean minh trong kh\u1ed1i T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi Trung Hoa c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed1i X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 cho c\u1ea3 hai mi\u1ec1n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean theo sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, song sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, kinh t\u1ebf B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c nhanh ch\u00f3ng sau chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1975 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean t\u1eeb t\u1eeb t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i sau khi b\u1ea1n h\u00e0ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Ng\u00e0y nay, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 2007, S\u00e1ch D\u1eef li\u1ec7u Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a CIA \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u00e0 40 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9, thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t n\u0103m c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u00e0 1.800 \u0111\u00f4la M\u1ef9. N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh theo s\u1ee9c mua t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao h\u01a1n (\u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 6.000 - 8.000 USD/ng\u01b0\u1eddi), nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn k\u00e9m h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi/n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u00e0 24.500 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb sau n\u0103m 1950 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980 v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh (qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed sang tham chi\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng M\u1ef9 trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam). Ng\u00e0y 18/5/1980 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady Quang Ch\u00e2u (Gwangju) khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1edbp kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Chun Doo-hwan sau khi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u00f4n h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 s\u00fang b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 t\u1edbi 2.000 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n Tuy nhi\u00ean, cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n to l\u1edbn cho s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i m\u1ec1m m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng phi qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c canh ph\u00f2ng d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c (DMZ) tr\u00ean V\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 38 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chia c\u1eaft b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u00e0y nay. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu t\u1ea1i H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y nay, v\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t \"Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Th\u00e1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng\" \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n (\u0110\u1ea3ng Uri) th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ea3ng Uri v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roh th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ea1i D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (GNP) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng Uri cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. T\u1ea1i H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, lu\u1eadt an ninh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c, theo \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ai t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c ca ng\u1ee3i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 7 n\u0103m t\u00f9 giam[c\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n]."}
+{"text": "Theo t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a NPR (Truy\u1ec1n thanh C\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c gia) ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2007, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o m\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Theo T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush, \"Ch\u00fang ta tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac - s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra khi \u00f4ng Kim d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta.\" C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Bush."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1886, T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng li\u00ean bang kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf c\u00f9ng l\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u bang, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Li\u00ean bang ra \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1887 nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea5p Li\u00ean bang. Tuy nhi\u00ean B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i t\u1ecf ra ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c cho C\u1ee5c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ed5ng Ch\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd Charles Joseph Bonaparte ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 C\u01a1 quan M\u1eadt v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb B\u1ed9 Ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1, do \u0111\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng Ch\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u1ee5c \u0110i\u1ec1u tra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c. C\u01a1 quan M\u1eadt v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p 12 \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c \u0110i\u1ec1u tra m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a FBI h\u00f3a ra l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan M\u1eadt v\u1ee5, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 C\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Li\u00ean bang n\u0103m 1887. FBI ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1908 trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Theodore Roosevelt, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c l\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u2018\u2019Bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 da tr\u1eafng\u2019\u2019 hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018\u2019\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Mann\u2019\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o 25 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1910. N\u0103m 1932, C\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 C\u1ee5c \u0110i\u1ec1u tra Hoa K\u1ef3. N\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, C\u1ee5c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi C\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t R\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 c\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0110i\u1ec1u tra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00e1ch ra v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t C\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1935. Trong c\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, C\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0110i\u1ec1u tra th\u00e0nh C\u1ee5c \u0110i\u1ec1u tra Li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 FBI."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c \u0110i\u1ec1u tra J. Edgar Hoover tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u00e0 C\u1ee5c \u0110i\u1ec1u tra Li\u00ean bang, n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh lu\u00f4n th\u1eddi gian l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb khi C\u1ee5c l\u00e0 C\u1ee5c \u0110i\u1ec1u tra, r\u1ed3i sang \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0110i\u1ec1u tra v\u00e0 C\u1ee5c \u0110i\u1ec1u tra Li\u00ean bang, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 48 n\u0103m. Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Hoover, lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 sau ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a 10 n\u0103m. Hoover c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a FBI trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Ph\u00f2ng Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110i\u1ec1u tra T\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00f2ng Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m FBI ra \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1932, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Hoover."}
+{"text": "B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean n\u0103m 1940 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, C\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh. C\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 8 \u0111i\u1ec7p vi\u00ean theo Ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u0111ang l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 x\u1eed t\u1eed 6 trong s\u1ed1 8 t\u00ean. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh gi\u1eefa Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Anh qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1 m\u00e3 \u2018\u2019Venona\u2019\u2019(m\u00e3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4) \u2013 m\u00e0 FBI l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Hoover l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho C\u01a1 quan T\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng (CIA) m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1952. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef Rudolf Abel n\u0103m 1957. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111i\u1ec7p vi\u00ean X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4i th\u00fac n\u1ed7i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh t\u1eeb l\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Hoover v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i, xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Hoa K\u1ef3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c phe T\u1ef1 do."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 v\u00e0 1960, c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c FBI b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u01a1n c\u1eed, n\u0103m 1956, Hoover \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0m l\u00e0 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 m\u1edf t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o B\u00e1c s\u0129 T.R.M Howard, m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t \u1edf Mississippi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a FBI trong v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u00e1n m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a George W. Lee, Emmett Till v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam. FBI \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn mang t\u00ean \u2018\u2019COINTELPRO\u2019\u2019 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng T\u00ecnh b\u00e1o. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c mi\u1ec1n Nam."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1971, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a FBI t\u1ea1i Media, Pennsylvania b\u1ecb tr\u1ed9m, k\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1eadt v\u00e0 g\u1eedi ch\u00fang cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c tu\u1ea7n b\u00e1o trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1edd Harvard Crimson. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n chi ti\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u2018\u2019COINTELPRO\u2019\u2019, v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u2013 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean da \u0111en t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Henry Reuss c\u1ee7a Wisconsin. C\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2018\u2019cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng\u2019\u2019 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u1edf H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n Hale Boggs \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a FBI, khi h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Boggs v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb ghi \u00e2m l\u00e9n."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1953, FBI \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u2018\u2019Top Hoodlum\u2019\u2019, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang r\u1ed3i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 cho Washington \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p th\u00f4ng tin t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o. Sau khi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt T\u1ec7 tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 RICO, FBI b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed9i \u00e1c \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c FBI th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1ed9i gi\u00e1n b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ch\u00fang. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Hoover ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n T\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0ng C\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m, nh\u01b0 Sam Giancana v\u00e0 John Gotti. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt RICO v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm so\u00e1t t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n li\u00ean quan."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003, m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i gi\u00e1n ch\u1ed1ng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt li\u00ean bang khi FBI k\u1ebft \u00e1n 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, 3 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed (sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng chung th\u00e2n). B\u1ecb can th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n chung th\u00e2n trong t\u00f9 m\u00e0 anh ta thi h\u00e0nh \u00e1n ba th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2007, th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n qu\u1eadn Nancy Gertner \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng C\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong v\u1ee5 thanh to\u00e1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111en gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft Edward \u2018\u2019Teddy\u2019\u2019 Deegan th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1965. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng cho 4 b\u1ecb can s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n l\u00e0 100 tri\u1ec7u$."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1984, FBI th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1984, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng \u00e1n. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n sau v\u1ee5 Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1972 t\u1ea1i Munich, \u0110\u1ee9c khi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean Israel. \u0110\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u2018\u2019\u0110\u1ed9i Gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u con tin\u2019\u2019 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9i C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1. Song song, \u2018\"\u0110\u1ed9i Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng T\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao\u2019\u2019 (CART) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1984. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean n\u0103m 1980, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00eam 1990, C\u1ee5c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 thuy\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed9i v\u00ec nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 6 trong b\u1ea3ng \u01b0u ti\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch cho \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f2ng ban m\u1edbi, ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft n\u1eefa sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh, FBI tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng truy b\u1eaft c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi li\u00ean bang. Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m FBI h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u1eed ADN, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c cho vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng thay th\u1ebf cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng v\u00e2n tay v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1924)."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1993 v\u00e0 1996, FBI t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 khi l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1nh bom \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Trung t\u00e2m Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 1993 \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Oklahoma n\u0103m 1995 v\u00e0 v\u1ee5 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef Theodore Kaczynski n\u0103m 1996. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ph\u00e2n t\u00edch FBI \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap FBI \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng truy t\u1ed1 c\u1ea3 ba v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c, tuy nhi\u00ean FBI v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t trong qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1eabn \u00e1m \u1ea3nh C\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean n\u0103m 1990, FBI nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh trong hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Ruby Ridge v\u00e0 Waco Siege d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c g\u00e2y n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong su\u1ed1t Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1996 t\u1ea1i Atlanta, Georgia, FBI b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh bom C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Centennial Olympic. V\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea5y l\u00ean m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa Richard Jewell, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean an ninh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng x\u1eed \u00e1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, khi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 t\u00ean \u00f4ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u tra. FBI \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u0103m 1998 sau khi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u2018\u2019H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Th\u00f4ng tin cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt\u2019\u2019 (CALEA, 1994), \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u2018\u2019Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 B\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe linh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u2019\u2019 (HIPAA, 1996) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u2018\u2019Gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p kinh t\u1ebf\u2019\u2019 (EEA, 1996). \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin nh\u01b0 vi r\u00fat, s\u00e2u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, FBI \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Trung t\u00e2m \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 M\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda cho C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u tra C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin (CITAC) v\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng Qu\u1ed1c gia (NIPC). V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng c\u0169ng d\u1ea5y l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t sinh, FBI t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "\u1ee6y ban 11 th\u00e1ng 9 \u0111\u00e3 ra th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2004 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng FBI v\u00e0 C\u01a1 quan T\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng (CIA) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng tin t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ee5 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 11 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2001. B\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 C\u1ee5c khi C\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u00ean trong FBI. Trong khi FBI \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c T\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ebd gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t C\u1ee5c, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban 11/9 v\u1eabn c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch FBI v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2005 khi C\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i cho c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u0103ng c\u01a1."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2007, t\u1edd \u2018\u2019Washington Post\u2019\u2019 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Amy Zegart thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Los Angeles-California mang t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Spying Blind: The CIA, the FBI, and the Origins of 9/11. T\u1ef1a b\u00e1o n\u00eau tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y CIA v\u00e0 FBI \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee1 m\u1ea5t 23 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u00e2m m\u01b0u kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 11 th\u00e1ng 9. L\u00fd do ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m: \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong C\u1ee5c, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00ednh thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa hai c\u01a1 quan CIA v\u00e0 FBI v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c trong C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Hoa K\u1ef3. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch t\u00ednh t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a FBI d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng FBI kh\u00e1c nhau. Fbi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i do s\u1ef1 c\u1ed5 h\u1eefu trong vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n FBI. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 FBI lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean th\u1ee3 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 lao c\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a FBI l\u00e0 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 J. Edgar Hoover t\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Washington, D.C, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 56 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 M\u1ef9. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, C\u1ee5c c\u0169ng duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 50 t\u00f9y vi\u00ean ph\u00e1p l\u00fd t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a FBI t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i khu ti\u1ec7n nghi \u1edf Quantico, Virginia, trung t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi 96 tri\u1ec7u m\u1eabu v\u00e2n tay tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu \u1edf \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, Yemen, Iraq v\u00e0 Afghanistan t\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u1edf Clarksburg, West Virginia. Theo \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u2018\u2019T\u1ef1 do Th\u00f4ng tin\u2019\u2019 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00ec FBI \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 Winchester, Virginia."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00f2ng Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m FBI \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n C\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 C\u1ee5c \u0110i\u1ec1u tra, v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 J. Edgar Hoover khi n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1974. Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch DNA, sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m bao g\u1ed3m \"H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc\", \"H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p AND\"(CODIS), \"Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng M\u00e1y t\u00ednh\", \"Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch DNA\", \"Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng V\u1eadt ch\u1ee9ng\", \"Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5\", \"S\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u0169 kh\u00ed\", \"\u00c2m thanh Ph\u00e1p l\u00fd\", \"H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Ph\u00e1p l\u00fd\", \"Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1ea2nh\", \"Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p l\u00fd\u2019\u2019, \"Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p l\u00fd\", \"Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m\", \"\u0110\u1ed3 h\u1ecda \u0110i\u1ec1u tra v\u00e0 D\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n\", \"In Ch\u00ecm\", \"Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u\", \"T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n\", \"H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 B\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng\", \"Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1ea2nh \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\", \"\u0110\u1ed3 \u00e1n C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac\" v\u00e0 \"D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft Ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9\". C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f2ng Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m FBI, Ph\u00f2ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c \u1edf H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n FBI."}
+{"text": "H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n FBI t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i Quantico, Virginia, l\u00e0 FBI s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111i h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m s\u1edf., h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua kh\u00f3a hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n 21 tu\u1ea7n cho t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1972, h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ngo\u00e0i nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n m\u1edf l\u1edbp cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u1edf c\u01a1 quan th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p bang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi d\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb FBI \u1edf Quantico g\u1ed3m \"\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng\", \"\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n B\u1eafn\", \"Trung t\u00e2m Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p l\u00fd\", \"\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7\"(TSU), \"\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0110i\u1ec1u tra\", \"\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb Li\u00ean l\u1ea1c Th\u1ef1c thi Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt\", \"\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb khoa Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o\"(LSMU), \"\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t\", \"\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n T\u00e2n binh\"(NATU), \"\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb khoa \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n\"(PAU), \"\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0110i\u1ec1u tra M\u00e1y t\u00ednh\" v\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch\"."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2000, FBI b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ed9 ba \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. Theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y, th\u00ec C\u1ee5c s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 3 n\u0103m v\u00e0 chi ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 380 tri\u1ec7u$, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i C\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00ec chi ph\u00ed b\u1ed9i ng\u00e2n. C\u1ee5c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0m, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda. \"H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c \u1ea2o\"(VCF) l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 t\u00edch s\u1ef1 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2005, h\u01a1n hai n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang h\u1eb9n, FBI ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ng\u1eebng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. H\u01a1n 100 tri\u1ec7u$ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng. FBI l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 V\u1ee5 \u00e1n T\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Th\u00f4ng tin xem v\u00f4 t\u00edch s\u1ef1. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2005, FBI th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 t\u00ean m\u00e3 l\u00e0 Sentinel d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 Th\u00f4ng tin T\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p (CJIS), \u1edf Clarksburg, West Virginia l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb tr\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a FBI, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1995. \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \"Trung t\u00e2m Th\u00f4ng tin T\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m\"(NCIC), \"B\u00e1o c\u00e1o T\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m\"(UCR), \"Nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng V\u00e2n tay\", \"H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng V\u00e2n tay T\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng\"(IAFIS), \"NCIC 2000\" v\u00e0 \"H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng B\u00e1o c\u00e1o T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng Qu\u1ed1c gia\"(NIBRS). Nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a an to\u00e0n. FBI cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng tin cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ti\u1ec3u bang, li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Trong h\u01a1n 40 n\u0103m, ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u1ee7a FBI t\u1ea1i Quantico tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc duy nh\u1ea5t, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em th\u00e1o r\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ea1n n\u00e0o. H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ra 18 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt so s\u00e1nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n. N\u0103m 2003, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c gia xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m 30 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a FBI. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n cho th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 FBI d\u00f9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea1n t\u1eeb h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ea1n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y C\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u1ea7m theo lu\u1eadt ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, FBI quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eebng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n."}
+{"text": "Trong h\u01a1n 2,500 v\u1ee5 \u00e1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n v\u1ee5 n\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m FBI s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a \u00e1n. M\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 sai v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ban b\u1ed1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho c\u00e1c b\u1ecb can bi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n. Ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 FBI x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng C\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean."}
+{"text": "J. Edgar Hoover b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ghi \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean n\u0103m 1920 trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec C\u1ea5m R\u01b0\u1ee3u \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1ea7m b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu r\u01b0\u1ee3u. M\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u00e1n n\u0103m 1927, m\u1ed9t tay bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu r\u01b0\u1ee3u b\u1ecb b\u1eaft khi \u0111o\u1ea1n ghi \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p FBI \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ghi \u00e2m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi ph\u1ea1m \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh FBI kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m gia trang b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c ghi \u00e2m. Sau khi Lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m R\u01b0\u1ee3u b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m vi\u1ec7c ghi \u00e2m qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y nghe l\u00e9n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao, t\u00f2a \u00e1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u0103m 1939 chi\u1ebfu theo \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt 1934, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 do FBI thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thu \u00e2m l\u00e9n \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a. T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao n\u0103m 1967 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ee5 \u00e1n n\u0103m 1927, cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y nghe tr\u1ed9m, sau khi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \"An to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed9i \u00e1c tr\u00ean xe bu\u00fdt\", cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch thu \u00e2m qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i sau khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 tr\u00e1t b\u1eaft gi\u1eef."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \"\u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3\" \u0111\u00e3 gia t\u0103ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho FBI, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c thu \u00e2m qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y h\u1eefu tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Internet. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \"\u1ea9n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn tr\u1ed9m\" cho ph\u00e9p FBI c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1m nh\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ngay cho ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n sau. D\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n trong \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \"\u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3\", FBI \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u1eadt l\u1ea1i h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nghi ph\u1ea1m kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 (\u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 C\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970)."}
+{"text": "FBI th\u01b0\u1eddng hay h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan li\u00ean bang kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 \"Tu\u1ea7n tra B\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Hoa K\u1ef3\" (USCG) v\u00e0 \"B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 H\u1ea3i quan Hoa K\u1ef3\"(CBP) trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c an ninh h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c s\u00e2n bay, v\u00e0 \"Ban An t\u00f2a V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i Qu\u1ed1c gia\" trong \u0111i\u1ec1u tra m\u00e1y bay r\u01a1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tai n\u1ea1n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c. C\u01a1 quan \"Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0 H\u1ea3i quan Hoa K\u1ef3\"(ICE) l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Fbi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec1u tra. Sau v\u1ee5 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9, FBI duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i li\u00ean bang."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n cho v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean FBI, th\u00ed sinh ph\u1ea3i \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 23 \u0111\u1ebfn 37. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Ph\u00f2ng Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00ed sinh l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec3n ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u01a1n 37 tu\u1ed5i. N\u0103m 2009, Ph\u00f2ng Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n c\u1ea9m nang h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn:OPM Letter \u1ee8ng vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3, l\u00fd l\u1ecbch t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n h\u1ec7 4 n\u0103m. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean FBI \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m tra an ninh t\u1ed1i m\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong k\u00ec ki\u1ec3m tra an ninh t\u1ed1i m\u1eadt, c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \"cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra l\u00fd l\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u01a1n\"(SSBI) do Ph\u00f2ng Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a ra. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u00e0i \"Ki\u1ec3m tra Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t\"(PFT) bao g\u1ed3m 300 m\u00e9t ch\u1ea1y, 1 ph\u00fat du\u1ed7i th\u1eb3ng, h\u00edt \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ebft c\u1ee1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y 2.4 km. Ngo\u00e0i ra \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u1ee3t ki\u1ec3m tra tim m\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ma t\u00fay."}
+{"text": "Sau khi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua k\u00ec s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ed1i m\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd k\u00fd v\u00e0o \u0111\u01a1n SF-312, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tham d\u1ef1 tr\u1ea1i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n FBI t\u1ea1i C\u0103n c\u1ee9 Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n L\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Quantico, Virginia. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean tr\u1ea3i qua 21 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n FBI, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c 500 gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 1000 gi\u1edd th\u1ef1c hu\u1ea5n. Sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 FBI s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u00f9y v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang m\u00e0 FBI s\u1edf h\u1eefu. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 hay nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00fac n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu C\u1ee5c c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n h\u1ecd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t trong 400 c\u01a1 quan t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a FBI."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng B\u00e1o c\u00e1o Tai n\u1ea1n Qu\u1ed1c gia (NIBRS) l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1ed9i \u00e1c nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1ed5 sung nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng UCR. C\u01a1 quan th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt d\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ed9i \u00e1c. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ti\u1ec3u bang, li\u00ean bang c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00ean NIBRS. N\u0103m 2004, 5,271 c\u01a1 quan th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tin l\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u NIBRS. Con s\u1ed1 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho 20% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 16% d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u1ee7a FBI thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c."}
+{"text": "B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i mi\u1ec1n Trung Vi\u1ec7t Nam. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i 110 km theo h\u01b0\u1edbng B\u1eafc - Nam, c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u ngang v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1eb9p trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 55 km (ch\u1ed7 h\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t 50 km, ch\u1ed7 r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t 60 km). Ph\u00eda B\u1eafc gi\u00e1p t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh gi\u1edbi chung 63 km (\u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc c\u00f3 t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9: 14\u00b042'10'' B\u1eafc, 108\u00b055'4'' \u0110\u00f4ng). Ph\u00eda Nam gi\u00e1p t\u1ec9nh Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh gi\u1edbi chung 50 km (\u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c Nam c\u00f3 t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9: 13\u00b039'10'' B\u1eafc, 108\u00b054'00'' \u0110\u00f4ng). Ph\u00eda T\u00e2y gi\u00e1p t\u1ec9nh Gia Lai c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh gi\u1edbi chung 130 km (\u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c T\u00e2y c\u00f3 t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9: 14\u00b027' B\u1eafc, 108\u00b027' \u0110\u00f4ng). Ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng gi\u00e1p Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1edbi b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i 134 km, \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 x\u00e3 Nh\u01a1n Ch\u00e2u (C\u00f9 Lao Xanh) thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Quy Nh\u01a1n (c\u00f3 t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9: 13\u00b036'33 B\u1eafc, 109\u00b021' \u0110\u00f4ng). B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 ra bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng nam L\u00e0o."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, th\u1ea5p d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb t\u00e2y sang \u0111\u00f4ng. Ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u00fai r\u00eca ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n Nam, k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng trung du v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai cao, \u0111\u1ed3i th\u1ea5p xen l\u1eabn thung l\u0169ng h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ed9 cao tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi 100 m\u00e9t, h\u01b0\u1edbng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi d\u00e3y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3o, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i b\u1ecb chia nh\u1ecf do c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh n\u00fai \u0111\u00e2m ra bi\u1ec3n. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u1ed3n c\u00e1t ven bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa 2 h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2y. C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0:"}
+{"text": "Trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00f3i tr\u00ean th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea3o C\u00f9 Lao Xanh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 sinh s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt sinh s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1t. D\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n hi\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n ra v\u00e0o c\u1ea3ng Quy Nh\u01a1n, th\u00ec B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 2 ng\u1ecdn h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng: m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00fai G\u00f2 D\u01b0a thu\u1ed9c th\u00f4n T\u00e2n Ph\u1ee5ng x\u00e3 M\u1ef9 Th\u1ecd huy\u1ec7n Ph\u00f9 M\u1ef9, ng\u1ecdn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1ea3i \u0110\u0103ng V\u0169ng M\u1edbi hay H\u1ea3i \u0110\u0103ng H\u00f2n N\u01b0\u1edbc; ng\u1ecdn th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o C\u00f9 Lao Xanh thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 Nh\u01a1n Ch\u00e2u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Quy Nh\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c s\u00f4ng trong t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao c\u1ee7a s\u01b0\u1eddn ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e3y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n. C\u00e1c s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c cao, ng\u1eafn, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f9 sa th\u1ea5p, t\u1ed5ng tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc 5,2 t\u1ef7 m\u00b3, ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng thu\u1ef7 \u0111i\u1ec7n 182,4 tri\u1ec7u kw. \u1ede th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e3y n\u00fai b\u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u1edd s\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, l\u0169 l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t nhanh, th\u1eddi gian truy\u1ec1n l\u0169 ng\u1eafn. \u1ede \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1ed3ng l\u1ea1ch, m\u00f9a ki\u1ec7t ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n; nh\u01b0ng khi l\u0169 l\u1edbn n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u g\u00e2y ng\u1eadp \u00fang d\u00e0i ng\u00e0y v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh che ch\u1eafn n\u00ean tho\u00e1t l\u0169 k\u00e9m. Trong t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn l\u00e0 C\u00f4n, L\u1ea1i Giang, La Tinh v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Thanh c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 Ch\u00e2u Tr\u00fac hay Tam Quan. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c su\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y v\u1ec1 m\u00f9a l\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thu\u1ef7 l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 thu\u1ef7 \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ed9 che ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean 40% n\u00ean h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y g\u00e2y l\u0169 l\u1ee5t, sa b\u1ed3i, thu\u1ef7 ph\u00e1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t, thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "To\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed3 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau trong m\u00f9a kh\u00f4. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ed3 l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n trong t\u1ec9nh nh\u01b0: h\u1ed3 H\u01b0ng Long (An L\u00e3o); h\u1ed3 V\u1ea1n H\u1ed9i, M\u1ef9 \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Th\u1ea1ch Kh\u00ea (Ho\u00e0i \u00c2n); h\u1ed3 M\u1ef9 B\u00ecnh (Ho\u00e0i Nh\u01a1n); h\u1ed3 H\u1ed9i S\u01a1n v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 Thu\u1eadn (Ph\u00f9 C\u00e1t); h\u1ed3 Di\u00eam Ti\u00eau, H\u00f3c Nh\u1ea1n v\u00e0 Ph\u00fa H\u00e0 (Ph\u00f9 M\u1ef9); h\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ecbnh B\u00ecnh, Thu\u1eadn Ninh (T\u00e2y S\u01a1n); h\u1ed3 N\u00fai M\u1ed9t (V\u00e2n Canh - An Nh\u01a1n); h\u1ed3 V\u0129nh S\u01a1n, h\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ecbnh B\u00ecnh (V\u0129nh Th\u1ea1nh). Ngo\u00e0i ra B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7m n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m Tr\u00e0 \u1ed4 (Ph\u00f9 M\u1ef9) v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ea7m n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1 Gi (Ph\u00f9 M\u1ef9 - Ph\u00f9 C\u00e1t) v\u00e0 Th\u1ecb N\u1ea1i (Tuy Ph\u01b0\u1edbc - Quy Nh\u01a1n). H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7m n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng th\u1ee7y h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7m Th\u1ecb N\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1edbn r\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khu kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u01a1n H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ea7m c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay."}
+{"text": "B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Sa Hu\u1ef3nh, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u0103mpa m\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ed3 B\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1p Ch\u00e0m v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t phong tr\u00e0o n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u1edbi t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a anh h\u00f9ng \u00e1o v\u1ea3i Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7; l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c danh nh\u00e2n Tr\u1ea7n Quang Di\u1ec7u, B\u00f9i Th\u1ecb Xu\u00e2n,Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u0103ng L\u00e2m, B\u00e1c s\u0129 Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u1ecdc Th\u1ea1ch, Ng\u00f4 M\u00e2y, T\u0103ng B\u1ea1t H\u1ed5, Di\u1ec7p Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00e1t..., v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n thi nh\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n Di\u00eau, \u0110\u00e0o T\u1ea5n, H\u00e0n M\u1eb7c T\u1eed, Xu\u00e2n Di\u1ec7u, Ch\u1ebf Lan Vi\u00ean, Y\u1ebfn Lan,Qu\u00e1ch T\u1ea5n, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e0nh Long, Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed5, Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n K\u00fd... B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f5 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng phong ph\u00fa v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i ch\u00f2i, h\u00e1t b\u1ed9i, nh\u1ea1c v\u00f5 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, h\u00f2 b\u00e1 tr\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n... c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0: l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed1ng \u0110a, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai..."}
+{"text": "B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tu\u1ed3ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0o Duy T\u1eeb (Hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd danh nh\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0o Duy T\u1eeb \u1edf t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 Ho\u00e0i Thanh T\u00e2y, th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Ho\u00e0i Nh\u01a1n, c\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 1A 2 km), \u0110\u00e0o T\u1ea5n. C\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n h\u00e1t tu\u1ed3ng trong t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 giao l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 v\u00f5 B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a tu\u1ed3ng B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m cao m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n tu\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ebf hay Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu D\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3ng Nam. Tu\u1ed3ng c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"h\u00e1t b\u1ed9i\" hay h\u00e1t b\u1ed9 s\u1edf d\u0129 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00ec ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c h\u00e1t th\u00ec y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1edf tu\u1ed3ng hay v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0o k\u00e9p. Vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00f5 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00e0ng nh\u00e0o l\u1ed9n, \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1eadn \u1edf m\u1ed7i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0o k\u00e9p. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia khi h\u00e1t b\u1ed9i c\u00f2n th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh th\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u00e0n h\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u00e0n d\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n, b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n. L\u00fac c\u00f2n th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n h\u00e1t b\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng gia ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 hay c\u00e1c l\u0103ng, \u0111\u00ecnh ven bi\u1ec3n m\u1eddi v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n. Sau nh\u1eefng m\u00e0n di\u1ec5n hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m ch\u1ea7u n\u00e9m ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \"\u1ede \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n c\u00e1i ngu: L\u00e0m mai, l\u00e3nh n\u1ee3, g\u00e1c cu, c\u1ea7m ch\u1ea7u\" th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec sau \u0111\u00eam h\u00e1t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n hay h\u00e1t m\u00e0n \"t\u00f4n v\u01b0\u01a1ng\" \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fac t\u1ee5ng gia ch\u1ee7, l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u may m\u1eafn v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i m\u00e0n \"t\u00f4n v\u01b0\u01a1ng\" th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e1t c\u00e2u: \"R\u00e0y m\u1eebng h\u1ea3i y\u1ebfn H\u00e0 Thanh - nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n an l\u1ea1c th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh \u00e2u ca\" hay \"ng\u0169 s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e2n khai B\u1eafc khuy\u1ebft - nh\u1ea5t b\u00f4i th\u1ecd t\u1eedu ch\u00fac Nam san\"."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng (ti\u1ebfng Trung: \u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8, g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, t\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 \"Kuomintang of China\" hay \"Chinese Nationalist Party\", vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft \"KMT\") do T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng H\u01b0ng Trung h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Hawaii v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1894, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ed3ng minh h\u1ed9i, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Trung Hoa C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1919 sau khi T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed5i sang danh x\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb l\u00fac Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c, tr\u1ea3i qua thi h\u00e0nh hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1947, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m sau c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1949 do chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i trong N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0i Loan. Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng L\u00fd \u0110\u0103ng Huy. N\u0103m 2000, do th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. Trong k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 2008, M\u00e3 Anh C\u1eedu c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng quay l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. Trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 2016, Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong Li\u00ean minh phi\u1ebfm Lam, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai li\u00ean minh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Li\u00ean minh phi\u1ebfm L\u1ee5c do \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng Th\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Li\u00ean minh \"Phi\u1ebfm Lam\", \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan hi\u1ec7n nay. Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn \"nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1ed9t Trung Qu\u1ed1c\", v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Trung Qu\u1ed1c theo Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chung 1992, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2008, nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \"ba kh\u00f4ng\" theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 Anh C\u1eedu: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Trung Hoa T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n, \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \"H\u01b0ng Trung h\u1ed9i\" t\u1ea1i Honolulu, Hawaii v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1894. N\u0103m 1905, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng phong ki\u1ebfn Hoa H\u01b0ng h\u1ed9i, Quang Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i Tokyo, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1905, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cam k\u1ebft ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t tri\u1ec1u Thanh v\u00e0 l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i n\u0103m 1911 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1912. Tuy nhi\u00ean, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i cho Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1912, \u0110\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i, Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0110\u1ea3ng, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n C\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 8 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \"ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng\". Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1912, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n H\u1ed3 Qu\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh,, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ra \u0111\u1eddi"}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o Nh\u00e2n, \u00f4ng huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u1edbn t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi th\u00e2n s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n cho Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i. Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1912-th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1913. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e1c b\u1ecf qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i trong c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o Nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1913. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n nghi ng\u1edd Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng sau \u00e2m m\u01b0u n\u00ean h\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1913 song th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i, ra l\u1ec7nh tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u1ecfi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i cho gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 (m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t sang Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n) v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1914."}
+{"text": "Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1915. Trong khi l\u01b0u vong t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Trung Hoa C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1914, song nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Ho\u00e0ng H\u01b0ng, U\u00f4ng Tinh V\u1ec7, H\u1ed3 H\u00e1n D\u00e2n v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u00fdnh Minh t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tham gia hay \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang ch\u1ed1ng Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng tham gia t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean l\u1ec1 phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1917 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng song kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u vong t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng\" v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1919 trong t\u00f4 gi\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1920."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1923, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb Li\u00ean X\u00f4 sau khi b\u1ecb c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. C\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 m\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Mikhail Borodin \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1923 nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng theo quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Li\u00ean X\u00f4, l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ea3ng ki\u1ec3u L\u00ea-nin-n\u00edt t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng theo ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch gia nh\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng song duy tr\u00ec b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ea3ng. C\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u0169ng gi\u00fap Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n vi\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt huy \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1923 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i \u0111i Moskva \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng."}
+{"text": "T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1925, quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 U\u00f4ng Tinh V\u1ec7 v\u00e0 H\u1ed3 H\u00e1n D\u00e2n, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i h\u1eefu trong \u0111\u1ea3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u1eb1m trong tay T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u1ed1, v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Nh\u1edd \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ea7y tr\u00f2 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0110\u00f4ng chinh, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u. Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1926, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \"ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t\". \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tam \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 li\u00ean Nga, dung C\u1ed9ng, ph\u00f9 tr\u1ee3 n\u00f4ng-c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb T\u00e2y S\u01a1n h\u1eefu khuynh, thi h\u00e0nh khai tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ecbch T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee6y ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1926. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch bi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00edt v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa. Theo th\u1eddi gian, \u00f4ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Hoa. \u00d4ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp si\u00eang n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec3n t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Trung Hoa v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Hoa. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i sang Li\u00ean X\u00f4, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p Leon Trotsky v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Li\u00ean X\u00f4 kh\u00e1c, song nhanh ch\u00f3ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1926, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf, chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong v\u00f2ng ch\u00edn th\u00e1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t. U\u00f4ng Tinh V\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u0169 H\u00e1n trong th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1927, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec7p vi\u00ean Li\u00ean X\u00f4 Mikhail Borodin gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn V\u0169 H\u00e1n. T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nam Kinh trong th\u00e1ng 3, \u00f4ng cho d\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t giao b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi U\u00f4ng Tinh V\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c. U\u00f4ng Tinh V\u1ec7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng giao l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch. Joseph Stalin l\u1ec7nh cho \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c tu\u00e2n theo quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. \u0110\u1ebfn khi chia r\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0n g\u1eafn, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i. Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1928, l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ngo\u1ea1i giao r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u1ebfn Nam Kinh. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng cai tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1927 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1937 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean Nam Kinh."}
+{"text": "Sau B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean theo c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng k\u00fd k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Thanh. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1929, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \"th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e2n ch\u00ednh\" k\u1ebft th\u00fac, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \"th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hu\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh\", theo \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong khi ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tham gia m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1929, ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i Trung Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, song xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i h\u1ec7 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1931, do chia r\u1ebd n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i ba n\u01a1i l\u00e0 Nam Kinh, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i. Ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1931, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u1ee6y ban Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00f3a IV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp, ra tuy\u00ean c\u00e1o Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean do ba \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i b\u1ea7u ra; H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trung \u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ri\u00eang ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1ed5i sang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ee7y."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Trung-Nh\u1eadt ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1937, song Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1931 khi h\u1ecd s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Ph\u1ee5ng Thi\u00ean v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch cho r\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xung \u0111\u1ed9t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec nh\u1eb1m ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1934. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n trung c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng chinh. Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng U\u00f4ng Tinh V\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3ng h\u00f2a v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1939, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u00e2m th\u1eddi \u1ee6y ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh khai tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ecbch Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a U\u00f4ng Tinh V\u1ec7."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ecdc L\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eaft c\u00f3c T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch trong S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn T\u00e2y An v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1937 v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng li\u00ean minh ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a; sau m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i hai b\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u giao chi\u1ebfn ri\u00eang r\u1ebd v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong chi\u1ebfn tranh. Trong khi Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng khi giao chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd theo chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt du k\u00edch trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng."}
+{"text": "Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u. Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 v\u1eadt t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1946. Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c do m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng thu nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t quy m\u00f4 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i sau khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n. Th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng t\u1ecf ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t phi m\u00e3. Th\u1ee9 ba, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch l\u1ec7nh cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb khi\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3, tuy nhi\u00ean do Trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t phi m\u00e3, tham nh\u0169ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 Harry S. Truman vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \"Nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd T\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u1ecd Kh\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecd T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m\", \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y 750 tri\u1ec7u USD trong vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng n\u0103m 1945, \u0110\u00e0i Loan tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1945. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0i Loan b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c gia t\u0103ng sau khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1947. Do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0i Loan ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \"Kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 tr\u1eafng\", m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb do Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t t\u00edch tr\u00ean 30.000 tri th\u1ee9c, nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0i Loan b\u1ecb nghi l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1949, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban B\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y ban n\u00e0y ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n:689. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1949, V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng T\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Th\u1ea3o S\u01a1n, \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc:60. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1949, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c ki\u00eam so\u00e1t h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0i Loan c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng hai tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed3m binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n d\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t giao v\u1edbi trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t trong t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa v\u00e0 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nay."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 11 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Trung S\u01a1n Nam v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1949. N\u0103m 1950, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc theo \"\u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean d\u1eb9p lo\u1ea1n\". \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft qu\u00e2n lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 ng\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu ph\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c. T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Qu\u1ed1c Quang nh\u1eb1m t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1965, song cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1972 sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh. Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1950\u20131958 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1eebng thu\u1ed9c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i xung \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u1ecf di\u1ec5n ra trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan gi\u1eef gh\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1971."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ef3 t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00e0i Loan. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990. Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \"b\u1ea7u c\u1eed b\u1ed5 sung\" t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cao tu\u1ed5i trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1975, T\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n:133. Ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1975, T\u01b0\u1edfng Kinh Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. N\u0103m 1981, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 13 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u00f4ng qua \"\u0110\u1ec1 \u00e1n Qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Tam D\u00e2n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c\" v\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ec1 \u00e1n S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng\", th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \"\u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Tam D\u00e2n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c\". M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0110\u1ea3ng ngo\u1ea1i (ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea3ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung th\u1ee9. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng t\u1eadp trung chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng sang h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \"\u0110\u00e0i Loan h\u00f3a\". \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1986, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1988, T\u01b0\u1edfng Kinh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n. Ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 1, L\u00fd \u0110\u0103ng Huy tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 7 th\u00ec ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. N\u0103m 1991, thi\u1ebft qu\u00e2n lu\u1eadt ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t khi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng L\u00fd \u0110\u0103ng Huy k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean d\u1eb9p lo\u1ea1n. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tranh c\u1eed t\u1ea1i b\u1ea7u c\u1eed m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. L\u00fd \u0110\u0103ng Huy l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \"quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 hai qu\u1ed1c gia\" v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa, ph\u00eda \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1993, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh T\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1993. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u trong \u0111\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n ra trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 2000. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c Li\u00ean Chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng, T\u1ed1ng S\u1edf Du ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t T\u1ed1ng S\u1edf Du v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, h\u1ecd l\u1eadp ra \u0110\u1ea3ng Th\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2000. \u1ee8ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 ba, T\u1ed1ng S\u1edf Du x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u1ecf Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0110\u1ea3ng Th\u00e2n d\u00e2n, Li\u00ean Chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea3ng ra xa ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a L\u00fd \u0110\u0103ng Huy v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh h\u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn L\u00fd \u0110\u0103ng Huy b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a L\u00fd \u0110\u0103ng Huy th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Li\u00ean minh \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2001."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2006, Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u00e1n tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 11 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Trung S\u01a1n Nam t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc cho T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vinh l\u1ea5y 2,3 t\u1ef7 \u0110\u00e0i t\u1ec7 (96 tri\u1ec7u USD). Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n tr\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1t \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trong th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf kinh doanh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, h\u00e3ng h\u00f3a d\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, qua \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 2-10 t\u1ef7 USD. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ngu\u1ed3n qu\u1ef9 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00edch cho Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, song sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c tham nh\u0169ng (th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"v\u00e0ng \u0111en\"). Sau n\u0103m 2000, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1eafc n\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i, v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111a d\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2014, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 26,8 t\u1ef7 \u0110\u00e0i t\u1ec7 (892,4 tri\u1ec7u USD) v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 981,52 tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0i t\u1ec7 trong n\u0103m 2013, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2005, ba m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Giang B\u00ednh Kh\u00f4n sang th\u0103m Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c t\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1949 (d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Giang B\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eebng t\u1edbi th\u0103m v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n). Trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng k\u00fd k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp g\u1ecdi chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2005, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Li\u00ean Chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i ki\u1ebfn T\u1ed1ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 H\u1ed3 C\u1ea9m \u0110\u00e0o, l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o hai \u0111\u1ea3ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1949."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2005, M\u00e3 Anh C\u1eedu tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2007, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb truy t\u1ed1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3n th\u1ee7 kho\u1ea3ng 11 tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0i t\u1ec7 (339.000 USD), li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \"chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\" trong th\u1eddi gian \u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tranh c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2007, M\u00e3 Anh C\u1eedu tr\u1eafng \u00e1n m\u1ecdi t\u1ed9i tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 vi\u00ean. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3ng, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 2008 v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2009, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u00e3 Anh C\u1eedu \u1ee9ng c\u1eed ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd. Ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 7, M\u00e3 Anh C\u1eedu th\u1eafng c\u1eed, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho ph\u00e9p M\u00e3 Anh C\u1eedu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p T\u1ed1ng b\u00ed th\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c T\u1eadp C\u1eadn B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c, do \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2014, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ti\u1ebfn, ch\u1ec9 th\u1eafng t\u1ea1i s\u00e1u huy\u1ec7n th\u1ecb. M\u00e3 Anh C\u1eedu sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 12 v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00f4n Ngh\u0129a. B\u1ea7u c\u1eed ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2015 v\u00e0 Chu L\u1eadp Lu\u00e2n \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 2. Th\u00e1ng 5 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c T\u1eadp C\u1eadn B\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0m t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 7 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, H\u1ed3ng T\u00fa Tr\u1ee5 trong \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. Ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 10, \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u00e2m th\u1eddi, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ebf tr\u1eeb t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3ng T\u00fa Tr\u1ee5, ch\u1ecdn Chu L\u1eadp Lu\u00e2n l\u00e0m \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean. Trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 2016, Chu L\u1eadp Lu\u00e2n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3ng, Ho\u00e0ng M\u1eabn Hu\u1ec7 t\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3ng. Trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2016, H\u1ed3ng T\u00fa Tr\u1ee5 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1eef ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng tu\u00e2n theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee7y ban, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"\u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9\" (n\u0103m 1924 do ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \"li\u00ean Nga dung C\u1ed9ng\" n\u00ean c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp Nga, \u0111\u01b0a quy ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 do Lenin \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ef1c thi, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u1ec1 sau do t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u1eb9p lo\u1ea1n n\u00ean v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee7y ban, v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn), ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ba c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng(t\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng), \u1ee7y ban c\u1ea5p huy\u1ec7n th\u1ecb, \u1ee7y ban c\u1ea5p khu. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u1eadp ra nhi\u1ec1u \"\u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p\" do \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 \"\u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 L\u01b0u Trung H\u01b0ng\" trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tinh gi\u1ea3n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u1ee5, hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh."}
+{"text": "Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i qua h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c sau Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n-Adolph Joffe, ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t sau n\u0103m 1927, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Sau S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn T\u00e2y An n\u0103m 1936, Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00f9ng nhau kh\u00e1ng nh\u1eadt. Sau khi kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t, n\u0103m 1949 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh. Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i d\u1eddi sang \u0110\u00e0i Loan, sau \u0111\u00f3 hai b\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u0169 trang trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tranh ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. N\u0103m 2005, nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng Li\u00ean Chi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ed9i ki\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed3 C\u1ea9m \u0110\u00e0o, sau \u0111\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u li\u00ean l\u1ea1c kh\u00e1 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft, quan h\u1ec7 hai \u0111\u1ea3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c k\u00eanh li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa hai b\u1edd eo bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00e0i Loan. Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2015, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng Chu L\u1eadp Lu\u00e2n v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ng\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh. Chu L\u1eadp Lu\u00e2n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u00e0m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc th\u00eam Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chung 1992, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t\" hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi hai b\u1edd c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t Trung Qu\u1ed1c, song \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng\". Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2016, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng H\u1ed3ng T\u00fa Tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n T\u1eadp C\u1eadn B\u00ecnh h\u1ed9i ng\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i b\u1eafc Kinh, hai nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f9ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \"\u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\"."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1i \"Phi\u1ebfm Lam\" l\u00e0 g\u1ecdi chung c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \"ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa\". \"Phi\u1ebfm Lam\" ban \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi T\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Th\u00e2n D\u00e2n s\u1ea3n sinh t\u1eeb n\u00f3, nay bao g\u1ed3m Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3ng T\u00fa Tr\u1ee5 t\u1eebng bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng hoan ngh\u00eanh Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea3ng Th\u00e2n d\u00e2n T\u1ed1ng S\u1edf Du v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch T\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u00dac M\u1ed9 Minh \"v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0\". Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea3ng Th\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3ng T\u00fa Tr\u1ee5, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean h\u00e3y x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ed1t \"vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0\" m\u1edbi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp."}
+{"text": "Ngu\u1ed3n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng cao h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn do c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c. Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp lao \u0111\u1ed9ng do trong th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng thi h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0i Loan."}
+{"text": "Th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc gi\u1eefa th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e2n Nam Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n khi\u1ebfn th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng phong tr\u00e0o \"b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a\" v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea5n v\u00f9ng n\u00fai b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho M\u00e3 Anh C\u1eedu. N\u0103m 2005, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt Mona Rudao t\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u1eb1m k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 60 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y thu h\u1ed3i \u0110\u00e0i Loan t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch t\u1eebng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u00d4ng t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3. \u00d4ng v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o Phong tr\u00e0o T\u00e2n sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Tr\u1ea7n L\u1eadp Phu thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i C\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.\" \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \"g\u1ea5u tr\u1eafng B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh x\u1ea5u xa v\u00e0 t\u00e0n \u00e1c.\""}
+{"text": "Lam Y x\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t x\u00edt trong Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng theo qu\u00e2n \u00e1o \u0111en c\u1ee7a Mussolini, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y) kh\u1ecfi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a phong ki\u1ebfn. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1edbi L\u1ea1p (th\u1ee7 h\u1ea1 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3, mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "Chi nh\u00e1nh Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n T\u00e2n Qu\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a B\u1ea1ch S\u00f9ng Hy v\u00e0 L\u00fd T\u00f4ng Nh\u00e2n thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. Trong B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t, n\u0103m 1926 t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i B\u1ea1ch S\u00f9ng Hy d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp tan c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, bi\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. B\u1ea1ch S\u00f9ng Hy l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, khi\u1ebfn t\u1ec9nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng do b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 tay sai \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \"b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba quy\u1ec1n\" l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n do T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh h\u1ed9i. \u00dd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n Moskva. T\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ecf\". N\u0103m 1948, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1i con trai l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Kinh Qu\u1ed1c \u0111i kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kinh t\u1ebf. T\u01b0\u1edfng Kinh Qu\u1ed1c sao ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1eddi gian l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia trung l\u01b0u. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, cho r\u1eb1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7 thay v\u00ec trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Marxist trong Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c in KMT opposed the CPC ideology."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Trung Hoa truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, theo h\u1ecd linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng li\u1ec7t s\u0129 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng. Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Phong tr\u00e0o T\u00e2n sinh ho\u1ea1t, v\u1ed1n x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn Nho gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i Phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. \u00d4ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i lai, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hoan ngh\u00eanh vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9. T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00e1c tri th\u1ee9c Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9 l\u00e0m l\u1ec7nh l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a thanh ni\u00ean. Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f2n h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t Nho gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd x\u00e1 t\u1ed9i cho Thi Ki\u1ebfm Ki\u1ec1m vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft T\u00f4n Truy\u1ec1n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng do b\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 v\u00ec T\u00f4n Truy\u1ec1n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ebft cha b\u00e0, m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 trong Nho gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng do Pandatsang Rapga th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e2n D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma th\u1ee9 14 t\u1ea1i Lhasa. Rapga vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Tam D\u00e2n c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ra ti\u1ebfng T\u1ea1ng, ca ng\u1ee3i n\u00f3 l\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 phong ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Lhasa, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma, l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c. Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT funded the party and their efforts to build an army to battle the Dalai Lama's government."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1t Khu\u00ea t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y l\u1eadp ra Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i (Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1942. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i V\u00e2n Nam c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00f4ng qua nh\u00f3m. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chung ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ti\u1ec3u v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 trong t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, hay l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chung n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh."}
+{"text": "Theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong hai d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p hay nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p - \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m uy quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y do m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea7y uy quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft. Th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu h\u00fat, l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (charisma). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c \u00edt ra l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea Su v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa; Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 - nh\u00f3m uy quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. Nh\u00f3m uy quy\u1ec1n g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi - s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00f9ng l\u1eadp, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c si\u00eau nh\u00e2n, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m uy quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7 nh\u00f3m th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m. V\u1ecb th\u1ebf v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp theo nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc kh\u00e1ch quan, m\u00e0 theo m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh. S\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo quy t\u1eafc hay theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Do v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y k\u00e9m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng k\u00e9m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng x\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00f3m uy quy\u1ec1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00f3m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kinh doanh. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, trong nh\u00f3m uy quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5, th\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng nh\u00f3m uy quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cao - T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t nh\u00f3m uy quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u01a1 khai v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo v\u00e0 k\u00e9m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Nh\u01b0ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m uy quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i;"}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c. Do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, cho n\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng thu h\u00fat \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y, n\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n kinh ph\u00ed l\u1edbn nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p, t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quan li\u00eau. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n (Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5 huynh,...) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u1ed7, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, trong khi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, hay l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p do c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 th\u00ec t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 do lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7, quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp c\u00f3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a tr\u00ean - d\u01b0\u1edbi r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd."}
+{"text": "Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schr\u00f6dinger ( /\u02c8\u0283ro\u028ad\u026a\u014b\u0259r/; ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c: [\u02c8\u025b\u0281vi\u02d0n \u02c8\u0283\u0281\u00f8\u02d0d\u026a\u014b\u0250]; 12 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1887 \u2013 4 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1961), l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc s\u00f3ng: \u00f4ng n\u00eau ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00f3ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Schr\u00f6dinger ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 d\u1eebng) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc ma tr\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Werner Heisenberg v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Schr\u00f6dinger c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ra c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m v\u1ec1 sau \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Copenhagen v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (v\u1edbi ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng con m\u00e8o c\u1ee7a Schr\u00f6dinger). Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0: c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eed x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?, Schr\u00f6dinger th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc, \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc trong khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1914 Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0103n b\u1eb1ng Habilitation (venia legendi). Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1914 \u0111\u1ebfn 1918 \u00f4ng tham gia chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e0 s\u0129 quan ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1o binh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c \u00c1o (Gorizia, Duino, Sistiana, Prosecco, Vienna). N\u0103m 1920 \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd cho Max Wien \u1edf Jena, v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1920 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ao. Prof. (ausserordentlicher Professor), t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c danh Reader (\u1edf Anh) hay associate professor (\u1edf M\u1ef9) t\u1ea1i Stuttgart. N\u0103m 1921, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh o. Prof. (ordentlicher Professor, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7) t\u1ea1i Breslau (ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Wroc\u0142aw, Ba Lan)."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m 1921, \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Z\u00fcrich. N\u0103m 1927, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Max Planck t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Friedrich Wilhelm \u1edf Berlin. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u0103m 1934, Schr\u00f6dinger quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c do \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Magdalen College thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford. Ngay sau khi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Paul Dirac. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u1edf Oxford kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i; do s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng khi \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n chia s\u1ebb n\u01a1i \u1edf v\u1edbi hai ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00e1c.. N\u0103m 1934, Schr\u00f6dinger khi \u0111ang th\u1ec9nh gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton; tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y l\u00e2u n\u0103m t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 hai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf cho \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Edinburgh nh\u01b0ng th\u1ecb th\u1ef1c b\u1ecb c\u1ea5p tr\u1ec5, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Graz thu\u1ed9c \u00c1o n\u0103m 1936. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u1edf ph\u00f2ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Allahabad \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1938, sau phong tr\u00e0o Anschluss, Schr\u00f6dinger \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i b\u1edfi chuy\u1ebfn bay r\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1933 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t x\u00edt. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng khai l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y (\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1edbi Einstein). Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Graz \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i cho \u00f4ng th\u00f4i vi\u1ec7c v\u00ec nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua lo l\u1eafng \u01b0u phi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u00c1o, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n t\u1edbi \u00dd. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf Oxford v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ghent."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1944, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? (What Is Life?), v\u1edbi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 negentropy v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p mang m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng. Theo nh\u01b0 h\u1ed3i k\u00fd c\u1ee7a James D. Watson, DNA, the Secret of Life, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Schr\u00f6dinger t\u1ea1o c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho Watson th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 gen, m\u00e0 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chu\u1ed7i xo\u1eafn k\u00e9p DNA v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1953. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, Francis Crick, trong cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng What Mad Pursuit, mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Schr\u00f6dinger v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Schr\u00f6dinger \u1edf Dublin cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u n\u0103m 1955. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m d\u00e0i l\u00e2u t\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Vedanta c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng suy \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong cu\u1ed1n What Is Life? v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (consciousness) c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \"Fragment From An Unpublished Dialogue of Galileo\" trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1edfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng King's Hospital \u1edf Dublin sau khi \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1955 nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp \u00f4ng r\u1eddi Dublin \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c danh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m Tr\u01b0\u1edfng khoa V\u1eadt l\u00fd \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vienna."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1920, Schr\u00f6dinger c\u01b0\u1edbi Annemarie (Anny) Bertel. Schr\u00f6dinger b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng lao ph\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u1edf Arosa. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00f3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean, Schr\u00f6dinger c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0o Ireland n\u0103m 1938, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ecb th\u1ef1c cho m\u00ecnh, v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00e1c, c\u00f4 Hilde March. March l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o v\u00e0 Schr\u00f6dinger c\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00f4 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t con g\u00e1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1934. Schr\u00f6dinger \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 g\u1eedi t\u1edbi th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ireland \u00c9amon de Valera \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb th\u1ef1c cho c\u00f4 March. Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1939 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf Dublin. Schr\u00f6dinger c\u00f2n l\u00e0 cha c\u1ee7a hai con g\u00e1i n\u1eefa v\u1edbi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00e1c trong th\u1eddi gian \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Ireland. Ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Terry Rudolph, c\u0169ng theo s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Schr\u00f6dinger khi \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng Imperial College, London."}
+{"text": "H\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd C\u00e1nh b\u01b0\u1edbm (danh ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc: Fabaceae, \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a: Leguminosae, Papilionaceae) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt trong b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1eadu. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba, sau h\u1ecd Phong lan v\u00e0 h\u1ecd C\u00fac, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 730 chi v\u00e0 19.400 lo\u00e0i. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111a d\u1ea1ng t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n h\u1ecd Trinh n\u1eef (Mimosoideae) v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu (Faboideae), v\u00e0 ch\u00fang chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 9,4% trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i trong h\u1ecd n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm 16% c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y trong v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi Nam M\u1ef9. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u1ecd n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf c\u00e1c r\u1eebng m\u01b0a v\u00e0 r\u1eebng kh\u00f4 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m 3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ecd hay t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ecd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9ng minh h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd \u0111\u01a1n ng\u00e0nh. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p khi so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau trong h\u1ecd n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ADN. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01a1n ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecd trong b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1eadu l\u00e0 h\u1ecd Vi\u1ec5n ch\u00ed (Polygalaceae), h\u1ecd Suy\u00ean bi\u1ec3n (Surianaceae), v\u00e0 h\u1ecd Quillajaceae."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd Fabaceae c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c \u0111i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Fabaceae sensu stricto (ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p), v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Cronquist. Trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n h\u1ecd Trinh n\u1eef (Mimosoideae) v\u00e0 Vang (Caesalpinioideae) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5p h\u1ecd v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi khoa h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 Mimosaceae v\u00e0 Caesalpiniaceae. Nh\u00f3m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 Fabaceae v\u00e0 Papilionaceae (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Leguminosae). APG coi nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n h\u1ecd, v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Faboideae (t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong Leguminosae l\u00e0 Papilionoideae)."}
+{"text": "Leguminosae (hay Fabaceae sensu lato) l\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa v\u1edbi 730 chi v\u00e0 tr\u00ean 19.400 lo\u00e0i. C\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i trong h\u1ecd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed7 hay \u0111\u1eadu, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t trong cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eadu, \u0111\u1ed7, l\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1eadu t\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadu l\u0103ng v.v. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9c \u0103n quan tr\u1ecdng cho gia s\u00fac, gia c\u1ea7m ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n xanh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eadu lupin, c\u1ecf ba l\u00e1, mu\u1ed3ng hay \u0111\u1eadu t\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi nh\u01b0 Laburnum, Robinia, Gleditsia, Acacia, Mimosa v\u00e0 Delonix l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y c\u1ea3nh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t y h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u b\u1ecd (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Derris) hay s\u1ea3n sinh ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 g\u00f4m \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, tanin, thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ef1a. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 s\u1eafn d\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng nam Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho gia s\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u1ecf d\u1ea1i x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u00e8n \u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba."}
+{"text": "C\u00e2y ph\u00e1t sinh ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ADN (trnL intron th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1t, c\u00e1c gen th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1t rbcL v\u00e0 matK, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ITS) v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 theo nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 dung gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i kh\u00e1c nhau trong h\u1ecd n\u00e0y. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n h\u1ecd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 Mimosoideae v\u00e0 Faboideae, do ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng nhau l\u1ed3ng s\u00e2u b\u00ean trong ph\u00e2n h\u1ecd c\u1eadn ng\u00e0nh Caesalpinioideae. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau, l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ea1nh cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u00e1nh r\u1ebd ra s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00f4ng Cercideae, ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f4ng Detarieae, v\u00e0 chi \u0111\u01a1n lo\u00e0i Duparquetia (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n h\u1ecd Caesalpinioideae)."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed9 \u0110\u1eadu ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 9,6% \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang t\u1eadp trung trong m\u1ed9t trong 4 h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e1nh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ecd Polygalaceae, Surianaceae v\u00e0 Quillajaceae \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 94 \u0111\u1ebfn 89 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 79 \u0111\u1ebfn 74 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i trong h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a trong su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ef7 \u0110\u1ec7 Tam \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong k\u1ef7 \u0110\u1ec7 Tam. C\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a hoa, qu\u1ea3, l\u00e1 ch\u00e9t, g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea5n hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn g\u00e1n cho h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o Paleocen mu\u1ed9n (kho\u1ea3ng 56 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc). C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 Caesalpinioideae, Papilionoideae v\u00e0 Mimosoideae - c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh l\u1edbn trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n h\u1ecd - nh\u01b0 Genisteae - \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c m\u1eabu h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 55 \u0111\u1ebfn 50 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Eocen gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 mu\u1ed9n g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. Sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd Fabaceae b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 60 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 50 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh trong Caesalpinioideae \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 56 \u0111\u1ebfn 34 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m Mimosoideae v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 44 \u00b1 2,6 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Mimosoideae v\u00e0 Faboideae \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb 59 \u0111\u1ebfn 34 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh trong Faboideae v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 58,6 \u00b1 0,2 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Trong ph\u00e2n h\u1ecd Faboideae, s\u1ef1 chia t\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i. Theo \u0111\u00f3, Astragalus \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch ra t\u1eeb Oxytropsis v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 16 \u0111\u1ebfn 12 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a trong m\u1ed7i chi ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ec3 b\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9nh trong nh\u00e1nh Neo-Astragalus (c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chi Astragalus c\u00f3 \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng 4 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Inga, m\u1ed9t chi kh\u00e1c trong ph\u00e2n h\u1ecd Faboideae ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 350 lo\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch ra kho\u1ea3ng 2 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eadu l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i vi khu\u1ea9n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u1ed1t s\u1ea7n tr\u00ean r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n n\u1ed1t r\u1ec5 (Rhizobium), c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ea5y kh\u00ed nit\u01a1 (N2) trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng nit\u01a1 m\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (NO3- hay NH4+). Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1m. C\u00e2y \u0111\u1eadu cung c\u1ea5p n\u01a1i \u1edf v\u00e0 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, c\u00f2n vi khu\u1ea9n n\u1ed1t r\u1ec5, trong vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nitrat c\u00f3 \u00edch, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea1m cho c\u00e2y \u0110\u1eadu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y kh\u00e1c xung quanh, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1ef1 l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c, H\u00e0nh vi l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, (ti\u1ebfng Anh: deviance ho\u1eb7c deviant behavior) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m hay c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c c\u0169ng mang ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. M\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m, s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Ngo\u00e0i ra n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c \u1edf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb \u00f4n h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. S\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00f3m do s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong nh\u00f3m tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec anh ta s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh \"'ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c\". Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c."}
+{"text": "H\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u - hay n\u00f3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m - trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng sinh h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y, n\u0103m 1876, Caesare Lombroso \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m sinh h\u1ecdc. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1n th\u1ea5p, c\u1eb1m, g\u00f2 m\u00e1 nh\u00f4, tai v\u1ec3nh, nhi\u1ec1u r\u00e2u t\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh tay d\u00e0i b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, do nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 sinh h\u1ecdc n\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1ch nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. G\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, Lombroso m\u1edbi th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n vai tr\u00f2 trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \"d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sai l\u1ea7m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng\" v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau \u0111\u00f3. Sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch sinh h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i. Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, William Herbert Sheldon \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i. \u00d4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i: \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu g\u1ea7y c\u00f2m, l\u00f9n m\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1eafp r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ba th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 b\u1eafp r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng Sheldon Glueck v\u00e0 Eleanor Glueck cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 l\u00f9n m\u1eadp nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00f9n, m\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00edt t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00ean k\u00e9m nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 hay g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n. T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gien c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u di truy\u1ec1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch sinh h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng trong nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u00ednh di truy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc xem h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a. V\u00ec nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 do kinh nghi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh trong su\u1ed1t chu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh h\u1ecdc khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Walter Reckless v\u00e0 Simon Dinitz cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u00e1p l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u0111ang ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean, nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em th\u00edch \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i. Tuy v\u1eady, c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf:"}
+{"text": "C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c chung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m g\u00e2y th\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a, g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111i sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c... Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Emile Durkheim l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u00ean phong v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u00d4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh:"}
+{"text": "M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u0103n h\u00f3a thay \u0111\u1ed5i do v\u1eady s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 linh ho\u1ea1t. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \"l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u00f3a\" nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng giao ti\u1ebfp, \"l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt\" nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c n\u1eb1m trong nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec1n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y khi\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb em l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c), m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \"l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh hay g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\". L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \"nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ecb g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 k\u1ebb l\u00e0m sai l\u1ec7ch hay ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i nh\u00e3n g\u00e1n \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o\". L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\" v\u00ec n\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Howard Becker, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 qua ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 sau: \"H\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0m sai l\u1ec7ch l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\". Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00f3 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c ti\u1ebfp theo (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb d\u00e3n nh\u00e3n \"g\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 que c\u1ee7i\" c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111i b\u01a1i), th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \"l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p\"."}
+{"text": "M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c theo ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 nguy\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia duy xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb nh\u1ebfch nh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i..., t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u00edt quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh h\u01a1n. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 sau:"}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Spitzer g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \"d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\" v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n h\u1ecd l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i: \"k\u1ebb nh\u00e1t gan trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\" v\u00e0 \"ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\". Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0ng \u00edt \u0111e d\u1ecda nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \"ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u00fat lui\", nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt... Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, thanh ni\u00ean b\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i xa l\u00e1nh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \"d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\" \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 do v\u1eady ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ecd nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u1edbi ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \"d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\" l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Anh Qu\u1ed1c, sau n\u0103m 1600. V\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1770, M\u01b0\u1eddi ba thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 2 tri\u1ec7u r\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Anh Qu\u1ed1c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 vi hi\u1ebfn b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1775. Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1776, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n do Thomas Jefferson vi\u1ebft ra v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh H\u1ee3p ch\u00fang qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edbng George Washington, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1783. Trong v\u00e0 sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, 13 ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang y\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p h\u1ee3p bang. Khi b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p h\u1ee3p bang n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1789. B\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Li\u00ean bang Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. M\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1edbi Washington l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Alexander Hamilton l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, hai \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 hay ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Hamilton. Khi Thomas Jefferson tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ed1ng th\u1ed1ng, \u00f4ng mua L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Louisiana t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p, gia t\u0103ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00ean g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Anh Qu\u1ed1c x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1812. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf) nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Jefferson, v\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Jackson, n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t mua Louisiana v\u00e0 th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn California v\u00e0 x\u1ee9 Oregon, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ebb cho c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng gia Yeoman v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 - nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 khinh mi\u1ec7t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u00eau b\u00e0i v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng Whig mu\u1ed1n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf t\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc (ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Mason-Dixon ph\u00e2n chia Pennsylvania v\u00e0 Maryland) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1804, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 b\u00f4ng v\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Sau n\u0103m 1820, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c tho\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n nam v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1850, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u1eafm ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u1ee9a ng\u0103n ch\u0103n s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1860 v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Abraham Lincoln \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i cho cu\u1ed9c ly khai c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u bang theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ra Li\u00ean minh mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1861. N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 (1861-1865) l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ch t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed M\u1ef9. Sau b\u1ed1n n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u, phe mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Lincoln v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1edbng Ulysses S. Grant \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i phe mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edbng Robert E. Lee. Li\u00ean bang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n nam b\u1ecb suy ki\u1ec7t. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft (1863\u20131877), Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \"t\u1ef1 do\" (ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u Phi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7). Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u 14, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1877 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1890 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Jim Crow (t\u00e1ch ly ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c) k\u00ecm h\u00e3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en lu\u00f4n \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. To\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n nam v\u1eabn b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eeda sau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng."}
+{"text": "Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ngay ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng di d\u00e2n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c qu\u1eb7ng m\u1ecf tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc v\u00e0 trung-t\u00e2y. S\u01b0 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi trung l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 tham nh\u1eefng, s\u1ef1 k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u00edch th\u00edch th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1890 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920. Phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f2i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ed3n (v\u1ec1 sau vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ed3n b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1933). Hoa K\u1ef3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u trung l\u1eadp trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, song tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1917, v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho \u0111\u1ed3ng minh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0o n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u01a1ng trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Wall Street s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1929 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ea3 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Franklin D. Roosevelt tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ed1ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf, t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch (g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 New Deal), \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do M\u1ef9 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Sau khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Tr\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1941, Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1eadp cu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh phe \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean th\u00e0nh hai si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u nhau gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 trong th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng quanh vi\u1ec7c bao v\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh New Deal v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf c\u1ee5c v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ronald Reagan. Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh k\u1ebft th\u00fac khi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tan r\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991, Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Khi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, xung \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m quanh Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m theo sau c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2001 v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 sau \u0111\u00f3. Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000 m\u00e0 theo sau l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2010."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o hay khi n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3. Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n h\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba di c\u01b0 t\u1eeb l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c1-\u00c2u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i qua Beringia, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u00f9ng Siberi \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Alaska, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam ra kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng 30 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn 10 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y khi c\u1ea7u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n do k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \"Paleoamericans\", ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ec1n-Columbo l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u trong cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a Cristoforo Colombo t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1492 \u0111\u1ebfn 1504 nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ecd b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c hay b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau chuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Colombo."}
+{"text": "Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3, c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1607. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u mang theo ng\u1ef1a, b\u00f2 v\u00e0 heo \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd mang tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u1eafp, g\u00e0 t\u00e2y, khoai t\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eadu v\u00e0 b\u00ed. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh s\u1edfi. H\u1ecd ch\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 k\u1ec3, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y Ban Nha l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 nay thu\u1ed9c Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Cristoforo Colombo. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Puerto Rico ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1493; chuy\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Florida n\u0103m 1513. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e3y n\u00fai Appalachia, s\u00f4ng Mississippi, Grand Canyon v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. N\u0103m 1540, Hernando de Soto th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng nam. C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m 1540, Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m t\u1eeb Arizona \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n trung Kansas. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn, l\u1eadp ra khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Hoa K\u1ef3 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 St. Augustine, Florida n\u0103m 1565, nh\u01b0ng khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 n\u00e0y h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Santa Fe, Albuquerque, San Antonio, Tucson, San Diego, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara v\u00e0 San Francisco."}
+{"text": "T\u00e2n H\u00e0 Lan l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 c\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean khu v\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York v\u00e0 thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Hudson n\u01a1i h\u1ecd mua b\u00e1n da th\u00fa v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u01a1i ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh t\u1eeb T\u00e2n Anh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan theo ph\u00e1i th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Calvin, h\u1ecd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1664. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u1ef9 trong \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n qu\u00ea m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Rip Van Winkle v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia nh\u01b0 Martin Van Buren, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt v\u00e0 Eleanor Roosevelt."}
+{"text": "T\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1534 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1763. C\u00f3 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Qu\u00e9bec v\u00e0 Acadia nh\u01b0ng Li\u00ean minh Wabanaki tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng minh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p trong su\u1ed1t b\u1ed1n cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Li\u00ean minh Iroquois. Trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, T\u00e2n Anh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Acadia. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh t\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Acadia (g\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p) ra kh\u1ecfi Acadia (Nova Scotia) v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1eeb T\u00e2n Anh. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Acadia t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Louisiana n\u01a1i h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Cajun n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n d\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. H\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1803 khi Hoa K\u1ef3 mua Louisiana t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng Ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Mississippi v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Illinois bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn sau n\u0103m 1770."}
+{"text": "D\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Anh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n. N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba mang \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 lao c\u00f4ng kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1edd \u01a1 t\u1eed t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n M\u1ef9 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Tr\u00ean ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi di d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lao c\u00f4ng kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1607 tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng James t\u1ea1i Jamestown l\u00e0 n\u01a1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9. N\u00f3 suy gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e2y thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1. Gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1610 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 kho\u1ea3ng 50 ng\u00e0n t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Powhatan n\u0103m 1622 t\u1ea1i Virginia trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 Anh. Cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 Anh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Vua Philip t\u1ea1i T\u00e2n Anh,. Chi\u1ebfn tranh Yamasee t\u1ea1i Nam Carolina th\u00ec \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n Anh, h\u1ecd l\u1eadp ra Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba V\u1ecbnh Massachusetts n\u0103m 1630 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 nh\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1620 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u00f3m Pilgrim, \u1edf Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Plymouth. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, v\u00e0 Delaware c\u00f3 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u00eda nam Virginia l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Carolina v\u1edbi Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Georgia - l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong s\u1ed1 13 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong n\u0103m 1733."}
+{"text": "Ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh sau cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (First Great Awakening), \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1740 do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Jonathan Edwards kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng. B\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ph\u00e1i Ph\u00fac \u00c2m (Evangelical) M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea1t d\u00e0o linh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ghi b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ph\u00e1i ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Ph\u00fac \u00c2m m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1790."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed7i trong s\u1ed1 13 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba do m\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c cai tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m, c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n do \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea7u l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m phong ph\u00fa, v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed th\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb lao c\u00f4ng kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u00faa nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 da \u0111en t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh \u1edf v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y \u1ea4n. \u0110\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1770, h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 M\u1ef9. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi Anh ch\u01b0a n\u1ea3y sinh ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u00e0y bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1765. Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n xem s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 (1754 \u2013 1763) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9. T\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n Anh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Canada l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Albany v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n qua l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \"nh\u1eadp hay l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft\" c\u1ee7a Benjamin Franklin. Franklin l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u2014 v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t H\u1ee3p ch\u00fang qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9- l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n sau n\u0103m 1765 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1776."}
+{"text": "Theo sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh thu ph\u1ee5c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng George III ra Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n n\u0103m 1763 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n. Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Anh th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt tem 1765, \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean: li\u1ec7u Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Anh c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 khi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u00f3? B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00f2 h\u00e9t \"kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n\", ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tr\u1ea3 thu\u1ebf khi c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng leo thang v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1760 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1770."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u00e0 Boston n\u0103m 1773 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Boston nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o tr\u00e0. Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Anh Qu\u1ed1c nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m sau b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt b\u1ea5t khoan dung, t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Massachusetts v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i cho s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng t\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 13 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00f3m y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb 13 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt b\u1ea5t khoan dung c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Anh Qu\u1ed1c. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i k\u00eau g\u1ecdi t\u1ea9y chay giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Anh, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb l\u00ean qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. L\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb l\u00ean qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1775 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t x\u00fac c\u1ea3m r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 \"quy\u1ec1n\" m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh vi ph\u1ea1m - \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n. H\u1ecd r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh \u0111\u1ebfn Boston \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Boston. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111ang b\u00ean ph\u00eda h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "T\u01b0\u1edbng George Washington (1732\u20131799) th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u binh v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc. \u00d4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c ti\u1ec3u bang, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan cao c\u1ea5p, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh binh s\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Th\u1eed th\u00e1ch to l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp v\u1eadn v\u00ec c\u1ea3 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c, qu\u00e2n y, ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cho binh s\u0129."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, Washington th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh qua m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng so v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh ph\u00e1i b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Washington \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t ra kh\u1ecfi Boston n\u0103m 1776, v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Saratoga (1777) v\u00e0 Yorktown (1781). \u00d4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u01a1i trong khi \u0111\u00f3 phe y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u01b0 d\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Phe b\u1ea3o ho\u00e0ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 20 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t. Khi chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac, Washington t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Anh th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n ra kh\u1ecfi Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1783, mang theo gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phe b\u1ea3o ho\u00e0ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Washington g\u00e2y s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khi thay v\u00ec chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u \u1edf n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Virginia. Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Seymour Martin Lipset nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \"Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 'qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi' \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.\""}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1776, \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Philadelphia tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \"H\u1ee3p ch\u00fang qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9\" b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o m\u1eebng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1nh. Qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 theo Thomas Jefferson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\" v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf t\u1eadp), \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, l\u00e1nh xa tham nh\u0169ng, v\u00e0 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng chia gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u00e0y sinh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o m\u1eebng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Moses (George Washington), c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri (Thomas Jefferson, Tom Paine) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o (Boston Massacre, Nathan Hale) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u00e1c qu\u1ef7 (Benedict Arnold), nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i thi\u00eang li\u00eang (Valley Forge, Bunker Hill), gi\u00e1o l\u00fd (Ti\u1ec7c tr\u00e0 Boston), bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng (l\u00e1 c\u1edd m\u1edbi), ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 thi\u00eang li\u00eang (4 th\u00e1ng 7) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n kinh th\u00e1nh m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi (b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n)."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1780, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0n x\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i cho Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 di d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y B\u1eafc (hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Trung T\u00e2y Hoa K\u1ef3), ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u th\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia lo s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi qu\u00e1 y\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Shays n\u0103m 1786 t\u1ea1i Massachusetts. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i cho m\u1edf H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Philadelphia n\u0103m 1787. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f9ng vi\u1ebft ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n thu thu\u1ebf. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111ang th\u1eafng th\u1ebf, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tam quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 George Washington l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nghi ng\u1edd. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, theo s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7y ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 Alexander Hamilton, \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn h\u1ebft s\u1ed1 n\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho m\u01b0\u1ee3n n\u1ee3 khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu li\u00ean bang), th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 (thu\u1ebf nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 thu\u1ebf kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 h\u1ebft n\u1ee3 v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Hamilton th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi - \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1eed tri - \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Li\u00ean bang."}
+{"text": "Thomas Jefferson v\u00e0 James Madison th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7-C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a). Hamilton v\u00e0 Washington \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Jay n\u0103m 1794, t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu h\u1ea3o v\u1edbi Anh Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Jefferson k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eed tr\u1ecb b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y hay \u0111\u1ea3ng kia, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean bang khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1edbi Anh Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean bang l\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, bi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cai tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Anh Qu\u1ed1c. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua, song t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00f3ng l\u00ean d\u1eef d\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "John Adams, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean bang, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Jefferson trong k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1796. Chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1eadn k\u1ec1 v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u1ecbt mi\u1ec7ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c (g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 \"Alien and Sedition Acts\"), x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi Hamilton l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean bang tr\u1edf n\u00ean chia r\u1ebd sau khi Adams ph\u00e1i m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u1eefa m\u00f9a n\u0103m 1798."}
+{"text": "Trong hai th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn lao v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng con s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en t\u1ef1 do. C\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1edd v\u00e0o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u00edt h\u01a1n n\u00ean c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en t\u1ef1 do t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb \u00edt h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1792 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 10 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1810. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 13,5 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do. Sau th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 gia t\u0103ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ed3ng b\u00f4ng v\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i Th\u00e2m Nam Hoa K\u1ef3, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng bu\u00f4n."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Jefferson l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u1edbi, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Lewis v\u00e0 Clark. Jefferson tin t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 n\u00ean d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp yeoman. \u00d4ng ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu ng\u00e0nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 John Marshall, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean bang t\u1eeb Virginia. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Marshall l\u00e0m th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng (1801\u201335). \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1803 trong v\u1ee5 Marbury \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Madison."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u1edbi Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u00ec vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n trung l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0u M\u1ef9 nh\u1eb1m g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Anh Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7n b\u1eaft 10 ng\u00e0n th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng gia Anh ch\u1ed1ng Napol\u00e9on v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u0169ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng trung-t\u00e2y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hay m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 thu\u1ed9c Anh.. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean bang, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Anh Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1eabn tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1812."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn g\u00e2y th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng cho c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda. C\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n b\u00ean kia nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eadt tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. B\u1ed9 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh cao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. \u0110\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00ec binh s\u0129 c\u00f2n do d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i xa nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp Canada li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Cu\u1ed9c phong t\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho ng\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2n Anh bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu \u0111\u1ed3 ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn Anh Qu\u1ed1c th\u00eam t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng William Henry Harrison cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y tr\u00ean h\u1ed3 Erie v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Tecumseh t\u1ea1i Canada, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Andrew Jackson ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4ng nam. M\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng trung-t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ti\u1ec3u bang Maine."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Napoleon (h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0) \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft hy v\u1ecdng, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 tan bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1815 khi tin t\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng New Orleans c\u1ee7a Jackson v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed7i t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong \"cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai\". Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng Li\u00ean bang b\u1ecb h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thua thi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng trung-t\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 phe ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh 1812, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean bang m\u1edf H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Hartford n\u0103m 1814 v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ly khai kh\u1ecfi li\u00ean bang. T\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi vui m\u1eebng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1ea1i New Orleans \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau tan uy th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt n\u00e0o n\u1eefa. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Madison v\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ngu ng\u1ed1c khi \u0111\u1ec3 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u00ec s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 chi\u1ebfn tranh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd cho th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1816."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u0169ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t quan thu\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p non tr\u1ebb, lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi Anh Qu\u1ed1c phong t\u1ecfa Hoa K\u1ef3. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng Li\u00ean bang, vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean bang, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng James Monroe trong hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 (1817\u201325) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t \u00edt t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y (ho\u1eb7c sau n\u00e0y), v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1830, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Thi\u00ean di ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 qua \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb1m trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y s\u00f4ng Mississippi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Hoa K\u1ef3. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Jackson \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf thi\u00ean di \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1eafc d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 n\u00e0o t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y. Nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng Whigs ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y v\u00ec v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y qua trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba Seminole t\u1ea1i Florida t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Seminole."}
+{"text": "Sau n\u0103m 1840 phong tr\u00e0o b\u00e3i n\u00f4 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. Phong tr\u00e0o v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai). William Lloyd Garrison xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1edd The Liberator trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Frederick Douglass, m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft cho t\u1edd b\u00e1o n\u00e0y v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1840 v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1edd b\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1edd North Star n\u0103m 1847. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 Abraham Lincoln b\u00e1c b\u1ecf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Garrison v\u00e0 gi\u1eef quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1eb3ng may ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1890 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1910 khi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp v\u00e0 sau n\u0103m 1830 h\u1ecd b\u1ecb di d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y. \"Thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 Bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng\" c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng cao cho r\u1eb1ng bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh \u0111a v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9. S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \"Mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y hoang d\u00e3\" c\u1ee7a n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Nh\u01b0 Hine v\u00e0 Faragher \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, \"l\u1ecbch s\u1eed bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang\". H\u1ecd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng \"\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thu ph\u1ee5c th\u00f4n t\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n, s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9.\""}
+{"text": "Qua chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n, l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o qu\u1eb7ng m\u1ecf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 di d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u1eeb b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng sang b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. Khi bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u1eefng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 phim \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \"Kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c\" nh\u01b0 David Murdoch \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \"\u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u00e0nh cho tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp ra mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9.\""}
+{"text": "V\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ngang qua l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb \"m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i C\u1ef1u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec9nh cao... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi.\" B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 v\u0169 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 v\u0169 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i. Daniel Walker Howe cho r\u1eb1ng \"D\u1eabu th\u1ebf, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. N\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng cay \u0111\u1eafng b\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c gia.\" Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Whig th\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7u h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c mua hay chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Sau tranh c\u00e3i gay g\u1eaft t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Texas b\u1ecb s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1845 m\u1eb7c cho Mexico c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh. Chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1846 trong khi h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chia r\u1ebd v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng Whig ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn qu\u00e2n t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh M\u1ef9-Mexico (1846\u201348). T\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1ecb chia r\u1ebd khi \u0111\u1ea3ng Whig v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfn tranh. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Guadalupe Hidalgo nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn cho Hoa K\u1ef3 trong khi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Ngay sau khi v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc California, tr\u00ean 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ea5y th\u00e1ng. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng California."}
+{"text": "V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m sau n\u0103m 1848 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam. M\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e3i n\u00f4, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i (n\u00f3i theo thuy\u1ebft th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1eddi gian cho n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do (kh\u00f4ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7), v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn (\u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t g\u1eaft gao \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng (v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7) v\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00ean \u00e1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \"abolitionists.\""}
+{"text": "V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u1edbi g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft theo th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p n\u0103m 1850 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Whig Henry Clay v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Stephen Douglas. Th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c thu nh\u1eadn California th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u bang t\u1ef1 do (kh\u00f4ng theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7). \u0110i\u1ec3m nh\u1ee9c nh\u1ed1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt ch\u1ed1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n (Fugitive Slave Act) gi\u00fap cho ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e3i n\u00f4 b\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Uncle Tom's Cabin c\u1ee7a Harriet Beecher Stowe."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p n\u0103m 1820 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf n\u0103m 1854 b\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Kansas-Nebraska do th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Douglas b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a \"ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n to\u00e0n d\u00e2n\" v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p Douglas n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng trung l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00e0ng th\u00eam gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn Kansas \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf hay duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, khi\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Bleeding Kansas\" (\u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u \u1edf Kansas). \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1850, \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a non tr\u1ebb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u0169ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t)."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 mi\u1ec1n Nam tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o b\u00f4ng v\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc nh\u01b0 Boston v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1860, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u00e1m l\u1ea7n t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1790. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c cao nh\u1edd v\u00e0o nhu c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 b\u00f4ng v\u1ea3i th\u00f4. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 \u0111ang suy tho\u00e1i. 50 n\u0103m trong s\u1ed1 72 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khai sinh Hoa K\u1ef3, ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 gi\u1eef n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 hai. In addition, southern states benefited by their increased apportionment in Congress due to the partial counting of slaves in their populations."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh hay th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ee5 Gabriel Prosser (1800), Denmark Vesey (1822), Nat Turner (1831), v\u00e0 John Brown (1859). C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n Nam thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c tr\u00f4ng coi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en t\u1ef1 do. Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1ed1i cao ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1857 trong v\u1ee5 Dred Scott \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Sandford ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Abraham Lincoln th\u1eafng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1860, b\u1ea3y ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n Nam ly khai kh\u1ecfi li\u00ean bang gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1860 v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1861, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi, Li\u00ean minh mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1861. Khi Lincoln ra l\u1ec7nh cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p Li\u00ean minh mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1861, th\u00eam b\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u bang n\u1eefa ly khai v\u00e0 gia nh\u1eadp Li\u00ean minh mi\u1ec1n Nam. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang Virginia m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u00e2y Virginia, b\u1ed1n trong s\u1ed1 n\u0103m ti\u1ec3u bang \"n\u00f4 l\u1ec7\" (ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a) c\u1eadn b\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ly khai v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \"c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi\"."}
+{"text": "N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1861 khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Li\u00ean minh mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3n Sumter t\u1ea1i Nam Carolina. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 4, Lincoln ra l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang ph\u00e1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 75 ng\u00e0n qu\u00e2n t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, v\u00e0 \"gi\u1eef v\u1eefng li\u00ean bang\" m\u00e0 theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang ly khai. Hai qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn Bull Run th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea3m b\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a phe Li\u00ean bang. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 cho c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda Li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n d\u00e0i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt t\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phe Li\u00ean bang mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc khi qu\u00e2n Li\u00ean minh mi\u1ec1n Nam chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1ea1i Manassas Junction (Bull Run), n\u1eb1m ngay b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Washington. Thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng George B. McClellan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ch\u1ec9 huy to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang. Sau khi t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Potomac m\u1edbi, McClellan th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a phe mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00e0 Richmond, Virginia trong Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 r\u00fat lui sau khi b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00e0 Robert E. Lee."}
+{"text": "C\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 tin v\u1edbi l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i phe Li\u00ean bang t\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn Bull Run th\u1ee9 hai, Lee b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi t\u01b0\u1edbng McClellan t\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn Antietam \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, McClellan b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh v\u00ec t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111u\u1ed5i theo t\u00e0n qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Lee. T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, t\u01b0\u1edbng Ambrose Burnside, b\u1ecb th\u1ea3m b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n \u00edt qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Lee t\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn Fredericksburg v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1862, khi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh. Lee l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn Chancellorsville v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1863 nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i v\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Stonewall Jackson. Nh\u01b0ng Lee t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a phe Li\u00ean bang t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y. Lee x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Pennsylvania \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ti\u00eau hao t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec3m quay c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 khi l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Lee b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn Gettysburg v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1863."}
+{"text": "Hai n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1edbng Grant m\u1edf chi\u1ebfn tranh ti\u00eau hao ch\u1ed1ng L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc Virginia c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng Lee. Chi\u1ebfn tranh ti\u00eau hao n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Overland bu\u1ed9c t\u01b0\u1edbng Lee r\u00fat lui v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Petersburg, n\u01a1i t\u01b0\u1edbng Grant l\u1ea1i m\u1edf m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng k\u00edch l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Richmond-Petersburg bao v\u00e2y Petersburg. Sau khi bao v\u00e2y g\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1ng, Petersburg \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, qu\u00e2n ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed3n Gregg cho ph\u00e9p Lee \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra kh\u1ecfi Petersburg. Grant \u0111u\u1ed5i theo v\u00e0 m\u1edf chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Appomattox v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Lee ra l\u1ec7nh cho L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc Virginia \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1865 t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u1eadn Appomattox. C\u00e1c l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh mi\u1ec1n Nam theo b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady sau chi\u1ebfn tranh."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ef1u n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n Nam kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean hai n\u0103m, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1866. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Andrew Johnson, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng tho\u00e1t b\u1ecb tru\u1ea5t ph\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu trong cu\u1ed9c lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ban quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ef1u quan ch\u1ee9c Li\u00ean minh mi\u1ec1n Nam. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\" (Freedmen, t\u1ee9c c\u1ef1u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 da \u0111en), Carpetbagger (ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc), v\u00e0 Scalawag (ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft). H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. V\u1ec1 sau, Li\u00ean minh C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u1edbi b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eebng ti\u1ec3u bang m\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 tay li\u00ean minh D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. Li\u00ean minh n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1877. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 ch\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, Ku Klux Klan (KKK) ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1867. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo thuy\u1ebft da tr\u1eafng si\u00eau \u0111\u1eb3ng, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ulysses Grant th\u1ef1c thi m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Ku Klux Klan n\u0103m 1870 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m b\u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Da tr\u1eafng (White League) v\u00e0 \u00c1o \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang kh\u1eafp mi\u1ec1n Nam trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1870."}
+{"text": "T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebft th\u00fac sau cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1876 v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ecb tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Rutherford B. Hayes v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Samuel J. Tilden. Sau khi th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p, Hayes th\u1eafng c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang r\u00fat qu\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u00e1i tham gia v\u00e0o v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia. Sau n\u0103m 1890, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n Nam ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri da \u0111en. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch ly t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng hai trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Jim Crow cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1964-65."}
+{"text": "\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ea1 h\u00f3a\" l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Mark Twain s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 khi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 c\u00e3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt C\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c (Civil Service Act) b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n xin vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c lu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Li\u00ean ti\u1ec3u bang nh\u1eb1m k\u1ebft th\u00fac s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n Sherman c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p. Mark Twain tin r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y b\u1ecb l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u1ea5u xa, v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1890, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp t\u00ednh theo \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng gia tr\u1ed3ng b\u00f4ng v\u1ea3i v\u00e0 l\u00faa m\u00ec gia nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. L\u00e0n s\u00f3ng di d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1880 \u0111\u1ebfn 1914, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m di d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m, tr\u00ean 22 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hay b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1i khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 John D. Rockefeller v\u1ec1 d\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa v\u00e0 Andrew Carnegie v\u1ec1 th\u00e9p. C\u1ea3 hai tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, trao t\u1eb7ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1893. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Panic of 1893\"\" l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng gia, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3, ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn b\u1ecb r\u1edbt. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, Grover Cleveland, g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. B\u1ea5t \u1ed5n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng. N\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng Pullman g\u00e2y ra b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103m 1894, b\u1ecb binh s\u0129 li\u00ean bang d\u1eadp t\u1eaft theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Cleveland. \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh trong s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi n\u00f4ng gia b\u00f4ng v\u1ea3i v\u00e0 l\u00faa m\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n m\u1ecf than nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb phong tr\u00e0o \"free silver\" (b\u1ea1c t\u1ef1 do) \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang h\u01a1n qua m\u1eb7t. Phong tr\u00e0o \"free silver\" \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t m\u00e0 theo nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong tr\u00e0o tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi trung l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh phong tr\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1890. T\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, ti\u1ec3u bang, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc qu\u1ed1c gia, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e3i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ban ng\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf tham nh\u0169ng trong n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u00ednh n\u0103ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea3ng, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Theodore Roosevelt, Charles Evans Hughes, v\u00e0 Robert LaFollette b\u00ean ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, v\u00e0 William Jennings Bryan b\u00ean ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u00f2i c\u1ea5m r\u01b0\u1ee3u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 Jane Addams c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Chicago. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i th\u1ecbt, thu\u1ed1c men, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. B\u1ed1n tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi - Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n 16 \u0111\u1ebfn Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n 19 - l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a thu\u1ebf thu nh\u1eadp li\u00ean bang, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129, c\u1ea5m ch\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ed3n, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu. The Progressive Movement lasted through the 1920s; the most active period was 1900\u20131918."}
+{"text": "Cuba tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh g\u00e2y ra tranh c\u00e3i. William Jennings Bryan l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Hoa K\u1ef3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Philippines. \u00d4ng l\u00ean \u00e1n vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Philippines l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u1ef9. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng William McKinley b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng g\u1eb7p thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cao khi n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1eafc th\u1eafng trong chi\u1ebfn tranh. McKinley d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Bryan trong cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1900."}
+{"text": "Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i Philippines, Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Philippines v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1908, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u1eefa v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n quan t\u00e2m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng Caribe, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o Panama. N\u0103m 1912 khi Arizona tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec3u bang cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 th\u00ec Bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. K\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o m\u1edf c\u1eeda n\u0103m 1914 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn canh t\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1edf c\u1eeda m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p trao \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Khi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1914, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Woodrow Wilson n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trung l\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o \u0110\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n M\u1ef9 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed3 ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed3ng minh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u0110\u1ee9c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n ti\u1ebfp li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn Anh Qu\u1ed1c. Hoa K\u1ef3 tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1917. Ti\u1ec1n, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u01b0ng binh s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u00f9a h\u00e8 1918, binh s\u0129 M\u1ef9 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng John J. Pershing \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 10 ng\u00e0n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y trong khi \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf s\u1ed1 binh s\u0129 thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng."}
+{"text": "K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 phe \u0111\u1ed3ng minh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1918. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Wilson \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ee9c tru\u1ea5t ph\u1ebf ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \"m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec3m\". Wilson chi ph\u1ed1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh Paris n\u0103m 1919 nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecb phe \u0111\u1ed3ng minh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed n\u1eb7ng tay trong Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Versailles (1919) khi Wilson \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ebft hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o H\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean v\u1eeba th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Wilson kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Phong tr\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Seneca Falls n\u0103m 1848 do Elizabeth Cady Stanton v\u00e0 Lucretia Mott t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Trong h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y, v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac (Declaration of Sentiments) ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng d\u00e0nh cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u00edch c\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong su\u1ed1t phong tr\u00e0o b\u00e3i n\u00f4. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong th\u1eddi \"l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\" do Mott, Stanton, v\u00e0 Susan B. Anthony l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Phong tr\u00e0o t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c sau n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea5m ch\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ed3n. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u1ebb em."}
+{"text": "Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1912, phong tr\u00e0o n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thi\u1ebfu sinh l\u1ef1c, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e1i th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ea1n quan li\u00eau ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb M\u1ef9 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef thanh t\u1ea9y b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gia t\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi nh\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 Alice Paul d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh qua th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. Paul t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi H\u1ed9i Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia M\u1ef9 (NAWSA) v\u00ec h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u00f4n h\u00f2a h\u01a1n, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Woodrow Wilson do Carrie Chapman Catt l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Paul th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb b\u1eaft trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c d\u1ef1ng bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef \"Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng g\u00e1c \u00e2m th\u1ea7m\" t\u1ea1i T\u00f2a B\u1ea1ch \u1ed0c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "L\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed b\u1ecb h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef M\u1ef9 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf t\u1ea1i h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u bang. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang n\u00e0y trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Jeannette Rankin c\u1ee7a Montana \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o da tr\u1eafng lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da \u0111en. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n 19 n\u0103m 1919, and women could vote in 1920."}
+{"text": "NAWSA tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n C\u1eed tri Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang cho quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 cho Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i khi c\u00f3 l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1972. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 h\u1ebft th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i khi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang th\u00f4ng qua. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eed tri \u0111o\u00e0n m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 m\u00e0 n\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m ch\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ed3n, y t\u1ebf tr\u1ebb em, v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh cao tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1928 khi c\u00e1c c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea7u Al Smith, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1edbi Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch qui t\u1ef1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ed3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u cho \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Herbert Hoover."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920, Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng qua Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Versailles m\u00e0 phe \u0111\u1ed3ng minh \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phe b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn l\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh Trung t\u00e2m. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. D\u01b0 ch\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi mang \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i lo s\u1ee3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, k\u00e9o theo hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \"m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecf\" v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0o b\u1ecb t\u00ecnh nghi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1920, vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, mua b\u00e1n, xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ch\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ed3n b\u1ecb nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m b\u1edfi Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n 18 v\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m r\u01b0\u1ee3u. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 r\u01b0\u1ee3u l\u1eadu tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn do c\u00e1c tay bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. L\u00e0n s\u00f3ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a KKK ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 1922-25, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Lu\u1eadt di d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eb1m \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn. Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20 \u1ed3n \u00e0o\" v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. Nh\u1ea1c Jazz tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf th\u1eadp ni\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c Jazz\"."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920, n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, d\u1eabu c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Bong b\u00f3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh b\u1ecb th\u1ed5i ph\u00f2ng b\u1edfi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1929. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t khi gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 r\u1edbt, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p l\u00ean cao t\u1eeb 3% n\u0103m 1929 \u0111\u1ebfn 25% n\u0103m 1933, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 n\u00f4ng ph\u1ea9m r\u1edbt m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u1edbt m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1932, \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Franklin D. Roosevelt h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n \"m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi (hay ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 \"New Deal\") cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u1ef9\". \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n m\u00e1c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 chung c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1932 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p Roosevelt c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 trong m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. \u00d4ng d\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua nhanh ch\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf M\u1ef9. New Deal \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. N\u00f3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 C\u01a1 quan Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb Ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n C\u00f4ng ch\u00e1nh (WPA) v\u00e0 \u0110o\u00e0n B\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (Civilian Conservation Corps). C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n chi ti\u00eau tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f9 t\u00ednh nh\u1eb1m cung c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, th\u00ec n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea7m ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb Ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n C\u00f4ng ch\u00e1nh. Roosevelt ng\u1ea3 sang c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1935\u201336, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Wagner. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh New Deal m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Li\u00ean minh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roosevelt t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1936, 1940, v\u00e0 1944 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i), ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc (n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940 khi nh\u00f3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng Li\u00ean minh B\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. Quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh An sinh X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1935."}
+{"text": "Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1eabn t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i trong khi \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p t\u1ea1i kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u00dd qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p c\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Lu\u1eadt Hoa K\u1ef3 trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt trung l\u1eadp t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e0i-Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Ba Lan v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1939 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. Roosevelt \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \"Kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\", cam k\u1ebft h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho phe \u0111\u1ed3ng minh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 binh s\u0129 n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Tr\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1941. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eaby Hoa K\u1ef3 tham chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a phe phe \u0111\u1ed3ng minh g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, d\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa, ph\u00e1t minh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1944-1945) binh s\u0129. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a Washington l\u00e0 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 h\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn phe \u0111\u1ed3ng minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9 \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 40% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao, nh\u1edd c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0o trong l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed3i h\u01b0u, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1ed1c s\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng vui ch\u01a1i gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0m th\u00eam vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam gi\u1edd v\u00ec l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 \"l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n th\u1eddi gian\" v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ngay sau khi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. \u0110a s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n (durable goods) tr\u1edf n\u00ean khan hi\u1ebfm. Th\u1ecbt, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, v\u00e0 x\u0103ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf g\u1eaft gao. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u00e0 \u1edf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gia t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c khu ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p. Gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ti\u1ec1n thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau chi\u1ebfn tranh thay v\u00ec quay v\u1ec1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng."}
+{"text": "Phe \u0111\u1ed3ng minh g\u1ed3m Hoa K\u1ef3, Anh, v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Canada v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi Phe Tr\u1ee5c g\u1ed3m \u0110\u1ee9c, \u00dd v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ed3ng minh xem \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u00ednh n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t cho chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1942. Sau khi thua tr\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Tr\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Philippines cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o tr\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n Coral (th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1942), H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Midway (th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1942). L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 binh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch B\u1eafc Phi. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u00dd n\u0103m 1943 khi \u00dd chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 phe \u0111\u1ed3ng minh. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra v\u00e0o Ng\u00e0y-D ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1944. T\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh t\u1eeb Anh Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed3ng minh \u0111\u1ea9y lui \u0110\u1ee9c ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd t\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn Bulge v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 binh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng minh t\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 Berlin. \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ph\u00eda t\u00e2y ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, \u0111\u1ec3 Berlin l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o tay Li\u00ean X\u00f4 khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1o chung v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1945, k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Tr\u00ean Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Hoa K\u1ef3 tri\u1ec3n khai chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt nh\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea3o (chi\u1ebfm d\u1ea7n t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea3o) v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng Tokyo, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng k\u00edch b\u1eb1ng phi c\u01a1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Mariana v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u1ea5t v\u00e3 t\u1ea1i Iwo Jima v\u00e0 Okinawa n\u0103m 1945. Sau tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u t\u1ea1i Okinawa, Hoa K\u1ef3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong khi \u0111\u00f3 phi c\u01a1 B-29 th\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ea3 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed xu\u1ed1ng hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00facChi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. Hoa K\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c), ph\u00e1i Douglas MacArthur \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i giao h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp M\u1ef9. M\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c quan v\u00e0 lo s\u1ee3. V\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng t\u1edbi k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1945 khi c\u1ea3 hai phe c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh bi\u1ebft d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi b\u1edd v\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh. M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \"h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i\" l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1947\u20131991. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1945\u201348 l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Truman n\u0103m 1947 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Balkan. N\u0103m 1948, Hoa K\u1ef3 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Marshall to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, b\u01a1m ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf T\u00e2y \u00c2u, v\u00e0 th\u00e1o v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch trong khi \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 13 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la trong l\u00fac t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 258 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1948. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 12 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 d\u00e0nh cho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi gian k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Marshall. Nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Li\u00ean X\u00f4 l\u00e0 Joseph Stalin ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec7 tinh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u r\u01a1i l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng xa T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. N\u0103m 1949, Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean minh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh khi \u0111\u1ee9ng ra th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp li\u00ean minh T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng (g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 NATO). \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Kh\u1ed1i Warszawa g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1949, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf leo thang m\u1ed1i nguy c\u01a1 chi\u1ebfn tranh. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hai c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u00e1nh xa \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh thay th\u1ebf (proxy war), \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 hai c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u nhau. B\u00ean trong qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3, Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng quan ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Li\u00ean X\u00f4 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd qua m\u1eb7t Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1edbi Sputnik, m\u1ed9t v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1957. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng Hoa K\u1ef3 gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i khi phi thuy\u1ec1n Apollo 11 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c phi h\u00e0nh gia \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1969. Lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Hoa K\u1ef3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c M\u1ef9 tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "Trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1960, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 John F. Kennedy \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian, leo thang vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda Cuba, S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n V\u1ecbnh Con L\u1ee3n, Martin Luther King, Jr. b\u1ecb gian gi\u1eef trong cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng t\u00e1ch ly ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i Birmingham, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m em trai \u00f4ng Robert F. Kennedy v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c trong ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3. Kennedy b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i Dallas, Texas v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1963, khi\u1ebfn cho qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00fa s\u1ed1c l\u1edbn."}
+{"text": "Cao tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Lyndon B. Johnson (1963\u201369) nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u00e1ch ly ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m y t\u1ebf, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 li\u00ean bang d\u00e0nh cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc, tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3i gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 sau:"}
+{"text": "D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u1ecda ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 ch\u00fat \u00edt thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \"c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh\" th\u1eddi New Deal \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eadp trung, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00e2y c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 giai c\u1ea5p hay t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eedu. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, n\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. N\u00f3 nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1edfi thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf Keynes-h\u00ecnh dung r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 chi ti\u00eau c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Johnson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u1ebb vang trong cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1964 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 Barry Goldwater, ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh B\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf c\u1edd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1966 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a Richard Nixon \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1968. Nixon ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh New Deal v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 l\u1ea1i th\u1eafng th\u1ebf v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Ronald Reagan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1980. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111ang l\u00ean cao. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u Phi nh\u01b0 Rosa Parks v\u00e0 Martin Luther King, Jr. l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea9y chay xe bu\u00fdt t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Montgomery, m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho phong tr\u00e0o. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u Phi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qua c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1ed1i cao ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n nh\u01b0 Brown \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Ban Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Loving \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Virginia, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n 1964, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu 1965, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Nh\u00e0 \u1edf C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng 1968 m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac lu\u1eadt Jim Crow t\u1eebng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a t\u00e1ch ly ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en."}
+{"text": "Martin Luther King, Jr., ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1968. Sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Coretta Scott King. B\u00e0 c\u0169ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 ch\u1ed3ng b\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Trong th\u1eddi gian 9 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1967, 128 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 M\u1ef9 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng 164 v\u1ee5 b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n. Phong tr\u00e0o \"Black Power\" (s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970. Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean n\u00e0y sau c\u00f9ng mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, th\u1ec3 thao v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 quay sang t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eb1m v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang trong vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 (AIM). Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, Cesar Chavez b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Mexico c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p t\u1ea1i California. \u00d4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e1i nho k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 5 n\u0103m. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ch\u00e1vez th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Sau n\u00e0y n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng N\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UFW)."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u1edbt qua qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Betty Friedan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1963. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 The Feminine Mystique (huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed n\u1eef gi\u1edbi) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng k\u00edch n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u1ef9 v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n qua vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0m v\u1ee3, l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 nam gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. N\u0103m 1966 Friedan v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia (NOW) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u01b0 NAACP \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u Phi."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Phong tr\u00e0o Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1968, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf Phong tr\u00e0o D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n trong vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh, di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh, t\u1ef1u t\u1eadp ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ea9y chay, v\u00e0 c\u1eafm bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 qui t\u1ef1u h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n, \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 d\u00e2n c\u1eed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, phong tr\u00e0o b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m theo t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb s\u1edbm (T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia theo t\u1ea3 ph\u00e1i, Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef theo h\u1eefu ph\u00e1i, \u0110\u1ea3ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c gia trung ph\u00e1i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u1ebb theo c\u1ef1c t\u1ea3). Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0o Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 1972 nh\u01b0ng li\u00ean minh b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 do Phyllis Schlafly l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i n\u00f3 t\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc ti\u1ec3u bang (m\u1ed9t tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2/3 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u bang ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 cho r\u1eb1ng tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0m xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u1ebb d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 thi h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n d\u1ecbch."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o l\u00fac Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh, Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y ch\u00e2m th\u00eam l\u1eeda v\u00e0o c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i: phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Lyndon B. Johnson c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1ed1i cao ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap gia t\u0103ng t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c l\u1edbn r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c c\u00e3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 v\u00e0 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n quy\u1ebfn cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea3n-v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u00e9t qua \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, c\u00e0ng chia r\u1ebd ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 h\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \"chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u0103n h\u00f3a\" nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Richard Nixon k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m Lyndon B. Johnson v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1960. Nixon trao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chi\u1ebfn tranh cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac vai tr\u00f2 t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris 1973, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c trao tr\u1ea3 t\u00f9 binh, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n d\u1ecbch. Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng 58 ng\u00e0n binh s\u0129 M\u1ef9. Nixon t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 nghi k\u1ef5 \u00e1c li\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf cho Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \"d\u00e9tente\") v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "V\u1ee5 tai ti\u1ebfng Watergate c\u00f3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c Nixon che gi\u1ea5u v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o t\u1ed5ng h\u00e0nh dinh c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p Watergate, \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1 v\u00e0o t\u00f9, v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1974. Ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Gerald Ford l\u00ean thay nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n khi B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e2n bang l\u00e0 Campuchia v\u00e0 L\u00e0o trong c\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn d\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a OPEC \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00ec, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t t\u0103ng cao. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, v\u00e0 xe h\u01a1i ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1eadm, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p cao, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t r\u1ea5t cao \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u00ednh l\u1eddi cao. V\u00ec c\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf gia \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kinh t\u1ebf n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi New Deal b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 trong giao th\u00f4ng, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Jimmy Carter, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o trong gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i Washington, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1976. Tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Carter l\u00e0m trung gian cho H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1ea1i David gi\u1eefa Israel v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp. N\u0103m 1979, nh\u00f3m sinh vi\u00ean Iran x\u00f4ng v\u00e0o t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i Tehran v\u00e0 b\u1eaft 66 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m con tin, g\u00e2y ra kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng con tin Iran. V\u00ec cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng con tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t khi\u1ebfn cho Carter thua b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1980 v\u1ec1 tay \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 Ronald Reagan. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1981, v\u00e0i ph\u00fat sau khi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Carter ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, nh\u1eefng con tin M\u1ef9 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef trong t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i Iran \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch, k\u1ebft th\u00fac 444 ng\u00e0y kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng con tin."}
+{"text": "Ronald Reagan \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn lao qua hai l\u1ea7n th\u1eafng c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng vang d\u1ed9i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1980 v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1984. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Reagan (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Reaganomics\") c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i Kinh t\u1ebf 1981 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p thu\u1ebf thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb 70% xu\u1ed1ng 28% trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 7 n\u0103m. Reagan ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 thu thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1982 nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u00e2m b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c khi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 11% xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 2%, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 10,8% v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1982 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 7,5% v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1984, v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 4,5% l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 7,2%."}
+{"text": "Reagan ra l\u1ec7nh t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Hoa K\u1ef3, khi\u1ebfn t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch. Reagan gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 t\u00ean l\u1eeda ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean S\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn Ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i g\u00e1n cho n\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh l\u00e0 \"Chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao\") m\u00e0 theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eafn h\u1ea1 c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tia laser \u0111\u1eb7t trong kh\u00f4ng gian. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai nh\u01b0ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh n\u0103m 1991 ch\u1ed1ng Iraq. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1992, Bill Clinton ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m \u0103n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1edd Internet. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 do \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch li\u00ean bang qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh (thu v\u00e0 chi ngang b\u1eb1ng nhau) l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong v\u00f2ng 30 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 2000 gi\u1eefa George W. Bush v\u00e0 Al Gore l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng kh\u00edt khao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap gieo m\u1ea7m cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u bang Florida c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00edt khao v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m phi\u1ebfu. T\u1ed1i cao Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3i can thi\u1ec7p cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p qua v\u1ee5 Bush \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Gore \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i ki\u1ec3m phi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 5\u20134. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a Bush, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u1eafng c\u1eed Florida v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2001, Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 khi 19 t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp m\u00e1y bay thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m chi\u1ebfn binh h\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o al-Qaeda c\u1ea7m l\u00e1i b\u1ed1n m\u00e1y bay h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o hai t\u00f2a th\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Trung t\u00e2m Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u00e0o Ng\u0169 Gi\u00e1c \u0110\u00e0i, gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft g\u1ea7n 3.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a, ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 9, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng George W. Bush tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \"Chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1\". Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2001, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 NATO x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Afghanistan \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Taliban v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p cho nh\u00f3m chi\u1ebfn binh h\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o al-Qaeda v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 Osama bin Laden."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n gia t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u00e1o v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 chia s\u1ebb th\u00f4ng tin gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p li\u00ean bang. M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea5p n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i an \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean quan c\u1ea7m gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 t\u1ea1i v\u1ecbnh Guantanamo, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang v\u1ecb ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2003, Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Iraq, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Iraqi v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i Saddam Hussein. C\u00e1c l\u00fd do vi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Bush v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Iraq g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t (c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 sau n\u00e0y c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c), v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Iraq. Tuy c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u ngay \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Iraq k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p khi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 hay l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 2007, sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi phi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n Iraq, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00eam binh s\u0129 trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \"t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng]].\" M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 con s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Iraq v\u1eabn c\u00f2n trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Sau b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, Obama mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam 20.000 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Irag cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Iraq \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u1ed5n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Iraq v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2010 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef 50.000 t\u1ea1i Iraq \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Iraq, gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9 \u0111ang r\u00fat qu\u00e2n, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1. Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2011, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng r\u1eddi Iraq. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Obama gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 d\u00ednh l\u00edu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Afghanistan, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi th\u00eam 30.000 qu\u00e2n trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m sau \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ecbnh Guantanamo, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama c\u1ea5m tra t\u1ea5n nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Bush v\u1ec1 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 v\u1ecbnh Guantanamo trong khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 s\u1ebd t\u1eeb t\u1eeb b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2011, sau g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean l\u1ea9n tr\u1ed1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Al Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Pakistan trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch do l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo l\u1ec7nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama. Trong khi Al Qaeda g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i Afghanistan, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Yemen v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, CIA s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c phi c\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2007, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ea1i suy tho\u00e1i.\" Nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n nhau x\u1ea3y ra, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 \u1edf g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p, gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u l\u1eeda l\u00ean cao t\u1ea1o ra cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xe h\u01a1i, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p l\u00ean cao, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng. Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2008 khi Lehman Brothers s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nguy k\u1ecbch. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh vai m\u01b0\u1ee3n 245 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la qua Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh C\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n Nguy k\u1ecbch which was passed by bipartisan majorities and signed by Bush."}
+{"text": "Khi cu\u1ed9c suy tho\u00e1i c\u00e0ng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7, Barack Obama - tranh c\u1eed v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kim t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri g\u1ed3m t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi, nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u1eed tri thu\u1ed9c gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u00d4ng t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 2012 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh c\u1eed tri t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 khi \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111ang gi\u00e0 nua v\u00e0 thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i. S\u1ed1 c\u1eed tri ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho li\u00ean minh \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau khi nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2009, Obama k\u00fd th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt T\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i Kinh t\u1ebf M\u1ef9 2009. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 g\u00f3i k\u00edch th\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf $787 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c suy tho\u00e1i s\u00e2u. Obama, nh\u01b0 Bush, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9u nguy ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xe h\u01a1i v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho General Motors v\u00e0 Chrysler: \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \"\u0111\u1ed5i xe t\u1ed3i t\u00e0n l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t\" \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi gi\u00fap t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n xe m\u1edbi. The recession officially ended in June 2009, and the economy slowly began to expand once again since then."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 111 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt B\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m Y t\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u00e0 B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Gi\u1edbi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 C\u00e3i c\u00e1ch Ph\u1ed1 Wall Dodd-Frank v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt B\u00e3i b\u1ecf Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ee9ng h\u1ecfi, \u0110\u1eebng k\u1ec3 (ghi ch\u00fa d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt: ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng khai gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh khi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea5u gi\u1ebfm d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \"\u0111\u1eebng h\u1ecfi\" v\u00e0 \"\u0111\u1eebng k\u1ec3\" c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama k\u00fd th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt. Sau b\u1ea7u c\u1eed gi\u1eefa k\u1ef3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010 m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tranh c\u00e3i s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 n\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng tr\u1ea7n n\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng, n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam th\u1eddi gia gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp tr\u00ean 250.000 \u0110\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama k\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch 2011 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt C\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf M\u1ef9 2012 - k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2013 - c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn d\u00e0nh cho qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh 15% \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n Gallup t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2012-13, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh 33% t\u00ednh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1974 \u0111\u1ebfn 2013."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2010 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 phong tr\u00e0o Ti\u1ec7c tr\u00e0 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft kh\u1eaft nghi\u1ec7t b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 2012 khi\u1ebfn cho tr\u00ean ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c. B\u00e3o Sandy g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp cho c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a New York v\u00e0 New Jersey v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 10. Cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong h\u00e0ng t\u00e1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean,"}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 Minh (ch\u1eef H\u00e1n: \u660e\u671d, H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t: Minh tri\u1ec1u; 23 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1368 - 25 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1644 [ch\u00fa th\u00edch 1]) l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 1368, Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau khi ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea7n h\u00f9ng, t\u1ea1i ph\u1ee7 \u1ee8ng Thi\u00ean \u0111\u0103ng c\u01a1, qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea1i Minh, do ho\u00e0ng th\u1ea5t h\u1ecd Chu, n\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chu Minh. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c, Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i ph\u1ee7 \u1ee8ng Thi\u00ean (nay l\u00e0 Nam Kinh), \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c th\u1ee9 19 (1421), Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 Chu \u0110\u1ec7 d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee7 Thu\u1eadn Thi\u00ean (nay l\u00e0 B\u1eafc Kinh), kinh s\u01b0 c\u0169 \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh Nam Kinh."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u Minh, qua ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, qu\u1ed1c l\u1ef1c tri\u1ec1u Minh kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c nhanh ch\u00f3ng, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 chi tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 Chu \u0110\u1ec7, qu\u1ed1c th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, c\u00f2n ph\u00e1i khi\u1ec3n Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n h\u1ea1 T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c th\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf. Sau \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean T\u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng Nh\u00e2n Tuy\u00ean chi tr\u1ecb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Anh T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 C\u1ea3nh Th\u00e1i \u0110\u1ebf, tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn Th\u1ed5 M\u1ed9c b\u1ea3o, qu\u1ed1c l\u1ef1c trung suy. Sau khi Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng c\u01a1, ph\u00e1t sinh tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 ngh\u1ecb, sau khi thanh tr\u1eeb th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1n quan v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ed5ng qu\u1ea3n tri\u1ec1u c\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Gia T\u0129nh t\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, song sau n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh. Sau khi Minh Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, tr\u1ea3i qua Long Kh\u00e1nh t\u00e2n ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch trung h\u01b0ng, qu\u1ed1c l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c. Trung k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf d\u1ea7n l\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3ng tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3i ch\u00ednh, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n th\u1eddi v\u00e3n Minh. Th\u1eddi Hi T\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e1m ho\u1ea1n quan l\u00e0m lo\u1ea1n tri\u1ec1u c\u01b0\u01a1ng, sau khi T\u01b0 T\u00f4ng k\u1ebf v\u1ecb th\u00ec b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do T\u01b0 T\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i \u01b0u ngo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1n, tri\u1ec1u Minh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o tay L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1644. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nam Minh r\u1ed3i Minh Tr\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ea5y th\u1eadp ni\u00ean, k\u1ebft th\u00fac khi tri\u1ec1u Thanh chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh \u0110\u00e0i Loan."}
+{"text": "L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 tri\u1ec1u Minh bao qu\u00e1t khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda nam V\u1ea1n L\u00fd Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Li\u00eau Ninh hi\u1ec7n nay. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, quy\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Minh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Ngo\u1ea1i H\u01b0ng An L\u0129nh v\u00e0 l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c H\u1eafc Long Giang, sau \u0111\u00f3 suy gi\u1ea3m c\u00f2n khu v\u1ef1c Li\u00eau H\u00e0. Tri\u1ec1u Minh t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ki mi t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tranh ngh\u1ecb l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u Minh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5, tri\u1ec1u Minh t\u1eebng chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb An Nam (nay l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam) trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo \"Minh th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c\", nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u tri\u1ec1u Minh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m Th\u00e0nh H\u00f3a th\u1ee9 15 (1479) v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 70 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, song c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5u gi\u1ebfm h\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 tr\u00ean 100 tri\u1ec7u. Th\u1eddi Minh, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ed3n vinh, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eadp tr\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 manh nha t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n ra xu th\u1ebf th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean, quan vi\u00ean tham \u00f4, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c h\u1ee7 h\u00f3a, tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh h\u1ee7 b\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh t\u0103ng n\u1eb7ng thu thu\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi in t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ti\u1ec1n m\u1edbi \"Ch\u00ed ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3o sao\". K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thi\u00ean tai di\u1ec5n ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 sinh t\u1ed3n. N\u0103m 1351, Nguy\u00ean Thu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ebf ph\u00e1i Gi\u1ea3 L\u1ed7 tr\u1ecb l\u00fd Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, tr\u01b0ng d\u1ee5ng 20 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u00e1ng n\u0103m c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 B\u1ea1ch Li\u00ean gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 H\u00e0n S\u01a1n \u0110\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 L\u01b0u Ph\u00fac Th\u00f4ng k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t do thi\u00ean tai v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3n Nguy\u00ean kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1. H\u1ecd l\u1eadp n\u00ean Qu\u00e2n Kh\u0103n \u0110\u1ecf, hay H\u1ed3ng C\u00e2n qu\u00e2n, chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c H\u00e0 Nam v\u00e0 An Huy. Qu\u00e2n Kh\u0103n \u0110\u1ecf c\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c Hoa Trung, Hoa Nam. Sang n\u0103m 1352, Qu\u00e1ch T\u1eed H\u01b0ng thu\u1ed9c Qu\u00e2n Kh\u0103n \u0110\u1ecf t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm H\u00e0o Ch\u00e2u (nay l\u00e0 Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, An Huy). Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i theo Qu\u00e1ch T\u1eed H\u01b0ng, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n l\u1eadp chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u00e1ch T\u1eed H\u01b0ng tr\u1ecdng th\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eddi H\u00e0o Ch\u00e2u, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ri\u00eang."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1356, Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng su\u1ea5t binh chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh Kim L\u0103ng (nay l\u00e0 Nam Kinh, Giang T\u00f4), \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \u1ee8ng Thi\u00ean ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m quanh \u0111\u00f3. Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \"cao tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u1eddng, qu\u1ea3ng t\u00edch l\u01b0\u01a1ng, ho\u00e3n x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng\" c\u1ee7a m\u01b0u s\u0129 Chu Th\u0103ng, tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00e0i n\u0103m n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh. N\u0103m 1360, Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n H\u1eefu L\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh giao chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Long Loan thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2y b\u1eafc T\u1eadp Kh\u00e1nh, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c Tr\u1ea7n H\u1eefu L\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn Giang Ch\u00e2u (nay thu\u1ed9c C\u1eedu Giang, Giang T\u00e2y). N\u0103m 1363, th\u00f4ng qua Th\u1ee7y chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i h\u1ed3 B\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c Tr\u1ea7n H\u1eefu L\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t. N\u0103m 1367, Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng Ng\u00f4 V\u01b0\u01a1ng, su\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh B\u00ecnh Giang (nay l\u00e0 T\u00f4 Ch\u00e2u, Giang T\u00f4), di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u0129 Th\u00e0nh. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m, Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c Tr\u00e2n c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Chi\u1ebft Giang."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1368, Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh, t\u1ee9c Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u H\u1ed3ng V\u0169, tri\u1ec1u Minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp. Sau \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eeba c\u01a1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, qu\u00e2n Minh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 T\u00e2y chinh, trong c\u00f9ng n\u0103m c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4 (nay l\u00e0 B\u1eafc Kinh) c\u1ee7a Nguy\u00ean, tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u00ean tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Trung Nguy\u00ean, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng B\u1eafc Nguy\u00ean. Sau \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e2n Minh ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c Minh Ng\u1ecdc Tr\u00e2n t\u1ea1i T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1371, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1381 th\u00ec ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t L\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u00ean v\u1eabn chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 V\u00e2n Nam. N\u0103m 1387, nh\u00e0 Minh xu\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n thu ph\u1ee5c Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Ng\u1ea1ch C\u00e1p Xu\u1ea5t. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1388, qu\u00e2n Minh x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp M\u1ea1c B\u1eafc (ph\u00eda b\u1eafc sa m\u1ea1c Gobi) t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Nguy\u00ean. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh."}
+{"text": "Sau khi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i phong c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n, song do t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111a nghi n\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nghi k\u1ecb v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y. Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i \u00e1n H\u1ed3 Duy Dung v\u00e0 Lam Ng\u1ecdc, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111em to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb. Th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng H\u1ed3 Duy Dung r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ee7ng t\u00edn, song ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng h\u1ed1ng h\u00e1ch, t\u1ea5u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 trong tri\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i qua tay \u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1380, Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 l\u1ea5y t\u1ed9i danh chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m c\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft H\u1ed3 Duy Dung c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i phu Tr\u1ea7n Ninh. N\u0103m 1390, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o L\u00fd Thi\u1ec7n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Duy Dung c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft, L\u00fd Thi\u1ec7n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb ban ch\u1ebft. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean l\u1ee5y l\u00e0 h\u01a1n ba v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng \"H\u1ed3 Duy Dung \u00e1n\". Sau \u0111\u00f3, Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 l\u1ea5y t\u1ed9i danh ng\u00f4ng cu\u1ed3ng h\u1ed1ng h\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Lam Ng\u1ecdc, h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n n\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t m\u1ea1ng trong tru di di\u1ec7t t\u1ed9c, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng \"Lam Ng\u1ecdc \u00e1n\". C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Kh\u00f4ng \u1ea5n \u00e1n v\u00e0 Qu\u00e1ch Ho\u00e0i \u00e1n, g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 Minh s\u01a1 t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i \u00e1n. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Thang H\u00f2a v\u00e0 C\u1ea3nh B\u1ec9nh V\u0103n, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n, cho \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 \u0111i gi\u00e1m th\u1ecb m\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0ng quy\u1ec1n, khi\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tri\u1ec1u Minh v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1eddi gian ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m quan c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1edbi, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t, t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, \u0111i l\u00ean M\u1ea1c B\u1eafc, \u1ea9n c\u01b0 th\u00e2m s\u01a1n, hay ch\u00e9m ng\u00f3n tay, th\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t s\u0129. Do \u0111\u00f3 Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t m\u1edbi, tuy\u00ean c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i phu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec1u Minh v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0m quan cho t\u00e2n tri\u1ec1u, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i phu c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u00edt. Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 sau khi t\u1ee9c v\u1ecb m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1ea1i tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean, tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb tham quan, kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 chi tr\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 ph\u00e2n phong cho c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng, che ch\u1eafn cho ho\u00e0ng th\u1ea5t. Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c phi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu S\u1ea3ng, T\u1ea5n v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu C\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Y\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu \u0110\u1ec7. Nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 gian th\u1ea7n l\u00e0m c\u00e0n, Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u01b0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e2ng th\u01b0 cho trung \u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00f3c n\u00e3 gian th\u1ea7n, khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eadt chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, l\u0129nh binh \"t\u0129nh n\u1ea1n\" (\u00fd l\u00e0 \"b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ed1c n\u1ea1n\"). \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng ch\u01b0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1, Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf k\u1ebf v\u1ecb sau n\u00e0y khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh \"t\u01b0\u1edbc phi\u00ean\"."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1398, Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, do Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Chu Ti\u00eau m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm n\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u00f4n Chu Do\u00e3n V\u0103n t\u1ee9c v\u1ecb, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ki\u1ebfn V\u0103n, t\u1ee9c Minh Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ho\u00e0ng quy\u1ec1n, Minh Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n th\u00e2n t\u00edn nh\u01b0 T\u1ec1 Th\u00e1i, Ho\u00e0ng T\u1eed Tr\u1eebng m\u1eadt m\u01b0u t\u01b0\u1edbc phi\u00ean. Chu v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu T\u00fac, \u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Qu\u1ebf, T\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Ph\u00f9, hay T\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu B\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf tr\u1eeb l\u00e0m th\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Minh Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y danh ngh\u0129a bi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh binh c\u1ee7a Y\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1eeb Y\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Y\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu \u0110\u1ec7 theo ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Di\u00eau Qu\u1ea3ng Hi\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y danh ngh\u0129a \"thanh qu\u00e2n tr\u1eafc, t\u0129nh n\u1ed9i n\u1ea1n\" \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi binh, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nam h\u1ea1 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh kinh s\u01b0, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u0129nh Nan chi bi\u1ebfn. Chu \u0110\u1ec7 t\u1ee9c v\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c. Minh Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 tung t\u00edch gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y l\u1edbn trong cung th\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "Sau H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 chi tr\u1ecb, V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c th\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf th\u1eddi Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n-Tuy\u00ean chi tr\u1ecb th\u1eddi Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Minh T\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ttrong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng An Nam, \u0111\u01b0a An Nam v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 tri\u1ec1u Minh, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Giao Ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 n\u0103m l\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o M\u1ea1c B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng Th\u00e1t \u0110\u00e1t v\u00e0 Ng\u00f5a L\u1ea1t (hai th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 sau khi B\u1eafc Nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t). Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch phong Ng\u00f5a L\u1ea1t tam v\u01b0\u01a1ng, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi Th\u00e1t \u0110\u00e1t, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn sau khi Ng\u00f5a L\u1ea1t h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap Th\u00e1t \u0110\u00e1t th\u1ea3o ph\u1ea1t Ng\u00f5a L\u1ea1t, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho b\u00ean n\u00e0o chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0110\u1ea1i Ninh \u0111\u00f4 ty, \u0111em Ninh v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Quy\u1ec1n n\u1ed9i thi\u00ean Nam X\u01b0\u01a1ng, trao cho ba v\u1ec7 s\u1edf Ng\u1ed9t L\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00e1p M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f3a Nhan, Th\u00e1i Ninh v\u00e0 Ph\u00fac D\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, song kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tam v\u1ec7 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 n\u00e0y d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ea1i Ninh ch\u0103n th\u1ea3. Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p Ng\u1ed9t L\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00e1p M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1406 v\u00e0 1422, nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong khu v\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eb1m an ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ec7 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i H\u1ea3i T\u00e2y N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n (th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du s\u00f4ng T\u00f9ng Hoa) v\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn Ch\u00e2u N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n (gi\u1eefa s\u00f4ng T\u00f9ng Hoa, s\u00f4ng M\u1eabu \u0110\u01a1n) \u0111\u00e3 quy ph\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1i Di\u1ec7c Th\u1ea5t C\u00e1p an ph\u1ee7 D\u00e3 Nh\u00e2n N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i h\u1ea1 du H\u1eafc Long Giang. N\u0103m 1407, Di\u1ec7c Th\u1ea5t C\u00e1p t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c N\u00f4 Nhi Can b\u1edd \u0111\u00f4ng h\u1ea1 du H\u1eafc Long Giang \u0111\u1eb7t N\u00f4 Nhi Can \u0111\u00f4 ty, khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea1i Minh. N\u0103m 1413, Di\u1ec7c Th\u1ea5t C\u00e1p th\u1ecb s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea3o Kh\u1ed1 Hi\u1ec7t (Sakhalin), tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c ngo\u1ea1i giao b\u1ebf quan t\u1ef1 th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1405 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1i ho\u1ea1n quan Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a h\u1ea1 T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, tuy\u00ean th\u1ecb uy \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m bao v\u00e2y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Timur t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u00c1"}
+{"text": "Quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i xa nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c Somali t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Phi, khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 ven \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng.."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u0103n tr\u1ecb, Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 cho bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \"V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3n\" c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 22.877 quy\u1ec3n, s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 370 tri\u1ec7u. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo ghi ch\u00e9p, th\u1eddi Minh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Hi\u1ebfu T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng cho sao ch\u00e9p kh\u1eafc in \"V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3n\", quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n sao, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1409 th\u00ec ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 1405, Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed5i B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh B\u1eafc Kinh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 'h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i', \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c nha m\u00f4n nh\u01b0 B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1eed gi\u00e1m. N\u0103m 1409, Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 tu\u1ea7n th\u1ecb B\u1eafc Kinh, t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u0103ng t\u1ea9m cho T\u1eeb ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh, hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4. Tr\u1ea3i qua m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5y n\u0103m quy ho\u1ea1ch, B\u1eafc Kinh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed3n vinh. N\u0103m 1416, Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng, n\u0103m sau b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft B\u1eafc Kinh tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. N\u0103m 1420, tuy\u00ean c\u00e1o ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, n\u0103m sau thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4. V\u00ec trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c khai th\u00e1c giao l\u01b0u h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, do v\u1eady c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 g\u1ecdi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c th\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 cho gi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u th\u1ea7n Ho\u00e0ng T\u1eed Tr\u1eebng, T\u1ec1 Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed l\u00e0 Chu Cao S\u00ed t\u1ee9c v\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c Minh Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u H\u1ed3ng Hi. Minh Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 cao, tr\u1ecb v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m th\u00ec t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n. \u00d4ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb theo thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c hi\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \"Tam D\u01b0\u01a1ng\" (D\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u0129 K\u1ef3, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Vinh, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ed5) ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a h\u1ea1 T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u0169y d\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong x\u00e9t x\u1eed, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c thi h\u00e0nh ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m. Sau khi Minh Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed l\u00e0 Chu Chi\u00eam C\u01a1 t\u1ee9c v\u1ecb, l\u00e0 Minh Tuy\u00ean T\u00f4ng, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Tuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c. Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n, th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i. Minh Tuy\u00ean T\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 y\u00eau th\u00edch m\u0129 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1eddi gian \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i. Do Minh Tuy\u00ean T\u00f4ng th\u00edch nu\u00f4i d\u1ebf m\u00e8n (t\u00ean H\u00e1n c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \"x\u00fac ch\u1ee9c\"), nhi\u1ec1u quan l\u1ea1i do v\u1eady tranh nhau n\u1ecbnh h\u00f3t, n\u00ean \u00f4ng b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"X\u00fac Ch\u1ee9c thi\u00ean t\u1eed\". \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Minh Tuy\u00ean T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 quy c\u1ee7 ho\u1ea1n quan kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c can ch\u00ednh do Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m nh\u01b0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u can ch\u00ednh, l\u00e0 m\u1ea7m h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n th\u1eddi Minh Anh T\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1435, Minh Tuy\u00ean T\u00f4ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, con l\u00e0 Chu K\u1ef3 Tr\u1ea5n k\u1ebf v\u1ecb khi m\u1edbi ch\u00edn tu\u1ed5i, t\u1ee9c Minh Anh T\u00f4ng, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "Minh Anh T\u00f4ng t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee7ng t\u00edn ho\u1ea1n quan V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1ea1n quan chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh. N\u0103m 1442, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e1i ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi Minh Anh T\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n 15 tu\u1ed5i, V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n c\u00e0ng th\u00eam chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n. Sau khi nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o tr\u1ecdng th\u1ea7n \"Tam D\u01b0\u01a1ng\" t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n h\u1ed1ng h\u00e1ch, tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 bi\u1ec3n s\u1eaft ghi s\u1eafc m\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1n quan can ch\u00ednh do Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i, Minh Anh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1435, b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Ng\u00f5a L\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 d\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, th\u01b0\u1eddng sinh s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c bi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh. N\u0103m 1449, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Ng\u00f5a L\u1ea1t l\u00e0 D\u00e3 Ti\u00ean su\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n nam h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea1t Minh. V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch khi\u1ebfn Minh Anh T\u00f4ng l\u0129nh 50 v\u1ea1n binh s\u0129 ng\u1ef1 gi\u00e1 th\u00e2n chinh. Sau khi \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi kinh th\u00e0nh, binh s\u0129 thi\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u01a1ng ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng t\u00e1m, \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng. V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1c l\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ti\u1ec1n tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i, s\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m giao chi\u1ebfn, b\u00e8n ra l\u1ec7nh tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 binh l\u1ef1c. Qu\u00e2n Minh k\u00e9o v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ed5 M\u1ed9c b\u1ea3o (nay thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Ho\u00e0i Lai, H\u00e0 B\u1eafc) th\u00ec b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Ng\u00f5a L\u1ea1t \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp, binh s\u0129 t\u1eed th\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e1 n\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n t\u00f9y t\u00f2ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 50 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1eadn vong. Minh Anh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e2y b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e0n Trung t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn gi\u1ebft V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng Th\u1ed5 M\u1ed9c b\u1ea3o chi bi\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb th\u1ecbnh sang suy c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh."}
+{"text": "Sau khi tin t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb Th\u1ed5 M\u1ed9c b\u1ea3o truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc Kinh, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn Nam Kinh \u1ee8ng Thi\u00ean ph\u1ee7 song b\u1ecb Binh b\u1ed9 th\u1ecb lang Vu Khi\u00eam b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n t\u00f4n em c\u1ee7a Anh T\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Chu K\u1ef3 Ng\u1ecdc t\u1ee9c v\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c Minh C\u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ebf (hay Minh \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00f4ng), ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u C\u1ea3nh Th\u00e1i. Vu Khi\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng l\u00e0m Binh b\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n bi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 B\u1eafc Kinh, c\u00e1c l\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n c\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn. Th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, qu\u00e2n Ng\u00f5a L\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1t b\u00ean th\u00e0nh B\u1eafc Kinh. Vu Khi\u00eam l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n Minh kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1, D\u00e3 Ti\u00ean su\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i. Tri\u1ec1u Minh gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong tr\u1eadn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 B\u1eafc Kinh, Vu Khi\u00eam ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, c\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t c\u1ea7u h\u00f2a, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m sau li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e1nh lui qu\u00e2n Ng\u00f5a L\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m."}
+{"text": "D\u00e3 Ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y gi\u1eef Minh Anh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1450 cho ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch \u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u00e0ng quy\u1ec1n n\u00ean Minh \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn Minh Anh T\u00f4ng, ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n khi\u1ec3n s\u1ee9 ngh\u00eanh gi\u00e1, r\u1ed3i giam l\u1ecfng Minh Anh T\u00f4ng trong Nam cung, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ebf ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed Chu Ki\u1ebfn Th\u00e2m (con c\u1ee7a Minh Anh T\u00f4ng), l\u1eadp con m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Chu Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ebf l\u00e0m th\u00e1i t\u1eed. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau, Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ebf b\u1ec7nh m\u1ea5t, \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n con trai song do d\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1i l\u1eadp Chu Ki\u1ebfn Th\u00e2m l\u00e0m th\u00e1i t\u1eed; huynh \u0111\u1ec7 Anh T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00f4ng do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1457, \u0111\u00e1m Th\u1ea1ch Hanh, T\u1eeb H\u1eefu Trinh li\u00ean minh nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ecb cho Minh Anh T\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd th\u1eeba c\u01a1 Minh \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00f4ng m\u1eafc tr\u1ecdng b\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng binh bi\u1ebfn. T\u1eeb H\u1eefu Trinh su\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadp T\u1eed C\u1ea5m Th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00e1m Th\u1ea1ch Hanh chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh \u0110\u00f4ng Hoa M\u00f4n, l\u1eadp Minh Anh T\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Ph\u1ee5ng Thi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u1ea3i nguy\u00ean Thi\u00ean Thu\u1eadn. H\u1ecd giam gi\u1eef Minh \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00f4ng, b\u1eaft gi\u1ebft Vu Khi\u00eam v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u0129 V\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng \u0110o\u1ea1t M\u00f4n chi bi\u1ebfn. Do hai l\u1ea7n t\u1ee9c v\u1ecb, Minh Anh T\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf duy nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh-Thanh cai tr\u1ecb Trung Nguy\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u. Sau khi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ecb, Minh Anh T\u00f4ng thi h\u00e0nh t\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, ph\u1ebf tr\u1eeb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1eabn t\u00e0ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Minh Anh T\u00f4ng cho l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y T\u1eeb H\u1eefu Trinh do ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, nh\u00e2n bi\u1ebfn T\u00e0o Th\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 gi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1m Th\u1ea1ch Hanh, T\u00e0o C\u00e1t T\u01b0\u1eddng; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho \u0111\u00e1m hi\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n L\u00fd Hi\u1ec1n n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. N\u0103m 1464, sau khi Minh Anh T\u00f4ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, con \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Chu Ki\u1ebfn Th\u00e2m t\u1ee9c v\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c Minh Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Th\u00e0nh H\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 r\u1eeda oan cho Vu Khi\u00eam, Minh Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u cho Minh \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00f4ng, x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i \u00e1n oan \u0110o\u1ea1t M\u00f4n, khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Minh Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eafp, do v\u1eady r\u1ea5t \u00edt khi ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n, su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y say \u0111\u1eafm v\u1edbi V\u1ea1n qu\u00fd phi, s\u1ee7ng t\u00edn \u0111\u00e1m ho\u1ea1n quan U\u00f4ng Tr\u1ef1c, L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f2n y\u00eau th\u00edch thu\u1eadt th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e1m gian n\u1ecbnh n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, T\u00e2y x\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh, tri\u1ec1u c\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee7 b\u1ea1i, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf. Ho\u1ea1n quan U\u00f4ng Tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee7ng t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Minh Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng, ng\u00f4ng cu\u1ed3ng h\u1ed1ng h\u00e1ch, th\u00f4ng qua T\u00e2y x\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ebft oan b\u1eeba b\u00e3i ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 quan vi\u00ean. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau, do d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ph\u1eabn u\u1ea5t kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, T\u00e2y x\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ecb b\u00e3i, song U\u00f4ng Tr\u1ef1c v\u1eabn n\u1eafm gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1482 m\u1edbi b\u1ecb gi\u00e1ng ch\u1ee9c. Th\u1eddi Th\u00e0nh H\u00f3a c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c: n\u1eef s\u1ee7ng, ngo\u1ea1i th\u00edch, n\u1ecbnh h\u1ea1nh, gian ho\u1ea1n, t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1o, k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m lo\u1ea1n tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh. N\u0103m 1487, Minh Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, con l\u00e0 Chu H\u1eefu \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c Minh Hi\u1ebfu T\u00f4ng, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ho\u1eb1ng Tr\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "Minh Hi\u1ebfu T\u00f4ng t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n b\u1ea7n h\u00e0n, c\u00f2n t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p nguy hi\u1ec3m b\u1ecb V\u1ea1n qu\u00fd phi h\u1ea1i. Trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh canh t\u00e2n tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh, khi\u1ebfn th\u00f3i x\u1ea5u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Minh Anh T\u00f4ng tr\u1edf \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 \"Trung h\u01b0ng chi l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ee7\". Minh Hi\u1ebfu T\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111em to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1m quan l\u1ea1i gian n\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef tr\u1ecb t\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Hi\u1ebfu T\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n t\u00e0i, \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i. Minh Hi\u1ebfu T\u00f4ng ch\u0103m lo ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y hai l\u1ea7n th\u1ecb tri\u1ec1u. Minh Hi\u1ebfu T\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1n quan, C\u1ea9m y v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1, d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh nh\u1eb9 b\u1edbt. Minh Hi\u1ebfu T\u00f4ng d\u1ed1c s\u1ee9c thi h\u00e0nh ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbn, gi\u1ea3m mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf ph\u00fa. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Minh Hi\u1ebfu T\u00f4ng thi h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng, ngo\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phi t\u1ea7n n\u00e0o. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ho\u1eb1ng Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb trung k\u1ef3 tri\u1ec1u Minh tr\u1edf \u0111i, Minh s\u1eed vi\u1ebft Minh Hi\u1ebfu T\u00f4ng \"cung ki\u00eam h\u1eefu ch\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh \u00e1i d\u00e2n\", \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ho\u1eb1ng Tr\u1ecb trung h\u01b0ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o trung h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 Minh Hi\u1ebfu T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi\u00eam t\u00fac l\u1eafng nghe can gi\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u phung ph\u00ed v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9, khi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c gia b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1, t\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh v\u1ed1n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00e0o s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 Ho\u1eb1ng Tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 1505, Minh Hi\u1ebfu T\u00f4ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, con l\u00e0 Chu H\u1eadu Chi\u1ebfu t\u1ee9c v\u1ecb, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Minh V\u0169 T\u00f4ng, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Minh V\u0169 T\u00f4ng, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1n quan l\u1ea1i tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy l\u00e0 do V\u0169 T\u00f4ng ham ch\u01a1i m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecda n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a uy hi\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0ng quy\u1ec1n, tuy c\u00f3 B\u00e1t h\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 L\u01b0u C\u1ea9n l\u00e0m c\u00e0n, song cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1n quan chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00e1m L\u01b0u C\u1ea9n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb V\u0169 T\u00f4ng x\u1eed c\u1ef1c h\u00ecnh. V\u0169 T\u00f4ng ham ch\u01a1i, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng khi\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng Hi\u1ebfu T\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t t\u1ef1, khi\u1ebfn th\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea1i Minh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c d\u00f2ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1eadp th\u00e0nh d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh. Minh V\u0169 T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong vui th\u00fa khi\u1ebfn cho trong th\u1eddi Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t sinh chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i Di\u00ean H\u00e3n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1t \u0110\u00e1t \u0111em qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, An H\u00f3a v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Tr\u00ed Phi\u00ean t\u1ea1i Ninh H\u1ea1 m\u01b0u ph\u1ea3n, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a L\u01b0u L\u1ee5c-L\u01b0u Th\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng, Ninh v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Th\u1ea7n H\u00e0o t\u1ea1i Giang T\u00e2y m\u01b0u ph\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea1i Minh th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i ba, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Minh, n\u00ean qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh tan. N\u0103m 1520, Minh V\u0169 T\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y c\u1edb xu\u1ea5t chinh Giang T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam du ngo\u1ea1n, tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 kinh th\u00ec b\u1ecb r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111ang \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n n\u00ean nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh, sang n\u0103m 1521 th\u00ec t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n."}
+{"text": "Sau n\u0103m 1534, Minh Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecb tri\u1ec1u song v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c s\u1ef1, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf v\u1eabn do Minh Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n. Minh Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng s\u00f9ng t\u00edn \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o, tin d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u0129, trong cung ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam c\u1ea7u c\u00fang. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0110\u1ea1o s\u0129 Thi\u1ec7u Nguy\u00ean Ti\u1ebft nh\u1eadp kinh, phong l\u00e0m ch\u00e2n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 b\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0. Sau khi Thi\u1ec7u Nguy\u00ean Ti\u1ebft t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t s\u1ee7ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u0129 \u0110\u00e0o Tr\u1ecdng V\u0103n. Th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1542, C\u00e0n Thanh cung ph\u00e1t sinh s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi cung n\u1eef nh\u01b0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Kim Anh, v\u00e0 Ninh t\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecb th\u1eeba c\u01a1 Minh Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng \u0111ang ng\u1ee7 say m\u00e0 m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 b\u00f3p ch\u1ebft \u00f4ng, song kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c Nh\u00e2m D\u1ea7n cung bi\u1ebfn. Sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, Minh Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng d\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y N\u1ed9i. Minh Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng s\u1ee7ng t\u00edn quy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n Nghi\u00eam Tung, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y do \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0i x\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u1eb1m m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i. Con c\u1ee7a Nghi\u00eam Tung l\u00e0 Nghi\u00eam Th\u1ebf Phi\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7p tr\u1ee3 ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n. Tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1ch h\u1ecfi Nghi\u00eam Tung k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea3ng m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i, song \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng, Nghi\u00eam Tung do tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 cao n\u00ean T\u1eeb Giai b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay th\u1ebf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Nghi\u00eam Tung. N\u0103m 1562, T\u1eeb Giai k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00f4n quan lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i Nghi\u00eam Tung, Nghi\u00eam Tung t\u1eeb quan h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 1565, Nghi\u00eam Th\u1ebf Phi\u1ec1n b\u1ecb x\u1eed tr\u1ea3m v\u00ec t\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng Oa, Nghi\u00eam Tung b\u1ecb gi\u00e1ng l\u00e0m th\u1ee9 d\u00e2n, hai n\u0103m sau b\u1ec7nh m\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi Gia T\u0129nh, \u0110\u1ea1i Minh li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1n. T\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc, Th\u00e1t \u0110\u00e1t th\u1eeba c\u01a1 tri\u1ec1u Minh suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 H\u00e0 S\u00e1o. N\u0103m 1550, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Th\u00e1t \u0110\u00e1t l\u00e0 Y\u00eam \u0110\u00e1p x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng, T\u1ed5ng binh C\u1eebu Loan \u0111em l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn kim ti\u1ec1n mua chu\u1ed9c Y\u00eam \u0110\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00e1c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, Y\u00eam \u0110\u00e1p chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eb3ng B\u1eafc Kinh, sau khi c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c quanh th\u00e0nh th\u00ec d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, qu\u00e2n Minh chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy k\u00edch, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Canh Tu\u1ea5t chi bi\u1ebfn. Do trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Minh Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u1ea3i c\u1ea5m, Oa kh\u1ea5u c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 l\u00e3ng nh\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i t\u1eb7c Trung Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau t\u1eadp k\u00edch qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng, Chi\u1ebft Giang, Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh nh\u01b0 Chu Ho\u00e0n, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Kinh nh\u1eadn l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh song kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh Oa kh\u1ea5u. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Binh b\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 H\u1ed3 T\u00f4ng Hi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Chi\u1ebft Giang tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7 ki\u00eam Chi\u1ebft Tr\u1ef1c t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t Oa kh\u1ea5u, chi\u00eau ph\u1ee7 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Chi\u1ebft Giang l\u00e0 U\u00f4ng Tr\u1ef1c. Th\u00edch K\u1ebf Quang v\u00e0 Du \u0110\u1ea1i Du b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh Oa kh\u1ea5u t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Chi\u1ebft Giang, Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, t\u1ea1o b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh t\u1ed1t cho Long Kh\u00e1nh khai quan v\u1ec1 sau. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1557 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u di d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u00c1o M\u00f4n, song \u0111\u1ebfn khi tri\u1ec1u Minh m\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 \u00c1o M\u00f4n v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec7n H\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1566, Minh Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed Chu T\u00e1i H\u1eadu t\u1ee9c v\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c Minh M\u1ee5c T\u00f4ng, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Long Kh\u00e1nh."}
+{"text": "Sau khi t\u1ee9c v\u1ecb, Minh M\u1ee5c T\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c danh th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 T\u1eeb Giai, Cao C\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh. N\u0103m 1567, c\u1ef1u th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Minh Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng l\u00e0 T\u1eeb Giai kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng tri\u1ec1u quan bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i Cao C\u1ee7ng, bu\u1ed9c Cao C\u1ee7ng t\u1eeb quan h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng. Cao C\u1ee7ng kh\u00f4ng cam t\u00e2m, n\u0103m sau kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng tri\u1ec1u quan bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i T\u1eeb Giai, T\u1eeb Giai b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tho\u00e1i h\u01b0u. Ch\u00ednh v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong tri\u1ec1u d\u1ea7n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i Long Kh\u00e1nh, Cao C\u1ee7ng h\u1ed3i tri\u1ec1u, nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u0129 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c. T\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh tri\u1ec1u Minh v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Th\u00e1t \u0110\u00e1t l\u00e0 Y\u00eam \u0110\u00e1p H\u00e3n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh h\u00f2a ngh\u1ecb, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng Y\u00eam \u0110\u00e1p phong c\u1ed1ng. V\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1edf c\u1eeda m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch d\u00e2n gian, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng Long Kh\u00e1nh khai quan. Do thi h\u00e0nh hai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, tri\u1ec1u Minh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung h\u01b0ng, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng Long Kh\u00e1nh t\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. N\u0103m 1572, Minh M\u1ee5c T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed Chu D\u1ef1c Qu\u00e2n k\u1ebf v\u1ecb khi m\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 9 tu\u1ed5i, t\u1ee9c Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch.."}
+{"text": "Do Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i, L\u00fd th\u00e1i h\u1eadu nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh. Cao C\u1ee7ng do \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1n quan Ph\u00f9ng B\u1ea3o v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1i h\u1eadu t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m n\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u00e3i quan, c\u00f2n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00f9ng B\u1ea3o h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m, thi h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \"t\u00f4n ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, kh\u00f3a l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c, h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1t, nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u l\u1ec7nh\", thi h\u00e0nh \"kh\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p\", c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau quan vi\u00ean d\u01b0 th\u1eeba trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n tin v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i. Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf h\u00e0o c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00fa d\u1ecbch, thi h\u00e0nh \"nh\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1p\", gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. N\u0103m 1393, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 3.660.007 kho\u1ea3nh, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1502 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Minh Hi\u1ebfu T\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 4.228.058 kho\u1ea3nh. Tr\u1ea3i qua Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1581 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 7.003.976 kho\u1ea3nh. Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n v\u0169 b\u1ecb, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i t\u00e2y nam, cho danh t\u01b0\u1edbng Th\u00edch K\u1ebf Quang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 K\u1ebf Ch\u00e2u- tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ea5n cho B\u1eafc Kinh, cho L\u00fd Th\u00e0nh L\u01b0\u01a1ng an ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n, cho V\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u00f9ng C\u1ed5, Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00f9ng Th\u00ec an ph\u1ee7 Th\u00e1t \u0110\u00e1t, c\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 L\u01b0u Hi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean, \u00c2n Ch\u00ednh M\u1eadu v\u00e0 Lang V\u00e2n D\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Qu\u1ea3ng, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Giai D\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Chi\u1ebft Giang, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh r\u1ea5t t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh c\u00f2n cho Phan Qu\u00fd Tu\u1ea7n tr\u1ecb l\u00fd Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc tham quan \u00f4 l\u1ea1i, c\u1eaft b\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch trung h\u01b0ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1577, cha c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, theo l\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ecbu tang trong ba n\u0103m, t\u1ee9c '\u0111inh \u01b0u', song v\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1edbn chuy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"\u0110o\u1ea1t T\u00ecnh chi tranh\". Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 hai v\u1ecb th\u00e1i h\u1eadu \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n ch\u1ecbu tang t\u1ea1i gia, t\u1ee9c \u0110o\u1ea1t t\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi ph\u1ee5c, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho con m\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua khoa c\u1eed ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n. Sau khi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c thanh to\u00e1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp tr\u1ed1n b\u1ecb giam b\u00ean trong, h\u01a1n ch\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i. Quan t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u sau khi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh, song c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec1u d\u00e3 thanh to\u00e1n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh, Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00edt th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tri\u1ec1u. Sau Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3n chi tranh, \u00f4ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3i ch\u00ednh ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Trong th\u1eddi gian Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4ng L\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea3ng tranh, Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3n chi tranh v\u00e0 V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3i ch\u00ednh; \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch tam \u0111\u1ea1i chinh v\u00e0 H\u1eadu Kim qu\u1eadt kh\u1edfi. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb th\u1ecbnh sang suy c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh. Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3n chi tranh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb trung k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e3n k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi gian Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 xung quanh tranh ch\u1ea5p k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ho\u00e0ng v\u1ecb gi\u1eefa Ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed Chu Th\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ea1c v\u00e0 Ph\u00fac v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Th\u01b0\u1eddng Tu\u00e2n (con c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh qu\u00fd phi). Do V\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con trai, Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t y\u00eau m\u1ebfn ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Chu Th\u01b0\u1eddng Tu\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Chu Th\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ea1c l\u00e0m th\u00e1i t\u1eed, quan vi\u00ean trong tri\u1ec1u do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1601, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu, Chu Th\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ea1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m th\u00e1i t\u1eed, c\u00f2n Chu Th\u01b0\u1eddng Tu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m Ph\u00fac v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Ph\u00fac v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eadm r\u1eddi kinh th\u00e0nh \u0111i nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb phi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ebfn khi ph\u00e1t sinh \"\u0110\u0129nh k\u00edch \u00e1n\", d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i v\u1edbi Tr\u1ecbnh qu\u00fd phi, Ph\u00fac v\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi r\u1eddi kinh t\u1edbi phi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u00e1i t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Chu Th\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ea1c nh\u1edd v\u1eady m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "Do tranh ch\u1ea5p l\u1eadp th\u00e1i t\u1eed, Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n, n\u0103m 1587 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a, ch\u1ec9 x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecb tri\u1ec1u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m, s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecb tri\u1ec1u, c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong t\u1eedu s\u1eafc, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ef9 n\u1eef, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00edch x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t, hay cho x\u00e2y c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ea1i l\u00fd t\u1ef1 t\u1ea3 b\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 d\u00e2ng s\u1edb, n\u00f3i Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong t\u1eedu, s\u1eafc, t\u00e0i, kh\u00ed, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1ng l\u00e0m d\u00e2n. Trung h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh nguy nan, do \u0111\u00f3 Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m l\u00e0m kho\u00e1ng gi\u00e1m v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf gi\u00e1m tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kho\u00e1ng gi\u00e1m v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u1ea5y danh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01a1 v\u00e9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n d\u00e2n gian, nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n qu\u1ed1c gia. Do Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khuy\u1ebft quan vi\u00ean r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. N\u0103m 1602, Nam-B\u1eafc l\u01b0\u1ee1ng kinh t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng khuy\u1ebft ba th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0, m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecb lang, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng khuy\u1ebft ba tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7, 66 b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9 hay \u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1ee9, 25 tri ph\u1ee7. B\u00ean tr\u00ean Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng ch\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n tranh ch\u1ea5p, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Minh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Do v\u1eady, Minh s\u1eed vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i tri\u1ec1u Minh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn s\u1eed gia nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh tri\u1ec1u Minh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec7t vong."}
+{"text": "Do tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p trung v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p ch\u1ecbu b\u00e0i x\u00edch v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. N\u0103m 1593, \u0110\u00f4ng L\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea3ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, danh x\u01b0ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng L\u00e2m th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n do C\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec kinh s\u00e1t l\u00e0 T\u00f4n Lung, L\u00fd Th\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea1t v\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u Nam Tinh, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng kinh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1ng ch\u1ee9c b\u00e3i quan c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u00f4ng L\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea3ng. Tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n kinh s\u00e1t, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 Tuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3ng, C\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea3ng, T\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3ng, Chi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi \u0110\u00f4ng L\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea3ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecda b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng d\u1eb9p n\u1ed5i, tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1n n\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n. Sang th\u1eddi Minh Hy T\u00f4ng, ph\u00e1i ho\u1ea1n quan chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n, \u0110\u00f4ng L\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Minh T\u01b0 T\u00f4ng m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch tam \u0111\u1ea1i chinh l\u00e0 n\u1ed5i danh nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ninh H\u1ea1 chi d\u1ecbch nh\u1eb1m b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh B\u1ed9t B\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n, Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean chi d\u1ecbch nh\u1eb1m kh\u00e1ng k\u00edch ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Toyotomi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, B\u00e1 Ch\u00e2u chi d\u1ecbch nh\u1eb1m binh \u0111\u1ecbnh Th\u1ed5 ty D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee8ng Long l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n, ba cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1t sinh, song t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Tri\u1ec1u Minh gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong ba \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, song l\u00e0m ti\u00eau hao l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u1ef1c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu khi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c kh\u1ed1 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh nguy kh\u1ed1n. N\u0103m 1617, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh H\u1eadu Kim l\u00e0 N\u1ed7 Nh\u0129 C\u00e1p X\u00edch l\u1ea5y th\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1eadn l\u00e0m c\u1edb ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3n Minh, hai n\u0103m sau \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n Minh trong tr\u1eadn T\u00e1t Nh\u0129 H\u1eed, tri\u1ec1u Minh \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u1ecdn s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi H\u1eadu Kim."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1620, Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n. Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Chu Th\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ea1c \u0111\u0103ng c\u01a1, t\u1ee9c Minh Quang T\u00f4ng, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Th\u00e1i X\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng. \u00d4ng ban th\u01b0\u1edfng cho qu\u00e2n Minh t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n tuy\u1ebfn Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng, tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u00f4ng L\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea3ng khi\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh chuy\u1ec3n nguy th\u00e0nh an, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u00f4ng b\u00e3i tr\u1eeb kho\u00e1ng gi\u00e1m thu\u1ebf s\u1ee9. Sinh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a Ph\u00fac v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Tr\u1ecbnh qu\u00fd phi nh\u1eb1m lung l\u1ea1c Minh Quang T\u00f4ng n\u00ean ti\u1ebfn hi\u1ebfn t\u00e1m v\u1ecb m\u1ef9 n\u1eef. Minh Quang T\u00f4ng ham m\u00ea qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ec7nh, Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m Th\u00f4i V\u0103n Th\u0103ng d\u00e2ng thu\u1ed1c x\u1ed5 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng \u0111i ngo\u00e0i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9, l\u1ea1i do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 'h\u1ed3ng ho\u00e0n' c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Kh\u1ea3 Ch\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t t\u1eed, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng \"H\u1ed3ng ho\u00e0n \u00e1n\". Sau khi Minh Quang T\u00f4ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, s\u1ee7ng phi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 L\u00fd Tuy\u1ec1n Th\u1ecb mu\u1ed1n \u1edf l\u1ea1i C\u00e0n Thanh cung, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng b\u00e0 can d\u1ef1 tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh n\u00ean tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n bu\u1ed9c b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn Uy\u1ebft Loan cung thu\u1ed9c Nh\u00e2n Th\u1ecd \u0111i\u1ec7n, t\u1ee9c Di cung \u00e1n. Ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed Chu Do Hi\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c Minh Hi T\u00f4ng, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Thi\u00ean Kh\u1ea3i. \"\u0110\u0129nh k\u00edch \u00e1n\", \"H\u1ed3ng ho\u00e0n \u00e1n\" v\u00e0 \"Di cung \u00e1n\" g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 \"Minh m\u1ea1t tam \u0111\u1ea1i \u00e1n\", l\u00e0 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3n chi tranh, khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Minh c\u00e0ng th\u00eam k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Minh m\u1ea1t suy vong."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi gian Minh Hi T\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00e0ng h\u1ee7 b\u1ea1i \u0111en t\u1ed1i. Minh Hi T\u00f4ng do m\u1ea5t m\u1eb9 t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u0169 m\u1eabu Kh\u00e1ch th\u1ecb. Kh\u00e1ch th\u1ecb v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1n quan Ng\u1ee5y Trung Hi\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau l\u00e0m c\u00e0n. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u, Minh Hi T\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng L\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea3ng, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 khi\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng L\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, Minh Hi T\u00f4ng do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea5t ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh, Ng\u1ee5y Trung Hi\u1ec1n nh\u1edd c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 can d\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u1eadp k\u1ebft th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng T\u1ec1-S\u1edf-Chi\u1ebft, hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Y\u00eam \u0111\u1ea3ng. N\u0103m 1624, Y\u00eam \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c, Ng\u1ee5y Trung Hi\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng th\u00eam ng\u00f4ng cu\u1ed3ng, m\u00f3ng vu\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta tr\u1ea3i kh\u1eafp trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Khi quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf t\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh, d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ng\u1ee5y Trung Hi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ebf Th\u00e1i Mi\u1ebfu. To\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 mi\u1ebfu th\u1edd s\u1ed1ng Ng\u1ee5y Trung Hi\u1ec1n, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eed gi\u00e1m thu\u1ed9c Y\u00eam \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t Ng\u1ee5y Trung Hi\u1ec1n s\u00e1nh ngang Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, cha c\u1ee7a Ng\u1ee5y Trung Hi\u1ec1n s\u00e1nh ngang Kh\u1ea3i Th\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng. Ng\u1ee5y Trung Hi\u1ec1n ra s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch \u0110\u00f4ng L\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea3ng, m\u01b0\u1ee3n tam \u00e1n \"\u0110\u0129nh k\u00edch, H\u1ed3ng ho\u00e0n, Di cung\" l\u00e0m c\u1edb, sai \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o \"\u0110\u00f4ng L\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ee5c\" th\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1o tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 1625, Minh Hi T\u00f4ng h\u1ea1 chi\u1ebfu thi\u00eau h\u1ee7y th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u00f4ng L\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb v\u00e0o t\u00f9, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. Do y\u00eam \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh tr\u1ecb, trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m, d\u00e2n bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, ngo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, tri\u1ec1u Minh b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o. N\u0103m 1626, kho thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng cung x\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ed9c C\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i g\u00f3c t\u00e2y nam B\u1eafc Kinh ph\u00e1t n\u1ed5, t\u1ee9c V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1o t\u1ea1c, khi\u1ebfn cho h\u01a1n hai v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed th\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 1627, Minh Hi T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau v\u00ec thu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ho\u1eafc Duy Hoa m\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, em l\u00e0 T\u00edn v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Do Ki\u1ec3m k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c Minh T\u01b0 T\u00f4ng, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u S\u00f9ng Trinh."}
+{"text": "Sau khi t\u1ee9c v\u1ecb, Minh T\u01b0 T\u00f4ng ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ng\u1ee5y Trung Hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh. \u00d4ng h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng mi\u1ebfu th\u1edd s\u1ed1ng, b\u1ee9c Ph\u1ee5ng Th\u00e1nh phu nh\u00e2n Kh\u00e1ch th\u1ecb ra \u1edf ngo\u00e0i cung, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng x\u1eed t\u1eed. \u00d4ng h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh Ng\u1ee5y Trung Hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1ee5ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00f4ng l\u0103ng m\u1ed9, Ng\u1ee5y Trung Hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 L\u00fd Tri\u1ec1u Kh\u00e2m t\u1ef1 t\u1eed, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c trong Y\u00eam \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfm tru\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c x\u1eed t\u1eed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea3ng tranh n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea5u k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t, Minh T\u01b0 T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m b\u00e1 quan, \u00f4ng c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, H\u1eadu Kim t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh khu v\u1ef1c Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e1m Vi\u00ean S\u00f9ng Ho\u00e1n t\u1ea1i Li\u00eau T\u00e2y kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 Kh\u1ea3 h\u00e3n Ho\u00e0ng Th\u00e1i C\u1ef1c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp. N\u0103m 1629, Ho\u00e0ng Th\u00e1i C\u1ef1c chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f2ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp B\u1eafc Kinh, Vi\u00ean S\u00f9ng Ho\u00e1n kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p h\u1ed3i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng Th\u00e1i C\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng C\u1eeb m\u00f4n B\u1eafc Kinh. Tr\u1ea3i qua L\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 c\u1eedu khanh h\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Minh x\u1eed t\u1eed Vi\u00ean S\u00f9ng Ho\u00e1n, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng K\u1ec9 T\u1ecb chi bi\u1ebfn. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ho\u00e0ng Th\u00e1i C\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n vi\u1ec5n chinh M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, n\u0103m 1636 x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Th\u1ecbnh Kinh, c\u1ea3i qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i Thanh. Ho\u00e0ng Th\u00e1i C\u1ef1c li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103m l\u1ea7n qua Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c Tr\u1ef1c L\u1ec7, S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, Tr\u1ef1c L\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh, d\u00e2n sinh gian kh\u1ed5. C\u1ee5c th\u1ebf Li\u00eau T\u00e2y c\u0169ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng x\u1ea5u \u0111i, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n Thanh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1640 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh C\u1ea9m Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, t\u01b0\u1edbng H\u1ed3ng Th\u1eeba Tr\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c tri\u1ec1u Minh thu nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn S\u01a1n H\u1ea3i quan."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb trung k\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 sau, \u0110\u1ea1i Minh th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t sinh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Minh T\u01b0 T\u00f4ng do tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 quan vi\u00ean tham \u00f4 b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i, nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi H\u1eadu Kim v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n H\u1eadu Kim c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00ed h\u1eadu tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n do ti\u1ec3u b\u0103ng k\u1ef3, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3m g\u00e2y n\u00ean \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m t\u0103ng g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. N\u0103m 1627, d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3i t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eebng Th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Minh m\u1ea1t d\u00e2n bi\u1ebfn, sau \u0111\u00f3 V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ef1 D\u1ee5ng, Cao Ngh\u00eanh T\u01b0\u1eddng, L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Hi\u1ebfn Trung c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y, H\u00e0 Nam, c\u00f2n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Hi\u1ebfn Trung chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean. N\u0103m 1644, L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1i Thu\u1eadn, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh h\u1ea1 B\u1eafc Kinh, Minh T\u01b0 T\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 v\u1eabn, tri\u1ec1u Minh m\u1ea5t. Ng\u00f4 Tam Qu\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng Minh tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 S\u01a1n H\u1ea3i Quan, sau khi tri\u1ec1u Minh m\u1ea5t \u00f4ng ta quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n Thanh nh\u1eadp quan, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Thu\u1eadn. Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110a Nh\u0129 C\u1ed5n v\u00e0 Thu\u1eadn Tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Thanh nh\u1eadp quan, B\u1eafc Kinh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Thanh. L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Thanh ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t"}
+{"text": "Sau khi tri\u1ec1u Minh di\u1ec7t vong, t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng Nam Minh. Th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Nam Minh c\u00f3 T\u1ee9 h\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng: Ph\u00fac v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Do Tung, L\u1ed7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu D\u0129 H\u1ea3i, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Du\u1eadt Ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Chu Du\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7t (\ud862\udf81), Qu\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Do Lang. Sau khi Nam Minh di\u1ec7t vong, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Minh Tr\u1ecbnh do Tr\u1ecbnh Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 Qu\u1ef3 \u0110\u00f4ng th\u1eadp tam gia kh\u00e1ng Thanh. N\u0103m 1644, sau khi B\u1eafc Kinh b\u1ecb L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n Nam Minh c\u00f3 \u00fd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t. Tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, Ph\u00fac v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Do Tung x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c M\u00e3 S\u0129 Anh v\u00e0 Giang B\u1eafc t\u1ee9 tr\u1ea5n Cao Ki\u1ec7t, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1eafc C\u00f4ng, L\u01b0u Tr\u1ea1ch Thanh v\u00e0 L\u01b0u L\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e1, t\u1ee9c Ho\u1eb1ng Quang \u0110\u1ebf, s\u1eed x\u01b0ng Nam Minh. N\u0103m 1645, tri\u1ec1u Thanh ph\u00e1i \u0110a \u0110\u1ea1c \u0111em \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n nam h\u1ea1 Nam Kinh, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi Ho\u1eb1ng Quang \u0110\u1ebf b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n do t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Y\u00eam \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf, Giang B\u1eafc t\u1ee9 tr\u1ea5n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp tan v\u1ee1. Qu\u00e2n Thanh c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e2u do S\u1eed Kh\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p t\u1eed th\u1ee7, Ho\u1eb1ng Quang \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn Vu H\u1ed3 th\u00ec b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef, b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed t\u1eed. Th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e2n Thanh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u00e1t D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e2u th\u1eadp nh\u1eadt, Giang \u00c2m b\u00e1t th\u1eadp nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh tam \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Ho\u1eb1ng Quang \u0110\u1ebf b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, L\u1ed7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu D\u0129 H\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec7u H\u01b0ng x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1m qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Du\u1eadt Ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1m Tr\u1ecbnh Chi Long \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Ph\u00fac Ch\u00e2u, t\u1ee9c Long V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hai th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Nam Minh kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u00ean kia v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eabn nhau. Long V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc ph\u00e1t, song kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u1ecbnh Chi Long \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 1646, qu\u00e2n Thanh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh Chi\u1ebft Giang v\u00e0 Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, L\u1ed7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu D\u0129 H\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o vong tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, Long V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn Giang T\u00e2y th\u00ec b\u1ecb b\u1eaft r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n. Tr\u1ecbnh Chi Long \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng qu\u00e2n Thanh, song v\u00ec con l\u00e0 Tr\u1ecbnh Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi binh ph\u1ea3n Thanh m\u00e0 b\u1ecb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ea7m t\u00f9. Sau khi Chu Du\u1eadt Ki\u1ec7n t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, em l\u00e0 Chu Du\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c Thi\u1ec7u V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf, c\u00f9ng n\u0103m b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng Thanh l\u00e0 L\u00fd Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng di\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gian, Qu\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Do Lang t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec7u Kh\u00e1nh, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c V\u0129nh L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1646, V\u0129nh L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c C\u00f9 Th\u1ee9c T\u1ec9, L\u00fd \u0110\u1ecbnh Qu\u1ed1c, T\u00f4n Kh\u1ea3 Vong, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c Tr\u1ecbnh Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c c\u1ef1u t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Minh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0ng Thanh l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, Nam Minh thu ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Hoa Nam trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00f9ng n\u0103m t\u01b0\u1edbng Thanh l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Kh\u1ea3 H\u1ec9 su\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c H\u1ed3 Nam, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Hai n\u0103m sau, L\u00fd \u0110\u1ecbnh Qu\u1ed1c, T\u00f4n Kh\u1ea3 V\u1ecdng v\u00e0 Tr\u1ecbnh Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hau, trong \u0111\u00f3 Tr\u1ecbnh Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng t\u1eebng bao v\u00e2y Nam Kinh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c l\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n Minh c\u00e1ch xa nhau n\u00ean kh\u00f3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p, n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u00e1m T\u00f4n Kh\u1ea3 V\u1ecdng l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n, ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i k\u1ebft th\u00fac. N\u0103m 1661, qu\u00e2n Thanh \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o V\u00e2n Nam, V\u0129nh L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ebf l\u01b0u vong sang th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Sagaing c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Taungoo Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3nh \u0110\u1ea1t (Pindale Min) ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00f4 Tam Qu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, em c\u1ee7a M\u00e3nh \u0110\u1ea1t l\u00e0 M\u00e3nh B\u1ea1ch (Pye Min) th\u1eeba c\u01a1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 8, M\u00e3nh B\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \"Ch\u00fa Th\u1ee7y chi nan\", gi\u1ebft h\u1ebft th\u1ecb t\u00f2ng c\u1eadn v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a V\u0129nh L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ebf, V\u0129nh L\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb Ng\u00f4 Tam Qu\u1ebf si\u1ebft c\u1ed5 ch\u1ebft, Nam Minh m\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n Thanh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n Qu\u1ef3 \u0110\u00f4ng th\u1eadp tam gia qu\u00e2n, v\u00e0 Tr\u1ecbnh Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Kim M\u00f4n-H\u1ea1 M\u00f4n (s\u1eed x\u01b0ng Minh Tr\u1ecbnh). T\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh sau khi kh\u00e1ng Thanh t\u1ea1i H\u1ed3 Nam th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng n\u00fai T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean-H\u1ed3 B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef3 Ch\u00e2u ph\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00e1ng Thanh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Qu\u1ef3 \u0110\u00f4ng th\u1eadp tam gia qu\u00e2n. N\u0103m 1662, qu\u00e2n Thanh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1664 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh L\u00fd Lai Hanh b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft n\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Tr\u1ecbnh Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh th\u00ec tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn Kim M\u00f4n-H\u1ea1 M\u00f4n, n\u0103m 1661 su\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111ang do ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Ninh (nay l\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Nam). Con l\u00e0 Tr\u1ecbnh Kinh t\u1eebng tham d\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1n Tam Phi\u00ean song th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 1683, tri\u1ec1u Thanh m\u1ec7nh Thi Lang ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0i Loan, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Kh\u1eafc S\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, Minh Tr\u1ecbnh m\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, tri\u1ec1u Minh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi B\u1eafc Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 sau l\u00e0 Th\u00e1t \u0110\u00e1t c\u00f9ng Ng\u00f5a L\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c M\u1ea1c Nam \u0111\u1eb7t h\u01a1n 40 v\u1ec7 s\u1edf ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4ng Th\u1eafng v\u1ec7, V\u00e2n Xuy\u00ean v\u1ec7, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecba bi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng tuy\u1ebfn \u00c2m S\u01a1n-s\u01b0\u1eddn nam \u0110\u1ea1i Thanh S\u01a1n-s\u00f4ng T\u00e2y L\u1ea1p M\u1ed9c Lu\u00e2n. Sau th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 30 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, do kh\u00ed h\u1eadu chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ea1nh, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, trong T\u0129nh Nan chi d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb Y\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, do \u0111\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi d\u1eddi m\u1ed9t \u00edt v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c, qu\u00e2n Minh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb trung k\u1ef3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i qu\u1eadt kh\u1edfi, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi l\u1ea1i d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi d\u1ef1ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, ven Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t \"c\u1eedu bi\u00ean\" (Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng, K\u1ebf Ch\u00e2u, Tuy\u00ean Ph\u1ee7, \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng, Di\u00ean Tuy, Ninh H\u1ea1, Cam T\u00fac, Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean, C\u1ed1 Nguy\u00ean) t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh v\u00e0o trung-h\u1eadu k\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng canh v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c du m\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 \u0111\u1eb7t Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4 ty \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c H\u1eafc Long Giang, chi\u00eau ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Minh t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ngo\u1ea1i H\u01b0ng An L\u0129nh (Stanovoy) v\u00e0 c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a H\u1eafc Long Giang, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea3o Kh\u1ed1 Hi\u1ec7t (Sakhalin). N\u0103m V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c th\u1ee9 7 (1409) th\u1eddi Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5, tri\u1ec1u Minh \u0111\u1eb7t N\u00f4 Nhi Can \u0111\u00f4 ty t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c H\u1eafc Long Giang, song \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u01a1n 130 v\u1ec7 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m Tuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 9 (1434) th\u1eddi Minh Tuy\u00ean T\u00f4ng th\u00ec b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 s\u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4 ty v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ki mi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi Minh Anh T\u00f4ng, nh\u00f3m Ng\u1ed9t L\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c Th\u00e1t \u0110\u00e1t v\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn Ch\u00e2u N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4 ty. N\u0103m Th\u00e0nh H\u00f3a th\u1ee9 5 (1469) th\u1eddi Minh Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Minh cho d\u1ef1ng \"Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng bi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng\". T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Ki\u1ebfn Ch\u00e2u N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 N\u1ed7 Nh\u0129 C\u00e1p X\u00edch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n, c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 s\u1edf do tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Minh \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ea7n ti\u00eau vong. N\u0103m V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 44 (1616) th\u1eddi Minh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng, N\u1ed7 Nh\u0129 C\u00e1p X\u00edch x\u01b0ng h\u00e3n, ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1i Kim. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 47 (1619), sau tr\u1eadn T\u00e1t Nh\u0129 H\u1eed, qu\u00e2n H\u1eadu Kim \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \"Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng bi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng\", chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4 ty."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 th\u1ee9 14 (1381) th\u1eddi Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5, tri\u1ec1u Minh m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh khu v\u1ef1c V\u00e2n Nam-Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t th\u1ed5 ty, tuy\u00ean \u00fay ty \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eafc trung b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, b\u1eafc b\u1ed9 L\u00e0o, b\u1eafc b\u1ed9 Th\u00e1i Lan ng\u00e0y nay. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 sau c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y b\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia xung quanh th\u00f4n t\u00ednh. N\u0103m V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c th\u1ee9 4 (1406) th\u1eddi Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5, qu\u00e2n Minh ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng An Nam, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt Nam ch\u00e2u, sang n\u0103m sau \u0111\u1eb7t An Nam b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty, b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t 15 ph\u1ee7, 36 ch\u00e2u, h\u01a1n hai tr\u0103m huy\u1ec7n. V\u1ec1 sau do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Minh v\u00e0o n\u0103m Tuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 2 (1427) th\u1eddi Tuy\u00ean T\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, An Nam kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 do v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea cai tr\u1ecb. T\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Minh thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \"\u0111a phong ch\u00fang ki\u1ebfn\", tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh v\u1edbi T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng hay kh\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Tri\u1ec1u Minh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ph\u00e2n chia h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u00ean, khu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7t 'th\u1eeba tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty' (b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty), '\u0111\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh \u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1ee9 ty' (\u00e1n s\u00e1t ty), v\u00e0 '\u0111\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 huy s\u1ee9 ty' (\u0111\u00f4 ty), ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. 'B\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty' \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh, b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o, ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n, ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i 'ph\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o' v\u00e0 'ph\u00e2n tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o'. \"Ph\u1ee7\" nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u00ean, l\u1ea5y thu\u1ebf l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00edt hay nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb 20 v\u1ea1n th\u1ea1ch tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 'th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee7', t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi 20 v\u1ea1n th\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 'trung ph\u1ee7', d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1n th\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 'h\u1ea1 ph\u1ee7'. Ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 hai ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 v\u1ec7, s\u1edf. Th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00f4ng, Anh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 do trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1i \u0111i, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 ty. Nh\u1eb1m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ee9c '\u0111\u00f4 ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed' \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. Tri\u1ec1u Minh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 140 ph\u1ee7, 193 ch\u00e2u, 1138 huy\u1ec7n, 493 v\u1ec7, 359 s\u1edf."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eeba tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9 ty (b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty) qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \"h\u00e0nh trung th\u01b0 t\u1ec9nh\" v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean. Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 v\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"h\u00e0nh trung th\u01b0 t\u1ec9nh\", \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1376 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \"b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9 ty\", th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Minh \u0111\u1eb7t 13 b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty c\u00f9ng kinh s\u01b0 (\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Giang T\u00f4 v\u00e0 An Huy hi\u1ec7n nay). N\u0103m 1380, sau \u00e1n H\u1ed3 Duy Dung tri\u1ec1u Minh ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf \"trung th\u01b0 t\u1ec9nh\", kinh s\u01b0 v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c L\u1ee5c b\u1ed9. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1407 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1428 \u0111\u1eb7t Giao Ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty. N\u0103m 1413, \u0111\u1eb7t Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty. Do thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 B\u1eafc Kinh, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1403 \u0111\u01b0a B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty th\u0103ng l\u00e0m \"h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i\", n\u0103m 1421 sau khi thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 B\u1eafc Kinh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kinh s\u01b0 (B\u1eafc Tr\u1ef1c L\u1ec7), kinh s\u01b0 c\u0169 \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh Nam Kinh (Nam Tr\u1ef1c L\u1ec7), h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n chia h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \"l\u01b0\u1ee1ng kinh th\u1eadp tam t\u1ec9nh\". L\u01b0\u1ee1ng kinh l\u00e0 B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0 Nam Kinh, g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Thu\u1eadn Thi\u00ean ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u1ee8ng Thi\u00ean ph\u1ee7, ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2n c\u1eadn l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 B\u1eafc Tr\u1ef1c L\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Nam Tr\u1ef1c L\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty, 13 b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty g\u1ed3m: Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y, S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng, H\u00e0 Nam, Chi\u1ebft Giang, Giang T\u00e2y, H\u1ed3 Qu\u1ea3ng, T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u, V\u00e2n Nam. Ph\u00e2n chia h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf n\u00fai s\u00f4ng, song c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 Nam Tr\u1ef1c L\u1ec7 n\u1eb1m v\u1eaft qua c\u1ea3 ba khu v\u1ef1c Ho\u00e0i B\u1eafc, Ho\u00e0i Nam, Giang Nam, khu v\u1ef1c T\u00f4-T\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef-v\u0103n h\u00f3a thu\u1ed9c khu Th\u00e1i H\u1ed3 Ng\u00f4-Vi\u1ec7t song \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy nh\u1eadp Nam Tr\u1ef1c L\u1ec7 thay v\u00ec Chi\u1ebft Giang; b\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecba H\u00e1n Trung n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam T\u1ea7n L\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy nh\u1eadp Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y thay v\u00ec T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean, H\u00e0 Nam bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0. Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm khi kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa h\u1eb9p song hai b\u00ean th\u00ec r\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 huy s\u1ee9 ty (\u0111\u00f4 ty) qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ec7 s\u1edf, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1370 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \"\u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec7\", \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1375 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f4 ty qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. \u0110\u00f4 ty v\u1ed1n l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c ph\u1ee7, sau \u00e1n H\u1ed3 Duy Dung tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh chia \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0m n\u0103m, ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 s\u1edf. Tri\u1ec1u Minh t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7t 16 \u0111\u00f4 ty, 5 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4 ty, 2 l\u01b0u th\u1ee7 ty. Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 13 \u0111\u00f4 ty tr\u00f9ng t\u00ean v\u1edbi b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty, ba \u0111\u00f4 ty kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 V\u1ea1n To\u00e0n \u0111\u00f4 ty, \u0110\u1ea1i Ninh \u0111\u00f4 ty v\u00e0 Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4 ty. 5 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4 ty l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y, T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean, H\u1ed3 Qu\u1ea3ng, Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, S\u01a1n T\u00e2y. Hai l\u01b0u th\u1ee7 ty l\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4 l\u01b0u th\u1ee7 ty (nay l\u00e0 Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng) \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi H\u1ed3ng V\u0169, H\u01b0ng \u0110\u00f4 l\u01b0u th\u1ee7 ty \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean ph\u1ee7 (nay l\u00e0 Chung T\u01b0\u1eddng, H\u1ed3 B\u1eafc) th\u1eddi Gia T\u0129nh. Trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 ty c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ki mi, n\u1ed5i danh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 N\u00f4 Nhi Can \u0111\u00f4 ty qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c H\u1eafc Long Giang, T\u00f9ng Hoa Giang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Kh\u1ed1 Hi\u1ec7t; t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Thanh-T\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1o h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7t hai \u0111\u00f4 ty \u00d4 T\u01b0 T\u1ea1ng, \u0110\u00f3a Cam, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c giao gi\u1edbi Cam T\u00fac v\u00e0 Thanh H\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 s\u1edf nh\u01b0 C\u00e1p M\u1eadt, Kh\u00fac Ti\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4 ty, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4 ty t\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba."}
+{"text": "Tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Minh Tuy\u00ean T\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n l\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, \u0111\u00f4 s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7n l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m danh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1c ph\u1ee7 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Minh \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khu h\u00e0nh chinh c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t. Th\u1eddi Minh Anh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c, ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m 1-2 b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty, nh\u01b0 S\u01a1n T\u00e2y-H\u00e0 Nam tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7 th\u1eddi Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng; l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p trong \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty c\u00f3 v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7, nh\u01b0 B\u1eafc Tr\u1ef1c L\u1ec7 c\u00f3 Thu\u1eadn Thi\u00ean tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7, B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ecbnh tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7, Tuy\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7; Nam Tr\u1ef1c L\u1ec7 c\u00f3 hai tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7: \u1ee8ng Thi\u00ean tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7, Thu\u1eadn D\u01b0\u01a1ng tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd khu v\u1ef1c giao gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty, nh\u01b0 Nam C\u00e1m Thi\u1ec1u \u0110inh tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean ba b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ty l\u00e0 Giang T\u00e2y, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 th\u1ee9 13 (1380), Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c Th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng H\u1ed3 Duy Dung m\u01b0u ph\u1ea3n n\u00ean ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi T\u1ea7n, H\u00e1n tr\u1edf \u0111i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1n 1600 n\u0103m th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf, l\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp do ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch, quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tri\u1ec1u Minh m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, thi h\u00e0nh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia tam quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp: qu\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, v\u1ec1 sau do quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf, qu\u1ed1c th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng suy b\u1ea1i. Do c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c s\u1ef1, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m Ki\u1ebfn V\u0103n th\u1ee9 4 (4) Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c. N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, ph\u00ea \u0111\u00e1p t\u1ea5u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng do ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch. N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u Minh t\u1eeb khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m trong tri\u1ec1u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t x\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n Uy\u00ean c\u00e1c. Ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u0129 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m, ch\u1ec9 theo \u00fd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ra, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00fat\", quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng t\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng khi x\u01b0a, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ng\u1ea7m, song kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Tuy\u00ean T\u00f4ng, do c\u00f3 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ed5, D\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Vinh tham gia n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c, Tuy\u00ean T\u00f4ng ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c kh\u1edfi th\u1ea3o th\u00e1nh ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea7n thu\u1eadt \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \"phi\u1ebfu ngh\u0129\" \u7968\u64ec, l\u1ea1i trao cho c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ho\u1ea1n quan l\u00e0 Ty l\u1ec5 gi\u00e1m ph\u00ea thay t\u1ee9c \"ph\u00ea chu\" \u6279\u6731. Ph\u00e9p \"phi\u1ebfu ngh\u0129\" kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c t\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n, song \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Ty l\u1ec5 gi\u00e1m, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1n quan chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh trong tri\u1ec1u Minh"}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1m th\u1ecb v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 c\u00f2n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 mang t\u00ean \"c\u1ea9m y v\u1ec7\", Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 l\u1eadp th\u00eam \"\u0111\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng\", Minh Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng l\u1eadp \"t\u00e2y x\u01b0\u1edfng\" (v\u1ec1 sau ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf), g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 \"x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec7\", do ho\u1ea1n quan th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1n quan tri\u1ec1u Minh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i cao tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5 c\u00f3 khi s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi t\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \"phi\u1ebfu ngh\u0129\". Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau khi ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 trung th\u01b0 t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00ednh v\u1ee5, c\u00f3 khi b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c, do v\u1eady thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ee9 ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1, song kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 th\u1ee9 17 (1384) th\u00ec b\u00e3i b\u1ecf. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eddi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb h\u00e0n l\u00e2m h\u1ecdc s\u0129 gi\u00fap ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1, c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0n l\u00e2m h\u1ecdc s\u0129 n\u00e0y ph\u1ecfng theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169 h\u1ecdc s\u0129 qu\u00e1n c\u00e1c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng-T\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \"M\u1ed7 m\u1ed7 \u0111i\u1ec7n (c\u00e1c) \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u0129\", b\u1eadc quan ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ng\u0169 ph\u1ea9m. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Tri\u1ec1u Minh t\u1ea1i trung \u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u00e1u b\u1ed9: l\u1ea1i, h\u1ed9 l\u1ec5, c\u00f4ng, h\u00ecnh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00fac m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u Minh t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 t\u0103ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0, th\u1ecb lang. Sau \u00e1n H\u1ed3 Duy Dung, Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf ch\u1ee9c th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau trung th\u01b0 t\u1ec9nh. L\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao, m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0, hai th\u1ecb lang, c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1ng l\u00e0m lang trung. B\u1eadc quan c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1ecb lang c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 L\u1ec5 b\u1ed9 (ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt Nho gia, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ebf t\u1ef1, ngo\u1ea1i giao) v\u00e0 L\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 (ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n th\u0103ng ch\u1ee9c quan v\u0103n) c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t, H\u1ed9 b\u1ed9 (ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u) c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t. Binh b\u1ed9 (ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng), H\u00ecnh b\u1ed9 (ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u1ee5 \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn) v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 (ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kh\u00e1 th\u1ea5p."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u th\u1ea9m ngh\u1ecb th\u1ea3o chi\u1ebfu, tri\u1ec1u Minh ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7t \"c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 trung\" v\u00e0 \"trung th\u01b0 x\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\", kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t hai t\u1ec9nh \"trung th\u01b0\", \"m\u00f4n h\u1ea1\". C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u th\u1ea9m ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh l\u00e0 l\u1ee5c khoa c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 trung, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 th\u1ee9 24 (1391), \u0111\u1eb7t 6 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 trung, ph\u00e2n v\u00e0o s\u00e1u khoa L\u1ea1i, H\u1ed9, L\u1ec5, C\u00f4ng, H\u00ecnh, Binh, m\u1ed7i khoa m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed7i \"\u0111\u00f4 c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 trung\" l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3 h\u1eefu c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 trung v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 trung. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ee5c khoa c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 trung v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 M\u00f4n h\u1ea1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, song quan v\u1ecb h\u1ea1 gi\u1ea3m, c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u tinh gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n. Quan ch\u1ee9c l\u1ee5c khoa tuy c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p, song ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t cao, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u00fd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n quan, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quan l\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh. C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 v\u1ee5 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \"Ng\u0169 t\u1ef1\", bao g\u1ed3m \u0110\u1ea1i l\u00fd t\u1ef1, Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1, Quang l\u1ed9c t\u1ef1, Th\u00e1i b\u1ed9c t\u1ef1, H\u1ed3ng l\u01b0 t\u1ef1, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed1ng, gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt b\u1ed1n t\u1ef1: T\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o T\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ee7, V\u1ec7 \u00fay t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Binh b\u1ed9, Ty n\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o H\u1ed9 b\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ea1i l\u00fd t\u1ef1 c\u00f9ng H\u00ecnh b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4 s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh Tam ph\u00e1p ty, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch ph\u00fac th\u1ea9m v\u00e0 ph\u00fac h\u1ea1ch \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i l\u00fd t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ea1i l\u00fd t\u1ef1 khanh\", c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u1eedu khanh, khanh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1 th\u1ea5p. Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch t\u1ebf t\u1ef1; Th\u00e1i b\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c; Quang l\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch b\u00e0y ti\u1ec7c; H\u1ed3ng l\u01b0 t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i kh\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 th\u1ee9 13 (1380), tri\u1ec1u Minh c\u00f2n k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u00ean, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \"Ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed \u0111\u00e0i\", c\u00f3 t\u1ea3 h\u1eefu ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i phu. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf Ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed \u0111\u00e0i. Hai n\u0103m sau, Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u00f4 s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7n\", b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0110\u00f4 s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \"\u0110\u00f4 s\u00e1t ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed\", ph\u00e2n tu\u1ea7n c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed, ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i kinh s\u1ef1, c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c th\u00ec mang theo \u1ea5n xu\u1ea5t tu\u1ea7n, xong vi\u1ec7c th\u00ec v\u1ec1 kinh tr\u1ea3 \u1ea5n. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Minh m\u1ea1t, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh 13 \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 110 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f4 s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c khoa \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng gi\u00e1n quan v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch b\u00e1o c\u00e1o s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 \"khoa \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u00f4n quan\"."}
+{"text": "Tri\u1ec1u Minh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nghi\u00eam m\u1eadt ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5, c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea9m y v\u1ec7, \u0111\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00e2y x\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 V\u0169 T\u00f4ng t\u1eebng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \"n\u1ed9i h\u00e0nh x\u01b0\u1edfng\". C\u1ea9m y v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 th\u1ee9 15 (1382), tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nghe l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f3c n\u00e3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng khai. Sau khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea9m y v\u1ec7 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3m. \u0110\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c th\u1ee9 18 (1420), nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i b\u1eafc \u0110\u00f4ng An M\u00f4n t\u1ea1i kinh th\u00e0nh. Ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1m th\u1ecb quan vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, nh\u00e2n s\u0129 ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u00e1m th\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u1ed3i b\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng tin gi\u00e1m th\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kh\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00f3c n\u00e3, th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n; c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quan vi\u00ean c\u1ea5p cao trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp h\u00e0nh tr\u00f3c n\u00e3, th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n h\u1ecd. T\u00e2y x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh l\u00e0 U\u00f4ng Tr\u1ef1c, sau n\u0103m 1482 th\u00ec b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u0169 T\u00f4ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c. N\u1ed9i x\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 V\u0169 T\u00f4ng, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1n quan L\u01b0u C\u1ea9n, sau khi L\u01b0u C\u1ea9n b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft th\u00ec n\u1ed9i x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00e2y x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng."}
+{"text": "Quan c\u00f4ng c\u00f4 bao g\u1ed3m tam c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 tam c\u00f4, tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n t\u1eed, song c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c h\u00e3o, th\u01b0\u1eddng trao cho \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng lao t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh. Tam c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u00e1i s\u01b0, th\u00e1i ph\u00f3, th\u00e1i b\u1ea3o, tam c\u00f4 l\u00e0 ba ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5 gi\u00fap: thi\u1ebfu s\u01b0, thi\u1ebfu ph\u00f3, thi\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o. Trong \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e1i b\u1ea3o v\u00e0 th\u00e1i ph\u00f3 tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i t\u1eed, c\u00f2n th\u00e1i s\u01b0 tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, song th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00e1i t\u1eed l\u00e0 \"chi\u00eam s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7\". B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u00eam s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eb7t hai ph\u00f2ng, m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t th\u00ednh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Th\u00e1i y vi\u1ec7n, chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb y t\u1ebf cho nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng th\u1ea5t. H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt t\u1ed1i cao ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 H\u00e0n l\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u0129, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u00eam nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u1ea1i tam gi\u00e1m bao g\u1ed3m Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eed gi\u00e1m, Kh\u00e2m thi\u00ean gi\u00e1m, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e2m uy\u1ec3n gi\u00e1m. Kh\u00e2m thi\u00ean gi\u00e1m ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch quan tr\u1eafc chi\u00eam tinh. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eed gi\u00e1m l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i cao, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o quan h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ebf t\u1eedu, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ty nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m th\u1eeba, n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1c s\u0129, 15 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ee3 gi\u00e1o, 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh, 7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc l\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3n b\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3n t\u1ecbch, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3n so\u1ea1n. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e2m uy\u1ec3n gi\u00e1m ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ng\u1ef1 hoa vi\u00ean, b\u00e3i ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1eddn rau c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "N\u1ed9i th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb gi\u00e1m l\u00e0 s\u1edf quan c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1n quan, bao g\u1ed3m ti l\u1ec5 gi\u00e1m, n\u1ed9i cung gi\u00e1m, ng\u1ef1 d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1m, ty thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1m, ng\u1ef1 m\u00e3 gi\u00e1m, th\u1ea7n cung gi\u00e1m, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1m, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3o gi\u00e1m, \u1ea5n th\u1ee5 gi\u00e1m, tr\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00e1m, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng y gi\u00e1m, \u0111\u00f4 tri gi\u00e1m, trong \u0111\u00f3 ty l\u1ec5 gi\u00e1m l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m c\u1ea7m b\u00fat vi\u1ebft v\u0103n trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u1ea1n quan chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u00f2n thay th\u1ebf ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n c\u00f4ng v\u0103n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong cung c\u00f2n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1ed1n ty (t\u00edch t\u00e2n, chung c\u1ed5, b\u1ea3o sao, h\u1ed7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng), t\u00e1m c\u1ee5c (binh tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ng\u00e2n t\u00e1c, ho\u00e1n y, c\u00e2n m\u1ea1o, ch\u00e2m c\u00f4ng, n\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec5m, t\u1eedu th\u1ed1 di\u1ec7n, ti uy\u1ec3n), h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh 24 nha m\u00f4n n\u1ed9i quan. Cung n\u1eef c\u00f3 6 c\u1ee5c (th\u01b0\u1ee3ng cung, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5c, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea9m, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng), d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed7i c\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ed1n ty."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Minh th\u1ef1c thi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng, m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng cho nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eadn, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng nh\u1eb1m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111ang trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e1t c\u1ee9, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, sau khi tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng h\u1ecd l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Uy kh\u1ea5u th\u1eddi Minh s\u01a1. Nh\u1eb1m ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng Uy kh\u1ea5u, Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 ban b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ea3i c\u1ea5m. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng ki\u00eam m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng thu ph\u1ee5c k\u1ebft giao c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia xung quanh. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n ch\u1ebf m\u00e2u d\u1ecbch nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u00ed m\u1eadt, chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu. Khu v\u1ef1c t\u1eadp trung c\u1ea3ng m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch khu v\u1ef1c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn sang c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. Do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1ea5t \u0111i vai tr\u00f2 duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n h\u1ea3i t\u1eb7c ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh. Do m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ng\u1ea7m, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ea1c t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c, b\u1ea1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u00e1i khi\u1ec3n nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a \u0111em thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9i b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n h\u1ea1 T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111i xa nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng ch\u00e2u Phi, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u00e1i khi\u1ec3n Tr\u1ea7n T\u1eed L\u1ed7 \u0111i s\u1ee9 sang m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 Samarkand, Th\u1ed5 L\u1ed7 Ph\u1ed3n, H\u1ecfa Ch\u00e2u, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng giao l\u01b0u v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1eefa tri\u1ec1u Minh v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c \u1edf v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec9nh cao th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khai ph\u00f3ng. Sang th\u1eddi Minh Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nghe theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n trong tri\u1ec1u, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111iT\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u00e2y l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. N\u0103m Tuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 5 (1431) th\u1eddi Minh Tuy\u00ean T\u00f4ng, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ph\u00e1i Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a h\u1ea1 T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i. Th\u1eddi Minh Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng, t\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf h\u1ea1 chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn Binh b\u1ed9 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a nh\u01b0 h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c quan vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 L\u01b0u \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ea1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea1 T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn cho qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00f4 \u00edch, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111em c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a gi\u1ea5u \u0111i (c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y), k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf. V\u1ec1 sau, Uy kh\u1ea5u ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh, tri\u1ec1u Minh gia t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea3i c\u1ea5m, \u0111\u1ebfn sau n\u0103m Long Kh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 1 (1567) th\u1eddi M\u1ee5c T\u00f4ng, Uy kh\u1ea5u d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ven bi\u1ec3n, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb h\u1ea3i c\u1ea5m, khi\u1ebfn m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch b\u00ed m\u1eadt trong d\u00e2n gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a, m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng khi\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Uy kh\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i uy hi\u1ebfp nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea3i c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh, tuy v\u1eady th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Uy kh\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u01b0u d\u00e2n b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \"kh\u00e1ng Uy\" c\u1ee7a Chu Ho\u00e0n v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Kinh, song cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng Uy kh\u1ea5u x\u00e2m nhi\u1ec5u, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c thi h\u1ea3i c\u1ea5m, \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c danh t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 Th\u00edch K\u1ebf Quang t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c \"kh\u00e1ng Uy\", Uy kh\u1ea5u m\u1edbi b\u1ecb tr\u1eeb s\u1ea1ch, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh h\u1ea3i c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u00ecnh \u1ed5n h\u01a1n. Sau khi Toyotomi Hideyoshi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. N\u0103m V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 20 (1592), Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t sang Ngh\u0129a Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1i s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Minh. Tri\u1ec1u Minh t\u1eebng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, hai b\u00ean t\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e0m, song sau n\u0103m V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 25 (1597) Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. N\u0103m V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 26 (1598), Toyotomi Hideyoshi b\u1ec7nh m\u1ea5t, l\u00f2ng qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t qu\u00e2n. Chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng qu\u1ed1c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Minh v\u00e0 Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, c\u00f2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i."}
+{"text": "M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 hai b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed7i uy hi\u1ebfp l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i bi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2y L\u1ed7 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng L\u1ed7. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u Minh, khi v\u0169 l\u1ef1c c\u00f2n c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh, t\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00ean M\u1ea1c B\u1eafc, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 c\u0169ng v\u00ec n\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1t \u0110\u00e1t, Ng\u00f5a L\u1ea1t n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam. Sau n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec1u Minh suy l\u1ea1c, nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 sau khi x\u01b0ng b\u00e1 trong t\u1ed9c c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng tri\u1ec1u Minh, nh\u01b0 Th\u1ed5 M\u1ed9c b\u1ea3o chi bi\u1ebfn do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ng\u00f5a L\u1ea1t, Canh Tu\u1ea5t chi bi\u1ebfn do Th\u1ed5 M\u1eb7c \u0110\u1eb7c b\u1ed9. C\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh do \u0111\u00f3 thu nh\u1ecf, c\u00f2n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eau hao r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Y\u00eam \u0110\u00e1p H\u00e3n v\u1ec1 sau b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ebft giao v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Minh, th\u1ee5 phong t\u01b0\u1edbc Thu\u1eadn Ngh\u0129a v\u01b0\u01a1ng, tam n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Khu v\u1ef1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Minh-M\u00f4ng an ninh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ebfn sau khi H\u1eadu Kim kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 th\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y m\u1edbi k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Minh t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t N\u00f4 Nhi Can \u0111\u00f4 ty \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh v\u1edbi Minh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0i tr\u1eeb th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c t\u00e0n d\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, quan h\u1ec7 song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn trung h\u1eadu k\u1ef3, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Minh thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n. Khi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, N\u00f4 Nhi Can \u0111\u00f4 ty b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh c\u00e0ng suy gi\u1ea3m. Sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Ki\u1ebfn Ch\u00e2u N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 N\u1ed7 Nh\u0129 C\u00e1p X\u00edch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c N\u1eef Ch\u00e2n, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1616 ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1i Kim, \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Minh. H\u1eadu Kim chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 d\u00e3 t\u00e2m l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 Trung Nguy\u00ean, uy hi\u1ebfp nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh. N\u0103m 1636, \u0110\u1ea1i Kim c\u1ea3i qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u sang \u0110\u1ea1i Thanh, ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp Thanh tri\u1ec1u, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1644 sau khi tri\u1ec1u Minh di\u1ec7t vong ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong 267 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Sau khi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha nh\u1eb1m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c khai th\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, sau khi chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh Malacca n\u0103m 1511, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1eadp c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 7 (1513) th\u1eddi V\u0169 T\u00f4ng, Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ed3 D\u00e0o Nha Emmanuel I v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Minh n\u00ean ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, song b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh. H\u1ecd chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u00f9ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed3n M\u00f4n, b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t H\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ed3n M\u00f4n, B\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfn T\u00e2y Th\u1ea3o Loan v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Minh, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Gia T\u0129nh \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd cho \u0111o\u00e0n nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00c1o M\u00f4n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha, H\u00e0 Lan, Anh Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng ph\u00e1i c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn, khi\u1ebfn cho kh\u00f4ng \u00edt s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 10 (1582) th\u1eddi Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng, Matteo Ricci ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c, \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i Trung v\u0103n, Nho gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i phu tri\u1ec1u Minh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc Kinh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00e1c c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 Kh\u00f4n d\u01b0 v\u1ea1n qu\u1ed1c to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1o T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng, h\u1ecfa th\u01b0\u01a1ng, T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Maria, Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1. Matteo Ricci kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 c\u00f2n truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho \u0111\u00e1m T\u1eeb Quang Kh\u1ea3i, L\u00fd Chi T\u1ea3o h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp T\u00e2y h\u1ecdc. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Nho gia, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u1edd v\u00e2y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Minh m\u1ea1t c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tri\u1ec1u Minh t\u1eebng trang b\u1ecb h\u1ecfa kh\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1o T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tri\u1ec1u Minh, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00f2ng chinh, c\u00f3 binh s\u0129 tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 binh s\u0129 qu\u1ea7n h\u00f9ng quy ph\u1ee5, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0y \u1ea3i, song ngu\u1ed3n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n theo h\u1ed9 t\u1ecbch, c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 '\u0111\u00f3a t\u1eadp qu\u00e2n'. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3n b\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1ea7u sung v\u00e0 thu t\u1eadp. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u1eeb trung k\u1ef3 tri\u1ec1u Minh tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau c\u00f2n c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch d\u00e2n l\u00e0m binh, tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, \"v\u1ec7 s\u1edf ch\u1ebf\" v\u1eabn l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. V\u1ec7 s\u1edf ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecba qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u1ec7 s\u1edf tr\u00fa qu\u00e2n, \"v\u1ec7\" c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i quy m\u00f4 5600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 thi\u00ean h\u1ed9 s\u1edf, b\u00e1ch h\u1ed9 s\u1edf, t\u1ed5ng k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u k\u1ef3, c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ng\u0169 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c ph\u1ee7, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c Binh b\u1ed9, khi h\u1eefu s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng, khi v\u00f4 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1ec7 s\u1edf. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n h\u1ed9 th\u1ebf t\u1eadp, do m\u1ed7i h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \"ch\u00ednh \u0111inh\" \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ec7 s\u1edf l\u00e0m binh, qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n trong v\u1ec7 s\u1edf lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng quan. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nu\u00f4i binh song kh\u00f4ng ti\u00eau hao t\u00e0i l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c gia, song t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Minh Tuy\u00ean T\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 sau th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec, m\u1ee9c sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p, binh s\u0129 \u0111\u00e0o ng\u0169 d\u1ea7n gia t\u0103ng, qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb do \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt vi\u1ec7n Tri\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \"th\u1ee7y l\u00f4i chi\u1ebfn\" \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eafm chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n; \"h\u1ecfa long xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y\" ph\u00e1t minh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00ean l\u1eeda hai b\u1eadc d\u00f9ng trong th\u1ee7y chi\u1ebfn; th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng tri\u1ec1u Minh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00ecn v\u1ecf s\u1eaft s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i; l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n tri\u1ec1u Minh t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \"h\u1ed5 t\u1ed3n ph\u00e1o\", c\u0169ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef5 ph\u00e1o binh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 200 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Gia T\u0129nh, khi \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 lo\u1ea1n Uy kh\u1ea5u, t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh Th\u00edch K\u1ebf Quang t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Chi\u1ebft Giang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c chi\u00eau m\u1ed9 d\u00e2n binh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n th\u00eam, thay th\u1ebf v\u1ec7 s\u1edf binh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed5i. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n qu\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy l\u00e0 v\u1ec7 s\u1edf qu\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed5i, cho n\u00ean l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n binh \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 tri\u1ec1u Minh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vai tr\u00f2 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Th\u00edch gia qu\u00e2n do Th\u00edch K\u1ebf Quang chi\u00eau m\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chi\u1ebft Giang, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ef5 c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Nh\u01b0 T\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 Quan Ninh thi\u1ebft k\u1ef5 do Vi\u00ean S\u00f9ng Ho\u00e1n chi\u00eau m\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng\u3002"}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o h\u1ecfa kh\u00ed Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Minh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao. H\u1ecfa kh\u00ed th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn. T\u00ean l\u1eeda v\u00e0 s\u00fang h\u1ecfa mai l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecfa kh\u00ed h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tri\u1ec1u Minh, m\u00ecn \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Minh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecfa kh\u00ed h\u00ecnh \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt. Trung k\u1ef3 tri\u1ec1u Minh, ph\u1eadt lang c\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng di \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecfa kh\u00ed t\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn, khi\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u Minh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh n\u0103ng h\u1ecfa kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i binh kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eafp k\u1ebft th\u00fac, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecfa kh\u00ed \u0111ang \u0111\u1ebfn, d\u00f9 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u1ecfa kh\u00ed ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, song qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n do tri\u1ec1u Minh di\u1ec7t vong\u3002"}
+{"text": "Sau khi \u0110\u1ea1i Minh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Hoa, Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \"h\u01b0u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng sinh t\u1ee9c\" (ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n), n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eddi M\u00f4ng-Nguy\u00ean v\u1ed1n ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn tranh nay kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1ea9n hoang v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Ho\u00e0i H\u00e0 v\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u do v\u1eady t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 th\u1ee9 26 (1393), to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 63 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 61,75 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c d\u00e2n h\u1ed9, 3,25 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e2n h\u1ed9. B\u1eafc ng\u0169 t\u1ec9nh (B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh, S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng, H\u00e0 Nam, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y) c\u00f3 17,55 tri\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u, chi\u1ebfm 27% to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c; trong \u0111\u00f3 S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi 5.462.850 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 S\u01a1n T\u00e2y (3.790.760 ng\u01b0\u1eddi), H\u00e0 Nam (2.825.300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi), Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y (2.646.450 ng\u01b0\u1eddi), B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh (2.619.500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi). Trung ng\u0169 t\u1ec9nh (Kinh S\u01b0, Chi\u1ebft Giang, Giang T\u00e2y, H\u1ed3 Qu\u1ea3ng, T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean) c\u00f3 33,8 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chi\u1ebfm 52% to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c; trong \u0111\u00f3 Nam Tr\u1ef1c L\u1ec7 c\u00f3 11.291.460 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1ef1c v\u1ef1c T\u00f4 Nam Th\u00e1i H\u1ed3 v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 6.320.300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t 220 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/km\u00b2; ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebft Giang t\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi 9.959.270 ng\u01b0\u1eddi; Giang T\u00e2y c\u00f3 7.260.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, H\u1ed3 Qu\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 4.318.420 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean c\u00f3 1.314.260 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nam ng\u0169 t\u1ec9nh (Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, V\u00e2n Nam, Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u) c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 10,40 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chi\u1ebfm 16% to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u tri\u1ec1u Minh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u00e0o h\u1eadu k\u1ef3, song c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. D\u1ecbch Trung Thi\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Minh m\u1ea1t to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 60 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, H\u00e0n V\u0103n L\u00e2m v\u00e0 T\u1ea1 Th\u1ee5c Qu\u00e2n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u0103m 1626 th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i Minh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 99,873 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, V\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u1ee5c D\u00e2n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch (1573-1620) th\u00ec nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u tri\u1ec1u Minhd d\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a, nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 130-150 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi; C\u00e1t Ki\u1ebfm H\u00f9ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1600 tri\u1ec1u Minh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 197 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao l\u00e0 s\u00e1t 200 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi; T\u00e0o Th\u1ee5 C\u01a1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u tri\u1ec1u Minh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1630 v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 192,51 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, sang n\u0103m 1644 th\u00ec s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf gi\u1ea3m c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 152,47 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi; nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Anh Qu\u1ed1c Angus Maddison th\u00ec nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1600 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 160 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m n\u0103m Gia T\u0129nh th\u1eddi Minh Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng cao s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c, tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 cao nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 Giang-Chi\u1ebft hay L\u0129nh Nam. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 qua V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch trung h\u01b0ng, nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 l\u00e0 150 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u1eeb S\u00f9ng Trinh th\u1ee9 11 (1640) th\u1eddi Minh T\u01b0 T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m Thu\u1eadn Tr\u1ecb th\u1ee9 7 (1650) th\u1eddi Thanh Th\u1ebf T\u1ed5, do chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f9ng m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh n\u00ean s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed vong gia t\u0103ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc, qu\u00e2n B\u00e1t k\u1ef3 nh\u1eadp quan ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i thi\u00ean di \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng, khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u01b0a b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ri\u00eang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u01b0a b\u1eb1ng 20%."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Minh, do chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa Nguy\u00ean Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y cho t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng lao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb th\u1ee7y, khi\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 th\u1ef1c thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 di d\u00e2n khai hoang, c\u00f2n thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch qu\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3n c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00f9ng gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n mu\u1ed1i (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 di\u00eam d\u1eabn) \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, thu h\u00fat th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n \u0111em l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nhu c\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c bi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u di\u00eam th\u01b0\u01a1ng giao ti\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi mu\u1ed1i kh\u00f4 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p mu\u1ed1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do thu\u1ebf thu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a mu\u1ed1i m\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra ngo\u00e0i b\u00e1n ri\u00eang, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian giao mu\u1ed1i cho di\u00eam th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh quy, khi\u1ebfn cho di\u00eam th\u01b0\u01a1ng giao xong ti\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 3-5 n\u0103m, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau m\u1edbi l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mu\u1ed1i, song l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn di\u00eam th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c m\u01b0u sinh n\u00ean nh\u00e0 tan ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t, bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu mu\u1ed1i c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. Minh Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 t\u1eebng ph\u00e1i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eed gi\u00e1m xu\u1ed1ng th\u00f4n qu\u00ea ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u00f9ng mi\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3m thu thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch canh t\u00e1c. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c t\u1eebng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 trong chi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c sinh kh\u00ed, khi\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf tri\u1ec1u Minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c nhanh ch\u00f3ng."}
+{"text": "Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1eddi Minh v\u1eabn l\u1ea5y kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ec3u n\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p t\u1ef1 t\u00fac l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eddi Minh b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng cao s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 khoai lang, b\u00ed ng\u00f4, khoai t\u00e2y, ng\u00f4, b\u00f4ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Ngo\u00e0i ra, khoai lang v\u00e0 ng\u00f4 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ed5 nh\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1 c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng khi m\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng trong hai th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Minh-Thanh. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t qu\u00e1 b\u1ea3y tri\u1ec7u kho\u1ea3nh, t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi V\u1ea1n L\u1ecbch. Th\u1eddi Nam T\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \"T\u00f4-Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a, thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 no \u0111\u1ee7\", v\u1ec1 sau do c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb gia t\u0103ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c h\u1ea1 du Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam khu v\u1ef1c trung du Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i tri\u1ec1u Minh, \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \"H\u1ed3 Qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a, thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 no \u0111\u1ee7\", \u00fd l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c H\u1ed3 Qu\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c H\u1ed3 B\u1eafc v\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Nam ng\u00e0y nay. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Minh v\u1ec1 sau, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Qu\u1ea3ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c [Giang-Chi\u1ebft, M\u00e2n-Qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p mang t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ec1u mang \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m v\u00e0 xa nh\u1ea5t t\u00ednh t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi trong H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00ed trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea5p 17 l\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u01a1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng (x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 15 l\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t). Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng quay tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch trung b\u00ecnh 30,1 AU, b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 30 l\u1ea7n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t - M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 (Neptune). N\u00f3 c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u thi\u00ean v\u0103n l\u00e0 \u2646, l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u00e2y \u0111inh ba c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Neptune."}
+{"text": "Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n Alexis Bouvard \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n do t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1846, nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n Johann Galle \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1ec7ch 1 \u0111\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Urbain Le Verrier. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt l\u00e2u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra Triton, v\u1ec7 tinh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong khi 13 v\u1ec7 tinh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Cho t\u1edbi nay, t\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng gian Voyager 2 l\u00e0 t\u00e0u duy nh\u1ea5t bay qua Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1989."}
+{"text": "Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00ed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 Sao M\u1ed9c v\u00e0 Sao Th\u1ed5. Kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 hi\u0111r\u00f4 v\u00e0 heli, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u00e1c hi\u0111r\u00f4cacbon v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea3 nit\u01a1, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Sao M\u1ed9c hay Sao Th\u1ed5. Tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \"b\u0103ng\" nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, amoniac, v\u00e0 m\u00eatan. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh b\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. B\u00ean trong Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u00f5i h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tuy r\u1eafn nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Kh\u00ed m\u00eatan trong t\u1ea7ng ngo\u00e0i kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean v\u1edbi m\u00e0u xanh lam."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n m\u1edd \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y. N\u0103m 1989, t\u00e0u Voyager 2 khi bay qua Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a V\u1ebft T\u1ed1i L\u1edbn tr\u00ean b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u nam c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi V\u1ebft \u0110\u1ecf L\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Sao M\u1ed9c. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 2.100 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t tr\u00ean gi\u1edd, m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh thu\u1ed9c H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Do c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t xa M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi n\u00ean l\u1edbp kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tr\u00ean cao kho\u1ea3ng 55 K (-218 \u00b0C) trong khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i l\u00f5i h\u00e0nh tinh x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 5.400 K (5.000 \u00b0C). Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai m\u1edd v\u00e0 r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c (hay nh\u1eefng cung), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989 b\u1edfi Voyager 2."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Galileo Galilei cho th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean quan s\u00e1t Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng qua k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1612, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1613. Trong c\u1ea3 hai l\u1ea7n, Galileo \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea7m Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh khi n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed giao h\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Sao M\u1ed9c tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 Galileo kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong l\u00fac quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1612, Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n tr\u1eddi b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eeba m\u1edbi di chuy\u1ec3n ngh\u1ecbch h\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o quay quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Do Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eeba m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u1ecbch h\u00e0nh, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra qua k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Galileo. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2009, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd David Jamieson \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Melbourne n\u00eau ra b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y Galileo c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra \"ng\u00f4i sao\" m\u00e0 \u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Le Verrier \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Johann Galle, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t Berlin, \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u00e0nh tinh m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1. Heinrich d'Arrest, m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Galle r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd n\u00ean so s\u00e1nh b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u1ebd g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y trong v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 Le Verrier ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t qua k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm xem c\u00f3 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o di chuy\u1ec3n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng. V\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Le Verrier, ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1846, Galle v\u00e0 d'Arrest \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1ec7ch 1\u00b0 so v\u1edbi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Le Verrier, v\u00e0 l\u1ec7ch kho\u1ea3ng 12\u00b0 so v\u1edbi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Adams. Challis sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 hai l\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 v\u00e0 12 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng do Challis kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 sao m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau khi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra h\u00e0nh tinh m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ai n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n Le Verrier v\u00e0 Adams \u0111\u1ec1u x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. T\u1eeb 1966 Dennis Rawlins n\u00eau ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn cho Adams l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 h\u00e0nh tinh, v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc trong h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 \"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng\" n\u0103m 1998 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t Ho\u00e0ng gia, Greenwich. Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng \"Adams kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi Le Verrier v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0nh tinh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm n\u00f3.\" (Adams kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n n\u00e0o t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u00e0 l\u00e0 do Airy khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, xem \u1edf tr\u00ean)"}
+{"text": "Cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Le Verrier ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Neptune, v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n \"Bureau des Longitudes\" c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Trong th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1846, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Le Verrier, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t Fran\u00e7ois Arago c\u0169ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. C\u01a1 quan thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Herschel cho h\u00e0nh tinh Uranus, mang t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 Sir William Herschel, v\u00e0 Leverrier cho t\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra n\u0103m 1846 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Pluto \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1930, Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh xa nh\u1ea5t. Khi Pluto tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh tinh th\u1ee9 9, Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh tinh xa M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb 20 n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1979 \u0111\u1ebfn 1999 khi qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o elip d\u1eb9t c\u1ee7a Sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0a thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 1992, v\u00e0nh \u0111ai Kuiper \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m trong v\u00e0nh \u0111ai. N\u0103m 2006, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Thi\u00ean v\u0103n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh, x\u1ebfp Sao Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i \"h\u00e0nh tinh l\u00f9n\" v\u00e0 Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh tinh xa nh\u1ea5t trong H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 1,0243\u00d71026 kg, n\u1eb1m trung gian gi\u1eefa Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00ed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3: kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng 17 l\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 1/19 so v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Sao M\u1ed9c. L\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Sao M\u1ed9c. B\u00e1n k\u00ednh x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng 24.764 km hay g\u1ea5p b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00ed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh b\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3\", do ch\u00fang c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 bay h\u01a1i cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi Sao M\u1ed9c v\u00e0 Sao Th\u1ed5. Trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u00e0nh tinh ngo\u00e0i H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \"h\u00e0nh tinh ki\u1ec3u Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh ngo\u00e0i H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 \"h\u00e0nh tinh ki\u1ec3u M\u1ed9c Tinh\"."}
+{"text": "L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb 2.000 K \u0111\u1ebfn 5.000 K c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u1ea3ng 10 t\u1edbi 15 l\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc, amoniac v\u00e0 m\u00eatan. H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"b\u0103ng\" m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c. H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p l\u1ecfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc-amoniac. L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ion n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n ly th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ion hi\u0111r\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u00f4xy. \u1ede nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \"n\u01b0\u1edbc si\u00eau ion\" (superionic water). C\u00e1c ion \u00f4xy b\u1ecb tinh th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong khi c\u00e1c ion hi\u0111r\u00f4 di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do trong m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 \u00f4xy. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u 7.000 km c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m cho m\u00eatan bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tinh th\u1ec3 kim c\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 r\u01a1i nh\u01b0 m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1 xu\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng l\u00f5i h\u00e0nh tinh. Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c gia Lawrence Livermore \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c cao cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecfng (liquid diamond) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t 'diamond-bergs' tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i."}
+{"text": "\u1ede cao \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn, kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9a 80% hi\u0111r\u00f4 v\u00e0 19% heli. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf ph\u00e2n t\u1eed m\u00eatan. D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed m\u00eatan c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y v\u1ea1ch quang ph\u1ed5 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00eatan \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng tr\u00ean 600 nm, trong mi\u1ec1n b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i. M\u00eatan trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0m cho Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0u xanh da tr\u1eddi s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n so v\u1edbi m\u00e0u xanh l\u01a1 l\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Do m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00eatan trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a hai h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m cho hai h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea3i m\u00e2y v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y cao nh\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf \u00e1p su\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi 1 bar, n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho kh\u00ed m\u00eatan ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 bar (100 - 500 kPa) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y amoniac v\u00e0 hi\u0111r\u00f4 sunfit. V\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t tr\u00ean 5 bar, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a amoniac, amonium sulfide, hi\u0111r\u00f4 sunfit v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y b\u0103ng n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t 50 bar (5 MPa), nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t 0 \u00b0C. B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y amoniac v\u00e0 and hi\u0111r\u00f4 sunfit."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea7ng nhi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean t\u1edbi 750 K do m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u01b0a r\u00f5. Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m qu\u00e1 xa M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ion trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng s\u00f3ng tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c (gravity wave, ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn-gravitational wave) xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong h\u00e0nh tinh ti\u00eau t\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7t ra kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u1ea7ng nhi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee9a l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf cacbon \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 b\u1ee5i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nghi\u00eang m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c l\u1edbn 47\u00b0 so v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 quay v\u00e0 l\u1ec7ch ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh tinh 13.500 km (kho\u1ea3ng 0,55 l\u1ea7n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Voyager 2' bay qua Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ee5c t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb nghi\u00eang l\u1edbn l\u00e0 do tr\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh nghi\u00eang v\u1edbi g\u00f3c l\u1edbn. Nh\u01b0ng khi so s\u00e1nh t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a hai h\u00e0nh tinh v\u1edbi nhau, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh. T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u1ecf m\u1ecfng h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u (ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ee9a amoniac, m\u00eatan v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc) t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c dynamo ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4men l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb b\u1eb1ng 14 microtesla (0,14 G). M\u00f4 men l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng 2,2 \u00d7 1017 T\u2022m3 (14 \u03bcT\u2022RN3, v\u1edbi RN l\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng). T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n phi l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ef1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00f4 men t\u1ee9 c\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00f4 men t\u1eeb l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, Sao M\u1ed9c v\u00e0 Sao Th\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 men t\u1ee9 c\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7ch qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 quay h\u00e0nh tinh. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00f4 men t\u1ee9 c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp v\u1ecf dynamo h\u00e0nh tinh."}
+{"text": "Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai h\u00e0nh tinh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang m\u1edd h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi v\u00e0nh \u0111ai Sao Th\u1ed5. C\u00e1c v\u00e0nh \u0111ai ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t b\u0103ng ph\u1ee7 v\u1edbi silicat ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c cacbon, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00e0nh \u0111ai c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecf. Ba v\u00e0nh \u0111ai ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00e0nh h\u1eb9p g\u1ed3m V\u00e0nh Adams, c\u00e1ch t\u00e2m Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng 63.000 km, V\u00e0nh Le Verrier c\u00e1ch 53.000 km, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng m\u1edd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 V\u00e0nh Galle, c\u00e1ch t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh tinh 42.000 km. Ph\u00eda b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i V\u00e0nh Le Verrier c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh m\u1edd l\u00e0 V\u00e0nh Lassell; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00f3 \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 57.000 km l\u00e0 V\u00e0nh Arago."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0nh \u0111ai \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1968 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u do Edward Guinan \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh m\u1edd, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. N\u0103m 1984, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00e0nh \u0111ai. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao \u1edf xa trong khi \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c v\u00e0nh \u0111ai. N\u0103m 1989, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3ng t\u1ecf khi t\u00e0u Voyager 2 n\u0103m 1989 ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh c\u00e1c v\u00e0nh \u0111ai m\u1edd bao quanh Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 do nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00ec nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u1ecf g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c v\u00e0nh \u0111ai n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0nh Adams ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a n\u0103m cung s\u00e1ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Courage, Libert\u00e9, Egalit\u00e9 1, Egalit\u00e9 2 v\u00e0 Fraternit\u00e9 (Can \u0111\u1ea3m, T\u1ef1 do, C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 B\u00e1c \u00e1i). S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cung n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1edfi v\u00ec theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00fang s\u1ebd t\u1ea3n ra \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh \u0111ai v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng cung n\u00e0y duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a v\u1ec7 tinh Galatea n\u1eb1m ngay ph\u00eda trong nh\u1eefng cung v\u00e0nh \u0111ai n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft tr\u00ean Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n b\u00e3o c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh, v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f3 c\u00f3 khi l\u00ean t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 600 m/s\u2014 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau thanh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng kh\u00ed. Khi theo d\u00f5i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 20 m/s theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng sang 325 m/s theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2y. \u1ede nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tr\u00ean cao, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 400 m/s d\u1ecdc x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f2n 250 m/s t\u1ea1i hai c\u1ef1c. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft gi\u00f3 tr\u00ean Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ed5i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u quay c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh. V\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f9ng chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 quay h\u00e0nh tinh \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 cao, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ecbch chi\u1ec1u quay t\u1ea1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 do hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u1edf ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00e2u. T\u1ea1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 70\u00b0 Nam, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 300 m/s."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2007, ph\u00eda tr\u00ean t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a c\u1ef1c Nam Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n 10 \u00b0C so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 \u2212200 \u00b0C (70 K). S\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00ed m\u00eatan n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1nh trong th\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec3n Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u00f2 ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ef1c nam. \"\u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\" n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0m cho v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c nam h\u00e0nh tinh ph\u01a1i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 \"n\u0103m Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng\", hay g\u1ea7n 40 n\u0103m Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Khi Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng di chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n, v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c nam c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ed1i \u0111i v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c b\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho m\u00eatan tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi h\u00e0nh tinh th\u00f4ng qua v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c b\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "\"Scooter\", t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tr\u1eafng \u1edf ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a V\u1ebft T\u1ed1i L\u1edbn. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 do khi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Voyager 2 bay quan h\u00e0nh tinh n\u0103m 1989, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n V\u1ebft T\u1ed1i L\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p sau \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y di chuy\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. V\u1ebft T\u1ed1i Nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o xo\u00e1y thu\u1eadn \u1edf b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u nam, c\u01a1n b\u00e3o m\u1ea1nh th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t trong l\u1ea7n bay qua n\u0103m 1989. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1n b\u00e3o n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ed1i m\u00e0u, nh\u01b0ng khi Voyager 2 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u00e0nh tinh, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u01a1n b\u00e3o h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft t\u1ed1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u \u1edf cao \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y s\u00e1ng trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, do v\u1eady ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng m\u00e2y cao h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac xo\u00e1y cu\u1ed9n kh\u00ed. Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft t\u1ed1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y m\u00eatan v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh xung quanh t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u. S\u1ef1 lu\u00f4n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft t\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t xo\u00e1y thu\u1eadn kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1i n\u1eefa. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft t\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau tan khi ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u00ed \u1ea9n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1."}
+{"text": "Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi tr\u00ean Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec7t trong h\u00e0nh tinh cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m xa M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 40% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean hai h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1ea1i x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng nhau. V\u00f9ng b\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p \u2212221,4 \u00b0C (51,7 K). \u1ede \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u n\u01a1i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng 1 ba (100 kPa), nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng \u2212201,15 \u00b0C (72,00 K). S\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00ean trong t\u1ea7ng kh\u00ed, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n theo \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c sinh ra nhi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5. Tuy nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa hai h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn: Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t ra 1,1 l\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi; trong khi Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao g\u1ea5p 2,61 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh xa M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t, do v\u1eady n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi tr\u00ean kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh tinh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eau t\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb l\u00f5i h\u00e0nh tinh, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u00eatan d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao th\u00e0nh hi\u0111r\u00f4, kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u0111r\u00f4cacbon m\u1ea1ch d\u00e0i h\u01a1n (hi\u0111r\u00f4 nh\u1eb9 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay l\u00ean, trong khi kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng th\u1ebf n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng),, v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u trong t\u1ea7ng th\u1ea5p kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n l\u00e0m cho s\u00f3ng tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2011, Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o quanh kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra h\u00e0nh tinh n\u0103m 1846. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi l\u00fac n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c trong qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o 365,25 ng\u00e0y. Do M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng so v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi n\u00ean ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 7 Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi t\u1ea1i t\u00e2m, th\u00ec ng\u00e0y ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 12 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2011."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 v\u00e0nh \u0111ai Kuiper. V\u00e0nh \u0111ai Kuiper l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch b\u0103ng nh\u1ecf, ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u00e0nh \u0111ai ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u01b0ng \u1edf xa h\u01a1n, n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi t\u1eeb qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng 30 AU cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1n k\u00ednh 55 AU t\u00ednh t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Sao M\u1ed9c l\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u00e0nh \u0111ai ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh, l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0nh \u0111ai Kuiper. Theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng trong v\u00e0nh \u0111ai Kuiper tr\u1edf l\u00ean m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c h\u00fat t\u1eeb Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0nh \u0111ai Kuiper. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi 40 v\u00e0 42 AU."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng tr\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u theo th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 1:2 ho\u1eb7c 3:4. Hay, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 quay quanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi th\u00ec Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 quay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 v\u00f2ng, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o khi Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh 1 chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong v\u00e0nh \u0111ai Kuiper c\u00f3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tinh, v\u1edbi tr\u00ean 200 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft trong v\u00e0nh \u0111ai, l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng 2:3. Nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt theo c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh 2 v\u00f2ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o khi Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh 3 v\u00f2ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m plutino b\u1edfi v\u00ec thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u00e0nh \u0111ai Kuiper l\u00e0 Pluto. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Pluto c\u1eaft qua qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng 2:3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o nhau. C\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 v\u00e0 2:5 nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u00edt v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 Troia n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m Lagrange L4 v\u00e0 L5 trong h\u1ec7 Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2014M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, v\u00f9ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau h\u00e0nh tinh tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 Troia c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o 1:1 v\u1edbi Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 Troia t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y b\u1eaft gi\u1eef. V\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m Lagrange L5 \u0111i theo sau Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 2008 LC18. Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ec7 tinh gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi nh\u01b0, (309239) 2007 RW10. V\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ec7 tinh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng trong 12.500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong 12.500 n\u0103m n\u1eefa. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh b\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, Sao Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf v\u00f9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00f5i b\u1ed3i t\u1ee5, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh b\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u1ed3i t\u1ee5 l\u00f5i m\u00e0 t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00ean trong \u0111\u0129a ti\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh tinh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u1ecb b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao OB th\u1ed5i bay \u0111i (khi H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, n\u00f3 \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y ph\u00e2n t\u1eed m\u00e0 xung quanh c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4i sao m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, theo th\u1eddi gian M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi quay quanh Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n r\u1eddi xa \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y n\u00e0y.)."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh b\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh g\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi h\u01a1n, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh tinh di tr\u00fa ra qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i sau khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i kh\u00ed trong \u0111\u0129a ti\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh tinh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft di tr\u00fa h\u00e0nh tinh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf trong v\u00f9ng ngo\u00e0i qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh b\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Nice, n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 di tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00ed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u00e0nh \u0111ai Kuiper."}
+{"text": "Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 14 v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. V\u1ec7 tinh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, Triton chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 99,5% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 quay quanh Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u. Triton do nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc William Lassell ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra ch\u1ec9 17 ng\u00e0y sau khi Galle v\u00e0 d'Arrest ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ec7 tinh l\u1edbn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c trong H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, Triton chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng (qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u1ecbch h\u00e0nh), v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00f3 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh tinh b\u1eaft gi\u1eef h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng; v\u1ec7 tinh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh l\u00f9n trong v\u00e0nh \u0111ai Kuiper. Qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Triton r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 b\u1ecb kh\u00f3a quay \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 (t\u1ef1 quay quanh tr\u1ee5c), v\u00e0 \u0111ang r\u01a1i xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c ch\u1eadm d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda h\u00e0nh tinh do gia t\u1ed1c th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec7 tinh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 n\u00e1t trong kho\u1ea3ng 3,6 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m n\u1eefa, khi qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n Roche n\u01a1i l\u1ef1c th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh x\u00e9 n\u00e1t Triton ra. N\u0103m 1989, Triton l\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng \u2212235 \u00b0C (38 K)."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1989, Voyager 2 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra s\u00e1u v\u1ec7 tinh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh d\u1ecb h\u00ecnh Proteus v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u. Tuy n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 0,25% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Triton. B\u1ed1n v\u1ec7 tinh trong c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh\u2014Naiad, Thalassa, Despina v\u00e0 Galatea\u2014 c\u00f3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c v\u00e0nh \u0111ai c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1ec7 tinh n\u1eb1m xa nh\u1ea5t, Larissa, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1981 khi n\u00f3 che khu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao. S\u1ef1 che khu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra th\u00eam m\u1ed9t cung v\u00e0nh \u0111ai, nh\u01b0ng khi Voyager 2 bay qua Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1989, th\u00ec cung v\u00e0nh \u0111ai n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do v\u1ec7 tinh Larissa g\u00e2y ra. 5 v\u1ec7 tinh d\u1ecb h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 2002 v\u00e0 2003 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004. Do h\u00e0nh tinh mang t\u00ean v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 tinh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng mang t\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "B\u1edfi v\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tinh r\u1ea5t xa, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong ph\u1ea1m vi 2,2 \u0111\u1ebfn 2,4 gi\u00e2y cung, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh trong H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. K\u00edch c\u1ee1 bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eed th\u00e1ch l\u1edbn cho nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quan s\u00e1t cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n c\u00f3 k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng gian Hubble v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 quang h\u1ecdc th\u00edch nghi."}
+{"text": "Qur\u2019an (ph\u00e1t \u00e2m /k\u0254r\u02c8\u0251\u02d0n/; ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u200e al-qur\u2019\u0101n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"s\u1ef1 x\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ecdc\") l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Islam tin \u0111\u00e2y l\u1eddi n\u00f3i thi\u00ean kh\u1ea3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf (ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp: \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u200e, Allah), l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Islam v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Kinh Qur'an \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (surah trong ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp) v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i surah l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u kh\u00e1c nhau."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb qur\u02bc\u0101n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng 70 l\u1ea7n trong kinh Quran v\u00e0 mang nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb (ma\u1e63dar) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb qara\u02bca (\u0642\u0631\u0623) trong ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp mang ngh\u0129a \u201eAnh \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecdc\u201c hay \u201eAnh \u1ea5y di\u1ec5n x\u01b0\u1edbng\u201c. T\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong ti\u1ebfng Syriac l\u00e0 qery\u0101n\u0101 (\u0729\u072a\u071d\u0722\u0710), \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u201ex\u01b0\u1edbng kinh\u201c hay \u201eb\u00e0i h\u1ecdc\u201c. Trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Syriac, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o gi\u1eef quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh qara\u02bca. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Muhammad. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201enghi th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n x\u01b0\u1edbng\u201c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Quran:"}
+{"text": "Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong to\u00e0n thi\u00ean kinh Qur'an. M\u1ed7i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u00fd ngh\u0129a ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng quy v\u1edbi t\u1eeb Qur'an trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m kit\u0101b (\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u200e\u200e, s\u00e1ch); \u0101yah (\u0622\u064a\u0629, d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u); v\u00e0 s\u016brah (\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629\u200e\u200e, kinh s\u00e1ch). Hai thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef sau c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb cho s\u1ef1 m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i. Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i chung v\u1edbi m\u1ea1o t\u1eeb x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh (al-), t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i\" (\u0648\u062d\u064a, wa\u1e25y), \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \"g\u1eedi xu\u1ed1ng\" (tanz\u012bl) trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c l\u00e0: dhikr (k\u00fd \u1ee9c), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn Kinh Qur'an khi mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf, c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o. Hikmah (\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7) \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Qur\u2019an t\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u201d (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0646, al-furq\u0101n), \u201eQuy\u1ec3n kinh m\u1eb9\u201c (\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u0640\u062a\u0640\u0627\u0628, umm al-kit\u0101b), \u201eCh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o\u201c (\u0647\u064f\u062f\u0649, huda), \"s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan\" (\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u200e\u200e, hikmah), \"k\u00fd \u1ee9c\" (\u0630\u0650\u06a9\u0652\u0631\u200e\u200e, dhikr), \"m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i\" (\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644, tanz\u012bl). Nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 thi\u00ean kinh l\u00e0 al-Kitab (S\u00e1ch), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1nh kinh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Ng\u0169 Th\u01b0 hay Ph\u00fac \u00c2m. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef mus'haf (\u201eb\u1ea3n ghi tay\u201c) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean kinh Qur\u2019an m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong Kinh Qur'an \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n kinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201eQur'an\" bao g\u1ed3m \"al-Coran\", \"Coran\", \"Kuran\", v\u00e0 \"al-Qur'an\"."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Islam t\u00ecn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i trong thi\u00ean kinh Qur'an t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t cho Muhammad v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea5u trong Qur'an 15:9: N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i (\u0625\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0646\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0646\u064e\u0632\u064e\u0651\u0644\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0650\u0651\u0643\u0652\u0631\u064e \u0648\u064e\u0625\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0644\u064e\u062d\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0638\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e, 'inna nahn nazzalna aldhdhikr wa'inna lah lahafizun; \"Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, TA \u0111\u00e3 ban Dhikr xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh TA s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n N\u00f3\"). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Islam xem thi\u00ean kinh Qur'an l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi r\u0103n d\u1ea1y, d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a S\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 Muhammad v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin."}
+{"text": "\"Bismi Allahi alr-Rahmani alr-Rahimi. Al-Hamdu lillahi Rabbi al- 'alamina. Alr-Rahmani alr-Rahimi. Maliki yawmi ald-dini. \"Iyyaka na-\u2019budu wa-\"iyyaka nasta-'inu. \"Ihdinaals siratal mustaqima. Siratal ladhina an \u2019amta \u2019alayhim ghayril maghdubi \u2019alayhim walaald daal-liina\" \"Nh\u00e2n danh Allah, \u00d0\u1ea5ng R\u1ea5t M\u1ef1c \u00d0\u1ed9 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00d0\u1ea5ng R\u1ea5t M\u1ef1c Khoan Dung. M\u1ecdi l\u1eddi ca t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00e2ng l\u00ean Allah, Rabb c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i. \u00d0\u1ea5ng R\u1ea5t m\u1ef1c \u00d0\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00d0\u1ea5ng R\u1ea5t m\u1ef1c Khoan dung; \u00d0\u1ee9c Vua v\u00e0o Ng\u00e0y Ph\u00e1n x\u1eed (Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng). [\u00d4i Allah] duy ch\u1ec9 Ng\u00e0i ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi ri\u00eang Ng\u00e0i ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7u xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. Xin Ng\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngay ch\u00ednh: Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i ban \u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i [con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a] nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u00e0m Ng\u00e0i gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i.\""}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Kinh Qur'an l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Islam v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean kinh Qur'an b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef trong Qur'an Quran 56:79 (\"M\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1edd m\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb trong s\u1ea1ch.\"), m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nghi l\u1ec5 t\u1ea9y r\u1eeda b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a Kinh Qur'an, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. M\u00f2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Kinh Qur'an \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecdc trong v\u1ea3i v\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef v\u00f4 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i an to\u00e0n, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o hay m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a trang H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 tro \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c r\u1ea3i tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Kinh Qur'an c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1eefng cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Qur'an.Thi\u00ean kinh Qur'an kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh mang t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u Qur'an \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c hoa v\u0103n trang tr\u00ed b\u00ean l\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a trang, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng hay \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a surah. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u x\u01b0\u1edbng Islam c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ecdi c\u00e1c k\u00edch c\u1ee1, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e8n trong th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i, g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trang th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p trong nh\u1eefng muraqqa ho\u1eb7c album."}
+{"text": "Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1912 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1949. N\u0103m 1911, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t khi\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Thanh s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1912, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c. Sau Ngh\u1ecb h\u00f2a Nam-B\u1eafc, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc Kinh. Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1913, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, song li\u1ec1n b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3. Tr\u1ea3i qua Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng qu\u00e2n, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n Nam Kinh thay th\u1ebf Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1928, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a, song sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i r\u01a1i v\u00e0o xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, t\u00e0n d\u01b0 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. T\u1eeb sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1937, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, th\u00e1ng 12 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1941, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1945 th\u00ec gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. N\u0103m 1947, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n ban b\u1ed1 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1949, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i trong n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c. Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 10 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m th\u00ec Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00e0i Loan, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n chia c\u1eaft hai b\u1edd eo bi\u1ec3n."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 1912-1949 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c, t\u1eeb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u1ea7n hai, Chi\u1ebfn tranh H\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p, Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t, Qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t h\u1ed7n chi\u1ebfn, Chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt, Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, ch\u01b0a th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong l\u1edbn do chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 thi\u00ean tai, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n g\u00e2y n\u00ean l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t phi m\u00e3; Li\u00ean X\u00f4 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp khi\u1ebfn Ngo\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Anh Qu\u1ed1c can thi\u1ec7p khi\u1ebfn T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf; \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i, sau khi \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1edbi tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 B\u00e0nh H\u1ed3 t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Sau \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c tham gia s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sau \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1905, khi T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb tr\u00f9 b\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i Tokyo, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, trong \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh h\u1ed9i minh th\u01b0\" c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh \"khu tr\u1eeb Th\u00e1c L\u1ed7, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c Trung Hoa, s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c, b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba quy\u1ec1n\". \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 thi h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb, song \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111ang th\u1ef1c thi, n\u00ean m\u1edbi ch\u1ecdn qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \"Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c\". Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1923, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n khi di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Thanh ni\u00ean To\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Thanh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n, Phong tr\u00e0o Ngh\u0129a H\u00f2a \u0110o\u00e0n b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t khi\u1ebfn Li\u00ean qu\u00e2n t\u00e1m n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Trung Qu\u1ed1c, bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Thanh ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd \u0110i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2n S\u1eedu. N\u0103m 1908, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Thanh ban b\u1ed1 \"Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng\", tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \"m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau th\u1ef1c thi l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn\" \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1911, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Ho\u00e0ng Hoa C\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, song b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Thanh tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p. Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1911, C\u1ed9ng Ti\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a V\u0169 X\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong v\u00f2ng b\u1ea3y tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 c\u00f3 15 t\u1ec9nh t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tho\u00e1t ly tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Thanh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t tr\u00f9 t\u00ednh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 12 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chung: N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i b\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb th\u00ec \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 12, t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp b\u1ea7u T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi. C\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y, Jebtsundamba Khutuktu \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u00e3n qu\u1ed1c B\u00e1c Kh\u1eafc \u0110a, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Ngo\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 tho\u00e1t ly Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. T\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 Lhasa c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1t sinh n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n, quan vi\u00ean v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Thanh b\u1ecb xua \u0111u\u1ed5i, \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma th\u1ee9 13 t\u1eeb n\u01a1i l\u01b0u vong t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1912, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1912, Long D\u1ee5 th\u00e1i h\u1eadu tr\u01b0\u1edbc khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thay m\u1eb7t Ph\u1ed5 Nghi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfu th\u01b0 tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi trao quy\u1ec1n cho Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Thanh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t vong."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1912, Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai, r\u1ed3i tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 3. Trong tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed ngh\u1ecb vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1912, Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng do T\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o Nh\u00e2n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e0nh \u0111a s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf trong l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n. Ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1913, T\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o Nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng do b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t trong khi s\u1eafp nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb ph\u00e1i B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t g\u1ed3m Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Th\u00e1ng 7 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n l\u1ea5y l\u00fd do T\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o Nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 vay n\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u1ec9 huy m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n nam ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, song cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1913, Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 10, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua \"d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Thi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0n\", s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng t\u1ed9i danh tham d\u1ef1 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5m Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1914, Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \"\u01af\u1edbc ph\u00e1p l\u00e2m th\u1eddi\" n\u0103m 1912, \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1915 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u sang Trung Hoa \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Th\u00e1i Ng\u1ea1c, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng K\u1ebf Nghi\u00eau t\u1ea1i V\u00e2n Nam l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \"H\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n\" th\u1ea3o ph\u1ea1t Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i. Ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1916, Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch duy tr\u00ec gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, song b\u1ecb H\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n c\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t, ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 6 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i b\u1ec7nh m\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Sau th\u1eddi Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t c\u00e1t c\u1ee9. Th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 Ho\u00e0n h\u1ec7 (ph\u00e1i An Huy) do \u0110o\u00e0n K\u1ef3 Th\u1ee5y \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, Tr\u1ef1c h\u1ec7 (ph\u00e1i Tr\u1ef1c L\u1ec7) do T\u00e0o C\u00f4n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 (ph\u00e1i Ph\u1ee5ng Thi\u00ean) do Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e1c L\u00e2m \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n h\u1ed7n chi\u1ebfn nh\u1eb1m kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t T\u1ea5n h\u1ec7 (ph\u00e1i S\u01a1n T\u00e2y) c\u1ee7a Di\u00eam T\u00edch S\u01a1n, T\u00e2y B\u1eafc qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9ng Ng\u1ecdc T\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0110i\u1ec1n h\u1ec7 (ph\u00e1i V\u00e2n Nam) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng K\u1ebf Nghi\u00eau v\u00e0 Qu\u1ebf h\u1ec7 (ph\u00e1i Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y) c\u1ee7a L\u1ee5c Vinh \u0110\u00ecnh c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 1917, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ec7 (ph\u00e1i Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng) h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, l\u1eadp ra Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Chi\u1ebfn tranh H\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p. D\u00f9 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t song Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh Paris 1919 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i trao t\u00f4 gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9. Phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9 v\u00e0 Phong tr\u00e0o T\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hoan ngh\u00eanh t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1919, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 Trung Hoa C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u00e0nh Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng. Ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1921, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. N\u0103m 1922, sau khi Phong tr\u00e0o H\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n ch\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \"li\u00ean Nga dung C\u1ed9ng\", ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Li\u00ean X\u00f4, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1i T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebfn Moskva \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb-qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa Nga ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh M\u00e3n Thanh, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0ng T\u00f4n D\u1eadt Ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i cho \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng"}
+{"text": "Sau n\u00e0y T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c theo l\u1ed1i d\u0129 \u0111\u1ea3ng tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb Li\u00ean X\u00f4."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1926, qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm H\u00e1n Kh\u1ea9u, ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 11 c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm Nam X\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 11, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn V\u0169 H\u00e1n, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn Nam X\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang do \u00f4ng kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1927, qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t chi\u1ebfm xong Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 Nam Kinh, song gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng do T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c dung c\u1ed9ng do U\u00f4ng Tinh V\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t sinh ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t. T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch sau th\u1eddi gian \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u0103m gh\u00e9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. \u00d4ng h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Li\u00ean Nga c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c gia t\u0103ng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4/1927, Stalin g\u1eedi th\u01b0 cho \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u0169 trang. Ng\u00e0y 6/4/1927, Stalin tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t. Ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1927, b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n T\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t Nh\u1ecb t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i khi T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng thanh l\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 4 \u00f4ng l\u1eadp ri\u00eang Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh. Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 7, U\u00f4ng Tinh V\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i V\u0169 H\u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thanh l\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t do \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1927, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Nam X\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111o\u1ea1t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, m\u1edf m\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 10 n\u0103m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1928, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i T\u1ebf Nam b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1eb7n g\u00e2y ra Th\u1ea3m \u00e1n Ng\u0169 Tam, ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t. Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1928, qu\u00e2n B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1eafc Kinh. Ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 12 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ecdc L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn Nam Kinh, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n cai qu\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n trong B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau gi\u1eefa trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t Trung Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn, c\u00f2n xung \u0111\u1ed9t Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1927, sau khi Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo \"\u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n\" do T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, th\u1ef1c thi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac hu\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh l\u1ea5y Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi thi h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh \"\u01af\u1edbc ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hu\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c\" l\u00e0m hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p l\u00e2m th\u1eddi. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao, giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, sinh ho\u1ea1t d\u00e2n sinh, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed do \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean Nam Kinh. Trong \u0111\u00f3, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n thi h\u00e0nh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadt gi\u00e1, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, khi\u1ebfn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ean 7,7%. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1932, \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i tham d\u1ef1 Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i M\u00f9a h\u00e8."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1931, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn 28/9 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u Qu\u1ed1c, sau \u0111\u00f3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh, S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn Hoa B\u1eafc, song Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00ean trong tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u1eb9p tr\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng. Ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1936, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ecdc L\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed5 Th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn T\u00e2y An, bu\u1ed9c T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00e1i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3n k\u00edch Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n C\u00f4ng-N\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean th\u00e0nh B\u00e1t l\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 T\u00e2n T\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng qu\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1937, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n L\u01b0 C\u00e2u Ki\u1ec1u, Chi\u1ebfn tranh Trung-Nh\u1eadt b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Nam Kinh c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng qu\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 1,7 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp ng\u0169 t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng qu\u00e2n \u1edf th\u1ebf y\u1ebfu trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ebfn tranh do c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 trang b\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, song v\u1eabn c\u1ea7m ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1941, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Tr\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng m\u1edf m\u00e0n Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, sang ng\u00e0y 8 Hoa K\u1ef3 tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 9 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt, gia nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh, Anh Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng m\u1edf tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng V\u00e2n Nam-Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n cung c\u1ea5p v\u1eadt t\u01b0. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p M\u00f4ng C\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n U\u00f4ng Tinh V\u1ec7, ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1943 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n U\u00f4ng Tinh V\u1ec7 tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi li\u00ean minh Anh-M\u1ef9. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1945, Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1ea3 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed xu\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt, xu\u1ea5t binh chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1945, Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 9 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n k\u00fd v\u00e0o V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng. Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 9, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m sau d\u1eddi th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 Nam Kinh. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Cairo v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Potsdam kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thu h\u1ed3i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u1ecb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u do Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 B\u00e0nh H\u1ed3 b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u1eaft nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c2u-M\u1ef9 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed5i sang k\u00fd k\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng."}
+{"text": "B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1945, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tri\u1ec3n khai h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e0m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p do Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0m trung gian. Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1946, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p do Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf th\u00f4ng qua \"Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c\", song b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ea9y chay. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1947, sau khi Hoa K\u1ef3 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m, g\u00e2y ra l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t phi m\u00e3, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n. Ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1947, t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1947, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ban b\u1ed1 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, th\u1ef1c thi hi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 1948, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 L\u00fd T\u00f4ng Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau khi thi h\u00e0nh hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 5 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, sau ba chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c Hoa B\u1eafc. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1949, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec7m, L\u00fd T\u00f4ng Nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1949, sau khi \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n gi\u1eefa Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh tan v\u1ee1, Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u01b0\u1ee3t Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang, chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Nam Kinh v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m kinh t\u1ebf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng L\u00fd T\u00f4ng Nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 bay sang M\u1ef9 qua H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c T\u00e2y Nam ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1. Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1949, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c T\u00e2y Nam tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00e0i Loan, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea5y \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi"}
+{"text": "Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111em ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ed1i v\u00e0 v\u00e0ng d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0i Loan, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c theo Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c r\u00fat sang khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00e0i Loan."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u cai tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i V\u0169 X\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1911, v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam Kinh, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00e2m th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Kinh, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n. Ngay sau Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a V\u0169 X\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i H\u1ed3 B\u1eafc Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, L\u00ea Nguy\u00ean H\u1ed3ng nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo \"C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c\" c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ph\u1ebf tr\u1eeb ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Tuy\u00ean Th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Thanh, \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1912, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c. Sau khi \u01af\u1edbc ph\u00e1p L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 thi h\u00e0nh, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00e2m th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Kinh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam Kinh, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1913 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc Kinh Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1912 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1928, nh\u00ecn chung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb 1912-1916, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ho\u00e0n h\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb 1916-1920, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Tr\u1ef1c h\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb 1920-1924, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb 1924-1928. T\u1eeb sau B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t n\u0103m 1928, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n Nam Kinh thay th\u1ebf Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1921, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c (Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c \"\u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng phi th\u01b0\u1eddng\", l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \"Thanh Thi\u00ean B\u1ea1ch Nh\u1eadt M\u00e3n \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed3ng k\u1ef3\" l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3, nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m sau do V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng H\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u00ean gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3. Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1923, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n doanh \u0110\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean so\u00e1i L\u1ee5c-H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, t\u00e1i l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1; \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1925, c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c, sau khi B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1948, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \"T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng\", duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nay."}
+{"text": "\"Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c\" l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Tam D\u00e2n v\u00e0 Ng\u0169 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Tam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n sinh m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kinh t\u1ebf-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ed3n vinh, do \u0111\u00f3 \"Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \"n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n, do d\u00e2n, v\u00ec d\u00e2n\". Ng\u0169 quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, quy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea3o th\u00ed v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. Ngo\u00e0i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u0169 quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n l\u00e0m r\u00f5 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c s\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1912, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \"\u01af\u1edbc ph\u00e1p l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c\" \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e2m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \"ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i d\u00e2n\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ph\u00e1p quy. N\u0103m 1913, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3a I c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Thi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0n). N\u0103m 1914, Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 5 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \"\u01af\u1edbc ph\u00e1p Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c\" (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u01af\u1edbc ph\u00e1p Vi\u00ean k\u00fd\"). N\u0103m 1919, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110o\u00e0n K\u1ef3 Th\u1ee5y ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o hi\u1ebfn (D\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m th\u1ee9 8). N\u0103m 1923, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 T\u00e0o C\u00f4n nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \"Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c (Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p T\u00e0o C\u00f4n). N\u0103m 1925, \u0110o\u00e0n K\u1ef3 Th\u1ee5y trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p (D\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m th\u1ee9 14) N\u0103m 1928, sau khi Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 10 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u1ee6y ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua \"C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh hu\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh\", v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1931 trong \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u00f4ng qua \"\u01af\u1edbc ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hu\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c\". Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1936, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay. Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1946, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1947 v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 12 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hu\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn khi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n m\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1912, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \"tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf tri\u1ec1u Thanh\" trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9. Ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1913, B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 t\u00f2a \u00e1n: t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u00f2a \u00e1n cao \u0111\u1eb3ng, t\u1ea1i khu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba khu v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng l\u1eadp t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea5p huy\u1ec7n t\u00f2a \u00e1n s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p\". Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1927, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n Nam Kinh c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \"\u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c T\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao\", th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ed1n c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ba l\u1ea7n x\u00e9t x\u1eed. B\u1ed1n c\u1ea5p t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eadp t\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eadp t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u1ea5p cao, t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec l\u1eadp c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1932, ban b\u1ed1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f2a \u00e1n, theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u01a1 quan th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n c\u1ea5p gi\u1ea3m c\u00f2n ba c\u1ea5p: trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eadp t\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao, c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 t\u00f2a cAo \u0111\u1eb3ng, c\u1ea5p huy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1912, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00e2m th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Kinh ban b\u1ed1 \"\u01af\u1edbc ph\u00e1p L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c\", trong \u0111\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: \"nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp, l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i\", l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean quy \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea3ng, tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ea1o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u1ed5i l\u00ean. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00f3m Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ec9nh L\u00e2n l\u1eadp Th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea3ng, \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh h\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf N\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 n\u1ea5m m\u1ecdc sau m\u01b0a. Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn l\u00e0: Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng, Ti\u1ebfn B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c Thanh Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c Tr\u00ed C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3ng."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1912, T\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o Nh\u00e2n li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea3ng, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n C\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3ng, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c theo \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p l\u00e2m th\u1eddi, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1912, trong tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed Tham ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Ch\u00fang ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 45% s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n:112. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1913, T\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o Nh\u00e2n \u00e1m s\u00e1t thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c:86. Th\u00e1ng 11 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ph\u00e1p, h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n. Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1919, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 Trung Hoa C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u00e0nh Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng. N\u0103m 1925, Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1eadp Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1928 th\u00ec thay th\u1ebf Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 1949, Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat sang \u0110\u00e0i Loan."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1921 t\u1ea1i Nam H\u1ed3, Gia H\u01b0ng, Chi\u1ebft Giang, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea3ng h\u1ecd h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng \"ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n phong ki\u1ebfn\". Sau khi T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1925, Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c d\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1927, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c thi \"thanh \u0111\u1ea3ng\", ph\u00e1i h\u1eefu trong Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1927, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Nam X\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1928 H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Chu \u0110\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i T\u1ec9nh C\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n, d\u1ea7n l\u1eadp khu x\u00f4 vi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1p gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 mi\u1ec1n nam Giang T\u00e2y, mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, tr\u1ea3i qua n\u0103m l\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e2y di\u1ec7t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1930-1933, v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng chinh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1934-1936, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c, l\u1eadp ra n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa."}
+{"text": "\u01af\u1edbc ph\u00e1p L\u00e2m th\u1eddi n\u0103m 1912 c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 3 r\u1eb1ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia g\u1ed3m 22 t\u1ec9nh, N\u1ed9i-Ngo\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, Thanh H\u1ea3i. \u01af\u1edbc ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hu\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh n\u0103m 1931 c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0111i\u1ec1u 1 r\u1eb1ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. Trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1947 t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \"l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\", song kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 ph\u1ea1m vi. C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u00e0 11.418.194 km\u00b2, l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c xa \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh Sayan t\u1ea1i Tannu Uriankhai \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc; ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a H\u1eafc Long Giang v\u00e0 \u00d4 T\u00f4 L\u00fd Giang; ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n b\u00e3i ng\u1ea7m T\u0103ng M\u1eabu v\u00e0 L\u1eadp \u0110\u1ecba thu\u1ed9c Nam Sa; ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng Panj thu\u1ed9c Cao nguy\u00ean Pamir."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c, to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh 22 t\u1ec9nh c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi Ngo\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, N\u1ed9i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh H\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. \u0111\u1ecba khu Altai, Tarbagatai. Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1913, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc Kinh c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u1ec7nh x\u00e1c l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh g\u1ed3m ba c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u1ea1o, huy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh g\u1ed3m t\u1ec9nh, khu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c h\u1ea1t th\u1ecb. N\u0103m 1914, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eadp m\u1edbi b\u1ed1n khu v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, hai th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ba \u0111\u1ecba khu Tarbaghatai, Altay, Ili, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 35 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1924, thu h\u1ed3i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Trung \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1eeb Nga, l\u1eadp khu \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ec9nh. N\u0103m 1926, ba \u0111\u1ecba khu Tarbaghatai, Altay, Ili \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh n\u0103m 1927, ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1o, l\u1eadp ri\u00eang khu \u0111\u1ed1c s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean hai t\u1ec9nh Tr\u1ef1c L\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5ng Thi\u00ean l\u00e0 H\u00e0 B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Li\u00eau Ninh, nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Kinh Tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 B\u1eafc, chuy\u1ec3n b\u1ed1n khu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Nhi\u1ec7t H\u00e0, S\u00e1t C\u00e1p Nh\u0129, Tuy Vi\u1ec5n, Xuy\u00ean Bi\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh H\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh, trong \u0111\u00f3 Xuy\u00ean Bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh T\u00e2y Khang, l\u1eadp m\u1edbi t\u1ec9nh Ninh H\u1ea1. N\u0103m 1930, t\u1eeb nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba thu h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb Anh Qu\u1ed1c l\u1eadp ra khu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Uy H\u1ea3i V\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u1eb7t 9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Nam Kinh, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh, Thi\u00ean T\u00e2n, Thanh \u0110\u1ea3o, V\u0169 H\u00e1n (sau \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh H\u00e1n Kh\u1ea9u), Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u (sau \u0111\u1ed5i sang thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh, sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i th\u0103ng c\u1ea5p), T\u00e2y Kinh (sau \u0111\u1ed5i sang thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh, sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh T\u00e2y An v\u00e0 th\u0103ng c\u1ea5p), Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh (\u0111\u1eb7t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn). Cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t, to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 38 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh, sau Ngh\u1ecb h\u00f2a Nam-B\u1eafc th\u00ec d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc Kinh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00e2m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh. N\u0103m 1928, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0110i\u1ec1u 5 trong \"\u01af\u1edbc ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hu\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c\" c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1937, Chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 11 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 d\u1eddi c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb Nam Kinh \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh. Trung t\u00e2m t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn V\u0169 H\u00e1n, sau khi H\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn V\u0169 H\u00e1n b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t th\u00ec d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh. Sau khi kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n ban b\u1ed1 \"l\u1ec7nh ho\u00e0n \u0111\u00f4\", tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1946 \"kh\u1ea3i to\u00e0n Nam Kinh\". Trong Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n di d\u1eddi, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1949 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed5i \"ph\u1ee7\" tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh huy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi t\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 huy\u1ec7n x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, song \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1921, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed5i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u th\u00e0nh \"th\u1ecb\" (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1), m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c thi h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. Ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 7 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng ban b\u1ed1 \"ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb\", ph\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Kinh \u0110\u00f4, T\u00e2n C\u00f4 (nay l\u00e0 Nam Kinh), T\u00f9ng H\u1ed7 (nay l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i), Thanh \u0110\u1ea3o, C\u00e1p Nh\u0129 T\u00e2n, H\u00e1n Kh\u1ea9u (nay l\u00e0 V\u0169 H\u00e1n). N\u0103m 1930, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n ra \"ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1\", ph\u00e2n ra th\u00e0nh \"t\u1ec9nh h\u1ea1t th\u1ecb\" v\u00e0 \"vi\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t th\u1ecb\". \"T\u1ec9nh h\u1ea1t th\u1ecb\" \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n, \"vi\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t th\u1ecb\" \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u c\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u, song c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Sau khi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c, \"vi\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t th\u1ecb\" \u0111\u1ed5i sang g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"tr\u1ef1c h\u1ea1t th\u1ecb\". N\u0103m 1949, to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 12 tr\u1ef1c h\u1ea1t th\u1ecb\uff1a"}
+{"text": "Sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Thanh, Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n chi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t. N\u0103m 1913, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nga cho Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i k\u00fd k\u1ebft \"Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Trung-Nga-M\u00f4ng\". T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp Ngo\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c kh\u1ed1 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 vay t\u1eeb t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m qu\u1ed1c gia Anh, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, Nga, Nh\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 25 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd l\u1ea5y thu\u1ebf mu\u1ed1i, thu\u1ebf h\u1ea3i quan \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p, giao c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd mu\u1ed1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, b\u1ecb nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ecbu nh\u1ee5c. Ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1914, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c khi\u1ebfn Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i k\u00fd k\u1ebft \"Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p thi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a Trung-Nh\u1eadt gi\u1eefa Nam M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean\", th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n. Sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u1ee9 hai, Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i s\u1ee3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c ph\u00e1i hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00e0 T\u00f4n B\u1ea3o K\u1ef3, L\u00fd Th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1c sang Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103m tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc l\u00e0m y\u00eau s\u00e1ch. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1914, Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t, th\u00e1ng 9 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c trung l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt giao chi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, song do b\u1ecb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n uy hi\u1ebfp n\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ec9nh S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c giao chi\u1ebfn. Sau khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung binh l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh to\u00e0n tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1eeb Thanh \u0110\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ebf Nam. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3, Anh v\u00e0 Nga \u0111\u1ec1u ng\u1ea7m ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Hoa K\u1ef3 d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c song kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n:108-109. Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1915, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u01b0u tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Thanh \u0110\u1ea3o"}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t k\u00fd k\u1ebft h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng ngh\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1928, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ed1 \u00fd g\u00e2y ra Th\u1ea3m \u00e1n T\u1ebf Nam, sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00eda Nh\u1eadt ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u00e0n s\u00e1t qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n (Nam Kinh) t\u1ea1 l\u1ed7i, b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb hung th\u1ee7. Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 5, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nam Kinh ph\u00e1i Ng\u0169 Tri\u1ec1u Xu l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c sang Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n. Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 5, qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm T\u1ebf Nam . Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 5, Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng khai bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m sau, sau khi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n (Nam Kinh) v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n k\u00fd k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh, qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi T\u1ebf Nam. Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1928, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nam Kinh l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \"c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ngo\u1ea1i giao\" v\u1edbi trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 thu\u1ebf quan, h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, thu h\u1ed3i t\u00f4 gi\u1edbi, thu h\u1ed3i t\u00f4 t\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi thu h\u1ed3i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, quy\u1ec1n m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1929, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n cai tr\u1ecb \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ecdc L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng, quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m thu h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Trung \u0110\u00f4ng do Li\u00ean X\u00f4 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, ni\u00eam phong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1ea1i C\u00e1p Nh\u0129 T\u00e2n, khi\u1ebfn Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n (Nam Kinh). Ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1929, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ph\u00eda Trung Qu\u1ed1c ven tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t to l\u1edbn. Ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1929, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ecdc L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e0nh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1929 k\u00fd k\u1ebft \"Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Khabarovsk X\u00f4-Trung, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Trung \u0110\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1929."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1931, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \"kh\u00e1ng ngh\u1ecb nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng\" v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean, th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec c\u00f4ng l\u00fd. Ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 9, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n g\u1eedi c\u00f4ng h\u00e0m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3, hy v\u1ecdng ph\u00eda M\u1ef9 quan t\u00e2m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc\". Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1932, M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1937, S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n L\u01b0 C\u00e2u Ki\u1ec1u b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1941, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Tr\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 8 Hoa K\u1ef3 tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t. Ng\u00e0y 9 c\u00f9ng th\u00e1ng, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c, \u00dd, Nh\u1eadt, gia nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh. N\u0103m 1943, ba qu\u1ed1c gia Trung-M\u1ef9-Anh li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p ban b\u1ed1 \"Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Cairo\", y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \"c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1n t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, B\u00e0nh h\u1ed3, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c\". Sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, thu h\u1ed3i \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan, B\u00e0nh H\u1ed3, tham gia s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi do c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn trong chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m \u1ee7y vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an. Ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1945, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 k\u00fd k\u1ebft \"\u0110i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng minh h\u1eefu h\u1ea3o Trung-X\u00f4\", \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd sau khi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 xu\u1ea5t binh \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1945, Ngo\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 97% s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh Ngo\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1946, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn Ngo\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c (1913-1927), B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2n qu\u00e2n do Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c, t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y h\u00f9ng b\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t, ph\u00e2n chia ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1924, Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ra Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng qu\u00e2n, l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1eeb sau B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn khi thi h\u00e0nh hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c v\u0169 trang l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng qu\u00e2n. Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1928, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Nam X\u01b0\u01a1ng do Chu \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Thu Thu do Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i T\u1ec9nh C\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ed1 4 Qu\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Qu\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c sau \u0111\u1ed5i sang g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n, H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n C\u00f4ng N\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Sau khi Chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t, H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean th\u00e0nh B\u00e1t l\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 T\u00e2n t\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n, tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng qu\u00e2n. Sau khi \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u00e9n k\u1ebft th\u00fac, do Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c tan v\u1ee1 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5i sang g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt, S\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u0169 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, c\u00f3 s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng Mauser do \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, s\u00fang m\u00e1y nh\u1eb9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ecfng theo ZB vz. 26 c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc, s\u00fang li\u00ean thanh macxim 24...S\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt trong tr\u1eadn Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u00e1o h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng sFH 18, xe t\u0103ng, xe b\u1ecdc th\u00e9p do \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, song v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n b\u1ecb x\u00f3a x\u1ed5 sau giao tranh t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 Nam Kinh."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Thanh, giao l\u01b0u kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi Anh Qu\u1ed1c, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. N\u0103m 1928, khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nam Kinh, \u1ee6y vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Tr\u1ea7n Thi\u1ec7u Khoan l\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n ki\u00eam t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 44 t\u00e0u, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ebd n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n 30.000 t\u1ea5n; t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t, h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 58 t\u00e0u, tr\u00ean 58.000 t\u1ea5n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1937, h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n bi\u00ean th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 y\u1ec3m h\u1ed9 l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt, h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn t\u00e0u t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c sau chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u1edbi d\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao l\u01b0u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 C\u1ee5c H\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i Sa \u0110\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 hai chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n JN-4 \"Jenny\". N\u0103m 1927, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1928 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh H\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea3nh, chia th\u00e0nh 4 \u0111\u1ed9i, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 24 chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay. Sau B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong 10 n\u0103m v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1934 tr\u1edf \u0111i, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nam Kinh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u00f9ng C\u00f4ng ty Curtiss Wright c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u1eadp x\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y bay trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u linh ki\u1ec7n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p m\u00e1y bay. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Hawk-II v\u00e0 Hawk III \u0111\u1ec1u do Hoa K\u1ef3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1937 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1941, Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 cung c\u1ea5p cho Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn I-15, I-16, SB-3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed9i t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tham gia t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u01a1 Hoa K\u1ef3 trong kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n t\u1eebng suy gi\u1ea3m, song sau khi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 r\u00fat vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1941, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Ngo\u00e0i ra, sau khi kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n t\u1eebng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1p Mosquito do Anh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, Canada s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u0129 quan l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t, quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh quy nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1912 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1923, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o 9 kh\u00f3a, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 6300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 1700 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u0129 quan l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1924, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn Nam Kinh sau B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t, sau khi chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t l\u1ea1i d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1eeb 1949 v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eebng tham gia B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t, chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt hay n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1933, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc H\u1ed3ng binh C\u00f4ng-N\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Th\u1ee5y Kim, sau Tr\u01b0\u1eddng chinh th\u00ec h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n C\u00f4ng-N\u00f4ng T\u00e2y B\u1eafc, v\u1ec1 sau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt T\u00e2y B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Trung Hoa. Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1937, tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u00e2n-Ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Thanh, tuy nhi\u00ean do nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 n\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nam Kinh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n, do chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t khu v\u1ef1c duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i n\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n M\u00e3 V\u0129 Ph\u00fac Ch\u00e2u do M\u00e2n h\u1ec7 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef."}
+{"text": "C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1913 khi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng cho l\u1eadp Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Nam Uy\u1ec3n, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 15 n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4 kh\u00f3a v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 158 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean phi h\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 1924, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Phi c\u01a1 Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn 8 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u1ed1 \u0111i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp phi h\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 1929, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n l\u1eadp ban h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u0129 quan l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh. N\u0103m 1932, ban n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh \"Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n\", \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i H\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u. Sau khi h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t, tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00f4n Minh, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1938 th\u00ec ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 \"Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u0129 quan Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n\", sau kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 H\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u."}
+{"text": "Sau khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c, T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt Hoa ki\u1ec1u kinh doanh t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1eddi k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edf nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y di\u00eam, song c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 1920, L\u01b0u H\u1ed3ng Sinh l\u1eadp ra x\u01b0\u1edfng di\u00eam H\u1ed3ng Sinh T\u00f4 Ch\u00e2u. N\u0103m 1927, di\u00eam Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n b\u00e1n ph\u00e1 gi\u00e1 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, x\u01b0\u1edfng di\u00eam H\u1ed3ng Sinh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong c\u1ea1nh tranh, do \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u00f9ng hai doanh nghi\u1ec7p d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng ty C\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n di\u00eam \u0110\u1ea1i Trung Hoa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i. N\u0103m 1931, C\u00f4ng ty di\u00eam \u0110\u1ea1i Trung Hoa m\u1ed9t n\u0103m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 150 ngh\u00ecn h\u1ed9p di\u00eam, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p di\u00eam d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1933, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty di\u00eam \u0110\u1ea1i Trung Hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Chicago, di\u00eam ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 h\u1ed9p di\u00eam gi\u00e0u \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn cho r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch tham quan kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p di\u00eam Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Sau khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Trung Qu\u1ed1c, C\u00f4ng ty di\u00eam \u0110\u1ea1i Trung Hoa b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch n\u00ean b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c thi qu\u00e2n qu\u1ea3n, C\u00f4ng ty bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 1912, Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u1ecbch Ti\u00ean l\u1eadp ra C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e3 H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \"h\u01b0\u01a1ng mu\u1ed7i Tam Tinh\" n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, \"kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng Tam Tinh\" l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng gi\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7u \"Ti\u1ec5n \u0110ao\", c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 \"qu\u1ed1c h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng\". Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1940, Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u1ecbch Ti\u00ean b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1915, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i m\u1eddi k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, giao \u01b0\u1edbc mua m\u00e1y m\u00f3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i bang Connecticut, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0169 kh\u00ed C\u1ee7ng Huy\u1ec7n. N\u0103m 1919, x\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111i v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1938, x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0169 kh\u00ed C\u1ee7ng Huy\u1ec7n b\u1ecb m\u00e1y bay Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n oanh t\u1ea1c, ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. N\u0103m 1921, Ph\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e1c L\u00e2m h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp x\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n gi\u1edbi Ph\u1ee5ng Thi\u00ean. Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1922, x\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0110\u00f4ng Tam T\u1ec9nh, l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1931, x\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng 10 vi\u00ean, song sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1931 th\u00ec b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh. Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1948, x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0169 kh\u00ed Th\u1ea9m D\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp thu, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u00fang c\u1ea7m tay l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1919, C\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft Long Y\u00ean do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, sau \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp x\u01b0\u1edfng luy\u1ec7n gang t\u1ea1i Th\u1ea1ch C\u1ea3nh S\u01a1n B\u1eafc Kinh \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1922, x\u01b0\u1edfng luy\u1ec7n gang Th\u1ea1ch C\u1ea3nh S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 l\u00f2 nung s\u1eaft 250 t\u1ea5n, 4 l\u00f2 h\u01a1i, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 80%, song do thi\u1ebfu v\u1ed1n n\u00ean bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eebng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Sau n\u0103m 1938, C\u00f4ng ty H\u01b0ng Trung do Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh x\u01b0\u1edfng luy\u1ec7n gang Th\u1ea1ch C\u1ea3nh S\u01a1n, bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 gang th\u00e9p h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1919 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1949, x\u01b0\u1edfng gang th\u00e9p Th\u1ea1ch C\u1ea3nh S\u01a1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 286.000 t\u1ea5n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1931 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1936, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t 9,3%, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u00ea-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, ng\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 9,4%, ng\u00e0nh than \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1t 7%, ng\u00e0nh xi m\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t 9,6%, ng\u00e0nh th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea1t 40%. Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u1edbi ba ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i do th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n."}
+{"text": "Sau khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c thi h\u00e0nh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Thanh m\u1ea1t. N\u0103m 1912 v\u00e0 1913, B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eebng hai l\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, song kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1914, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \"\u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ec7\", quy \u0111\u1ecbnh Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3n v\u1ecb b\u1ea1c, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1c l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ec7. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1914 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1915, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t T\u1ed5ng x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n Thi\u00ean T\u00e2n v\u00e0 X\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n Giang Nam b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 1 nguy\u00ean. N\u0103m 1935, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n ban h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi, k\u1ebft th\u00fac g\u1ea7n 500 n\u0103m Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n v\u1ecb b\u1ea1c. N\u0103m 1918, s\u1edf Giao d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh. N\u0103m 1927, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Nam Kinh, trung t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i c\u0169ng d\u1eddi theo, s\u1edf giao d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u01b0u th\u1ebf, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh doanh x\u1ea5u \u0111i. Sau khi Chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, S\u1edf giao d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh ng\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1939."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \"ph\u00e1p t\u1ec7\", khi\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e2m v\u00e0o si\u00eau l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, L\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 t\u1eeb 556,9 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m 1945, n\u0103m 1946 t\u0103ng l\u00ean h\u01a1n 8,2 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean, n\u0103m 1948 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 660 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7. N\u0103m 1947, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y m\u1ec7nh gi\u00e1 cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 50 ngh\u00ecn, trong n\u0103m 1948 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 180 tri\u1ec7u. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1948, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n thi h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \"kim vi\u00ean kho\u00e1n\" m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho \"ph\u00e1p t\u1ec7\", k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng 10 th\u00e1ng, m\u1ec7nh gi\u00e1 \"kim vi\u00ean kho\u00e1n\" t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn 10 tri\u1ec7u, gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n 20 ngh\u00ecn l\u1ea7n, khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9nh T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y m\u1ec7nh gi\u00e1 6 t\u1ef7. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1949, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \"ng\u00e2n vi\u00ean kho\u00e1n\" \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \"kim vi\u00ean kho\u00e1n\" \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, \"ng\u00e2n vi\u00ean kho\u00e1n\" do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ee5t gi\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ec7 do \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh thay th\u1ebf Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \"\u0110\u00e0i t\u1ec7\" do Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan c\u0169ng s\u1ee5t gi\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh, g\u00e2y n\u00ean si\u00eau l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, do \u0111\u00f3 trong th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1949 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \"T\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0i t\u1ec7\" \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1928, B\u1ed9 Giao th\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi th\u1ea3o k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, l\u1ea5y Lan Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9, ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea1o, huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o, d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong 10 n\u0103m. N\u0103m 1928, to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 29.127 km c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1932, Ban tr\u00f9 b\u1ecb \u1ee6y ban Kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ba t\u1ec9nh Giang T\u00f4, Chi\u1ebft Giang, An Huy. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1936, c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 21.000 km, tr\u00ean 30.000 km c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qua l\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1935 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1936, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 T\u00e2y An-Lan Ch\u00e2u \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh d\u00e0i 700 km, c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 B\u1ea3o K\u00ea-H\u00e1n Trung d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 250 km, c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 H\u00e1n Trung-Th\u1ea5t B\u00e0n Quan d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 150 km. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1936, to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 108.117 km c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 Trung Qu\u1ed1c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn km c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n."}
+{"text": "Sau khi l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c, do t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t c\u00e1t c\u1ee9, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00f4 gi\u1edbi, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c-C\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, khoa h\u1ecdc-k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p. N\u0103m 1912, Chi\u00eam Thi\u00ean H\u1ef1u m\u1edf \"H\u1ed9i K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Trung S\u01a1n\" v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1949 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 150 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 khoa h\u1ecdc-k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. N\u0103m 1928, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n cho l\u1eadp \"Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng\", Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean B\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1eadp ra \"ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt\" v\u00e0 \"ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7n s\u0129\", t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 81 vi\u1ec7n s\u0129. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, \"Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh\" v\u00e0 \"Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y b\u1ed9 Trung Qu\u1ed1c\" v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1eadp vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. N\u0103m 1930, Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t, thi\u00ean v\u0103n, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan."}
+{"text": "Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Ki\u1ebfn C\u00f4ng, T\u00f4 B\u1ed9 Thanh, Hoa La Canh. Ng\u00f4 H\u1eefu Hu\u1ea5n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 H\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ee9c B\u1ea3ng, nh\u1edd \u00f4ng m\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ki\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1926, \u00f4ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c natri cacbonat \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1, l\u1ea5y \"h\u1ed3ng tam gi\u00e1c\" l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u, gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Philadenphia t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Th\u1ee5y S\u0129. N\u0103m 1939, H\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ee9c B\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1t minh \"c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf ki\u1ec1m li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p\". Tr\u00fac Kh\u1ea3 Trinh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c, s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. L\u00fd T\u1ee9 Quang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u00f4ng t\u1eebng theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1eaft th\u00e9p, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i sang Anh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft. Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \"\u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc\", nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m Trung Qu\u1ed1c ngh\u00e8o d\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ecdc, Mao D\u0129 Th\u0103ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o c\u1ea7u Ti\u1ec1n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Giang, l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u hai t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. L\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u01b0 Th\u00e0nh, L\u00e2m Huy Nh\u00e2n k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \"phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c\"."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 1911-1936, nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 410 tri\u1ec7u l\u00ean 530 tri\u1ec7u, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 1,03%. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn t\u1eebng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 song \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1949 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1t 540 tri\u1ec7u. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t sinh cao, t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t t\u1eed cao, t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea5p, sang t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t sinh cao, t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t t\u1eed th\u1ea5p, t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng cao, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c. Do chi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 tai h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, thi\u00ean tai nh\u00e2n h\u1ecda g\u00e2y n\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed vong phi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1912, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \"H\u1ecdc ch\u1ebf Nh\u00e2m T\u00fd-Qu\u00fd S\u1eedu\", ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng (7 n\u0103m), gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung \u0111\u1eb3ng (4 n\u0103m) v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao \u0111\u1eb3ng (\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 6-7 n\u0103m, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n l\u00e0 4 n\u0103m). Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1922, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng ban h\u00e0nh \"H\u1ecdc ch\u1ebf Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t\", \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u x\u00e1c l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n khoa. Sau khi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c, s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn, s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh theo h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1t ba tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn. V\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, do ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u00e2ng cao, Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 ra phong tr\u00e0o ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, sau khi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, hay c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 b\u00e1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1948, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb N\u1ed9i-Ngo\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, H\u1eafc Long Giang, Ninh H\u1ea1, H\u00e0 B\u1eafc, Thanh H\u1ea3i, T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c l\u1eadp. Sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n 18 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1931, khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc th\u1ef1c thi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u00f3a: tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1i v\u1ecdng Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt \"Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n hu\u1ea5n\"."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1918, B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n ch\u1eef c\u00e1i ch\u00fa \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n g\u1ed3m 37 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n latinh h\u00f3a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u00f9ng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n b\u00ednh \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n nay. N\u0103m 1928, B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n b\u00ednh \u00e2m latinh h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t-ch\u1eef La M\u00e3 Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u\u3002N\u0103m 1935, B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \"b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef gi\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t\", t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 324 ch\u1eef. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Kh\u1ea3o th\u00ed vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1edbi Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1936, B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7n, ra l\u1ec7nh t\u1ea1m ho\u00e3n thi h\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n ch\u1eef gi\u1ea3n th\u1ec3"}
+{"text": "Sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u0103m 1913, to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 500 t\u1edd b\u00e1o, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Sau khi T\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o Nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1913, do gi\u1edbi tin t\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt s\u00e2u s\u1eafc khi\u1ebfn Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n. Do \u0111\u00f3, Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n ng\u00e0nh b\u00e1o to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, khi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn k\u00fd gi\u1ea3 g\u1eb7p h\u1ecda, ng\u00e0nh b\u00e1o ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec1u, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Qu\u00fd S\u1eedu b\u00e1o tai\". Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1941, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh h\u01a1n 200 b\u00e1o d\u00e2n doanh, th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5n x\u00e3, tr\u1eeb \"T\u00e2n Hoa nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o\" v\u00e0 \"T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang\" c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \"Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng b\u00e1o\", \"Th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 t\u00e2n b\u00e1o\", T\u00e2y Nam nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o\" c\u00f9ng v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 d\u00e2n sinh, m\u00e0 trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn sau khi n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1946, do tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n n\u00ean Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n v\u1eabn cho ph\u00e9p \"T\u00e2n Hoa nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o\" ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c h\u1ecd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t."}
+{"text": "Phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Phong tr\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c l\u00e0 Phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9 n\u0103m 1919 do thanh ni\u00ean h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eb1m kh\u00e1ng ngh\u1ecb Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i giao, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u n\u1ed5i danh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \"ngo\u1ea1i tranh qu\u1ed1c quy\u1ec1n, n\u1ed9i tr\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c t\u1eb7c\". Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1925, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 Thanh \u0110\u1ea3o, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t Phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 T\u1ea1p kh\u00e1ng ngh\u1ecb x\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00f4ng s\u1ee3i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n sa th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh hung phi ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 13 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed vong do b\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p. Ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1926, Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ebf tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, b\u1ecb Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c.:370 Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1935, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua \"B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc li\u00ean\" ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Phong tr\u00e0o 9 th\u00e1ng 12, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \"\u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt\" Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1946, h\u1ecdc sinh Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng ngh\u1ecb Li\u00ean X\u00f4 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n X\u00f4. C\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o h\u00ed k\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1926 do ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed tri th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00ed k\u1ecbch mang \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1934 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1949 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng phong tr\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ee9c, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, ng\u0103n n\u1eafp."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed9i Hi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfn Th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c To\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c Trung Hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1924, n\u0103m 1931 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee6y ban Olympic Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban Olympic Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 1932, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc L\u01b0u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Xu\u00e2n c\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u Qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c tham gia Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Trung Qu\u1ed1c tham gia Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ebfn Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i 1936, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn sang Berlin, \u0110\u1ee9c thi \u0111\u1ea5u 7 m\u00f4n. Trong Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i 1948 t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Trung Qu\u1ed1c tham gia thi \u0111\u1ea5u 5 m\u00f4n."}
+{"text": "Phong tr\u00e0o T\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u1ea3y sinh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u gi\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trung t\u00e2m, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trung t\u00e2m. V\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1edbi T\u00e2y h\u1ecdc. Do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Phong tr\u00e0o T\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ph\u00e1i c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ed9c T\u00fa \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx; ph\u00e1i \u00f4n h\u00f2a v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Th\u00edch l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 phong tr\u00e0o B\u1ea1ch tho\u1ea1i v\u0103n, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng thay th\u1ebf h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Nho gia. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1912, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ban b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 b\u00f3 ch\u00e2n, ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf nghi th\u1ee9c qu\u1ef3 b\u00e1i, \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecdc kinh."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1910, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gia v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u1eef v\u0103n, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u0103n ng\u00f4n v\u0103n, \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng B\u1ea1ch tho\u1ea1i v\u0103n. H\u1ed3 Th\u00edch ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u1ecdc trong \"T\u00e2n thanh ni\u00ean\" s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1917, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t t\u00e1m ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef... \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc B\u1ea1ch tho\u1ea1i l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c Phong tr\u00e0o T\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc phong ki\u1ebfn, khai s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1ed9i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia, h\u00ed k\u1ecbch gia, thi nh\u00e2n, t\u1ea1p v\u0103n gia ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1942, Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i t\u1ecda \u0111\u00e0m v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 Di\u00ean An c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 can d\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00ec c\u00f4ng-n\u00f4ng-binh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 sau n\u00e0y. Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean Di\u00ean An 1940, \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \"Ti\u1ec3u Nh\u1ecb H\u1eafc k\u1ebft h\u00f4n\" c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u Th\u1ee5 L\u00fd, \"Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i Tang Can h\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\" c\u1ee7a \u0110inh Linh, \"B\u1ea1o phong s\u1eadu v\u0169\" c\u1ee7a Chu L\u1eadp Ba, \"B\u1ea1ch mao n\u1eef\" c\u1ee7a H\u1ea1 K\u00ednh Chi v\u00e0 \u0110inh Ngh\u1ecb"}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt li\u00ean t\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c, trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 \"Ngh\u0129a d\u0169ng qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u00fac\" c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1n H\u00e1n, Ni\u1ebfp Nh\u0129; \"Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p x\u01b0\u1edbng\" c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3n Tinh H\u1ea3i. H\u1ecda s\u0129 tranh th\u1ee7y m\u1eb7c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c T\u1eeb Bi H\u1ed3ng gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 v\u1ebd ng\u1ef1a, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt dung h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y; T\u1ec1 B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ea1ch th\u00ec dung h\u1ee3p tranh th\u1ee7y m\u1eb7c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda d\u00e2n gian, gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 v\u1ebd t\u00f4m, hoa, chim, c\u00e1. T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 18 b\u1ed9 phim trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 \"Ng\u01b0 quang kh\u00fac\" c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Th\u00e1i S\u1edf Sinh n\u0103m 1934 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean hoan \u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Moskva. Ng\u00f4i sao \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930 c\u00f3 H\u1ed3 \u0110i\u1ec7p, Nguy\u1ec5n Linh Ng\u1ecdc, Kim Di\u1ec5m, Tr\u1ea7n Y\u1ebfn Y\u1ebfn, V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u00e2n M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.."}
+{"text": "X\u00e3 Thanh H\u00e0 (Thanh Li\u00eam) n\u1eb1m c\u1ea1nh qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 1A, c\u00f3 2.626 h\u1ed9 v\u1edbi 9.699 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf 7 th\u00f4n. Trong s\u1ed1 2.626 h\u1ed9 th\u00ec c\u00f3 2.002 h\u1ed9 l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u00eau ren chi\u1ebfm 76,2%, v\u1edbi 5.740 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tham gia, trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 2.684 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0 2.896 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng thu\u00ea l\u00e0 160 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf Thanh H\u00e0 l\u00e0 x\u00e3 m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u00eau ren nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh. Sau khi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ngh\u1ec1 th\u00eau ren \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1975 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1989 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1: s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nhu c\u1ea7u ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u1ebfn nay l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, l\u00e0ng th\u00eau ren Thanh H\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua bao tr\u0103n tr\u1edf t\u00ecm cho m\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t kh\u1eaft khe v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 cho c\u1ea3 l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1. Kh\u00e2u ki\u1ec3m tra, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p (\u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn bao ti\u00eau to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n: th\u00eau. Ngh\u1ec1 th\u00eau ren c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m: nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ti\u00eau hao \u00edt, nh\u01b0ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ebft tinh trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u00eau l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng, m\u1eabu m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng hay kh\u00f4ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng l\u00e0: ga tr\u1ea3i gi\u01b0\u1eddng, g\u1ed1i, kh\u0103n tr\u1ea3i b\u00e0n\u2026"}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh H\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi mi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u1eabu m\u00e3, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 t\u00ednh. \u1ede Thanh H\u00e0, hi\u1ec7n nay, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m v\u1ec7 tinh cho c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Huy\u1ec7n Thanh Li\u00eam hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 2 c\u00f4ng ty TNHH v\u00e0 3 doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 2,2 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kinh doanh h\u00e0ng th\u00eau ren, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00e0ng th\u00eau ren Thanh H\u00e0. L\u00e0ng th\u00eau Thanh H\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u. V\u1ea3i, ch\u1ec9 th\u00eau c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t s\u1eb5n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 v\u1ed1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 mua nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 v\u1ed1n t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng. Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a S\u1edf C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 30 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng/h\u1ed9; v\u1ed1n l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n 250.000\u0111/h\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong GDP gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb 39,3% n\u0103m 2000 c\u00f2n 28,4% n\u0103m 2005. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t 4,1% (2001-2005). Trong \u0111\u00f3: tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt t\u0103ng 1,7%, ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i t\u0103ng 6,7%, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 31%, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1t 420 t\u1ea5n/n\u0103m, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ef7 s\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2005 \u0111\u1ea1t 11.500 t\u1ea5n, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ean 1 ha \u0111\u1ea1t 38,5 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng. - H\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00f9ng c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean canh, th\u00e2m canh c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao \u1edf ba huy\u1ec7n Duy Ti\u00ean, L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n, B\u00ecnh L\u1ee5c. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00f9ng l\u00faa \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00f3 n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t cao. Chuy\u1ec3n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u0169ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9c canh, hoang ho\u00e1 sang s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111a canh \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 5.188 ha. Chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u sang tr\u1ed3ng rau s\u1ea1ch chuy\u00ean canh v\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng hoa. - C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu: T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00f2 35.000 con; l\u1ee3n 350.000 con; d\u00ea 16.000 con; gia c\u1ea7m 3.350.000 con. Nh\u1eadp b\u00f2 s\u1eefa cung c\u1ea5p cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0: 150 con. \u0110\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 355 con. S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecbt h\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t chu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ean 30.000 t\u1ea5n/n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "- V\u1ec1 du l\u1ecbch sinh th\u00e1i: H\u00e0 Nam c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch sinh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u01b0: Khu du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec1n Tr\u00fac th\u1edd v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng L\u00fd Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ed9ng Thi S\u01a1n l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 n\u00fai n\u0103m hang n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n nhau c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ph\u1ee7 L\u00fd 7 km. \u0110\u00e3 quy ho\u1ea1ch Khu du l\u1ecbch Tam Ch\u00fac thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Kim B\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 g\u1ea7n 2000 ha v\u1edbi 9 khu ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed3 kho\u1ea3ng 600 ha, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn v\u00e0 khu du l\u1ecbch sinh th\u00e1i l\u00e0 600 ha. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9, kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, s\u00e2n g\u00f4n, qu\u1ea7n v\u1ee3t, c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u00e0 thu\u1ef7 t\u1ea1. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1ch ch\u00f9a H\u01b0\u01a1ng 7 km, c\u00e1ch H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 60 km, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh 40 km, Ninh B\u00ecnh 45 km, H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean 40 km l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n cho kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ec9nh, n\u01a1i ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch th\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111ang thu h\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0. - Ch\u00f9a Long \u0110\u1ecdi S\u01a1n \u1edf x\u00e3 \u0110\u1ecdi S\u01a1n, huy\u1ec7n Duy Ti\u00ean, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam. Di t\u00edch Long \u0110\u1ecdi S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1992. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00f3 tr\u00f9ng tu, t\u00f4n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef cho mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi sau. - Khu trung t\u00e2m du l\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ph\u1ee7 L\u00fd: \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 2 b\u00ean d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1y, gi\u00e1p c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng Ch\u00e2u; c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n 3 sao, 11 t\u1ea7ng, c\u00f3 khu du l\u1ecbch b\u1ebfn thu\u1ef7 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 du kh\u00e1ch \u0111i ch\u00f9a H\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ed9ng S\u01a1n, ch\u00f9a B\u00e0 \u0110anh, Hang Lu\u1ed3n. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u01a1i thuy\u1ec1n d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng Ch\u00e2u, s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1y v\u00e3ng c\u1ea3nh n\u01b0\u1edbc non Ph\u1ee7 L\u00fd. - \u0110\u1ec1n Tr\u1ea7n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u1edf huy\u1ec7n L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n, th\u1edd qu\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103m 1783; v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 1,4 ha."}
+{"text": "Kho\u1ea3ng 70 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ec3n k\u1ebft th\u00fac, thay th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ed3i t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ed5. Ph\u00f9 sa m\u1edbi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch tr\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 B\u1eafc b\u1ed9. H\u00e0 Nam l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp b\u1edfi ph\u00f9 sa c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1y v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai b\u1ecb b\u00e0o m\u00f2n t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao tr\u00f4i xu\u1ed1ng. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai, H\u00e0 Nam c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng con s\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1y \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, s\u00f4ng Nhu\u1ec7 \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, s\u00f4ng Ninh \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u con s\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c ch\u1ea3y trong t\u1ec9nh. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o cho v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c giao thoa hay v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng sang T\u00e2y, t\u1eeb B\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng Nam v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Nam trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1890 (\u0111\u1eddi vua Th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1i n\u0103m th\u1ee9 2), ph\u1ee7 L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1908, To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ra ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111em to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 Li\u00eam B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 17 x\u00e3 c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec7n V\u1ee5 B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u00ean (ph\u1ea7n nam M\u1ef9 L\u1ed9c) c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 2 t\u1ed5ng M\u1ed9c Ho\u00e0n, Chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec7n Ph\u00fa Xuy\u00ean (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i), nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o huy\u1ec7n Duy Ti\u00ean l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam. Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1965, H\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi t\u1ec9nh Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh Nam H\u00e0. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1975, Nam H\u00e0 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi Ninh B\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam Ninh, n\u0103m 1992, t\u1ec9nh Nam H\u00e0 v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Ninh B\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i chia t\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 c\u0169. Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1996, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00f9a B\u00e0 \u0110anh: M\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2010, n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n u\u1ed1n kh\u00fac c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00ea s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1y v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1y. \u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u00f9a v\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia s\u00f4ng l\u00e0 n\u00fai Ng\u1ecdc. Ch\u00f9a c\u00e1ch c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng 21A v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Qu\u1ebf kho\u1ea3ng 4 km. Xung quanh ch\u00f9a l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 um t\u00f9m, xa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1y trong veo n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian r\u1ea5t y\u00ean t\u0129nh, v\u1eafng v\u1ebb, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 r\u01a1i. Ch\u00f9a Long \u0110\u1ecdi: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi vua L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, ch\u00f9a n\u1eb1m \u1edf to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 105o30-186,01 kinh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0110\u00f4ng; 20o20-22,775 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 B\u1eafc. Ch\u00f9a n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai \u0110\u1ecdi, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao 79m so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn x\u00e3 \u0110\u1ecdi S\u01a1n huy\u1ec7n Duy Ti\u00ean, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 50 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam; c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ph\u1ee7 L\u00fd 10 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc. Long \u0110\u1ecdi s\u01a1n t\u1ef1 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1eedu long. To\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00fai \u0110\u1ecdi nh\u00ecn xa gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con r\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c \u1edf gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00f9ng chi\u00eam tr\u0169ng. Tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ec1 th\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1118, \u0111\u1eddi vua L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, th\u00e1p S\u00f9ng Thi\u1ec7n Di\u00ean Linh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ea7u thi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Ireland c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 10.500 TCN. Ireland Gael xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I. \u0110\u1ea3o b\u1ecb C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V tr\u1edf \u0111i. Sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norman x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, Anh y\u00eau s\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ireland. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Anh kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea3o cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u Tudor trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI-XVII, cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c n\u00e0y k\u00e9o theo nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3o Anh. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1690, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb Anh Tin L\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ra nh\u1eb1m g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tin L\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII. Theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Li\u00ean minh n\u0103m 1801, Ireland tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Anh v\u00e0 Ireland. \u0110\u1ea3o b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Khi \u0111\u00f3, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ef1 do Ireland \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00f2n B\u1eafc Ireland duy tr\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Anh Qu\u1ed1c. B\u1eafc Ireland l\u00e2m v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng sau m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998. N\u0103m 1973, C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland b\u1ecb b\u0103ng bao ph\u1ee7 trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 9000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 Ireland c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3o Anh l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 12.000 TCN, m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n d\u00e2ng l\u00ean do b\u0103ng tan khi\u1ebfn Ireland t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea3o Anh. \u0110\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 5600 TCN th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea3o Anh c\u0169ng t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Ireland c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 10.500 TCN. Cho d\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Ireland cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 gi\u1eefa, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3o Anh v\u00e0o t\u1eeb n\u0103m 8000 TCN \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 7000 TCN."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 4500 TCN, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 mang theo c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 h\u1ea1t, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ng\u1ef1a (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Scotland c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i C\u00e9ide Fields, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp than b\u00f9n. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t qua c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e1. C\u00e1c c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c canh t\u00e1c trong v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 t\u1eeb 3500 TCN \u0111\u1ebfn 3000 TCN. L\u00faa m\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2500 TCN, l\u00fac n\u00e0y k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thay \u0111\u1ed5i sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t minh nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh xe, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00f2 trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ed3n, v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng kim lo\u1ea1i tinh x\u1ea3o t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1edbi, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh t\u1ebf. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n, Ireland v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi giao d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Anh Qu\u1ed1c, mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Iberia, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Celt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Hallstatt."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Celt xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Ireland. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland b\u1ecb Celt ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i tranh lu\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Celt, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft Ogham v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Celt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Ireland theo c\u00e1c l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Celt x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm ho\u1eb7c di c\u01b0 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a theo Lebor Gab\u00e1la \u00c9renn, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o Trung C\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ireland, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c Celt ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. Theo thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Celt t\u1ea1i Ireland. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Priteni, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Belgae t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Gaul v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Anh. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Laighin t\u1eeb Armorica (nay l\u00e0 Bretagne c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Anh g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Milesia (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gael]) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn Ireland t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Iberia ho\u1eb7c mi\u1ec1n nam Gaul."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Celt \u0111\u1ebfn Ireland l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, theo \u0111\u00f3 Celt ho\u00e1 Ireland c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e2u d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland, \u0111\u1ea3o Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 Celt quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, song n\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Celt di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Ireland, song kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1ecb Celt ho\u00e1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea5p thu ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Celt. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u di truy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong DNA ty th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa Ireland v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 Y. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Celt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Ireland c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi Celt \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng\" ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Iberia \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Scandinavia ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 Trung \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3o Ireland ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c k\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbch nhau, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng qua khai ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \"th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ireland\". V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ireland trung \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1c ho\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n trong h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, song c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh cho v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng ri\u00eang song tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 nghi l\u1ec5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Tara. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Viking v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. Ireland c\u00f3 quy ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1: h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh v\u0103n s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt Brehon, do m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp lu\u1eadt gia chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 brehons thi h\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed Ireland vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 431, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Palladius \u0111\u1ebfn Ireland theo l\u1ec7nh Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Celestine I \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ireland \"v\u1eefng tin v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa\". T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ghi r\u1eb1ng Th\u00e1nh Patrick b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 cho Ireland \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o trong c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Palladius v\u00e0 Patrick, song \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng druid tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb tan v\u1ee1 khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o Ireland xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c La Tinh v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o. Trong v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tu vi\u1ec7n sau khi Ireland b\u1ecb C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c La Tinh v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i Ireland trong s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 Trung C\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 563, m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 Ireland l\u00e0 Columba th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Iona (nay thu\u1ed9c Scotland), b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Ireland ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o Celt v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn Scotland, Anh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Frank t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba sau khi La M\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. C\u00e1c h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 Trung C\u1ed5, h\u1ecd l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, s\u1ea3n sinh c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Sedulius Scottus v\u00e0 Johannes Eriugena v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IX, c\u00e1c l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng h\u1ea3i t\u1eb7c Viking ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Ireland. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Viking c\u0169ng tham gia th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Ireland: Dublin, Limerick, Cork, Wexford, Waterford, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1169, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i vi\u1ec5n chinh g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 Cambria-Norman v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e1u tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 l\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Bannow nay thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1t Wexford. \u0110\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n do Richard de Clare ch\u1ec9 huy. Cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norman kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ra theo l\u1eddi m\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Leinster Dermot Mac Murrough. N\u0103m 1166, Mac Murrough \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn Anjou, Ph\u00e1p sau chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Breifne, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Angevin (cai tr\u1ecb Anh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y nay) l\u00e0 Henry II \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm Leinster. N\u0103m 1171, Henry \u0111\u1ebfn Ireland nh\u1eb1m kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh. Henry th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n uy \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Richard de Clare v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t Cambria-Norman v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ireland ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u00faa t\u1ec3, d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn theo Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Windsor n\u0103m 1175."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo, lu\u1eadt phong ki\u1ebfn Norman d\u1ea7n thay th\u1ebf Lu\u1eadt Brehon Gael, \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norman t\u1ea1i Ireland l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norman c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba nam t\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00e1i \u1ea5p, \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Magna Carta (\u0110\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Ireland), thay th\u1ebf Dublin cho London v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ireland cho Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Anh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1216 v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Ireland \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1297."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV, sau C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en, c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 Norman t\u1ea1i Ireland l\u00e2m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n suy tho\u00e1i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb Norman v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa Ireland Gael li\u00ean h\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norman cai tr\u1ecb b\u1ecb Gael ho\u00e1. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 lai t\u1ea1p Ireland-Norman. Nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Ireland th\u00f4ng qua Quy ch\u1ebf Kilkenny v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1367, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norman v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ireland b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n Anh t\u1ea1i Ireland n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh, tu\u00e2n theo phong t\u1ee5c Anh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Anh."}
+{"text": "Quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Ireland, chi\u1ebfn tranh Ba V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa hai phe \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 James II v\u00e0 William III. Theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh, t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ireland trong chi\u1ebfn tranh Ba V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c (t\u1ea1i Ireland l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ireland bang li\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Cromwell) l\u00e0 20.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u0169ng theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 200.000 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng do k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb n\u1ea1n d\u00f3i do chi\u1ebfn tranh, di t\u00e1n, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng du k\u00edch v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh trong th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00f3 th\u00eam 50.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i lao d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u1ea4n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1eed gia \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Ireland th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a xung \u0111\u1ed9t."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n chia t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u1ea1i Ireland. L\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ireland. Sau khi th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Test n\u0103m 1672, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng William-Mary tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1i Jacob, ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tin L\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m l\u00e0m ngh\u1ecb vi\u00ean Ireland. Theo lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tin L\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i Ireland ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t b\u1ed5 sung c\u00f3 h\u1ed3i t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1703, 1709 v\u00e0 1728. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eb1m g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Tin L\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, trong khi l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i th\u00eam cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cai tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Anh gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn kh\u00ed h\u1eadu g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"S\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1 l\u1edbn\" t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn Ireland v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1739 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1741. M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef nh\u01b0 khoai t\u00e2y c\u00f2n m\u00f9a h\u00e8 y\u1ebfu t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng thu ho\u1ea1ch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i n\u0103m 1740, c\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh cho r\u1eb1ng 250.000 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi (kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u00e1m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1) thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng do nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh. Sau n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch gia t\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng cao v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac George Ireland \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng. N\u0103m 1782, Lu\u1eadt Poynings b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf, trao cho Ireland quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi Anh l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1495. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ireland m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Ireland t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1798, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Tin L\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 do H\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ireland Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 Ireland \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u1eabn b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p. N\u0103m 1800, ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 Ireland \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1801, theo \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ireland v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Anh v\u00e0 Ireland. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Ireland cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, sau khi t\u1eebng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1799. Theo c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u1eb7ng th\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c. Theo \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt, ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ireland b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i Westminster, Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, song kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Ireland n\u0103m 1803."}
+{"text": "N\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i l\u1edbn 1845\u20131851 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 Ireland, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m n\u00e0y d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Ireland gi\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba. C\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng do \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hai tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c di c\u01b0, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Canada. Ti\u1ebfp sau n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. Di c\u01b0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 8,2 tri\u1ec7u theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 1841, v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ireland hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00e2ng cao, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3. Daniel O'Connell l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u01b0u t\u00fa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ireland sau khi li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Anh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed ngh\u1ecb vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb Ennis g\u00e2y ra b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd song \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c do l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3. O'Connell xung k\u00edch trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Wellington, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh t\u1ea1i Ireland. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt C\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng George IV k\u00fd th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt, d\u00f9 ph\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 George III t\u1eebng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1801 do lo ng\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng cho C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd xung kh\u1eafc v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 1701."}
+{"text": "Daniel O'Connell sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e3i b\u1ecf \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p, song th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. C\u0169ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y, Charles Stewart Parnell v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ph\u00e1i li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khu v\u1ef1c Ulster, v\u00ec h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o chi ph\u1ed1i. Sau v\u00e0i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1914. Nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y, Qu\u00e2n T\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n Ulster \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1913 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Edward Carson."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1914, Qu\u00e2n T\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n Ireland \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua song \"t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi\" lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u00e1u h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Ulster m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh B\u1eafc Ireland. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi h\u00e0nh trong th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Qu\u00e2n T\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n Ireland b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m hai nh\u00f3m. \u0110a s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 175.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a John Redmond, l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n T\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Ireland tham gia \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn. Thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 13.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn l\u1ea5y t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Qu\u00e2n T\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n Ireland v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i Ireland tham gia \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn. Nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Ph\u1ee5c Sinh n\u0103m 1916 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n qu\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ireland. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh cho h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft 15 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 t\u1ed1ng giam h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang chuy\u1ec3n sang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 phi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 d\u00e0nh cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland t\u0103ng l\u00ean h\u01a1n n\u1eefa do chi\u1ebfn tranh ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng qu\u00e2n d\u1ecbch n\u0103m 1918."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1921, Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Anh-Ireland \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Ireland kho\u00e1 II. Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh trao cho Ireland \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong n\u1ed9i v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao, song c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng tham gia, cho ph\u00e9p B\u1eafc Ireland duy tr\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t trong phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa t\u00e2n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ef1 do Ireland v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh do \u00c9amon de Valera l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1923 khi \u00c9amon de Valera ban h\u00e0nh l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ef1 do Ireland m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ebfn khi \u00c9amon de Valera l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, \u00f4ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng Ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh Westminster v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n cao h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1937 khi hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ea7n ly khai kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1949, th\u00ec nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland."}
+{"text": "Xu\u1ea5t c\u01b0 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn di\u1ec5n ra trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 v\u00e0 1980), song kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1987, v\u00e0 trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Con h\u1ed5 Celtic. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland \u0111\u1ea1t trung b\u00ecnh 9,6% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1995 \u0111\u1ebfn 1999, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1999 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y gia nh\u1eadp khu v\u1ef1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng euro. N\u0103m 2000, Ireland l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e9t theo GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "D\u00f9 B\u1eafc Ireland ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xung \u0111\u1ed9t trong n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Ireland, song v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau khi ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1ebb t\u1ebb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu theo Tin L\u00e0nh v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n B\u1eafc Ireland duy tr\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Anh. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Tin L\u00e0nh v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Ireland ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo l\u00e0n ranh gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc Ireland (b\u1ea7u theo th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c \u0111a s\u1ed1) do \u0110\u1ea3ng Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ulster ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb xa l\u00e1nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi gia t\u0103ng b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n do s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho h\u1ecd, hay h\u1ecd b\u1ecb k\u00ec th\u1ecb trong nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng khai trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng ngh\u1ecb d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, song th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i trung th\u00e0nh. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh tay theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p. Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 khi n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc Ireland y\u00eau c\u1ea7u L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Anh vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t. N\u0103m 1969, Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland L\u00e2m th\u1eddi b\u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n do t\u00e1ch ra t\u1eeb Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland, h\u1ecd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t Ireland th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Anh t\u1ea1i s\u00e1u h\u1ea1t\"."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 b\u00ean ph\u00eda li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng tham gia v\u00e0o b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 the Troubles b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00f3 tr\u00ean 3.600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng trong ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Do b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1972 v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t cai tr\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi B\u1eafc Ireland. N\u0103m 1998, sau m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland L\u00e2m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ean, Hi\u1ec7p ngh\u1ecb Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u T\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh v\u00e0 Ireland, b\u1ed5 sung v\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed trong \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ean."}
+{"text": "N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p ngh\u1ecb sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng qua tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland. Hi\u1ec7p ngh\u1ecb kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb cho B\u1eafc Ireland tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf chia s\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn trong Ngh\u1ecb h\u1ed9i B\u1eafc Ireland. C\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. B\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh sau khi \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2005 Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland L\u00e2m th\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t u\u1ef7 ban \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "B\u1eafc Ireland c\u00f3 c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Anh ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea3ng trong ngh\u1ecb h\u1ed9i. Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 B\u1eafc Ireland l\u00e0 Belfast. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cai tr\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp B\u1eafc Ireland. B\u1eafc Ireland \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n 18 gh\u1ebf trong s\u1ed1 650 gh\u1ebf c\u1ee7a H\u1ea1 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Anh. Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ee5 khanh v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc Ireland l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Anh. B\u1eafc Ireland t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong ba khu v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea1m vi quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Anh, song To\u00e0 \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Anh l\u00e0 to\u00e0 \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao."}
+{"text": "Theo Hi\u1ec7p ngh\u1ecb Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u T\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, hai ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh v\u00e0 Ireland ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1eafc/Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf g\u1ed3m b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Ireland v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Ireland, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea3o. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh-Ireland cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh v\u00e0 Ireland tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng quan t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 B\u1eafc Ireland. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 cai qu\u1ea3n B\u1eafc Ireland, c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp \"\u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7\" d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao Ireland v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ee5 khanh v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc Ireland c\u1ee7a Anh, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n cho B\u1eafc Ireland v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e0n Ireland kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Li\u00ean ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n B\u1eafc/Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n cho to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea3o, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c song ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng quan t\u00e2m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh \u0111ai c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i bao quanh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea5p t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o. \u0110\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Carrauntoohil thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1t Kerry v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao 1.038 m tr\u00ean m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho canh t\u00e1c n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh Leinster. Khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai v\u00e0 l\u1eafm \u0111\u00e1 v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh xanh t\u01b0\u01a1i. S\u00f4ng Shannon l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland v\u1edbi 386 km, kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t Cavan thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y b\u1eafc v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y 113 km \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Limerick thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n trung t\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "M\u01b0a r\u01a1i su\u1ed1t n\u0103m song v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng. Mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 hay g\u1eb7p b\u00e3o \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i thu v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn gi\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1. Khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda b\u1eafc h\u1ea1t Galway v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng h\u1ea1t Mayo x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Munster t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam c\u00f3 \u00edt tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n Ulster t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea5m h\u01a1n v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 40 ng\u00e0y trong n\u0103m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng 0 \u00b0C, trong khi t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y. Ireland \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec7t, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1995, 2003, 2006 v\u00e0 2013. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Ireland tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng 2009/10. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn \u221217,2 \u00b0C t\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t Mayo v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 12 v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i d\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai."}
+{"text": "Do Ireland tr\u1edf n\u00ean bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u1ef7 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n k\u1ebft th\u00fac, \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 \u00edt lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3o Anh v\u1ed1n t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba sau \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea3o Ireland c\u00f3 55 lo\u00e0i th\u00fa, v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 26 lo\u00e0i th\u00fa c\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ireland. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecf, nh\u00edm gai v\u00e0 l\u1eedng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, trong khi nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 th\u1ecf Ireland, h\u01b0\u01a1u \u0111\u1ecf, ch\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng th\u00ec hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p. \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 r\u00f9a bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1 m\u1eadp, h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u, c\u00e1 voi v\u00e0 c\u00e1 heo ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 400 lo\u00e0i chim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Ireland, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chim di c\u01b0."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1eebng m\u1edf, r\u1eebng l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, b\u00e3i l\u1ea7y than b\u00f9n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u00fa hoang c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn c\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng. Do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n th\u1ecbt \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u00f3, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u01a1u b\u00e1n hoang d\u00e3, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau hu\u1ef7 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u1eafn, v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e0 th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng). Nai s\u1eebng t\u1ea5m Ireland, an ca l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ch\u00f3 s\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung C\u1ed5, Ireland c\u00f3 r\u1eebng bao ph\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i s\u1ed3i, th\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1ch d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay, r\u1eebng bao ph\u1ee7 kho\u1ea3ng 12,6% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland, trong \u0111\u00f3 4.450 km\u00b2 thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p Ireland."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea5t d\u00e0nh cho tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i l\u00e0m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i hoang d\u00e3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o c\u00e2y t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. H\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng th\u00f4n qu\u00ea v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e0n d\u01b0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i t\u1eebng bao ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p theo c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o c\u00e2y, v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1eebng tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1eeba b\u00e3i thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n; song c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "R\u1eebng bao ph\u1ee7 kho\u1ea3ng 12,6% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea3o, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c canh c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i phi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. T\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c quanh \u0111\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Killarney. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n h\u01b0\u01a1u v\u00e0 c\u1eebu nu\u00f4i tr\u00e0n sang. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n r\u1eebng t\u00e1i sinh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3o Achill n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i h\u1ea1t Mayo v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Ireland n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4n l\u01b0\u1edbt s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 5 b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn Blue Flag, c\u00f2n Croaghaun l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c v\u00e1ch n\u00fai bi\u1ec3n cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 trang nghi\u00eam ki\u1ec3u Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, XVIII v\u00e0 XIX t\u1ea1i Palladian theo phong c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u00e2n Gothic, nh\u01b0 Castle Ward, Castletown House, Bantry House, Th\u00e0nh Glenveagh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du kh\u00e1ch quan t\u00e2m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Th\u00e0nh Ashford, Th\u00e0nh Leslie v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh Dromoland."}
+{"text": "Ireland c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o than b\u00f9n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t than b\u00f9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u01b0u gi\u1eef cacbon v\u00e0 do n\u00f3 hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3, Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea1t Ireland n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e0o ch\u00fang l\u00ean. Trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nhi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1t l\u00f2, song m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \"\u0111\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t than b\u00f9n\" l\u00e0m \"nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3i\"."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3o Ireland c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t. Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Ireland ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1eddi gian qua ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ba tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft qua \u0111\u1ea3o Anh \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Ireland ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p do c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng cung \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng cho \u0110i\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c B\u1eafc Ireland (NIE). T\u1ea1i C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland, ESB th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i so v\u1edbi T\u00e2y \u00c2u. EirGrid x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i d\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u cao \u00e1p gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Anh v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t 500 MW,."}
+{"text": "T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland l\u00e0 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 do c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 73% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o tin theo (kho\u1ea3ng 87% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland). H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Tin L\u00e0nh (kho\u1ea3ng 48% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n B\u1eafc Ireland). Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Tin L\u00e0nh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ireland c\u1ee7a Anh gi\u00e1o. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i Ireland, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 do nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 50% t\u1ea1i C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2006-2011. Kho\u1ea3ng 4% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 14% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 B\u1eafc Ireland t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010, 32% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd t\u1edbi bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford v\u00e0 Tipperary b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Ireland kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng,, song ranh gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ec3 thao v\u00e0 trong v\u0103n ho\u00e1 hay du l\u1ecbch."}
+{"text": "V\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9. \u0110\u1ea1i Dublin c\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. Belfast c\u00f3 579.726 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Ireland. V\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Armagh c\u00f3 14.590 d\u00e2n song c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ireland theo Anh gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c To\u00e0n Ireland theo C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1914. T\u1ea1i C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland, Kilkenny t\u1eebng l\u00e0 tr\u1ecb s\u1edf c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Butler, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, song theo lu\u1eadt v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3."}
+{"text": "Hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i Ireland l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ireland v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn cho v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. Ti\u1ebfng Ireland nay l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 song v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ireland trong h\u01a1n hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Ireland c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft sau khi \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1ecb C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn Scotland v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Man r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng Gael Scotland v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Manx. Ti\u1ebfng Ireland b\u1ecb suy tho\u00e1i d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Anh cai tr\u1ecb song v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111a s\u1ed1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, song c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea3o."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Ireland l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norman x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm. Khi \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u00edt n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Anh, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ecb ti\u1ebfng Ireland thay th\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ec1u Tudor chinh ph\u1ee5c Ireland. N\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Tudor v\u00e0 Cromwell. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n Ulster khi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f5 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc t\u1ea1i Ulster, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ireland b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX thay th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfng Ireland b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh khi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n ho\u00e1 Ireland bao g\u1ed3m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a di d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 sau v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Gael, Anh ho\u00e1, M\u1ef9 ho\u00e1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n). V\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, Ireland \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Celt, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, \u0111\u1ea3o Man v\u00e0 Bretagne. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111an xen ki\u1ec3u Ireland hay trang tr\u00ed d\u00e2y b\u1ec7n Celt. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang trong c\u00e1ch trang tr\u00ed c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh Trung C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. Phong c\u00e1ch n\u00e3y hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ireland, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \"Celt\" hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chung."}
+{"text": "T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i (v\u00e0 t\u1eeb khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII th\u00ec t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o). Di s\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ireland k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f9ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Celt sau khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Patrick trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V. C\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Ireland-Scotland c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 tu s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ireland Columba, ch\u00fang gi\u00fap truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o Ireland \u0111\u1ebfn Anh v\u00e0 Francia d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00e0nh v\u0103n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00f9 ch\u1eef t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110en T\u1ed1i sau khi La M\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, khi\u1ebfn Ireland gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \"\u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3\"."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, Ireland c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 George Bernard Shaw, William Butler Yeats, Samuel Beckett v\u00e0 Seamus Heaney. D\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel, song James Joyce \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Ulysses v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1922 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 6 t\u1ea1i Dublin v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"Bloomsday\". V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ireland hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi di s\u1ea3n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u01b0 John McGahern v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 Seamus Heaney."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Ireland t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 Trung C\u1ed5 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \"h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba\", song t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu tu s\u0129 t\u1ea1i Ireland v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ca Gregoriano. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, Ireland Gel th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed3m b\u1ed9 ba th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c kh\u00f3c (goltraige), nh\u1ea1c c\u01b0\u1eddi (geantraige) v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c ng\u1ee7 (suantraige). \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c thanh \u00e2m v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u, song \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ea1c Ireland quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Ireland. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ireland g\u1ed1c Anh nh\u01b0 L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Dublin, Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd L\u1edbn St Patrick's v\u00e0 Christ Church, v\u00e0 Messiah (1742) c\u1ee7a Handel n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 baroque. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i ho\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng khi\u1ebfn \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, song v\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh n\u00ean nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ireland n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea3o."}
+{"text": "\u00c2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ireland tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ireland tr\u1ea3i qua hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. Tuy nhi\u00ean trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, di\u1ec5n ra phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ireland v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ban nh\u1ea1c ti\u00ean phong l\u00e0 The Dubliners, The Chieftains, The Wolfe Tones, Clancy Brothers, Sweeney's Men v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 Se\u00e1n \u00d3 Riada v\u00e0 Christy Moore. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 nh\u01b0 Horslips, Van Morrison v\u00e0 Thin Lizzy k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ireland v\u00e0o nh\u1ea1c rock \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 v\u00e0 1980 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 rock tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 nh\u01b0 Enya, The Saw Doctors, The Corrs, Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor, Clannad, The Cranberries v\u00e0 The Pogues."}
+{"text": "Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Ireland l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 Newgrange v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebft t\u00edch qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u00e0 XX, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 John Butler Yeats, William Orpen, Jack Yeats v\u00e0 Louis le Brocquy. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c Ireland \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Sean Scully, Kevin Abosch, v\u00e0 Alice Maher."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ireland Johannes Scotus Eriugena \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 Trung C\u1ed5. Nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ireland Ernest Henry Shackleton l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c. \u00d4ng c\u00f9ng \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00fai Erebus v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a C\u1ef1c Nam t\u1eeb. Robert Boyle l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Boyle. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX John Tyndall ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Tyndall. Nicholas Callan ph\u00e1t minh cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m, bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p, v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ireland Ernest Walton gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m 1951. \u00d4ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi John Cockcroft l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00f3ng. Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Kelvin l\u00e0 William Thomson l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y danh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t cho \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i Kelvin. Joseph Larmor t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn trong hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Aether and Matter, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900."}
+{"text": "George Johnstone Stoney gi\u1edbi thu\u1eadt thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef electron v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1891. John Stewart Bell l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Bell v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng Bell-Jackiw-Adler. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 William Rowan Hamilton, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh b\u1ed9 b\u1ed1n quaternion. Francis Ysidro Edgeworth c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p trong h\u1ed9p Edgeworth, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf vi m\u00f4 t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay; trong khi Richard Cantillon truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho Adam Smith v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. John B. Cosgrave l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 2000 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p s\u1ed1 Fermat k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003. John Lighton Synge \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc, bao g\u1ed3m c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc trong thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng. Kathleen Lonsdale sinh t\u1ea1i Ireland v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland. Ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1, song tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 th\u00ec hai hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u1eabn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"Ireland\". B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 Gaelic l\u00e0 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao ph\u1ed3 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ireland x\u00e9t theo s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 theo d\u00f5i thi \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 2.600 c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. N\u0103m 2003, b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 Gaelic chi\u1ebfm 34% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 thao, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 hurling v\u1edbi 23%, b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u1edbi 16% v\u00e0 rugby v\u1edbi 8% v\u00e0 chung k\u1ebft b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 Gaelic to\u00e0n Ireland l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a th\u1ec3 thao. B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Ireland. B\u01a1i, golf, aerobic, b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1, \u0111i xe \u0111\u1ea1p, b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 Gaelic v\u00e0 billiards/snooker l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 thao c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tham gia cao nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 Gaelic, hurling v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng n\u00e9m Gaelic l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ireland \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 thao Gaelic. C\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao Gaelic ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Th\u1ec3 thao Gaelic (GAA). Tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i (v\u00e0 s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o) l\u00e0 s\u00e2n Croke Park c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a 82.500 t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Dublin. M\u1ecdi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 thi \u0111\u1ea5u \u1edf c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u01b0\u01a1ng song \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu nh\u1eadp h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 thao \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 Ireland (IFA) ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea3o. B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i theo c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Ireland k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1870, Cliftonville F.C. t\u1ea1i Belfast l\u00e0 c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ireland. B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t quanh Belfast v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Ulster, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u0103m 1921, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Dublin t\u00e1ch ra \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ireland T\u1ef1 do. Hi\u1ec7n nay, hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u1ea3o mang t\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 Ireland (FAI). FAI \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c FIFA c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1923, song IFA v\u00e0 FAI ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 thi \u0111\u1ea5u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cho c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n. N\u0103m 1950, FIFA ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1953 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a FAI \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland\" v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a IFA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"B\u1eafc Ireland\". B\u1eafc Ireland gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n tham gia v\u00f2ng chung k\u1ebft Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1958, 1982 v\u00e0 1986. C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ireland c\u0169ng gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n tham gia v\u00f2ng chung k\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u n\u00e0y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1990, 1994, 2002. Tr\u00ean to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i Ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1ng Anh, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1ng Scotland."}
+{"text": "Ireland c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia chung trong m\u00f4n b\u00f3ng b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i chung l\u00e0 Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n B\u00f3ng b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c Ireland (IRFU). \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c Ireland thi \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00f9a gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee9 k\u1ebft. Ireland t\u1eebng \u0111\u0103ng cai gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1991 v\u00e0 1999. B\u00f3ng b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c Ireland ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh \u1edf c\u1ea3 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb khi m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Ireland ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c s\u00e1u qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c Ireland ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i trong kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u00f4n ho\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i-ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung C\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi du nh\u1eadp khoai t\u00e2y v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf Ireland l\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gia s\u00fac m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i tr\u00e1nh gi\u1ebft b\u00f2 s\u1eefa. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt tr\u1eafng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n th\u1ecbt b\u00f2, v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt mu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u01a1 mu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m trong b\u1eefa \u0103n t\u1ea1i Ireland k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi khoai t\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. B\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khoai t\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u00f3 b\u1eefa \u0103n l\u00e0 khoai t\u00e2y v\u00e0 s\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh g\u1ed3m v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n con \u0103n h\u1ebft 18 stone (110 kg) khoai t\u00e2y m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u00f3n \u0103n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng tinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 m\u00f3n h\u1ea7m Ireland, th\u1ecbt mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i b\u1eafp, b\u00e1nh k\u1ebfp khoai t\u00e2y boxty, v\u00e0 m\u00f3n colcannon g\u1ed3m khoai t\u00e2y nghi\u1ec1n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3i xo\u0103n ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3i b\u1eafp."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, khi Ireland tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Ireland m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. N\u1ec1n \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean rau c\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1i (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1 h\u1ed3i, c\u00e1 h\u1ed3i ch\u1ea5m, h\u00e0u, trai), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u00e1nh m\u00ec soda truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i pho m\u00e1t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c m\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \"Dublin Lawyer\": t\u00f4m h\u00f9m n\u1ea5u trong whiskey v\u00e0 kem. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khoai t\u00e2y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong n\u1ec1n \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 Ireland v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 khoai t\u00e2y b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Ireland t\u1eebng chi ph\u1ed1i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng whiskey th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 90% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng whiskey v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh vi b\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u l\u1eadu khi Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1ea5m r\u01b0\u1ee3u (h\u1ecd b\u00e1n whiskey ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m v\u1edbi nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ireland khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang m\u1ea5t \u0111i ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u Ireland) v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf quan \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi whiskey c\u1ee7a Ireland tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh M\u1eadu d\u1ecbch Anh-Ireland th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930, th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a whiskey Ireland tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 2% v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Roma (ti\u1ebfng Latinh: IMPERIVM ROMANVM) l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1eadu C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. La M\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 1 TCN cho \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 hay th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6, g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e2y quanh \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n.. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb khi Augustus b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ecb v\u00ec t\u1eeb n\u0103m 27 TCN v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1c k\u1ebft th\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau."}
+{"text": "Hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ghi d\u1ea5u v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh La M\u00e3 (Pax Romana), m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Traianus. \u1ede \u0111\u1ec9nh cao, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t g\u1ea7n 6.5 tri\u1ec7u km2, tuy r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai m\u00e0 \u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng d\u00e0i l\u00e2u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 cai tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, sau n\u00e0y ch\u00fang lan ra to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Roma \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t b\u1ed1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec9nh, v\u00e0 theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"\u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf\" trong khi v\u1eabn cai tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. C\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai qu\u1ea3n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u1ef1u ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan v\u00e0 c\u1ef1u ph\u00e1p quan, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u00e0 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i . V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i trong tay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng qua quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 nn\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a sang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "V\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Augustus \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y nh\u1edd v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. \u00d4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i danh hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Princeps, \"\u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\". C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u, quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n th\u00ec ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn trong Curia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Augustus c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Augustus \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 40 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"Th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i Ho\u00e0ng Kim\". Augustus \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i cho ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec \"Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7\" (27 TCN-284 CN), 200 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh La M\u00e3 (\"Pax Romana\"). Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chia s\u1ebb chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean n\u1ed5 ra, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \"kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng\" khi x\u1ea3y ra, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf Britain v\u00e0 Gaul. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Do Th\u00e1i-La M\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong su\u1ed1t 60 n\u0103m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e1c li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang."}
+{"text": "Vespasianus \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Flavius ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c b\u1edfi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Nerva-Antoninus m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Ng\u0169 Hi\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ebf\": Nerva, Traianus, Hadrianus, Antoninus Pius v\u00e0 v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tri\u1ebft gia Marcus Aurelius. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u1eed gia Hy L\u1ea1p, Dio Cassius, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Commodus l\u00ean k\u1ebf v\u1ecb trong 180 CN \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu \"t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a g\u1ec9 s\u1eaft\" -b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Edward Gibbon coi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Commodus \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 212, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Caracalla, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Severus l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n-v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft-v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch . Trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u00ec H\u1eadu c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u1ea2o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ed1n t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i hy sinh cho m\u1ee5c \u00edch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1: Diocletianus (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec t\u1eeb n\u0103m 284-305) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u1edd v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u00f4t, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Dominus, \"ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n\" hay \" Ch\u00faa T\u1ec3\"."}
+{"text": "Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Diocletianus sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ebf). Sau th\u1eddi \u00f4ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n, nh\u01b0ng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Constantinus I - v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean theo Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Constantinopolis - l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia theo m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c \u0110\u00f4ng-T\u00e2y (Constantinopolis/Roma). Theodosius I l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1eabn t\u00e2y, v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 395 sau khi \u0111\u01b0a Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00ean l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef Latinh imperium sine fine (\"\u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac\" ) nh\u1eb1m n\u00eau l\u00ean s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi gian hay kh\u00f4ng gian. Trong b\u1ed9 s\u1eed thi Aeneid c\u1ee7a Vergil, s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 do v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Jupiter ban cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3. Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c b\u1eafc \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1, khi m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Trong su\u1ed1t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Augustus, m\u1ed9t \"b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn\" \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang t\u1ea1i Rome, tr\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, Geography c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Pontos g\u1ed1c Hy L\u1ea1p Strabo Khi Augustus qua \u0111\u1eddi, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u1eb1m ca ng\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (Res Gestae) \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt theo danh m\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n th\u01b0 ghi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u0129 c\u00e0ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Traianus (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec t\u1eeb n\u0103m 98-117), tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u00ean t\u1edbi 5.000.000 km vu\u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nhau hi\u1ec7n nay.. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi 55-60.000.000 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u00e1u t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0o \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 70 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 100 tri\u1ec7u th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0o trong ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c-R\u00f4ma, Alexandria, v\u00e0 Antioch- g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Latin, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vergil nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Alexander Severus (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec t\u1eeb n\u0103m 222-235), Gi\u1ea5y khai sinh v\u00e0 ch\u00fac th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Latin. Ti\u1ebfng Latin c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3. Th\u00e1nh Augustin\u00f4 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u01b0a th\u00edch ti\u1ebfng Latinh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n per societatis pacem, th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf, v\u1ed1n mong mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Alexandros, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Koine Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c quanh ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 \"Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecd\" n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh hai n\u1eeda v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Latin \u1edf Ph\u00eda T\u00e2y v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p \u1edf Ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Balkan, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef song song b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u01b0u t\u00fa, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01a1 ca, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Julio-Claudius \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Latin chu\u1ea9n (Latinitas), m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t theo nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng La tinh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfng Latin trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Claudius \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho thu h\u1ed3i quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Latin, nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 trong Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn song ng\u1eef ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Hy l\u1ea1p. Suetonius tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \"hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta,\" v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai vi\u00ean th\u01b0 k\u00fd ho\u00e0ng gia, m\u1ed9t d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Latinh, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "\u1ede ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng La tinh. S\u1ef1 giao thoa h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u v\u0103n vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng song ng\u1eef, m\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Latinh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 V\u0103n bia c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Hy l\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Latinh. Sau khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 212 CN, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ch\u00fat \u00edt ti\u1ebfng Latinh."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Diocletianus (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec t\u1eeb n\u0103m 284-305) \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Latinh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p \u1f21 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (h\u1ebd kratousa dialektos) l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Latin l\u00e0 \"ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c\". H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Libanius (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4) coi ti\u1ebfng Latinh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m trong ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n Hy L\u1ea1p Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Justinianus \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c vi\u1ec3n v\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Latin nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, ti\u1ebfng Latin kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh ng\u1eef \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "\u1ede ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, ti\u1ebfng Latinh c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ef1c k\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Iberia (T\u00e2y Ban Nha th\u1eddi La M\u00e3) v\u00e0 \u1edf Gaul. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Gallo-La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n Gallo-Latin, v\u00e0 ngay t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Gallia Narbonensis, c\u1ea3 ba ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, ti\u1ebfng Latinh, Gaul) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN. \u1ede \u00dd, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Latin \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfng Etruscan v\u00e0 Oscan v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 sau CN S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Latinh \u1edf gi\u1eefa t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n l\u00e0m phai m\u1edd t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1u truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng."}
+{"text": "\u1ede \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y La M\u00e3, ti\u1ebfng Latin d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n thay th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfng Celtic v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Italic v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia s\u1ebb chung ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1ea4n-\u00c2u. T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong c\u00fa ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Latinh. Ti\u1ebfng Basque th\u00ec l\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1ea4n-\u00c2u v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai Pyrenee. Sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec h\u1eadu c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, ti\u1ebfng Latin \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef R\u00f4man, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, Ph\u00e1p, \u00dd v\u00e0 Romania. V\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ti\u1ebfng Latin v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Byzantine, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. \u0110a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Hy l\u1ea1p s\u1ed1ng \u1edf b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Latinh, ti\u1ebfng Thracia c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1ea4n-\u00c2u, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c \u1edf Anatolia nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Galatia, Phrygia, Pisidian, v\u00e0 Cappadocia, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Phi \u00c1-ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Copt \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Aramit \u1edf Syria v\u00e0 L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0-kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p thay th\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh Palmyra th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Aramaic c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd b\u1edfi v\u00ec ti\u1ebfng Latinh l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 \"giai c\u1ea5p\" trong ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho n\u00f3. Hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho Augustus n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1edf Roma r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3, t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n (Amicitia), gia \u0111\u00ecnh, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nero, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea1i gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t k\u1ecb s\u0129 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "Theo lu\u1eadt gia Gaius, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng trong \"D\u00e2n lu\u1eadt\" c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do(Liberi) ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 (servi). T\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nam gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 m\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, tranh c\u1eed, v\u00e0 gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 th\u1ea7y t\u1ebf. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ius Latinum,\"quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Latin\"), nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng sinh s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi La M\u00e3, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb l\u00e0 peregrini, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3. N\u0103m 212 CN, b\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Constitutio Antoniniana, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Caracalla \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef La M\u00e3 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 cho t\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu hay n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb sinh ra t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u00ec c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i ex duobus civibus Romanis natos (\"tr\u1ebb em sinh ra b\u1edfi hai c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3\"). M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef La M\u00e3 gi\u1eef t\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh (nomen)trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Con c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 cho t\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111a\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Augustus, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 35 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf \u00dd l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho Roma tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m \"x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7\" trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfm \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o, th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef s\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch, ngo\u00e0i ra th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 qua hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u00ec lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 xay x\u00e1t v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea5t \u00dd, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfm trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Ai C\u1eadp thu\u1ed9c La M\u00e3 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i th\u01b0a th\u1edbt nh\u01b0ng t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p. Vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh.."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \"c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p\". Theo lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, tra t\u1ea5n, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n x\u00e9t x\u1eed. M\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1edfi l\u1ebd t\u1ed9i hi\u1ebfp d\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed1ng giam n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n kh\u1edfi t\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n theo Lu\u1eadt Aquilia N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 conubium, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n. Sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Augustus v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1eeb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u0103n l\u00f9ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ef9 (peculium) m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 v\u1edbi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7: m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu kinh doanh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u1eeba k\u1ebf peculium, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f2n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Roma kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hy L\u1ea1p \u1edf ch\u1ed7 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 (Libertas), trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Libertas, th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t libertus (\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\", Liberta n\u1eef) nh\u1edd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta (Patronus): hai b\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u00f3i chung g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 libertini, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef libertus v\u00e0 libertinus."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t libertinus kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u0129 trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd c\u00fang ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. \u00d4ng ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quan li\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c Hadrianus \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng sinh ra th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "\"Nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o\", b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u \u1edf La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o sau khi \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1m h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec. M\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 1 tri\u1ec7u sestertii, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Nero \u0111\u00e3 ban t\u1eb7ng nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng nay h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Ordo senatorius \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o, m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Roma. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed5 sung nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f2n khuy\u1ebft trong h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng 600 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m. Con trai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o thu\u1ed9c Ordo senatorius c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec c\u0169ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7n Nguy\u00ean L\u00e3o. M\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t gh\u1ebf n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ta vi ph\u1ea1m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c: v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng ta b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea7ng h\u00e0o quang uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i l\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua honorum cursus, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp k\u1ecb s\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n. Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp k\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Roma, equites hay k\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tham gia l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ecb binh trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i (nh\u1eefng \"k\u1ecb binh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\"), nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, vi\u1ec7c tham gia k\u1ecb binh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t K\u1ecb s\u0129 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 400.000 sesterces v\u00e0 ba th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh sinh ra l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do th\u00ec m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 28 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 trong n\u0103m 14 CN, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n k\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i Cadiz v\u00e0 Padua. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp k\u1ecb s\u0129 c\u00f2n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng binh nghi\u1ec7p(tres militiae) \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1i th\u00fa v\u00e0 Ki\u1ec3m s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o v\u00e0 k\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sau n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng qua th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ordines cao h\u01a1n mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 (munera), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb thu\u1ebf, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u00ec \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n chi ti\u00eau c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng Decurion \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, khi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt d\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "Khi m\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt th\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u1ecb lu m\u1edd d\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u d\u1eabn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u1edf b\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 th\u00e0nh hai t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n cao ch\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng (honestiores) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m(humiliores). N\u00f3i chung, honestiores l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ba \"giai c\u1ea5p\" tr\u00ean, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u0129 quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 212 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p"}
+{"text": "Ba tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng qua chi\u1ebfn tranh, nh\u01b0ng sau khi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c, th\u00ec qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1: b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 (sau n\u0103m 212 SCN, l\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c), c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u00eam ngu\u1ed3n thu cho ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chia r\u1ebd ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t trong hai phe:theo nh\u01b0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Plutarch, \"\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 cai qu\u1ea3n\" \"."}
+{"text": "Quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf (quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng) t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 \"quy\u1ec1n quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n\" (potestas tribunicia) v\u00e0 \"quy\u1ec1n quan tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf\" (Imperium proconsulare). Tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u0169) khi\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Roma, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o."}
+{"text": "Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t vi\u00ean, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o Ngo\u00e0i ra, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f2n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec t\u1eeb khi l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c Pontifex Maximus (\u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0 t\u1ebf) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m trong b\u1ed1n nh\u00f3m th\u1ea7y t\u1ebf l\u1edbn.. Trong khi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf d\u1ea7n \u00edt t\u00ednh l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 mang nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Sau khi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf qua \u0111\u1eddi, tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. V\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn cho \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng trung ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i C\u1eadn v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng ban cho h\u1ecd donativum, m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng."}
+{"text": "Tuy qu\u00e2n tr\u1ee3 chi\u1ebfn (ti\u1ebfng Latinh: auxilia = nh\u1eefng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3) kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i danh c\u00e1c Binh \u0111o\u00e0n, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Binh \u0111o\u00e0n, qu\u00e2n tr\u1ee3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n l\u00e0 l\u00ednh cohort, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 lao \u00edt h\u01a1n c\u00e1c Binh \u0111o\u00e0n, v\u00e0 sau 25 n\u0103m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c con m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3. Theo Tacitus qu\u00e2n tr\u1ee3 chi\u1ebfn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Binh \u0111o\u00e0n. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 25 Binh \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 5.000 l\u00ednh, ta suy ra qu\u00e2n tr\u1ee3 chi\u1ebfn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng kho\u1ea3ng 125.000 binh s\u0129, v\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u00f3 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 250 trung \u0111o\u00e0n tr\u1ee3 chi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n La M\u00e3 (ti\u1ebfng Latinh: Classis, d\u1ecbch s\u00e1t ngh\u0129a. \"h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i\") kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Binh \u0111o\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 bi\u00ean th\u00f9y \u1edf c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Rhine v\u00e0 Donau. M\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd tu\u1ea7n tra kh\u1eafp bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng (c\u00e1c b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Hispania, Gallia, v\u00e0 Britannia), v\u00e0 c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en. Song, ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 v\u1eabn coi L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh cao c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 vinh hi\u1ec3n h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u1ecb s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua ba b\u01b0\u1edbc: l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed5 ghi danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 H\u01a1n n\u1eefa nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m ng\u00e0y sinh v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi, giao d\u1ecbch b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 v\u00e0 2, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1i kho\u1ea3ng 160 quan ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u00dd Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \"th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c La M\u00e3\", theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh: ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Rome, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n La M\u00e3, cai tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o;. ho\u1eb7c th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp k\u1ecb s\u0129, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thay m\u1eb7t cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u1ec9nh kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Ai C\u1eadp thu\u1ed9c La M\u00e3 M\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i khi\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta cai qu\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf: nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta (apparitores), bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 s\u0129, s\u1ee9 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ec7nh, s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e9p b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 c\u1eadn v\u1ec7; C\u00e1c Legate, c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp k\u1ecb s\u0129 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, \u0111ang trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m, h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng \u00f4ng ta nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "T\u00f2a \u00e1n La M\u00e3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 \u00edt c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. N\u00f3i chung, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng mos regionis (\"truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng\" hay \"lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\") v\u00e0 coi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i S\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t ius gentium c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \"lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia\" hay lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt t\u1ec9nh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 ho\u1eb7c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p theo t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7, c\u00e1c quan t\u00f2a La M\u00e3 s\u1ebd nghe kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1o, v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf n\u1eafm gi\u1eef th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh."}
+{"text": "\u1ede ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a cao \u0111\u1ed9 hay n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i La M\u00e3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Celt. Lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u00e2n La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 212 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3, thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ed1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Diocletianus nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n hai b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u00f2ng b\u1ed1n n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Codex Gregorianus v\u00e0 Codex Hermogenianus, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u1ec7c cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c thu thu\u1ebf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u00ean t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 5 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n dao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 2-5 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m Nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 \"l\u00fang t\u00fang\" trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0: th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n, ru\u1ed9ng mu\u1ed1i;. ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7c thu thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ho\u00e0n l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m d\u01b0 th\u1eeba. Thu\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u00edt l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c doanh tr\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n thu ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf kho\u00e1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n b\u1ed5 sung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9p b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh;. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ai C\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi v\u00e0o s\u1ed5 c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 b\u1ecf hoang v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u1eadp l\u1ee5t c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Nile. Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n thu quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a thu\u1ebf gi\u00e1n thu l\u00e0 portoria, thu\u1ebf quan v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh. Nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Augustus ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf 4 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y Nero chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb thu thu\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua sang thu thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 \"thu\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do\", t\u00ednh theo 5 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "Moses Finley l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 \"k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n\", v\u00e0 n\u00f3 mang \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p; c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u1ea5p, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; v\u00e0 \"thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf.\" Nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc ch\u00e2u Phi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ebf to\u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 v\u00e0 2 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf trong khu v\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i trong \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 (Castrum), tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh, v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf khu v\u1ef1c, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \"ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\" trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ngu\u1ed3n thu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3. \u0110\u1ed3ng sestertius (s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u sestertii, ti\u1ebfng Anh \"sesterces\", k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 HS) l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thanh to\u00e1n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed3ng denarius b\u1ea1c, tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 b\u1ed1n sesterces, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c thanh to\u00e1n v\u00e0o tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Severus. \u0110\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng as (s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u asses), b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng sestertius. V\u00e0ng n\u00e9n v\u00e0 th\u1ecfi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 pecunia, \"ti\u1ec1n\", v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 giao d\u1ecbch kinh doanh ho\u1eb7c mua b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 v\u00e0 2 t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n ch\u00fang -m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 ngay tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh danh n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n xu La M\u00e3, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. S\u1ef1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n trong to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng V\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ti\u1ec1n xu kim lo\u1ea1i trong l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng ngu\u1ed3n cung ti\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng g\u1eedi ti\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p (argentarius, coactor argentarius, ho\u1eb7c sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nummularius) nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n g\u1eedi trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 cho b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba vay ti\u1ec1n. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 tham gia r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c cho t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n vay, c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 n\u1ee3 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng vay, cho vay t\u1eeb t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thanh to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n n\u00f3 cho m\u1ed9t b\u00ean kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t trao tay. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f4i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu \"gi\u1ea5y\" ho\u1eb7c giao d\u1ecbch t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p trao \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebfu t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 33 SCN m\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i r\u1ee7i ro, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n vay 100 tri\u1ec7u HS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Tiberius th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng (Mensae). N\u00f3i chung, s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng vay. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng vay ti\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Antoninus v\u00e0 Severus v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng denarius, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. L\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Commodus \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 200, ngu\u1ed3n cung ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh T\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba- ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0ng ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c- \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh ngu\u1ed3n cung ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 300 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ti\u1ec1n xu La M\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh danh ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng, nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf chung \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Aurelianus, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng m\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Diocletianus sau n\u00e0y gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng solidus v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c khai th\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha (v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng, thi\u1ebfc, ch\u00ec); Gaul (v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, s\u1eaft), Anh (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1eaft, ch\u00ec, thi\u1ebfc), c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Danube (v\u00e0ng, s\u1eaft); Macedonia v\u00e0 Thrace (v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c) v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 (v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, s\u1eaft, thi\u1ebfc). Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung khai m\u1ecf tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn - trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n khai th\u00e1c l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t - \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Augustus cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3, khi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khai th\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u1ecf v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Dacia \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c sau khi t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y b\u1ecb t\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 271. Khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4."}
+{"text": "Khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Pliny g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ruina montium (\"h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai\"), \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eaft h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 82.500 t\u1ea5n s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0 15.000 t\u1ea5n, v\u00e0 ch\u00ec l\u00e0 80.000 t\u1ea5n, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p; Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm 40 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ec cao l\u00e0 do n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khai th\u00e1c b\u1ea1c quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea1t 200 t\u1ea5n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. V\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cao \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2, kho b\u1ea1c La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 t\u1ea5n, l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1eeb 5 t\u1edbi 10 l\u1ea7n h\u01a1n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Caliphate v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 800 SCN. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho quy m\u00f4 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ch\u00ec trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng \u1edf Greenland t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bao quanh \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i\" (Mare Nostrum). T\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i l\u1ea1i kh\u1eafp \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u00f4ng Guadalquivir, Ebro, Rh\u00f4ne, Rhine, s\u00f4ng Tiber v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Nile. Vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111i l\u1ea1i, b\u00e1nh xe, v\u00e0 t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1."}
+{"text": "V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 th\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3ng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c cursus publicus, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Augustus th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m ng\u1ef1a n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed7i 7-12 d\u1eb7m La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. M\u1ed9t mansio (s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u mansiones) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c d\u00e0nh cho cursus publicus. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eaft la, th\u01b0 k\u00fd, th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n, xe ng\u1ef1a, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c th\u00fa y, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u00e2n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a th\u01b0. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa mansiones \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe ng\u1ef1a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i di chuy\u1ec3n trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. La l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho xe k\u00e9o, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 4 d\u1eb7m m\u1ed7i gi\u1edd. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a tin \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t ch\u00edn ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Rome t\u1eeb Mainz thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Germania, ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c mansiones, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y chi ph\u00ed cho r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang, b\u00e1nh m\u00ec, th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho con la, v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t g\u00e1i m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc ghi l\u1ea1i 268 ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Rome, v\u00e0 85 \u1edf Pompeii. Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia (collegia) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0 d\u00e2n (piscatores), ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1i (salinatores), ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n d\u1ea7u \u00f4 liu (olivarii), ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m tr\u00f2 mua vui (scaenici), ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gia s\u00fac (pecuarii), th\u1ee3 kim ho\u00e0n (aurifices), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh xe (asinarii ho\u1eb7c muliones), v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e1 (lapidarii) \u0110\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: m\u1ed9t collegium t\u1ea1i Rome b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi ng\u00e0 voi v\u00e0 g\u1ed7 cam qu\u00fdt."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i chung: n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u0103n bia ghi l\u1ea1i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 55 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c nhau trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ho\u00e0ng gia ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng; h\u00e0ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n T\u00f9 nh\u00e2n cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c m\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c m\u1ecf \u0111\u00e1, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p: trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng canh t\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00dd (latifundia), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 cung v\u00f2m v\u00e0 m\u00e1i v\u00f2m. Ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi tr\u1ea3i qua h\u01a1n 2.000 n\u0103m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac La M\u00e3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o xi m\u0103ng v\u00e0 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng tinh vi C\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u0169 l\u1ee5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c. Ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea7u m\u00e1ng. M\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u00e1n c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ee7a Frontinus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 curator aquarum (\u1ee7y vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc) d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Nerva, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh vai tr\u00f2 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau khi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i qua c\u1ea7u m\u00e1ng, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, ph\u00f2ng t\u1eafm, nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Roma l\u00e0 Aqua Claudia v\u00e0 Aqua Marcia. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc cho Constantinoplis t\u1eeb n\u01a1i c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 h\u01a1n 120 km d\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng quanh co d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 336 km. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 Las M\u00e9dulas v\u00e0 Dolaucothi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam x\u1ee9 Wales."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Augustus v\u00e0 Traianus, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf c\u1ea3 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y. \u1ede ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, sau m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong n\u0103m 16 TCN,, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Gaul, chinh ph\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai x\u1ee9 Germania. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n l\u1edbn c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft binh l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi th\u1ea3m b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Varus trong tr\u1eadn r\u1eebng Teutoburg v\u00e0o n\u0103m 9 CN. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3, th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 m\u1ea1n \u0110\u00f4ng s\u00f4ng Rhine."}
+{"text": "La M\u00e3 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Tiberius, t\u01b0\u1edbng Germanicus l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Germania trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 15 - 17, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Germanicus tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n German trong c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 di\u1ec5u binh kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 17. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea3o Anh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 43, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba,, v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hai c\u0103n c\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Claudius \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp s\u00f4ng Rhine, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh cho s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y.. Xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, Traianus chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1edbi Dacia. Sau m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra, Trajan ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Dacia,, bao v\u00e2y kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Dacia v\u00e0 san b\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u1eb9p y\u00ean Dacia, Trajan sau \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Parthia \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 69, Marcus Salvius Otho \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Galba v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf, Tuy nhi\u00ean, Vitellius c\u0169ng t\u1ea5n phong m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. Otho sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi Roma, v\u00e0 giao chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Vitellius trong tr\u1eadn Bedriacum l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a phe Otho l\u1ea1i thua tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a phe Vitellius. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Trung \u0110\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Judaea v\u00e0 Syria \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4n Vespasianus l\u00ean l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Vespasianus v\u00e0 Vitellius sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 giao tranh trong tr\u1eadn Bedriacum l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a phe Vitellius b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u00e1c. Vespasianus, sau khi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Do Th\u00e1i-La M\u00e3 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong ba cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Judaea ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i khi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i La M\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e0ng thu h\u00fat th\u00eam s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1eeb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Nero, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 giao cho t\u01b0\u1edbng Vespasianus nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 68, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, v\u00f9ng Galile, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t v\u00e0 trong n\u0103m 70 n\u0103m, Jerusalem \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. N\u0103m 115, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u1ed5 ra trong t\u1ec9nh, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Do Th\u00e1i-La M\u00e3 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Kitos, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 132, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Bar Kokhba. C\u1ea3 hai cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p d\u00e3 man."}
+{"text": "Do \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef5 binh n\u1eb7ng h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ecb cung c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, Parthia l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 gh\u00ea g\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. Traianus \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn l\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb b\u1ecf. N\u0103m 161, vua Parthia l\u00e0 Vologases IV ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u1edbi \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh Armenia, tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t vua b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn th\u00e2n La M\u00e3, l\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Arsaces l\u00e0 Bakur l\u00e0m vua. C\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Lucius Attidius Cornelianus v\u00e0 Marcus Sedatius Severianus \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o Armenia, b\u1ecb thua lu\u00f4n. N\u0103m 161, Marcus Aurelius l\u00ean ng\u00f4i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, sai t\u01b0\u1edbng Gaius Avidius Cassius \u0111\u00e1nh Parthia. Th\u00e0nh Seleucia tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Tigris c\u1ee7a Parthia b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia gi\u1ea3ng h\u00f2a nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 cho La M\u00e3."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xoay quanh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Roma, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t, gymnasia, c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u, ph\u00f2ng t\u1eafm v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ed5. Tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Rome, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00e1c c\u0103n nh\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 th\u00f4n qu\u00ea, v\u00e0 ngay trong kinh \u0111\u00f4 Rome, c\u00e1c c\u0103n nh\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Palatine thanh l\u1ecbch, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb \"cung \u0111i\u1ec7n\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, g\u00f3i g\u1ecdn trong c\u00e1c khu nh\u00e0 chung c\u01b0."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khu ch\u1ee3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Roma. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111i\u1ec1n trang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd trang tr\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. V\u00e0o tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Augustus, c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c trong nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc cho c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em nam La M\u00e3 (\u0111\u00f4i khi ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4 g\u00e1i). C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 trang tr\u00ed c\u1ea3nh quan cho khu v\u01b0\u1eddn mang phong c\u00e1ch Hy L\u1ea1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Palatine ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau, s\u1ef1 c\u00fang b\u00e1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoan dung v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 n\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ea5t khoan dung cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, sao cho h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t an. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c tin kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn do c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam b\u1edbt cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Do ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 theo \u0110a Th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f2a th\u1ea7n linh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd chinh ph\u1ea1t. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00fang t\u1ebf c\u1ea3 ch\u01b0 th\u1ea7n La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc La M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a anh ta v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a anh em. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "Trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi tham gia th\u1edd c\u00fang ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00e1 th\u1ea7n M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n trong khi \u0111ang c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Caligula). L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Augustus g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a\". K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Olympic k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean. Ngay t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m L\u1ec5 Khai m\u1ea1c Olympic Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n 2012, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c quan kh\u00e1ch, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean... t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 66 chuy\u00ean gia y t\u1ebf c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Olympic v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 40 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, 10 y t\u00e1 v\u00e0 10 b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 6 b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u00e2m ni\u00ean. S\u00e1u b\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. M\u1ed9t trong 6 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi Ant\u00f4nio Bispo, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ban t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i m\u00f9a h\u00e8 Rio 2016."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0. L\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh v\u1edbi 62 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho 1,7 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 3 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i L\u00e0ng Olympic l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u00e1c s\u0129 chuy\u00ean khoa, b\u00e1c s\u0129 th\u1ec3 thao, b\u00e1c s\u0129 nh\u00e3n khoa, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 X-quang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh nh\u01b0: tim, da li\u1ec5u, th\u1ea7n kinh... v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia cho c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p 24 gi\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y trong tu\u1ea7n trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian di\u1ec5n ra Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u00fac tr\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thi \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n 2012. C\u00f3 66 xe c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n 2012 theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban Olympic qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng xe c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb theo \u0111\u00fang ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9u Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0ng Olympic n\u1eb1m \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Lower Lea \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n do t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Lend Lease c\u1ee7a Australia x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Kinh ph\u00ed x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kho\u1ea3ng 5,3 t\u1ef7 b\u1ea3ng anh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e0nh cho v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Olympic. Trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng Olympic g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Olympic l\u1edbn. L\u00e0ng Olympic c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c V\u0110V, nh\u01b0 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 vi\u1ec7n, bar, ph\u00f2ng \u0103n v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c \u0103n mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, khu vui ch\u01a1i trong nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi, khu v\u1ef1c luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ee7... C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Victory \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng bao quanh l\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2y xanh, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c V\u0110V c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1t m\u1ebb khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "R\u1ed3i chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi di\u1ec5n ra. S\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ef3 \u1ea3o v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e0u t\u00edm bi\u1ebfc. M\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh 5 v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u01a1n m\u01b0a ph\u00e1o hoa b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. M\u00e0n th\u1ee9 hai mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Anh, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y Voldemort, Peter Pan, c\u00f4 b\u1ea3o m\u1eabu Mary Popkin... Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Anh Elizabeth II c\u00f9ng di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean Daniel Craig b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng. V\u00e0 N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth II nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 xu\u1ed1ng s\u00e2n Olympic trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n phim gh\u00e9p. \u0110\u00fang l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng b\u01b0\u1edbc ra t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf VIP tr\u00ean kh\u00e1n \u0111\u00e0i. Sau m\u00e0n di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a 10.500 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean t\u1eeb 204 qu\u1ed1c gia, N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Anh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c khai m\u1ea1c Olympic 2012."}
+{"text": "L\u1ec5 khai m\u1ea1c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t cho V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh ngo\u00e0i N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth II nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7p vi\u00ean huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i MI6 James Bond (Daniel Craig), Paul McCartney c\u1ee7a ban nh\u1ea1c Beatles v\u00e0 ng\u00f4i sao b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 David Beckham,... \"Ng\u00e0i\" Mr.Bean th\u00ec v\u1eeba ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00e0n piano, v\u1eeba s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0... x\u1ec9 m\u0169i. Trong clip h\u00e0i tr\u00ean m\u00e0n \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, Mr Bean v\u00e0o vai m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean tham gia cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1n kinh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00edch."}
+{"text": "L\u1ec5 b\u1ebf m\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ca s\u0129 Emily Sande th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ca kh\u00fac n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Read all about it \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi Green. Sau \u0111\u00f3 Timothy Spall t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n vai Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Anh, Winston Churchill - Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng trong b\u1ed9 phim The King's Speech. Spall \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb v\u1edf k\u1ecbch Tempest n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 b\u1ebf m\u1ea1c. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng c\u1ea3nh, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi \u0111\u1ea5u Olympic c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e2t c\u1ee7a Olympic Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n 2012 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ph\u00eda T\u00e2y gi\u00e1p L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Campuchia, ph\u00eda T\u00e2y Nam gi\u00e1p v\u1ecbnh Th\u00e1i Lan, ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00eda Nam gi\u00e1p Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 4.000 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, b\u00e3i \u0111\u00e1 ng\u1ea7m l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf, g\u1ea7n v\u00e0 xa b\u1edd, c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i th\u1ee7y, l\u00e3nh h\u1ea3i, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea5p 3 l\u1ea7n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n (kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean 1 tri\u1ec7u km\u00b2). \u1ede bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng Sa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t Nam tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n \u0111ang trong v\u00f2ng tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0i Loan, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Malaysia v\u00e0 Philippines."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c n\u0103m 208 TCN (s\u1eed kh\u00e1c ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 179 TCN), mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 trong kho\u1ea3ng 1000 n\u0103m b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp sau m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a) v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 939, sau Tr\u1eadn B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng (938) c\u1ee7a danh t\u01b0\u1edbng Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n. Qua c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp (ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn b\u1ecb B\u1eafc Thu\u1ed9c kho\u1ea3ng 20 n\u0103m d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 Minh), ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e0ng kim t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 L\u00ea s\u01a1 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay, th\u1eddi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh M\u1ea1ng, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Campuchia, L\u00e0o. Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba n\u1eeda phong ki\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m ."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ecdc B\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi m\u1edbi l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. N\u0103m 1954, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p sau tr\u1eadn th\u1eafng Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft th\u00e0nh hai mi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c m\u1edbi theo Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Hoa K\u1ef3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n Nam: B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam (Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a) v\u00e0 Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam (Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u1edbi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3). Cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 (30/4/1975)."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1986, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi 178 qu\u1ed1c gia, quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u2013 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u1edbi tr\u00ean 224 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c, ASEAN, ASEM, APEC, WTO, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef, Phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft, UNESCO v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000, Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn c\u00f2n g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u1ed9 ngh\u00e8o c\u00f2n cao, b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp cao, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe k\u00e9m v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u."}
+{"text": "\"Vi\u1ec7t Nam\" (ch\u1eef H\u00e1n: \u8d8a\u5357) ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau khi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n (Vi\u1ec7t Nam) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 Thanh (Trung Qu\u1ed1c) th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y. N\u0103m Gia Long nguy\u00ean ni\u00ean (T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch n\u0103m 1802), vua Gia Long cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u00e0 Thanh th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u \"Nam Vi\u1ec7t\" (\u5357\u8d8a) v\u00e0 phong hi\u1ec7u cho vua Gia Long. Nh\u00e0 Thanh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd cho nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh Nam Vi\u1ec7t v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 l\u00fac n\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u1ec9. Nh\u00e0 Thanh \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean \"Nam Vi\u1ec7t\" \u5357\u8d8a th\u00e0nh \"Vi\u1ec7t Nam\" \u8d8a\u5357, v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u. Ch\u1eef \"Vi\u1ec7t\" \u8d8a \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c c\u0169 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u1eef \"Nam\" \u5357 \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf cu\u1ed1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea5t An Nam, c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \"Vi\u1ec7t Nam\" \u8d8a\u5357 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 hai ch\u1eef \"nam vi\u1ec7t\" \u5357\u8d8a trong t\u00ean m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t, l\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda nam B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t. N\u0103m Gia Long th\u1ee9 ba (T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch n\u0103m 1804), vua Gia Kh\u00e1nh nh\u00e0 Thanh cho \u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1ee9 Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y T\u1ec1 B\u1ed1 S\u00e2m (\u9f4a\u5e03\u68ee) sang tuy\u00ean phong Gia Long l\u00e0m \"Vi\u1ec7t Nam qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng\" \u8d8a\u5357\u570b\u738b m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c vua nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n v\u1eabn theo l\u1ec7 c\u0169 t\u1ef1 phong \"Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf\" \u8d8a\u5357\u7687\u5e1d cho ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi vua Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1954, Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft l\u00e0m hai mi\u1ec1n: mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, trong khi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1ebf ch\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975 khi Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat qu\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau khi k\u00fd k\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris (1973) v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 (ng\u00e0y 30/4/1975), Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy v\u1eady, sau \u0111\u00f3, Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi chi\u1ebfn tranh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng (Homo erectus) v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169 tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 500.000 n\u0103m; c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u00f4 s\u01a1 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u r\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda B\u1eafc g\u1ed3m L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n, Thanh H\u00f3a, Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, Ninh B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u0103n th\u00fa, h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i mi\u1ec1n Trung nh\u01b0 Ngh\u1ec7 An, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 5000\u20136000 n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u bi\u1ebft canh t\u00e1c l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc; h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, t\u1eeb cao nguy\u00ean cho t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u bi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tinh x\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao. \u0110\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, khu v\u1ef1c l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng C\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n tinh t\u1ebf. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, V\u0103n Lang v\u00e0 \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 I tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Sau khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n L\u00ea, nh\u00e0 L\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Hoa, l\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 cho truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nho gi\u00e1o, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n L\u00ea, nh\u00e0 L\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c (nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean), \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ba l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n Nguy\u00ean M\u00f4ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1400, H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n, l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 Minh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, khi\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n. N\u0103m 1407, \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 Minh c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa th\u00f4n t\u00ednh, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 1427, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i qu\u00e2n Minh, l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu L\u00ea, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t. Tri\u1ec1u H\u1eadu L\u00ea l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi vua L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng (1460\u20131497)."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, khi nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu L\u00ea suy y\u1ebfu, nh\u00e0 M\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 L\u00ea. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan l\u1ea1i trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 L\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i vua L\u00ea l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua, t\u00e1i l\u1eadp nh\u00e0 L\u00ea. Nh\u00e0 L\u00ea trung h\u01b0ng giao tranh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 M\u1ea1c su\u1ed1t 60 n\u0103m m\u1edbi gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 M\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0ng vua L\u00ea ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn, hai th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c phong ki\u1ebfn m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n tranh ch\u1ea5p nhau, g\u00e2y n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Tr\u1ecbnh Nguy\u1ec5n ph\u00e2n tranh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m, chia c\u1eaft \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0ng Trong trong su\u1ed1t 200 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Xi\u00eam v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf C\u1ea3nh Th\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng n\u00ean nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh (m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, ngay sau khi hay tin \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Minh gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb tay Nh\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ecdc Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1946, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1954, Ph\u00e1p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n 100 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi chia n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh hai v\u00f9ng t\u1eadp k\u1ebft qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p (bao g\u1ed3m Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam) \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, l\u1ea5y v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 17 l\u00e0m ranh gi\u1edbi qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi (kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia), d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn sau hai n\u0103m s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u can thi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam. Hoa K\u1ef3 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m l\u1eadp ra Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf k\u1ebf th\u1eeba Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hoa K\u1ef3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed3ng minh v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng thi h\u00e0nh b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft th\u00e0nh 2 mi\u1ec1n. T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Trung Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong kh\u1ed1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam th\u00ec t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song song 2 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7: 1 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef9 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kia l\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn, theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, c\u00f3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a do M\u1ef9 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1960, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i M\u1ef9, l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam). Sau v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh th\u00e1ng 11/1963, \u00e1m s\u00e1t T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh DI\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Nhu, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a r\u01a1i v\u00e0o h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c x\u1ea3y ra. N\u0103m 1964, nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a s\u1eafp s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c can thi\u1ec7p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t n\u00e9m bom v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. N\u0103m 1968, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u1eafp mi\u1ec1n Nam nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp T\u1ebft M\u1eadu Th\u00e2n, g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfn t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh. T\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1969, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 50 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1973, sau nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ef9 c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfn trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng sau chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Richard Nixon, Hoa K\u1ef3 k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris v\u00e0 r\u00fat ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn qu\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1975 khi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Minh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1976, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam; S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u2013 Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, do nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u1ed5 ra (Chi\u1ebfn tranh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda B\u1eafc ch\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi T\u00e2y Nam ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Khmer \u0110\u1ecf \u1edf Campuchia) v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf bao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1ecb Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i trong g\u1ea7n hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, do \u0111\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi chi\u1ebfn tranh nay l\u1ea1i l\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u0103m 1986, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u1ea7n VI n\u0103m 1986 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf theo h\u01b0\u1edbng kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. N\u0103m 1994, Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, Vi\u1ec7t Nam gia nh\u1eadp kh\u1ed1i ASEAN. Hi\u1ec7n nay, Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a 63 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c (ECOSOC, UNESCO), C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef, ASEAN, APEC,... Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2007, Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ee9 150 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WTO) sau 11 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng theo c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. N\u00fai r\u1eebng chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 40%, \u0111\u1ed3i 40%, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 che ph\u1ee7 kho\u1ea3ng 75% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e3y n\u00fai l\u1edbn v\u00e0 cao nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai \u0110\u00f4ng Tri\u1ec1u, B\u1eafc S\u01a1n, Ng\u00e2n S\u01a1n, S\u00f4ng G\u00e2m, Ho\u00e0ng Li\u00ean S\u01a1n, c\u00e1c cao nguy\u00ean S\u01a1n La, M\u1ed9c Ch\u00e2u \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, d\u00e3y n\u00fai B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n, cao nguy\u00ean Kon Tum, Pleiku, \u0110\u1eafk L\u1eafk, L\u00e2m Vi\u00ean, M\u01a1 N\u00f4ng, Di Linh \u1edf T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ven bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 B\u1eafc Trung B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Nam Trung B\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac. Nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam g\u1ed3m ba mi\u1ec1n v\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 cao nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, mi\u1ec1n Trung l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p ven bi\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng cao nguy\u00ean theo d\u00e3y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n, v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 C\u1eedu Long. \u0110i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 3.143 m\u00e9t, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec9nh Phan Xi P\u0103ng, thu\u1ed9c d\u00e3y n\u00fai Ho\u00e0ng Li\u00ean S\u01a1n. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfm 17% t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a, th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Ph\u00eda b\u1eafc (ph\u00eda b\u1eafc d\u00e3y B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3) c\u00f3 hai m\u00f9a gi\u00f3 ch\u00ednh: gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4 v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh, gi\u00f3 t\u00e2y nam n\u00f3ng kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng nam \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8. Ph\u00eda nam c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc v\u00e0o m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 t\u00e2y nam v\u00e0o m\u00f9a m\u01b0a. Do n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 mang nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu bi\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 84% su\u1ed1t n\u0103m. H\u1eb1ng n\u0103m, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a t\u1eeb 1.200 \u0111\u1ebfn 3.000 mm, s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd n\u1eafng kho\u1ea3ng 1.500 \u0111\u1ebfn 3.000 gi\u1edd/n\u0103m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb 5 \u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn 37 \u00b0C. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, Vi\u1ec7t Nam lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng b\u00e3o v\u00e0 l\u1ee5t l\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 c\u01a1n b\u00e3o/n\u0103m. Do n\u1eb1m \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u00e1n C\u1ea7u, n\u00ean b\u00e3o (gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p 8 tr\u1edf l\u00ean) v\u00e0 \u00e1p th\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi (gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea5p 6 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5p 7) v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam xo\u00e1y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng sinh th\u00e1i Indomalaya. Theo B\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u0103m 2005. Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 25 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc cao duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 16 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng 16% c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. 15.986 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong \u0111\u00f3 10% l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu, Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 307 lo\u00e0i giun tr\u00f2n, 200 lo\u00e0i oligochaeta, 145 lo\u00e0i acarina, 113 lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd \u0111u\u00f4i b\u1eadt, 7.750 lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng, 260 lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t, 120 lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0, 840 lo\u00e0i chim v\u00e0 310 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 100 lo\u00e0i chim v\u00e0 78 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho t\u1edbi 2018 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u1edbi t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0: \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng qua c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 95,8%, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c B\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 2013, v\u1eabn cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a L\u00eanin \"t\u1eadp trung d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\", m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cao nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p. T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i XII (2016) l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, theo hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, an ninh, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Tr\u00ean 90% \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00ean qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3ng, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 g\u1ea7n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng hay li\u00ean minh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch), tuy nhi\u00ean sau th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 5 n\u0103m. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1ea7u do \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2016) l\u00e0 b\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Kim Ng\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc, theo hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1ea7u do Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 6 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n theo Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 2013, trong \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0: C\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, lu\u1eadt, ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh; T\u1ed5ng T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 An ninh Qu\u1ed1c gia; \u0110\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1ea7u, mi\u1ec5n nhi\u1ec7m Ph\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, Ch\u00e1nh \u00e1n T\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao, Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m s\u00e1t t\u1ed1i cao; Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc thay m\u1eb7t Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ki\u00eam nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng (c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u00eam nhi\u1ec7m). Nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 5 n\u0103m. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc. Quy\u1ec1n Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n nay (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2018) l\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc Th\u1ecbnh."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, theo hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, \u1ee6y ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 5 n\u0103m. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00e1c Ph\u00f3 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 quan ngang B\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 do Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1ea7u. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n nay (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2016) l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Ph\u00fac."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c Ph\u00f3 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng do Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c cho Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m khi Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t. C\u00e1c B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, Th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 quan ngang B\u1ed9 do Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n, \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p cao n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng qua B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u do B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. C\u00e1c Th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng do Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng Ban B\u00ed th\u01b0 th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n nay, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi 180 qu\u1ed1c gia (g\u1ed3m 43 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1, 47 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, 11 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, 29 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, 50 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u Phi). thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c (Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u2013 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng: 33, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: 46, ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9: 28, ch\u00e2u Phi: 47, Trung \u0110\u00f4ng: 16), bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a 63 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 650 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi 165 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. Trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean ECOSOC, \u1ee7y vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh UNDP, UNFPA v\u00e0 UPU."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb ng\u00e0n n\u0103m nay, Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1986, Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u0103m 1986 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\". C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf then ch\u1ed1t v\u1eabn d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau n\u0103m 1986, kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 9% h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1993 \u0111\u1ebfn 1997, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 sau khi Hoa K\u1ef3 d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 1994. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP 8,5% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng 4% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998 do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf \u00c1 ch\u00e2u n\u0103m 1997, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 4,8% n\u0103m 1999. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1eeb 6% \u0111\u1ebfn 7% gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000-2002 trong khi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7. Hi\u1ec7n nay, gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh h\u01a1n.[khi n\u00e0o?]"}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf cao trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng do t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tham nh\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 v\u1ed1n, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng g\u00e2y ra cho vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb 20 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn \u0111ang b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc trong khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 xa. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 2015 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00ec PPP \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 2014 l\u00e0 5.294,4 USD, b\u1eb1ng 55,4% so v\u1edbi Indonesia, 65% so v\u1edbi Phillipine, 37% so v\u1edbi Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 6,7% so v\u1edbi Singapore."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2013, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i sau 5 n\u0103m gia nh\u1eadp WTO. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2007-2011, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1 n\u0103m (2008) Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP tr\u00ean 8%. Tuy xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u t\u0103ng 2,4 l\u1ea7n l\u00ean 96,9 t\u1ef7 USD trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 5 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gia nh\u1eadp WTO. \u0110a ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u l\u00e0 do kh\u1ed1i doanh nghi\u1ec7p FDI, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 60%, m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng \u2013 l\u00e2m s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n th\u00f4. Sau h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp, t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eadp si\u00eau c\u0169ng t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh, 18 t\u1ef7 USD v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008. Kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eeb 2007-2008 \u0111\u1ebfn nay. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2013, sau 7 n\u0103m h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1p l\u1ef1c, t\u1eeb n\u1ee3 x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea5p."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao nh\u1ea5t (x\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb cao xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p): Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, B\u00e0 R\u1ecba \u2013 V\u0169ng T\u00e0u, B\u1eafc Ninh, Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh, C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac, \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, T\u00e2y Ninh, Ki\u00ean Giang, Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i, L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ean 2450 USD, theo sau l\u00e0 Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a, Long An, Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh... Trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba t\u1ed5ng GDP c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t (x\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p l\u00ean cao): H\u00e0 Giang, Lai Ch\u00e2u, Cao B\u1eb1ng, \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean, B\u1eafc K\u1ea1n, Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, S\u01a1n La, Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, Ninh Thu\u1eadn, Ngh\u1ec7 An, Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd, Tuy\u00ean Quang, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p, Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 1530 USD, x\u1ebfp s\u00e1t l\u00e0 Thanh H\u00f3a, Tr\u00e0 Vinh,... (2015). GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 2015 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t 2.109 USD, t\u00ednh theo s\u1ee9c mua t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ~5.800 USD."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn \u1edf 3 mi\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3ng H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, c\u1ea3ng C\u00e1i L\u00e2n (mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc), c\u1ea3ng Ti\u00ean Sa, c\u1ea3ng Quy Nh\u01a1n (mi\u1ec1n Trung) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, c\u1ea3ng Th\u1ecb V\u1ea3i (mi\u1ec1n Nam). C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng \u2013 t\u00e2y d\u1ef1a theo c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0, s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng (mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc), s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec1n, s\u00f4ng H\u1eadu (mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Nam B\u1ed9), v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, s\u00f4ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n (mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam B\u1ed9) ch\u1ea3y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eafc \u2013 nam. Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i ch\u1ea3y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2y b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f4ng nam. S\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf L\u00e0o Cai, qua c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn Vi\u1ec7t Tr\u00ec, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed5 ra bi\u1ec3n \u1edf c\u1eeda Ba L\u1ea1t gi\u1eefa Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt qua c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng khi tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e1nh thi\u1ec1n Tr\u00fac L\u00e2m v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13. S\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng theo cu\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh to\u00e1n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc L\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ebf Vinh l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. L\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ebf Vinh \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng, trong khi M\u1ea1c Hi\u1ec3n T\u00edch d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef s\u1ed1 \u1ea9n (\"secret / hidden number\") \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 \u00e2m. Cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n song ng\u1eef H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Ch\u1ec9 nam ng\u1ecdc \u00e2m gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc Tr\u00fac ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Ho\u00e0ng T\u1ee5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c (Global Optimization) trong To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, trong khi Ng\u00f4 B\u1ea3o Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Fields n\u0103m 2010 cho ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 B\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5u do Robert Langlands v\u00e0 Diana Shelstad ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n. Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n robot, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1y TOPIO. N\u0103m 2010, t\u1ed5ng chi ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 0,45% GDP."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 54 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 53 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 14% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh) chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n 86%, t\u1eadp trung \u1edf nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec1n ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ven bi\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, tr\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai v\u00e0 cao nguy\u00ean. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c T\u00e0y, Th\u00e1i, M\u01b0\u1eddng, Hoa, Khmer, N\u00f9ng,... m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Br\u00e2u, R\u01a1 M\u0103m, \u01a0 \u0110u c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i tr\u0103m cho m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi di c\u01b0 v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong v\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ng\u00e1i l\u00e0 hai d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1999\u20132009. Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, tuy di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u1ea1ng 65 nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 15 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2009, tr\u00ean to\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 85.846.997 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy m\u00f4 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 19,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng b\u1eafc Trung b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i nam Trung b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 18,8 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 17,1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00f9ng \u00edt d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 5,1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a The World Factbook do CIA c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ec v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2011, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 90.549.390 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 14 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (Ethiopia v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 13). T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2016, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam kho\u1ea3ng 94,6 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "N\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 5 c\u1ea5p h\u1ecdc: ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf, trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung \u1edf hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn l\u00e0 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 TP. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u1ecdc sinh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (PISA) c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf (OECD) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 3/12/2013, \u0111i\u1ec3m trung b\u00ecnh m\u00f4n Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 15 n\u0103m 2012 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 8 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00ec c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng theo ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb kh\u00e1 k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho k\u1ef3 thi PISA t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, hi\u1ec7n nay Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 376 tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong \u0111\u00f3 B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd 54 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c B\u1ed9, ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd 116 tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a 125 tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ba c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia g\u1ed3m \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch Khoa H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. N\u0103m 1988, B\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ra Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ph\u00e9p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Trung t\u00e2m \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n l\u1eadp Th\u0103ng Long (hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Th\u0103ng Long) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2017, to\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 84 tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n l\u1eadp, t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c (60 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, 24 tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng). T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m h\u1ecdc 2016 - 2017 l\u00e0 1.767.879 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tuy\u1ec3n sinh h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 500.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/k\u1ef3 thi."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 chung ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p, ch\u01b0a t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y, nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c trao th\u00eam quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec1u 32 Lu\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ed1 08/2012/QH13 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2012 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: \"C\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.\". \u0110i\u1ec1u 36 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \"Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, duy\u1ec7t gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh do hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp.\", tuy nhi\u00ean \"B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chung c\u00e1c m\u00f4n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng - an ninh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\". C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n trong Lu\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e2y t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e2y m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m, ma t\u00fay. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba danh bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ma t\u00fay kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Tam gi\u00e1c v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 Tr\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m v\u00e0ng (Golden Crescent). Theo nhi\u1ec1u quan ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u00ec c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ma t\u00fay c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tinh vi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ed1ng ma t\u00fay c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng ma t\u00fay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng tham gia c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 \"H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng ma t\u00fay, khu v\u1ef1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng\" (IDEC FEWG) do Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a 19 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea th\u00ec t\u00ednh t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2012, c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 170 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7n ma t\u00fay."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ma t\u00fay, m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m... Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng cao, do \u0111\u00f3 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an ninh, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 thao trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0 h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 thao r\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1eeb c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh: H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng... v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc th\u00e1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai t\u1ea1i t\u00e2y b\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t bi\u00ean vi\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf B\u1eafc Trung b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ch\u0103m Pa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m \u1edf Nam Trung B\u1ed9. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u1edf Nam B\u1ed9 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 sau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i trong h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m nay c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a theo c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u1ea5t \u0111i nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t Nam hay Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef, l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u 5 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 2013. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng 85% d\u00e2n c\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u2014 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 ch\u1eef d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u2014 \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Nam \u00c1 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t (nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i). Ng\u00e0y nay, ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Latinh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef (do Alexandre de Rhodes s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp), c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u thanh \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch (c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Nho gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o \u1edf th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 L\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n. S\u1ef1 dung h\u00f2a Ph\u1eadt \u2013 Nho \u2013 L\u00e3o t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tam gi\u00e1o \"\u0111\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean\". Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 Tin L\u00e0nh du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam kho\u1ea3ng sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o Ch\u0103m. Ngo\u00e0i ra, dung h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u1ed9i sinh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o Cao \u0110\u00e0i (dung h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 L\u00e3o gi\u00e1o c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00e1c, tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea1o Cao \u0110\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd th\u1ea7n) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o (ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb t\u1ee9 \u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tri\u1ebft l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7). B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c: \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0103n ngon tuy \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0103n b\u1ed5. B\u1edfi v\u1eady trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u00edt c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3, h\u1ea7m nh\u1eeb ninh k\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Trung Hoa, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 b\u00e0y bi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 cao \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ph\u1ed1i tr\u1ed9n gia v\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f3n \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngon, ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u dai, gi\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 b\u00e9o (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u00e2n c\u00e1nh g\u00e0, ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, tr\u1ee9ng v\u1ecbt l\u1ed9n...). M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 ph\u1edf."}
+{"text": "\u00c2m nh\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Nh\u00e3 nh\u1ea1c l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ca nh\u1ea1c cung \u0111\u00ecnh. Ch\u00e8o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u ca nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5. X\u1ea9m hay H\u00e1t x\u1ea9m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n gian Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Quan h\u1ecd ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf H\u00e0 B\u1eafc (chia th\u00e0nh B\u1eafc Ninh v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Giang) v\u00e0 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u00e1t ch\u1ea7u v\u0103n ho\u1eb7c h\u00e1t v\u0103n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ca nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed3ng trong c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5. Nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n gian Vi\u1ec7t Nam xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950. Ca tr\u00f9 (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e1t \u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0o) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n gian n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. C\u1ed3ng Chi\u00eang T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 phi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 11n\u0103m 2005. \u0110\u1eddn ca t\u00e0i t\u1eed Nam b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a phi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e0n g\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e0n nguy\u1ec7t... \u0110\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 g\u00f5 c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 c\u1ed5 s\u01a1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "\u00c1o d\u00e0i, l\u00e0 trang ph\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i. \u00c1o d\u00e0i tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c cho c\u00e1c n\u1eef sinh \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u00c1o d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c b\u1edfi c\u1ea3 hai gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u00e0nh cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u0169ng m\u1eb7c n\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ecbp, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 trang ph\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam bao g\u1ed3m \u00e1o t\u1ee9 th\u00e2n, \u00e1o ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, y\u1ebfm, \u00e1o b\u00e0 ba, \u00e1o g\u1ea5m,... M\u0169 n\u00f3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng bao g\u1ed3m n\u00f3n l\u00e1 v\u00e0 n\u00f3n quai thao."}
+{"text": "M\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1eddi nay \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 v\u00f5 thu\u1eadt. Ngo\u00e0i v\u00f5 thu\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n mang t\u00ednh c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea7u, c\u1ea7u m\u00e2y hay c\u1edd t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau th\u00edch. Trong khi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec m\u00f4n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 xem nh\u1ea5t. B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c b\u00e1o ch\u00ed n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00ed g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \"t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\" v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u00e1c Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh,... t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c gia hay U-23 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u l\u1edbn c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u... \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho th\u1ec3 thao Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd cho b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 thao n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 n\u00f3i chung."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, qu\u1ea7n v\u1ee3t c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7u l\u00f4ng, b\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec1n, b\u00f3ng b\u00e0n, billiards snooker v\u00e0 c\u1edd vua. \u0110o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 thao Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tham gia Olympic m\u00f9a h\u00e8 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1952 cho t\u1edbi nay. v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n Vinh trong m\u00f4n b\u1eafn s\u00fang. \u1ede Olympic ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tham gia t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u00f4n c\u1eed t\u1ea1 do l\u1ef1c s\u0129 L\u00ea V\u0103n C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 435 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u), m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 2 n\u0103m. S\u1ed1 d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed7i bang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n, s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129) \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed7i bang l\u00e0 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 100 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 theo nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 6 n\u0103m. Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bang, th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 t\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n khi c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 khuy\u1ebft gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p d\u00e0nh cho Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p li\u00ean bang; c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p; nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho bang hay nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p quy trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bang v\u00e0 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c to\u00e0 \u00e1n tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c T\u1ed1i cao Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3, duy tr\u00ec qu\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn. Trong quy tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt, c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ngang b\u1eb1ng nhau. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf ki\u1ec3m tra\" nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p, theo \u0111\u00f3 H\u1ee3p Ch\u1ee7ng Qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u1edbi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n, m\u1ed7i bang c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng nhau. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang theo th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1787; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bang, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Rhode Island, c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ebfn tham d\u1ef1. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00e2y chia r\u1ebd t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Virginia c\u1ee7a James Madison ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n; Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u b\u1edfi Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c bang l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Virginia, Massachusetts v\u00e0 Pennsylvania. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c bang nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Jersey, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng nhau cho m\u1ed7i bang. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n mang t\u00ednh tho\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Connecticut hay \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Theo \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf c\u1ea5p li\u00ean bang, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c l\u1eadp nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 cho ba nh\u00e1nh: h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u00e1nh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n (vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u) c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, trong khi vi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i (Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n) c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng nhau, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a bang, vi\u1ec7n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p bang, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129. Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua b\u1edfi ch\u00edn trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba bang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1789."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa hai vi\u1ec7n. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, trong khi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c bang c\u00f2n ngang nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u, v\u00ec mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u01a1n n\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt Wilmot Proviso, c\u1ea5m s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong khu v\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong chi\u1ebfn tranh M\u1ef9 - M\u1ec5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn (1861\u20131865), sau khi c\u00e1c bang mi\u1ec1n Nam quy\u1ebft \u0111inh tan cong t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi li\u00ean bang. Mi\u1ec1n Nam b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf."}
+{"text": "Trong Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft, c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1877 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi, Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ho\u00e0ng kim (Gilded Age) c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh; v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri, khi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0. C\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sinh nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 cho c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p bang. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb v\u1ea5y b\u1ea9n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 mua chu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng; trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa hai vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p bang ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n (Delaware kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n trong b\u1ed1n n\u0103m v\u00ec Vi\u1ec7n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p Delaware b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 17, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 1913, cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. T\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u, v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch (Speaker) ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng n\u00e2ng cao, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Joseph Gurney Cannon. D\u00f9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u, c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 t\u1ef1 g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho m\u00ecnh thanh th\u1ebf l\u1edbn lao. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970."}
+{"text": "Trong ba nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933\u20131945), \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 l\u00fac chi\u1ebfm hai ph\u1ea7n ba s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf trong c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh New Deal \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb T\u00f2a B\u1ea1ch \u1ed0c thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh. Song, sau khi x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ee5 Watergate v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 l\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nixon, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01a1n cho \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a th\u1eafng trong k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1946, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i hai n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3; \u0111\u1ebfn khi Dwight D. Eisenhower \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1952, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a gi\u00e0nh \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1954 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ea1i gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i trong su\u1ed1t 40 n\u0103m k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp; \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n trong s\u00e1u n\u0103m (1981-1987). K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb k\u1ef3 tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed n\u0103m 1994, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e0o \u1ea1t chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Newt Gingrich cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2006, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2001 \u0111\u1ebfn 2002, khi \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n. N\u0103m 2006, \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp th\u1ebf \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u. \u0110\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3a 110 (2007-2008), c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vien my v\u1edbi 51 - 49 gh\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0110\u1eb7c khu Columbia (District of Columbia) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd b\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i (Resident Commissioner) v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 hai n\u0103m trong khi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 d\u00e0nh cho Resident Commissioner l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m. \u0110\u1eb7c khu Columbia, Samoa, Guam, qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Virgin thu\u1ed9c M\u1ef9, m\u1ed7i n\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u. Ri\u00eang Puerto Rico b\u1ea7u cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t Resident Commissioner."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p d\u00e0nh cho Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u Hoa K\u1ef3. V\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 cho Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111a s\u1ed1. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n; ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu tr\u1eeb khi s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n ngang nhau. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng b\u1ea7u ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch t\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t. C\u1ea3 Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch t\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 kh\u00e1c. Quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch t\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u phe \u0111a s\u1ed1. T\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n, L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 phe \u0111a s\u1ed1 (Majority Leader) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. xxxx100px|nh\u1ecf|Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Mike Pence.]] Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec7ng; h\u1ecd s\u1ebd h\u00f4 to \"aye\" hay \"no\", v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp s\u1ebd c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng phi\u1ebfu, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng phi\u1ebfu s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u1ebfu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec7ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec7ng theo c\u00e1ch tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1; m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 k\u00fd x\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ean s\u1ebd h\u00f4 to \"aye\" ho\u1eb7c \"no\". B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 (v\u1eeba \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed trong cu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc) ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7: \"T\u00f4i long tr\u1ecdng tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi k\u1ebb th\u00f9, trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc; t\u00f4i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p; t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh; t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch m\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn; C\u1ea7u xin Ch\u00faa ph\u00f9 h\u1ed9 t\u00f4i\". Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1ea7u Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch m\u1edbi trong khi ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch t\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hai \"k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp\" cho m\u1ed7i nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3, m\u1ed7i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 1 (ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c theo s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i). V\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn trong hai th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecdc Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n Li\u00ean bang, th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. B\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng theo h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a B\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1edfi qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Thomas Jefferson \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp b\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m g\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p vi\u1ebft s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. N\u0103m 1913, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Woodrow Wilson ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 c\u0169 khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i; t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, \u00edt c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1ch n\u00e9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang (lobbyist). C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n bang, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m 2005, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 35 000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd, g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103m 2000. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i t\u1eebng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Harry Reid, Dennis Hastert, c\u1ef1u D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u Tom DeLay, v\u00e0 Roy Blunt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang. Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \"T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u\". V\u00ec v\u1eady, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u cho r\u1eb1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch li\u00ean bang. D\u00f9 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n t\u1ecf v\u1ebb nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i xem x\u00e9t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i hay b\u00e1c b\u1ecf ch\u00fang."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed7i d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i vi\u1ec7n; tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t u\u1ef7 ban. C\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, m\u1ed7i u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hay ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch. Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 20 u\u1ef7 ban th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, trong khi con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 16. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c). C\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb khi xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt. Sau khi xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, u\u1ef7 ban s\u1ebd b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xem c\u00f3 n\u00ean tr\u00ecnh d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc to\u00e0n vi\u1ec7n hay kh\u00f4ng. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh b\u1edfi u\u1ef7 ban, d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t b\u1edfi to\u00e0n vi\u1ec7n. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i (quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat gi\u1eefa hai vi\u1ec7n). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1ch b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 c\u1ee7a hai vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Thanh danh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7. V\u00ec c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3ng, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ecf ra \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \"b\u1eaft v\u00e0 th\u1ea3\", \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd \"b\u1eaft\" m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb s\u0129, \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng qua d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt, ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed tri c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 n\u00e0y \u01b0a th\u00edch. R\u1ed3i th\u00ec, sau khi \u0111\u1ee7 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \"th\u1ea3\", \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u00ecnh khi bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh g\u00e2y \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, trong khi v\u1eabn t\u1ecf ra trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t khi m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7n kia; t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt, c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t u\u1ef7 ban th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o s\u1ebd v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n bao g\u1ed3m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n), v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 so\u1ea1n ra m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n chung \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh hai vi\u1ec7n; n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt; c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, xem nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ronald Reagan \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm \"N\u1ebfu \u0111em m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 cam v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o giao cho u\u1ef7 ban th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd cho ra m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 l\u00ea\"."}
+{"text": "Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i hai vi\u1ec7n, d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn k\u00fd ban h\u00e0nh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt; ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft, g\u1edfi tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i k\u00e8m theo l\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt n\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi hai ph\u1ea7n ba s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Sau c\u00f9ng, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a kh\u00e1c cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec h\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng k\u00fd ban h\u00e0nh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt sau m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y (kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh ng\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt). Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp trong m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y, d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt. V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u01a1 n\u00f3 \u0111i; th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 pocket veto."}
+{"text": "Kho\u1ea3n 8 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u 1 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 thu thu\u1ebf, vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bang v\u00e0 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0 in ti\u1ec1n, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c T\u1ed1i cao Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec qu\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \"m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo\" trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p cho ph\u00e9p qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m \"t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed\" c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1ed1i cao Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch c\u1edfi m\u1edf, cho ph\u00e9p qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i gia t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam cho qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ed9i ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u00eam v\u00e0o li\u00ean bang c\u00e1c bang m\u1edbi (\u0110i\u1ec1u 4). Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng khai cho ph\u00e9p t\u00f2a \u00e1n h\u00e0nh x\u1eed quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n chung th\u1ea9m (quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1c b\u1ecf lu\u1eadt d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u1ea5y l\u00e0 vi hi\u1ebfn). Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 Alexander Hamilton khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00f3 trong Federalist No. 78. N\u0103m 1803, T\u1ed1i cao Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh \u00e1n John Marshall, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p cho quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n chung th\u1ea9m khi ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft v\u1ee5 Marbury ch\u1ed1ng Madison. Sau v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, trong h\u01a1n 50 n\u0103m t\u00f2a t\u1ed1i cao kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1857, khi x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ee5 \u00e1n Dred Scott ch\u1ed1ng Sandford. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua b\u1edfi qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 vi hi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m theo d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. C\u1ea3 ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p l\u1eabn ng\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, khi c\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. V\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i Andrew Jonhnson, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng trong Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ho\u00e0ng kim khi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng suy y\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Grover Cleveland c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft h\u01a1n 400 d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Theodore Roosevelt (1901\u201309), Woodrow Wilson (1913\u201321), Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933\u201345), Richard Nixon (1969\u201374), Ronald Reagan (1981\u201389), v\u00e0 George W. Bush (2001\u2013). G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, d\u00f9 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act n\u0103m 1974 v\u00e0 War Powers Resolution, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec cho m\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n th\u1eddi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tra v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e1nh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tam quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3. C\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ra l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ra tr\u00e1t tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng. Nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ra l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i khinh m\u1ea1n, c\u00f2n ai l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng d\u1ed1i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i man khai. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khai; c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u1eddng thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p d\u00e0nh cho Vi\u1ec7n D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ec1n lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean bang (c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p) v\u1ec1 \"t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c, h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9, c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m x\u1ea5u\". Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t \u0111a s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i (qu\u00e1 b\u00e1n) t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (hai ph\u1ea7n ba) t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u00e3i nhi\u1ec7m; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p trong khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3, Vi\u1ec7n D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i 16 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i (m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ee5 x\u00e9t x\u1eed t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1ecb \u0111em ra lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i, Andrew Johnson v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1868, v\u00e0 Bill Clinton n\u0103m 1999. C\u1ea3 hai v\u1ee5 x\u00e9t x\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tha b\u1ed5ng; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Johnson, ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111a s\u1ed1 hai ph\u1ea7n ba h\u1ea7u Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 ho\u1eb7c d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1eed tri trong khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n l\u00e1 th\u01b0, cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi, v\u00e0 e-mail t\u1eeb c\u1eed tri \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 \u1ea5y t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eed tri y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p th\u1eafc m\u1eafc. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eed tri than phi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng, x\u00f4ng x\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1eed tri l\u00fac h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c khi ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fac c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c thi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng thanh tra nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5p li\u00ean bang. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec gi\u1edd m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thanh tra nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5p li\u00ean bang. Nh\u01b0 Morris Fiorina nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a nh\u00e1nh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh thanh tra d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh: c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ef1c thi \"quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u2013 gia t\u0103ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi.\" \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan thanh tra kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ban cho ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef trong m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb khi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 \"trong khi \u0111ang tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, khi \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1\". Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y; m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c mi\u1ec5n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u00edt nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t h\u01a1n, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y khi h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y th\u00edch h\u1ee3p."}
+{"text": "D\u00e3y n\u00fai Rocky hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 Rockies (ph\u00e1t \u00e2m nh\u01b0 \"Ro\u00f3c-ky\", \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean R\u1eb7ng Th\u1ea1ch S\u01a1n), l\u00e0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. D\u00e3y n\u00fai Rocky ch\u1ea1y d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 4.800 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t (3.000 d\u1eb7m) t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c b\u1eafc British Columbia (Canada) \u0111\u1ebfn New Mexico (Hoa K\u1ef3). \u0110\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 N\u00fai Elbert \u1edf Colorado cao 4.401 m\u00e9t (14.440 foot) tr\u00ean m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n. N\u00fai Robson \u1edf British Columbia c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao 3.954 m (12.972 foot) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a D\u00e3y n\u00fai Rocky ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda Canada. Song song v\u1edbi d\u00e3y Rocky nh\u01b0ng lui v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai Cascade v\u00e0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai Duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng (Pacific Coast Ranges)."}
+{"text": "D\u00e3y n\u00fai Rocky h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 80 \u0111\u1ebfn 55 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m b\u1edfi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ec3 \"Laramide\" khi nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n v\u00f9i xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ea3ng B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, \u0111\u00f4n cao m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t sinh ra r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai cao. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00f3i m\u00f2n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u0103ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 b\u1ecb r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t, ch\u1ed7 th\u00ec kho\u00e9t s\u00e2u th\u00e0nh thung l\u0169ng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3o, ch\u1ed7 th\u00ec t\u1ec9a g\u1ecdt \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai th\u00eam ch\u00f3t v\u00f3t. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Rocky; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0 Alexander MacKenzie, Meriwether Lewis v\u00e0 William Clark d\u1ea7n d\u1eabn cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp d\u00e3y n\u00fai, th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00f4ng th\u00fa (nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18-19). Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Rocky v\u1eabn l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u01b0a d\u00e2n c\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba hay duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00eda t\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i chu\u1ed7i n\u00fai ch\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y Cabinet, Salish (thu\u1ed9c Idaho v\u00e0 Montana), v\u00e0 Columbia (thu\u1ed9c British Columbia) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e1nh n\u00fai ph\u1ee5 t\u1ecfa ra, n\u1eb1m lui v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb trung l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng Flathead d\u00e0n ra \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ph\u00eda nam s\u00f4ng Liard. D\u00e3y Rocky c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 110 \u0111\u1ebfn 480 km. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Rocky Mountain Trench, \u0111i xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi d\u00e3y Muskwa c\u1eaft qua r\u00e3nh n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 d\u00e3y Stikine v\u00e0 Omineca Mountains thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e3y n\u00fai Interior \u1edf British Columbia.M\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Prince George, British Columbia \u1edf s\u01b0\u1eddn ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Trench, l\u00e0 cao nguy\u00ean McGregor, gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi d\u00e3y Rocky nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a cao nguy\u00ean Interior."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp trong d\u00e3y n\u00fai Rockey. D\u00e3y Rocky n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa s\u00f4ng Liard \u1edf British Columbia (59\u00b0 B) v\u00e0 Rio Grande \u1edf New Mexico (35\u00b0 B). \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecf l\u1edbn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao b\u1eb1ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 1.800 foot (550 m), trong khi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t trong d\u00e3y n\u00fai l\u00e0 n\u00fai Elbert \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 14.440 foot (4.400 m). Gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 10 inch (250 mm) m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u1edf c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ebfn 60 inch (1.500 mm) m\u1ed7i n\u0103m theo khu v\u1ef1c \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 20 \u00b0F (\u22127 \u00b0C) \u1edf Prince George, British Columbia \u0111\u1ebfn 43 \u00b0F (6 \u00b0C) \u1edf Trinidad, Colorado. V\u00ec v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i duy nh\u1ea5t cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e3y n\u00fai Rocky."}
+{"text": "Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc chia d\u00e3y n\u00fai Rocky th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1edbi sinh h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb. Hai \u0111\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf v\u00e0 Alpine tundra. \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y Rocky, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf l\u1edbn (\u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao d\u01b0\u1edbi 1.800 foot (550 m)). Alpine tundra ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7 \u1edf d\u00e3y n\u00fai Rocky dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 12.000 foot (3.700 m) \u1edf New Mexico \u0111\u1ebfn 2.500 foot (760 m) \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e2n c\u00f9ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y Rocky (g\u1ea7n Yukon)."}
+{"text": "USGS x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 10 v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 r\u1eebng bao ph\u1ee7 trong d\u00e3y Rocky. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u1ea5m h\u01a1n, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4 h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i pinyon pine/juniper, ponderosa pine, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed3i h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng. Xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i Douglas-fir, lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c d\u00e3y n\u00fai Cascade (nh\u01b0 western hemlock), lodgepole pine/quaking aspen, ho\u1eb7c fir h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi spruce. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh c\u00e2y th\u00e2n g\u1ed7, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u00f4ng tr\u1eafng (nh\u01b0 whitebark pine ho\u1eb7c bristlecone pine); ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u00f4ng tr\u1eafng, fir, v\u00e0 spruce gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i krummholz th\u00e2n b\u1ee5i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1ebbm v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1eebng thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4 h\u01a1n trong d\u00e3y n\u00fai."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u1edf d\u00e3y n\u00fai Rocky kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 do th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u-M\u1ef9 trong d\u00e3y n\u00fai \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 c\u00f3c T\u00e2y B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 (Anaxyrus boreas), Oncorhynchus clarki stomias (c\u00e1 h\u1ed3i l\u01b0ng xanh?), c\u00e1 t\u1ea7m tr\u1eafng, tr\u0129 \u0111u\u00f4i tr\u1eafng (Lagopus leucura), thi\u00ean nga k\u00e8n, v\u00e0 c\u1eebu s\u1eebng to. Trong ph\u1ea7n d\u00e3y n\u00fai thu\u1ed9c Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n th\u1ecbt \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea3ng g\u1ea5u x\u00e1m B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 s\u00f3i x\u00e1m \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c do ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 t\u00e1i du nh\u1eadp. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111ang d\u1ea7n h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 c\u1eaft l\u1edbn."}
+{"text": "\u1ede Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bologna th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 collegium, c\u00f2n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 universitas. Tuy v\u1eady m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c collegium. \u1ede h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, collegium c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0 x\u00e1 d\u00e0nh cho sinh vi\u00ean, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean s\u1eafp t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n hay c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (college) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris, Oxford, v\u00e0 Cambridge. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (university) n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc; \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u00f3 Sorbonne c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris, Merton c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford, v\u00e0 Peterhouse c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1500, c\u00f3 \u00edt sinh vi\u00ean s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 cho c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 v\u00e0 gia s\u01b0 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb thi l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m lu m\u1edd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau."}
+{"text": "\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Anh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. C\u00f3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf London v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1820, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1836 Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc London m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c - h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00e1ch xa nhau \u2013 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc London. Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Durham \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1837 theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford v\u1edbi v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 sinh vi\u00ean sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c - m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Roma \u1edf Ireland v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1850; sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng thi l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Ireland \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1908. C\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Anh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp sau n\u0103m 1879 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc St. Andrews \u1edf Scotland bao g\u1ed3m hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "Canada c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, v\u00e0 Ontario t\u1eeb th\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u1ea7n Canada n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf Cape Province, Nam Phi, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19; h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. \u1ede \u00dac, c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i - v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf New Zealand kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc; sau khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00ec l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u01b0\u1eddng theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc London."}
+{"text": "\u1ede Hoa K\u1ef3, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u1ec7 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hay t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c h\u1ec7 hai n\u0103m c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng associate. [\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n hay associate. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Boston v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Dartmouth.] Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u1ec7 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khai ph\u00f3ng hay gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, thay v\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh hu\u1ea5n ngh\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc khai ph\u00f3ng t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp hay t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p hay sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (college), tr\u01b0\u1eddng (school), hay tr\u01b0\u1eddng sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (graduate school) [Nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc]. T\u1eeb college c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1783, Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Sau khi Hoa K\u1ef3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c bang thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba; c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cornell, \u1edf Ithaca, New York, m\u1edf c\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3n sinh vi\u00ean t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1868 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 trao c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau. Khi Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Johns Hopkins khai gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1876, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc d\u00e0nh cho b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp sau \u0111\u00f3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y; v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1890, Yale, Harvard, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0m theo."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u01b0\u1edbi hai ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u00e1ch khoa. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i (nay thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i), Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Hu\u1ebf (nay thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hu\u1ebf), v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh (nay thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh). C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u00e1ch khoa th\u00ec t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch khoa H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch khoa \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng (nay thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng), v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch khoa Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh (nay thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh)."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111a ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp l\u00ean h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ho\u1eb7c m\u1edf mang ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 ra l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. Kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed7 B\u00e1 Kh\u00ea ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1969 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 tr\u00ecnh \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Nam California n\u0103m 1970 v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Community Junior College Concept: A Study of its Relevance to Postwar Reconstruction in Vietnam (Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng: Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam)."}
+{"text": "C\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ti\u1ec1n Giang (1971) \u1edf \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng, sau khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang \u0111i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3: Duy\u00ean H\u1ea3i \u1edf Nha Trang, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00e0 \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng (1974), v\u00e0 Long H\u1ed3 \u1edf V\u0129nh Long. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ti\u1ec1n Giang \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p; Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Duy\u00ean H\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p. Ri\u00eang Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Long H\u1ed3 c\u00f2n \u0111ang dang d\u1edf ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t th\u00ec ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n. \u1ede S\u00e0i G\u00f2n th\u00ec c\u00f3 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Regina Pacis (khai gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1973) d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho n\u1eef sinh do C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 theo tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3o Wake (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 R\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 v\u00f2ng Wake) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 v\u00f2ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf T\u00e2y Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc ti\u1ec3u v\u00f9ng Micronesia, c\u00e1ch Guam 2.416 km (1.501 d\u1eb7m) v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, Honolulu 3.698 km (2.298 d\u1eb7m) v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 Tokyo 3.204 km (1.991 d\u1eb7m) v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam. Wake l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 phi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f4 l\u1eadp nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u01a1i g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf l\u00e0 r\u1ea1n san h\u00f4 v\u00f2ng Utirik thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Marshall c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 953 km (592 d\u1eb7m) v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3o Wake do Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 N\u1ed9i v\u1ee5 Hoa K\u1ef3. S\u00e2n bay Wake Island \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u d\u1eebng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p cho m\u00e1y bay qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf gi\u1eefa Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. 3.000 m (9.800 ft) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1ecda l\u1ea1c ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng l\u00e0 Wake Island Launch Center, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00f3ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda Reagan Test Site (ch\u1ed7 th\u1eed t\u00ean l\u1eeda Reagan) do C\u01a1 quan ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 t\u00ean l\u1eeda (MDA) v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 t\u00ean l\u1eeda v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 (SMDC) \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 94 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1941, \u0111\u1ea3o Wake \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i ghi d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00f9i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n l\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eafm hai t\u00e0u khu tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0u ch\u1edf l\u00ednh. Tuy nhi\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 12 ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 12, qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00e0u s\u00e2n bay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb tr\u1eadn Tr\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng. H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2006, Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 di t\u1ea3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 188 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1ea3n m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khi b\u00e3o Ioke, m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea5p 5, \u0111i v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ea3o Wake. V\u00e0o 31 th\u00e1ng 8, t\u00e2m ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam c\u1ee7a b\u00e3o \u0111i qua \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c gi\u00f3 tr\u00ean 185 d\u1eb7m m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd (300 km/h) l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3n d\u00e2ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng to cao \u0111\u1ebfn 20 ft (6m) tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o trong ph\u00e1 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2006 v\u00e0 tu s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c s\u00e2n bay v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ti\u1ec7n nghi \u0111\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Marshall b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1edbi th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Marshall g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3o Wake m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Enen-kio sau khi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i hoa b\u1ee5i m\u00e0u cam nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. Theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Marshall c\u1ed5, nh\u1eefng b\u00f9a ph\u00e9p x\u00e2m quanh tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1c t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Iroijlaplap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2m b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu hy sinh. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ebf c\u1ee9u l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i hy sinh n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con chim bi\u1ec3n th\u1eadt to m\u00e0 nghe n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o Enen-kio. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 mang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i x\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Marshall l\u00e0m l\u00fd l\u1ebd trong d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Marshall ly khai, t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c EnenKio v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3o Wake. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Marshall v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u1ea3 hai c\u0169ng \u0111ang tranh ch\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u00e1c b\u1ecf l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3o Marshall tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3o Wake."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1568, \u00c1lvaro de Menda\u00f1a de Neyra, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y Ban Nha, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hai con t\u00e0u Los Reyes v\u00e0 Todos Santos, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \"m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o th\u1ea5p c\u1eb1n c\u1ecfi c\u00f3 chu vi kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng 8 d\u1eb7m bi\u1ec3n\", (league, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u01b0a, kho\u1ea3ng 3 h\u1ea3i l\u00fd ng\u00e0y nay). \u00d4ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 \"San Francisco\". D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo Thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng William Wake c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u Prince William Henry khi vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1796. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1840, \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Charles Wilkes thu\u1ed9c H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 th\u1ecb s\u00e1t. \u0110\u00eam 4 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1866, chi\u1ebfc x\u00e0 lan 650 t\u1ea5n Libelle c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1 ng\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3o Wake trong l\u00fac b\u00e3o. T\u00e0u \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1eeb San Francisco \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. \u0110\u1ea3o Wake c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1ecb tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n b\u1edfi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Marshall, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2006, c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng 200 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. \u0110\u1ea3o v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong B\u1eafc Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e1p kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay li\u00ean Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 x\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay, t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn c\u00f2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o."}
+{"text": "Richard I (8 th\u00e1ng 9 1157 \u2013 6 th\u00e1ng 4, 1199) l\u00e0 Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh t\u1eeb 6 th\u00e1ng 7, 1189 cho t\u1edbi khi m\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Normandy, Aquitaine, Gascony, L\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a Cyprus, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Anjou, Maine, Nantes, v\u00e0 L\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a Brittany v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00f9ng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi bi\u1ec7t danh Richard Tim S\u01b0 T\u1eed hay Richard S\u01b0 T\u1eed T\u00e2m (Richard the Lionheart), th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Saracen g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Melek-Ric hay Malek al-Inkitar \u2013 Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh."}
+{"text": "Richard sinh ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 9, 1157, t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Beaumont, Oxford, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai th\u1ee9 3 trong s\u1ed1 8 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a vua Henry II v\u00e0 n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Eleanor, Richard l\u00e0 em trai c\u1ee7a William IX, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Poitiers; Henry, nh\u00e0 Vua tr\u1ebb; v\u00e0 Matilda, C\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9 Saxony. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi Richard c\u00f2n l\u00e0 anh trai c\u1ee7a Geoffrey II, C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Brittany; Leonora, N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Castile; Joan, N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Sicilia; v\u00e0 John, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Mortain, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i \u00f4ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Richard c\u0169ng l\u00e0 em c\u00f9ng m\u1eb9 kh\u00e1c cha v\u1edbi Marie, N\u1eef b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Champagne v\u00e0 Alix c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "V\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 con trai th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a vua Henry II n\u00ean Richard kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 s\u1ebd th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ngai v\u00e0ng. William IX, con trai c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Henry II v\u00e0 Eleanor m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1156, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Richard ra \u0111\u1eddi. Richard th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con m\u00e0 Eleanor y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t. Cha \u00f4ng, Henry, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Norman-Angevin v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a William K\u1ebb chinh ph\u1ee5c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c g\u1ed1c Anh g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t trong ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh Richard l\u00e0 Edith, v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Henry I c\u1ee7a Anh. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi Ralph de Diceto tra g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng t\u1eeb Edith \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Anglo-Saxon c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 Alfred \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c v\u1edbi Noah v\u00e0 Woden. Theo nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft Angevin, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u \u00e1c qu\u1ef7 trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Trong khi cha m\u00ecnh \u0111i tu\u1ea7n du l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb Scotland cho \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p, Richard c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf l\u1ea1i Anh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u1edfi v\u00fa nu\u00f4i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Hodierna, v\u00e0 khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho b\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 sinh ra \u1edf Oxford nh\u01b0ng Richard kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh; \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u01a1 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Limousin (lenga d\u2019\u00f2c) v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 v\u1edbi m\u00e1i t\u00f3c \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft xanh nh\u1ea1t. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh: Theo nh\u01b0 Clifford Brewer, Richard cao kho\u1ea3ng 1m96 nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec di h\u00e0i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u cao ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. T\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd b\u1edfi tinh th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Anh trai \u00f4ng Henry \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n l\u00e0m vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh trong khi cha \u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3, 1159, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa Richard v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ramon Berenguer IV, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Barcelona. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00f4n \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra. Anh trai Henry c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1edbi Margaret, con g\u00e1i Louis VII c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 11, 1160. M\u1eb7c cho li\u00ean minh gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 Plantagenet v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Capetian, gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u1eafm ngai v\u00e0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, hai nh\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1168, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Alexander III bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa hai gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Henry II \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Brittany, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t x\u1ee9 Gisors v\u00e0 x\u1ee9 Vexin, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3i m\u00f4n cho Margaret. \u0110\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1160, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng Richard n\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbi Alys (Alice), con g\u00e1i th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Louis VII; nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa vua Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 vua Anh n\u00ean Louis c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1, 1169 v\u00e0 Richard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9a h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Alys. Henry II d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n chia l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c con: Henry s\u1ebd l\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 x\u1ee9 Anjou, Maine v\u00e0 Normandy trong khi Richard s\u1ebd th\u1eeba k\u1ebf Aquitaine t\u1eeb m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Poitiers, v\u00e0 Geoffrey s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng Brittany th\u00f4ng qua h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi Constance, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 m\u00e0 h\u00f4n \u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa Richard v\u00e0 Alys \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn, Henry th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Sau khi l\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0o 1170, Henry II b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n chia v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng v\u1eabn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1171, Richard kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn Aquitaine v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Henry phong \u00f4ng l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Aquitaine theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Eleanor. Richard v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng du ngo\u1ea1n quanh x\u1ee9 Aquitaine v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1171 nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. H\u1ecd c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Tu vi\u1ec7n th\u00e1nh Augustine \u1edf Limoges. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6, 1172, Richard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Aquitaine khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao c\u00e2y th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 huy hi\u1ec7u C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc; bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf Poitiers v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Limoges, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111eo chi\u1ebfc nh\u1eabn c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Valerie, hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Aquitaine."}
+{"text": "Theo nh\u01b0 Ralph c\u1ee7a Coggeshall, Henry the Young King l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ch\u1ee7 m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Henry II; \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u00e0 cha \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a, v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t li kh\u1ecfi Henry II, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. Jean Flori, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung C\u1ed5, tin r\u1eb1ng Eleanor \u0111\u00e3 x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c c\u00e1c con m\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i cha. Henry the Young King b\u1ecf cha m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Ph\u00e1p hy v\u1ecdng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Louis VII; Richard v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i Geoffrey c\u0169ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111i theo anh m\u00ecnh, trong khi John \u2013 l\u00fac n\u00e0y m\u1edbi 5 tu\u1ed5i \u2013 \u1edf b\u00ean Henry II. Louis tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a Henry II v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n phong t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 cho Richard, nh\u1eadn h\u1ecd l\u00e0m ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Jordan Fantosme mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\"."}
+{"text": "Ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em c\u00f9ng th\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Henry n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Louis VII v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Louis, Henry the Young King k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec1u nam t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u00ecnh nh\u1edd h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n h\u1ecd l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c; trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Philip, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Flanders, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9a s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1000 b\u1ea3ng Anh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i. Ba anh em c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u1edf Anh, v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady; ch\u1ec9 huy b\u1edfi Robert de Beaumont, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Leicester, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u1edf Anh bao g\u1ed3m Hugh Bigod, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Norfolk, Hugh de Kevelioc, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Chester v\u00e0 William I c\u1ee7a Scotland. Li\u00ean minh n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7, 1173 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bao v\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Aumale, Neuf-March\u00e9 v\u00e0 Verneuil; Hugh de Kevelioc \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Dol (thu\u1ed9c Brittany). Richard \u0111\u1ebfn Poitou v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Henry II. Eleanor b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, n\u00ean Richard ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh d\u1eabn d\u1eaft chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Henry \u1edf Aquitaine. \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfm La Rochelle, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3; sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh Saintes, l\u1eadp c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 huy t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Henry II \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 20000 l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. \u00d4ng h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Verneuil, v\u00e0 Louis r\u00fat lui. \u0110\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i Dol v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 x\u1ee9 Brittany. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y Henry II \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u h\u00f2a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c con m\u00ecnh; nh\u01b0ng theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Louis, h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Henry II b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd chi\u1ebfm Saintes v\u00e0 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, d\u00f9 Richard \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t to\u00e1n l\u00ednh nh\u1ecf. \u00d4ng \u1ea9n n\u00e1u t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2teau de Taillebourg cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Henry the Young King v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Flanders d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 l\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Leicester. Th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, Henry II tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh v\u1edbi 500 qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00f9 binh (bao g\u1ed3m Eleanor c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 h\u00f4n th\u00ea c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con m\u00ecnh), nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u00f4ng m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft. William I c\u1ee7a Scotland v\u00e0 Hugh Bigod b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 13 v\u00e0 25 th\u00e1ng 7. Henry II v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 bao v\u00e2y Rouen, n\u01a1i Henry the Young King h\u1ee3p qu\u00e2n v\u1edbi Louis VII sau khi \u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Louis b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9, 1174, H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Montlouis."}
+{"text": "Khi Henry II v\u00e0 Louis VII k\u00fd h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 9, 1174, Richard b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb. B\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i b\u1edfi Louis v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a cha m\u00ecnh, Richard \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Henry II t\u1ea1i Poitiers v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 9 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha th\u1ee9, than kh\u00f3c v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Henry, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 trao cho Richard n\u1ee5 h\u00f4n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. V\u00e0i ng\u00e0y sau, anh em c\u1ee7a Richard c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3ng h\u00f2a v\u1edbi cha h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ba anh em ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u00edt h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t (l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Richard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1n t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Aquitaine v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00f3) v\u00e0 Richard cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Poitou v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Aquitaine; Henry the Young King nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u1edf Normandy; v\u00e0 Geoffrey nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda x\u1ee9 Brittany. Eleanor tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con tin c\u1ee7a Henry II cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 ngoan ngo\u00e3n c\u1ee7a Richard."}
+{"text": "Sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Henry II b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. \u00d4ng du h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn Anjou v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f2n Geoffrey b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1ee9 Brittany. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1, 1175, Richard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn Aquitaine \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng nam t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho \u00f4ng. Theo nh\u01b0 bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Henry vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi Roger Hoveden th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u 15 ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u1ed5 ra, trong khi nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd b\u1ecb san b\u1eb1ng. N\u1ebfu x\u00e9t tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nam t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Gillingham ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Roger Hoveden l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Richard trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y; ch\u00ednh trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y m\u00e0 Richard c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i t\u00ean \"S\u01b0 T\u1eed T\u00e2m\". Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c v\u00e2y h\u00e3m Castillon-sur-Agen. T\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y \"v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp\", nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 trong 2 th\u00e1ng v\u00e2y h\u00e3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Henry c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n giao t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec lo s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng Henry \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t C\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Alys, h\u00f4n th\u00ea c\u1ee7a Richard, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Louis VII c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 th\u1ee9 hai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa Richard v\u00e0 Alys l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, nh\u01b0ng Henry tho\u00e1i th\u00e1c v\u00ec c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3i m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Alys, x\u1ee9 Vexin, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Richard kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m t\u1eeb b\u1ecf Alys b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Vua Ph\u00e1p Philip II, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng minh th\u00e2n c\u1eadn.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "Sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 cha m\u00ecnh, Richard t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1eadp t\u1eaft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c x\u1ee9 Aquitaine, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Gascony. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1179. V\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Richard, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a anh em \u00f4ng Henry v\u00e0 Geoffrey. M\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i thung lung Charente v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n 1179. Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Taillebourg v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y ba m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1eddng ba l\u1edbp. Richard \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai xung quanh ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i, khi\u1ebfn cho qu\u00e2n ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 b\u00ean trong kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng lui. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa x\u00f4ng ra ph\u00e1 v\u00e2y v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Richard; \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd v\u00e0 theo h\u1ecd v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i trong v\u00f2ng hai ng\u00e0y. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Richard t\u1ea1i Taillebourg l\u00e0m nh\u1ee5t ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u nam t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 b\u1eaft h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec1 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u00f2n \u0111em l\u1ea1i danh ti\u1ebfng cho \u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i ba."}
+{"text": "Sau khi khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Richard m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c cha m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y ngai v\u00e0ng. T\u1eeb 1180 \u2013 1183, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa Henry v\u00e0 Richard gia t\u0103ng v\u00ec Vua Henry ra l\u1ec7nh cho Richard ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Henry the Young King, nh\u01b0ng Richard t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1183 Henry the Young King v\u00e0 Geoffrey, C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Brittany x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Aquitaine trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c Richard. C\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tham gia cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Richard v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00f9 binh n\u00e0o. Cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6, 1183 khi Henry the Young King qua \u0111\u1eddi. V\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Henry the Young King, Richard tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi con l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady: ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ngai v\u00e0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Vua Henry y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Richard t\u1eeb b\u1ecf Aquitaine (l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba \u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd trao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi con \u00fat John nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf). Richard t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. Henry II sau \u0111\u00f3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng cho ph\u00e9p John x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Aquitaine."}
+{"text": "N\u00f3i chung, Hoveden ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu quan ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Richard v\u00e0 Philip. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc John Gillingham \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Richard b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng: nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa hai qu\u1ed1c gia, vua Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ee7 qua \u0111\u00eam trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc gi\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c trong chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y; \u2026 \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i ch\u1ee5p h\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eady\"."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1188, Henry II d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i Aquitaine cho con trai \u00fat c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, John. N\u0103m sau, Richard d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y ngai v\u00e0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh trong cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh v\u1edbi Philip ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i cha \u00f4ng. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 7, 1189, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Richard v\u00e0 Philip \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Henry t\u1ea1i Ballans. Henry, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a John, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd phong Richard l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i t\u1eed. Hai ng\u00e0y sau Henry II m\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Chinon v\u00e0 Richard n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Normandy v\u00e0 B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Anjou. Roger Hoveden kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Henry ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u t\u1eeb m\u0169i khi Richard c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y Richard \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "Khi m\u00e0 tin \u0111\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Richard ra l\u1ec7nh gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i lan truy\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n London \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft, b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u00e0 b\u1ecb thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i. V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa trong Th\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft c\u00f3 Jacob Orl\u00e9ans, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh. Roger Hoveden, trong quy\u1ec3n Gesta Regis Ricardi, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ghen gh\u00e9t v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng Richard \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ch\u1ee7 m\u01b0u, cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p quay l\u1ea1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169. Baldwin x\u1ee9 Forde, T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c x\u1ee9 Canterbury nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \"N\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, th\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u00ean l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef7\"."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ngay khi \u00f4ng l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh, Richard ra l\u1ec7nh h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng ban h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gia t\u0103ng, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i York."}
+{"text": "Richard th\u1ec1 s\u1ebd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7. \u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u huy \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 v\u0169 trang m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 m\u1edbi. \u00d4ng ti\u00eau g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft kho b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a cha m\u00ecnh (v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb thu\u1ebf Saladin), t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd cho William I c\u1ee7a Scotland t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Richard \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y 10000 m\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam ti\u1ec1n \u00f4ng b\u00e1n c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5, \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb mu\u1ed1n mua. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. William Longchamp, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c x\u1ee9 Ely v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, ra gi\u00e1 3000 b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5n. Reginald ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd ra gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i."}
+{"text": "Richard thu x\u1ebfp v\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u00d4ng t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m William Fitz Ralph v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n gia c\u1ee7a Normandy. T\u1ea1i Anjou, Stephen x\u1ee9 Tours b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n gia v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1ea1m giam v\u00ec qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m. Payn de Rochefort, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 Angevin, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n gia Anjou. T\u1ea1i Poitou c\u1ef1u m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Benon, Peter Bertin, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n gia, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u1edf Gascony quan ch\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i v\u1ee5 Helie de La Celle \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m qu\u1ea3n gia. Sau khi t\u00e1i b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed ph\u1ea7n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, Richard cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1190. (S\u1ef1 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e1t rong nh\u01b0 Bertran de Born.) \u00d4ng trao quy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh cho Hugh de Puiset, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Durham, v\u00e0 William de Mandeville, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Essex \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1edbm qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Richard William Longchamp. Em trai c\u1ee7a Richard, John kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e2m m\u01b0u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i William."}
+{"text": "Richard \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \"r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed5 m\u01b0a,\" [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] v\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng \u0111ang g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 cho cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \"Ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1n lu\u00f4n London n\u1ebfu ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua.\" Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng khi n\u00f3 cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua kh\u00e1c \u2013 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 th\u00f9 trong l\u1eabn gi\u1eb7c ngo\u00e0i trong su\u1ed1t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn vua Plantagenet tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Anh. B\u1ecf l\u1ea1i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng trong tay nhi\u1ec1u quan ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 \u00f4ng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng), Richard quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Sau khi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb xong, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n 4000 k\u1ecb binh, 4000 b\u1ed9 binh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i 100 t\u00e0u."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9, 1190, Richard v\u00e0 Philip \u0111\u1ebfn Sicilia. Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vua William II c\u1ee7a Sicilia, em h\u1ecd \u00f4ng Tancred x\u1ee9 Lecce n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n l\u00e0m vua v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1190, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 d\u00ec c\u1ee7a William, Constance, v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh Henry VI. Tancred b\u1eaft giam g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a William, ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Joan, em g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Richard v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng trao cho b\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 William \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i trong di ch\u00fac. Khi Richard \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Tancred gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t Joan v\u00e0 trao cho b\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf; b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 9 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eeba k\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra b\u1ea5t an: v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Messina n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ra \u0111i. Richard t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Messina, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i n\u00e0y v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 10, 1190. Sau khi c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, Richard th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u0103n c\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa Richard v\u00e0 Philip Augustus. \u00d4ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Tancred \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1191. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd b\u1edfi Richard, Philip v\u00e0 Tancred. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m:"}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecf r\u01a1i Isaac, v\u1ed1n d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3ng h\u00f2a v\u1edbi Richard, h\u1ee3p qu\u00e2n v\u1edbi \u00f4ng trong cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh v\u00e0 g\u1ea3 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1edfi Richard. Nh\u01b0ng Isaac \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t. Richard sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ec9 huy b\u1edfi Guy de Lusignan. Isaac \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng x\u00edch b\u1ea1c v\u00ec Richard \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a l\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft giam Isaac b\u1eb1ng x\u00edch s\u1eaft. \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 6 Richard \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o. \u00d4ng giao cho Richard de Camville v\u00e0 Robert x\u1ee9 Thornham ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c. \u00d4ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n l\u1ea1i h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o cho c\u00e1c Hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 d\u00f2ng \u0110\u1ec1n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay Guy Lusignan v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1192 v\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c phong ki\u1ebfn \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi r\u1eddi Cyprus Richard k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Berengaria c\u1ee7a Navarre, con g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Vua Sancho VI c\u1ee7a Navarre. Richard tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi b\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 Navarre c\u1ee7a Berengaria. \u0110\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf Limassol v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 5, 1191 t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd th\u00e1nh George. \u0110\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Joan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi Sicilia c\u00f9ng Richard. H\u00f4n l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c xa hoa v\u00e0 l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u bu\u1ed5i y\u1ebfn ti\u1ec7c v\u00e0 ti\u00eau khi\u1ec3n, di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u0103ng quang c\u1ee7a Vua v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu. Richard phong m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m Vua c\u1ee7a Cyprus, v\u00e0 Berengaria l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Anh v\u00e0 Cyprus. Khi Richard k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Berengaria \u00f4ng v\u1eabn \u0111ang ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00ednh h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Alys, v\u00e0 Richard th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y Navarre nh\u01b0 cha m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi Aquitaine. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Eleanor c\u0169ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00ec Navarre gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Aquitaine, qua \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, Richard \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ee3 theo c\u00f9ng trong cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Berengaria g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 Richard, v\u00e0 b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh cho \u0111\u1ebfn sau khi ch\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh qua \u0111\u1eddi. Sau khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, Richard c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con."}
+{"text": "R\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Richard \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 tranh c\u00e3i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Victoria v\u00e0 Edward hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1948 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc John Harvey n\u00eau ra r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \"\u00e2m m\u01b0u che gi\u1ea5u\" quanh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Richard. Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00e9p s\u1eed v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a Richard, c\u00e1c ghi nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 hai l\u1ea7n th\u00fa nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng khai, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng con c\u1ee7a Richard. Roger Hoveden k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng: \"Ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd b\u1eadn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Sodom, ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd\", v\u00e0 Richard v\u00ec th\u1ebf \"nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u00e2n x\u00e1, l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh, \u00f4ng chung th\u1ee7y v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t\"."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Jean Flori n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Richard c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i. Flori c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi; \u00f4ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Gillingham v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng hai l\u1ea7n th\u00fa nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng khai (v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1191 v\u00e0 1195) nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9i k\u00ea gian. Flori tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Richard chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng Richard c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau."}
+{"text": "Vua Richard \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 l\u00ean Acre v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 6, 1191. \u00d4ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u Poitou c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh Guy Lusignan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi gi\u00fap \u00f4ng \u1edf Cyprus. Guy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00f3a v\u1ee3 (v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 em h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng, Sibylla c\u1ee7a Jerusalem) v\u00e0 \u0111ang nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn ngai v\u00e0ng Jerusalem, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t trong Cu\u1ed9c v\u00e2y h\u00e3m Acre n\u0103m ngo\u00e1i. Quy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi Conrad x\u1ee9 Montferrat, ch\u1ed3ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Isabella (em g\u00e1i c\u00f9ng cha kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Sibylla). Conrad, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1187 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 T\u00fdros, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi Philip c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, con c\u1ee7a anh h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Louis VII c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u00e0 anh h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Leopold V c\u1ee7a \u00c1o. Richard \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f2n li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Humphrey IV c\u1ee7a Toron, ch\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Isabella, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ly h\u00f4n v\u1edbi b\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1190. Humphrey trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Guy v\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 r\u1eadp, th\u1ebf n\u00ean Richard d\u00f9ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0m phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n vi\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Richard v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh Acre, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u00f4ng l\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh n\u1eb7ng. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, khi \u0111ang b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh Scobat, Richard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng n\u1ecf h\u1ea1 g\u1ee5c l\u00ednh g\u00e1c tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh trong khi \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi\u00eang tr\u00ean c\u00e1ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Conrad x\u1ee9 Montferrat \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi Saladin v\u00e0 gi\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1edd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Richard tranh c\u00e3i v\u1edbi Leopold V c\u1ee7a \u00c1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t Isaac Komnenos (c\u00f3 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 g\u1ed1c Byzantine c\u1ee7a Leopold) v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh. C\u1edd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Leopold \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u1edd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Richard v\u00e0 Philip, v\u00ec Leopold ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh (d\u00f9 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Richard gi\u1eadt l\u00e1 c\u1edd xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u00e9m n\u00f3 v\u00e0o con h\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Acre. Leopold ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh, Philip sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1edbm ra \u0111i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe k\u00e9m sau khi tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1edbi Richard, \u0111\u00f2i m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea3o Cyprus v\u00e0 ngai v\u00e0ng Jerusalem. Richard, \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean, th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng minh."}
+{"text": "Richard gi\u1eef 2700 t\u00f9 binh H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u00e0m con tin \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o Saladin s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c giao n\u1ed9p c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t quanh Acre. Philip, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i, \u0111\u00e3 giao t\u00f9 binh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho Conrad, nh\u01b0ng Richard bu\u1ed9c Conrad ph\u1ea3i giao n\u1ed9p h\u1ecd cho \u00f4ng. Richard s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u1edf Acre v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi t\u00f9 binh trong tay. \u00d4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00f9 binh. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, \u0111\u1eadp tan l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Saladin t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn Arsuf v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 9, 1191. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Saladin nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh, Trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1192 \u00f4ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Ascalon."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed bu\u1ed9c Richard ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Conrad x\u1ee9 Montferrat l\u00e0 Vua c\u1ee7a Jerusalem, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng b\u00e1n Cyprus l\u1ea1i cho Guy, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y sau, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 4, 1192, Conrad b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ebft b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t Hashshashin (k\u1ebb \u00e1m s\u00e1t) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i. T\u00e1m ng\u00e0y sau ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Richard, Henry II c\u1ee7a Champagne \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Isabella, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u00e0 \u0111ang mang thai con c\u1ee7a Conrad. V\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng Richard \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00fang tay v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Jerusalem cho d\u00f9 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, Richard ra l\u1ec7nh r\u00fat lui. C\u00f3 v\u00e0i v\u1ee5 xung \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Richard v\u00e0 Saladin khi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu xung \u0111\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. Richard bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 Philip v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh em trai \u00f4ng John \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang \u00e2m m\u01b0u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Saladin bu\u1ed9c Richard ph\u1ea3i san b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i Ascalon v\u00e0 v\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c. Richard th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng phong tr\u00ean b\u00e0n \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Ai C\u1eadp \u2013 ngu\u1ed3n ti\u1ebfp v\u1eadn ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Saladin \u2013 nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa v\u00ec c\u1ea3 Philip v\u00e0 John \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng v\u00e0 Saladin \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 9, 1192; bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ascalon, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn Jerusalem. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc ba n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a anh v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh, Heinrich x\u1ee9 Sachsen, Richard b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u00e1ng sinh n\u0103m 1192 g\u1ea7n Vi\u00ean b\u1edfi Leopold V, C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u00c1o. Leopold sau \u0111\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i Richard trong v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t em h\u1ecd \u00f4ng Conrad x\u1ee9 Montferrat. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n Richard c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m Leopold b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e9m c\u1edd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi b\u1edd t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh Acre. Richard v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i trang th\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n \u0111i h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng do \u0111eo m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc nh\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng \u0111\u00f2i \u0103n g\u00e0 quay, m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0103n c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Leopold gi\u1eef \u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh t\u1ea1i L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i D\u00fcrnstein d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u1ee7a Hadmar x\u1ee9 Kuenring. S\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Richard nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan t\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, nh\u01b0ng trong nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c quan nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Trong t\u00f9, Richard \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft Ja nus hons pris hay c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ja nuls om pres (\"Kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m t\u00f9\") \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i c\u00f9ng m\u1eb9 kh\u00e1c cha Marie de Champagne. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i ca b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Occitan \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac khi b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft giam m\u1ed9t Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Celestine III \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Leopold."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 3, 1193 Richard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Speyer v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho Henry VI, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Plantagenet cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Henry S\u01b0 T\u1eed, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Richard c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Tancred \u1edf Sicilia, \u0111\u00e3 giam gi\u1eef \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Trifels. Henry VI, v\u1ed1n c\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n nam Italy, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i ti\u1ec1n chu\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Celestine III r\u00fat ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Henry VI, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Leopold, v\u00ec giam gi\u1eef Richard m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai tr\u00e1i."}
+{"text": "Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f2i 150.000 m\u00e1c (65.000 pound b\u1ea1c) ti\u1ec1n chu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Richard, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua thu\u1ebf Saladin ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc David Boyle \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 2 t\u1ef7 b\u1ea3ng Anh theo th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 n\u0103m 2011. Eleanor x\u1ee9 Aquitaine v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u00ean ti\u1ec1n chu\u1ed9c. C\u1ea3 t\u0103ng l\u1eef v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf t\u1edbi \u00bc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, kho v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu, v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu t\u1eeb thu\u1ebf Scutage v\u00e0 Carucage. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, John, em trai Richard v\u00e0 Vua Philip c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb 80000 b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf giam gi\u1eef Richard cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 th\u00e1nh Mi-sen 1194. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb. M\u00f3n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng \"l\u00e0 v\u00ec an nguy c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua\" (n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, Richard s\u1ebd b\u1ecb quy tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m), v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 2, 1194, Richard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Philip g\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p cho John: \"H\u00e3y coi ch\u1eebng, con \u00e1c qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do\"."}
+{"text": "Richard b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm Normandy. Vi\u1ec7c Ch\u00e2teau de Gisors r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1196 t\u1ea1o ra s\u01a1 h\u1edf trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ph\u1ee7 Normandy. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u1ed1t cho m\u1ed9t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Normandy v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 Richard gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i Vexin t\u1eeb tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra t\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng Seine, m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng, t\u1ea1i th\u00e1i \u1ea5p Andeli. Chi\u1ebfu theo c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Louviers (th\u00e1ng 12, 1195) gi\u1eefa Richard v\u00e0 Philip II, kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y; m\u1eb7c cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, Richard d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard. Richard c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i \u1ea5p qua \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n. Walter de Coutances, T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c x\u1ee9 Rouen, mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n l\u1ea1i th\u00e1i \u1ea5p v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o khu, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o khu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi chi\u1ebfn tranh. Khi Philip v\u00e2y h\u00e3m th\u00e0nh Aumale \u1edf Normandy, Richard ch\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm khu th\u00e1i \u1ea5p, d\u00f9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. Walter de Coutances ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n huy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Normandy, theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd trong khu v\u1ef1c. Roger Hoveden m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft \"nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m la li\u1ec7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf Normandy\". C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh huy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9c ban b\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i Normandy, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4, 1197 b\u1edfi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Celestine III, sau khi Richard phong \u0111\u1ea5t cho Walter de Coutances v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o khu Rouen, bao g\u1ed3m hai th\u00e1i \u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng Dieppe s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Richard, chi ti\u00eau ho\u00e0ng gia cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i suy gi\u1ea3m so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c chi ti\u00eau d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Henry II, cha \u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 do vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi vua Ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 15000 \u0111\u1ebfn 20000 b\u1ea3ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1196 \u2013 1198. S\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y g\u1ea5p h\u01a1n hai l\u1ea7n chi ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Richard l\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Anh, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 7000 b\u1ea3ng. V\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 thi c\u00f4ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 trong kho\u1ea3ng hai n\u0103m, trong khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Theo nh\u01b0 William x\u1ee9 Newburgh, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5, 1198, Richard v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i b\u1ecb ng\u1eadp trong m\u1ed9t \"c\u01a1n m\u01b0a m\u00e1u\". Trong khi v\u00e0i c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1n m\u01b0a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1m g\u1edf, Richard kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nao n\u00fang:"}
+{"text": "V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Allen Brown \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh Richard l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea m\u00e0 Richard d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh qua s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh dinh th\u1ef1 y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Richard, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft \u1edf Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard \u0111\u1ec1u ghi \"t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 tr\u00ean v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1\" (at the Fair Castle of the Rock). Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, mang nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi m\u00e0 cho t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Richard sau n\u00e0y khoe khoang r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \"d\u00f9 cho t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng b\u01a1\". Allen Brown m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\", c\u00f2n nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Charles Oman vi\u1ebft:"}
+{"text": "Quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Philip \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Angevin nh\u01b0 Vexin v\u00e0 Berry, Richard \u0111\u1ed5 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn lao v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi vua Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh ch\u1ed1ng Philip, bao g\u1ed3m Baldwin IX c\u1ee7a Flanders, Renaud, C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Boulogne, v\u00e0 cha v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh Vua Sancho VI c\u1ee7a Navarre, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Philip t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nam. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Welf \u1edf Saxony cho ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, con c\u1ee7a Henry S\u01b0 T\u1eed, Otto x\u1ee9 Poitou, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Otto IV c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1198."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1edd c\u00e1c m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 Richard gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc Philip. \u1ede Freteval n\u0103m 1194, khi Richard tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau v\u1ee5 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 sau vi\u1ec7c thu ti\u1ec1n \u1edf Anh cho Ph\u00e1p, Philip b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay Richard. Trong tr\u1eadn Gisors (\u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Courcelles) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1198, Richard ch\u1ecdn kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \"Dieu et mon Droit\" \u2013 \"Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ta\" (v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng gia Anh ng\u00e0y nay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng), th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ni\u1ec1m ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Henry r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai tr\u1eeb Ch\u00faa."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o s\u1edbm chi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 3, 1199, Richard \u0111i d\u1ea1o quanh v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7c \u00e1o l\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1eaft, ki\u1ec3m tra ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng binh tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh. T\u00ean th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng \u0111i t\u1eeb tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 vua c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u00edch th\u00fa \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean b\u1edd t\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t tay c\u1ea7m n\u1ecf, tay kia n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc ch\u1ea3o r\u00e1n m\u00e0 anh ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m khi\u00ean ch\u1eafn t\u00ean. Anh ta ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 vua, khi\u1ebfn cho Richard v\u1ed7 tay; tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t tay n\u1ecf kh\u00e1c sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eafn t\u00ean v\u00e0o \u00f4ng, tr\u00fang v\u00e0o vai tr\u00e1i ngay g\u1ea7n c\u1ed5. \u00d4ng c\u1ed1 k\u00e9o n\u00f3 ra trong l\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed5 b\u00f2\" b\u1edfi Hoveden, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 ra, \"m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n, l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng\" c\u00e1nh tay c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. V\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb ho\u1ea1i t\u1eed. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Richard y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0a tay n\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p \u00f4ng; nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ch\u00e9p s\u1eed ghi nh\u1eadn t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau: Pierre (hay Peter) Basile, John Sabroz, Dudo, v\u00e0 Bertrand de Gurdon, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 (theo v\u00e0i ngu\u1ed3n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3) h\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9. C\u1eadu b\u00e9 n\u00e0y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Richard \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft cha v\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu, v\u00e0 c\u1eadu mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ebft Richard \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9. C\u1eadu b\u00e9 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed; nh\u01b0ng Richard \u0111\u00e3 tha th\u1ee9 c\u1eadu b\u00e9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \"S\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111i, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ta h\u00e3y t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e1nh n\u1eafng ban mai,\" sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do cho c\u1eadu c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 100 shilling. Richard sau \u0111\u00f3 thu x\u1ebfp c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 cho em trai m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 trang s\u1ee9c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u Otto."}
+{"text": "Richard qua \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 4, 1199 trong v\u00f2ng tay c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh; s\u1eed s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng: \"Khi ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i s\u1eafp t\u00e0n, \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u1eddi tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\" Do c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \"con s\u01b0 t\u1eed b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft b\u1edfi con ki\u1ebfn\". Theo nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u00e9p s\u1eed, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Richard \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 \u00edch: trong s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, tay l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng Mercadier \u0111\u00e3 cho tay n\u1ecf gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft Richard b\u1ecb l\u1ed9t da s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 treo c\u1ed5 ngay khi Richard m\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Richard qua n\u0103m th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 \"th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m d\u1eef d\u1ed9i\", theo nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc John Gillingham. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Richard th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p s\u0129, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn binh can \u0111\u1ea3m, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t: anh d\u0169ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p. Danh ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc s\u00e2u qua th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Richard. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1edd c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vang d\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Steven Runciman v\u1ec1 Richard I: \"\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con b\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfu, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng t\u1ec7 b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua t\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn binh xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p.\" (\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh\" Quy\u1ec3n III). Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o trong th\u1eddi Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng: \"Ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 qu\u1ef7 quy\u1ec7t h\u01a1n.\""}
+{"text": "Richard, tuy v\u1eady, c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef nh\u1eb1m quy\u00ean ti\u1ec1n cho cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n chu\u1ed9c cho \u00f4ng, trong khi nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh th\u1eddi Victoria chia r\u1ebd trong c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Richard: \"Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 \u00f4ng v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i anh h\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n; Stubbs, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con b\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfu, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng t\u1ed3i, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5u xa\". M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 sinh ra \u1edf Oxford, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh. Trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i 10 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u1edf Anh kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 6 th\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t trong 5 n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng."}
+{"text": "Richard kh\u00f4ng sinh ra m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con hoang, Philip x\u1ee9 Cognac. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i b\u1edfi em trai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh John l\u00e0m Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn John l\u00e0m vua, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00e1u \u00f4ng Arthur x\u1ee9 Brittany, con trai c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi em trai qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Geoffrey, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf l\u1edbn h\u01a1n John theo lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb Richard l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Angevin. Trong khi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 Richard \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng."}
+{"text": "Kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, nhi\u1ec1u truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft r\u1ed9 l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng: sau khi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e1t rong c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Blondel du ngo\u1ea1n kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u qua h\u1ebft l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, h\u00e1t vang l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u00e1t m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecd m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft (h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c n\u00f3). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Blondel \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Richard b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef, Richard nghe th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i h\u00e1t v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ra n\u01a1i nh\u00e0 vua b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho v\u1edf opera c\u1ee7a Andr\u00e9 Ernest Modeste Gr\u00e9try, Richard Coeur-de-Lion v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 phim Ivanhoe \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n b\u1edfi Richard Thorpe. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Jean \u2018Blondel\u2019 de Nesle, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e1t rong qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m t\u00f9 nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng che gi\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt; m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd c\u00f4ng khai \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Richard xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi vai ch\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee5 trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u1ea3 trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u1eabn phim \u1ea3nh. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, Richard xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Robin Hood trong cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Walter Scott: Ivanhoe v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 phim v\u1ec1 Robin Hood. V\u1edf opera Riccardo Primo b\u1edfi George Frideric Handel d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea3o Cyprus c\u1ee7a Richard. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft The Talisman c\u1ee7a Scott, l\u1ea5y b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh th\u1ee9 ba. \u00d4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh th\u1ee9 ba, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 hai cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft The Kings of Vain Intent v\u00e0 The Devil is Loose c\u1ee7a Graham Shelby. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong quy\u1ec3n The Lute Player c\u1ee7a Norah Loft (t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Berengaria x\u1ee9 Navarre). Richard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng b\u1edfi Henry Wilcoxon trong tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c n\u0103m 1935 c\u1ee7a Cecil B. DeMille: \"The Crusades\". Richard l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh trong quy\u1ec3n The Lion in Winter c\u1ee7a James Goldman, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh gi\u1eefa Richard v\u00e0 Philip c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. James Rado th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n vai di\u1ec5n Richard tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u Broadway n\u0103m 1966 d\u1ef1a theo The Lion in Winter, Anthony Hopkins \u0111\u00f3ng vai \u0111\u00f3 trong b\u1ed9 phim 1968 c\u1ee7a Anthony Harvey v\u00e0 Andrew Howard \u0111\u00f3ng vai \u0111\u00f3 trong phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i n\u0103m 2003 \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n b\u1edfi Andrey Konchalovskiy. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, Richard c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i Assassin\u2019s Creed c\u1ee7a Ubisolf."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea3i ly, t\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc Castor, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa trong h\u1ecd H\u1ea3i ly, b\u1ed9 G\u1eb7m nh\u1ea5m. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 hai lo\u00e0i h\u1ea3i ly n\u1eeda s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111i \u0103n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00eam, m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u00e0i x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e0o k\u00eanh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u1ed5. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m th\u00fa g\u1eb7m nh\u1ea5m to l\u1edbn h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (sau l\u1ee3n n\u01b0\u1edbc). B\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eb7ng y\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00fa s\u0103n m\u1ed3i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3 th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i ly B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 60 tri\u1ec7u con nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1988 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 6-12 tri\u1ec7u con. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i ly l\u00e0 do s\u0103n b\u1eaft nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y da, l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c hay n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa, v\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng thu nh\u1eb7t c\u00e2y x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ng\u1eadp l\u1ee5t c\u00e1c k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch n\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \"t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o nguy\": khi g\u1eb7p \u0111e d\u1ecda hay gi\u1eadt m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t con h\u1ea3i ly \u0111ang b\u01a1i s\u1ebd l\u1eb7n nhanh trong l\u00fac d\u00f9ng \u0111u\u00f4i r\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 qu\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb xa tr\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c con h\u1ea3i ly kh\u00e1c trong khu v\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t khi nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o nguy n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u00e1c con h\u1ea3i ly g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eb7n xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian. H\u1ea3i ly r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i gi\u1ecfi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7n d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc kho\u1ea3ng 15 ph\u00fat. Hi\u1ebfm khi m\u1ed9t con h\u1ea3i ly v\u00ec ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 m\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Castoridae g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Castor. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ea3i ly B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i ly ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 hai lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c lai gi\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. H\u1ea3i ly c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi s\u00f3c (Sciuridae), gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh k\u00ec d\u1ecb v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ecd v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi. \u1ede s\u00f3c, hai x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh (x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e0y v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e1c) c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n n\u1eeda d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, \u0111u\u00f4i tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00f4ng, th\u00edch s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e2y v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n. \u1ede h\u1ea3i ly, c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n s\u00e1t nhau \u1edf ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi, \u0111u\u00f4i d\u1eb9p, r\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ea3y, th\u00edch s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea3i ly ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (Castor fiber) b\u1ecb s\u0103n b\u1eaft g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y da v\u00e0 x\u1ea1 h\u1ea3i ly, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t ti\u1ebft ra t\u1eeb tuy\u1ebfn x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin l\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh. Tuy nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n nay, h\u1ea3i ly \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i l\u1ea1i kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n con s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Elbe, s\u00f4ng Rhone v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u1edf Scandinavia. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 h\u1ea3i ly \u0111ang sinh s\u00f4i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc Ba Lan. H\u1ea3i ly ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Morava \u1edf Slovakia v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a S\u00e9c. Ch\u00fang \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i l\u1ea1i \u1edf Scotland, Bavaria, \u00c1o, H\u00e0 Lan, Serbia v\u00e0 Bulgaria v\u00e0 \u0111ang m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea3i ly th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaby \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y da. Su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaby \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i th\u00fa n\u00e0y kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u1edbn n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Tuy nhi\u00ean sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, c\u1ea5m s\u0103n b\u1eaft, h\u1ea3i ly ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sinh s\u00f4i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940. Da h\u1ea3i ly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u0169. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 x\u01b0a kia c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 t\u00ecm da c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i th\u00fa n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 kia x\u01b0a c\u0169ng \u0103n th\u1ecbt lo\u00e0i th\u00fa n\u00e0y. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i ly hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 15 tri\u1ec7u con; c\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i ly ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 90 tri\u1ec7u con."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea3i ly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 x\u00e2y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eadp r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1eadp l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Alberta qua \u1ea3nh v\u1ec7 tinh n\u0103m 2007 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 2.790 ft (850 m\u00e9t), v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n Three Forks, Montana d\u00e0i 2.140 ft (650 m), cao 14 ft (4,3 m) v\u00e0 d\u00e0y 23 ft (7,0 m). Khi ng\u1eadp l\u1ee5t do h\u1ea3i ly g\u00e2y ra, c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea5n nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i quanh g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nghe ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ea3i ly x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eadp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i ly cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y (nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc). Trong hai cu\u1ed9c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, Wilson (1971) v\u00e0 Richard (1967, 1980) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ea3i ly s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ea7n b\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i loa ph\u00e1t ra \u00e2m thanh ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m v\u1eady sau m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u. Ngo\u00e0i ra, khi h\u1ea3i ly th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i qua \u0111\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ecbt k\u00edn \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng b\u00f9n v\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ecf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y h\u1ea3i ly s\u1ebd l\u00e0m v\u1eady cho d\u00f9 \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u00ean ph\u00eda th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0i m\u00e9t ho\u1eb7c n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng sinh ra \u00e2m thanh n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y. H\u1ea3i ly th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u1eadp h\u01b0 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y n\u00f3 cao h\u01a1n khi \u00e2m thanh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong m\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed5i, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y t\u1ef1 do ngang tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang."}
+{"text": "B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin (ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c: Berliner Mauer) t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"T\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t x\u00edt\" (ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c: Antifaschistischer Schutzwall) v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 nh\u1ee5c\" l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chia c\u1eaft ph\u1ea7n T\u00e2y Berlin v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c bao b\u1ecdc chung quanh T\u00e2y Berlin t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1961 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1989. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c chia c\u1eaft n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. Kho\u1ea3ng 5000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 sang T\u00e2y Berlin. S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 86 \u0111\u1ebfn 200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecb chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n v\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng theo H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Yalta, do c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh (M\u1ef9, Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p) ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Berlin t\u1eebng l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3, c\u0169ng b\u1ecb chia l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau. Berlin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai phe. Trong n\u0103m 1948 Cu\u1ed9c phong t\u1ecfa Berlin c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh."}
+{"text": "Trong n\u0103m 1949, khi n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c (T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong ba v\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c (\u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong v\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 canh ph\u00f2ng. Hai qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c chia c\u1eaft n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t bi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i bi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 canh g\u00e1c gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, Berlin mang th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 phi qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp so v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c \u2013 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, T\u00e2y Berlin g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 mang th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u bang, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu) trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c (Bundestag). \u0110i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft, \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb khi \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ea1y sang T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1952 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng canh ph\u00f2ng. M\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ea5m d\u1ecdc theo bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u ngang 5 km \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111i v\u00e0o khi c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u2013 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u01b0 trong v\u00f9ng. V\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 r\u1ed9ng 500 m v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea1nh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t canh ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u ngang 10 m. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y Berlin v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecf ng\u1ecf, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u1ea1y qua T\u00e2y Berlin. T\u1eeb 1949 cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1961 kho\u1ea3ng 2,6 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n 47.433 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang trong hai tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1961. Ngo\u00e0i ra T\u00e2y Berlin c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1eeda ng\u1ecf \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c di d\u00e2n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda cho s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 50.000[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin tuy h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf T\u00e2y Berlin nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n r\u1ebb ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin hay \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Berlin. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1961 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Berlin (\u0110\u00f4ng) ban quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n ph\u1ee5 (\u0111i\u1ec7n, n\u01b0\u1edbc) b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n Deutsche Mark c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u00f4ng an Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c trong \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng \u0111i qua ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \"ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a\" v\u00e0 \"bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu\". Ngo\u00e0i ra, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf T\u00e2y Berlin v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Berlin \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n Mark \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 ch\u1ee3 \u0111en \u2013 t\u1ef7 gi\u00e1 h\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 1:4 \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 mua l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng cao c\u1ea5p \u00edt \u1ecfi \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin. Qua \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng suy y\u1ebfu \u0111i. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn c\u1eeda bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n l\u00e0 \"b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n\" \u2013 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \"qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\"."}
+{"text": "Tuy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh ph\u00eda T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \"nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn\" nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 phong t\u1ecfa T\u00e2y Berlin th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin c\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n n\u00e0y. Do quy\u1ec1n ra v\u00e0o T\u00e2y Berlin kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1eafn x\u00e9n n\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. C\u01a1 quan t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c (Bundesnachrichtendienst - BND) c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ngay t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 7. Sau khi Ulbricht vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchyov trong th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u1ea5p cao c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong kh\u1ed1i Warszawa t\u1ea1i Moskva t\u1eeb 3 th\u00e1ng 8 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 th\u00e1ng 8, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o h\u1eb1ng tu\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a BND v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 8 \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i:"}
+{"text": "Trong tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i Warszawa \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \"ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc phe x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ea1i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi T\u00e2y Berlin v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o canh g\u00e1c v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y Berlin.\" V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 8 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Moskva v\u00e0 \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m cho H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 8 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \"l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang\" \u0111\u1ec3 canh ph\u00f2ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Berlin v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Trong ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y 12 th\u00e1ng 8 BND nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin, r\u1eb1ng \"v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1961 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u00e1c b\u00ed th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i \u1ee6y ban Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ee9c. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5y, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: [...] Do t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di t\u1ea3n t\u0103ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3a k\u00edn ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Berlin v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn \u2013 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra \u2013 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn 14 ng\u00e0y n\u1eefa.\""}
+{"text": "Trong \u0111\u00eam 12 r\u1ea1ng s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1961 Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c gia, 5.000[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t bi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng (ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Bi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng sau n\u00e0y), 5.000[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c C\u00f4ng an Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 4.500[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u0169 trang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u phong t\u1ecfa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2y Berlin. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa hai ph\u1ea7n Berlin \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n."}
+{"text": "Erich Honecker v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb l\u00e0 b\u00ed th\u01b0 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 an ninh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00e2n danh ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1961, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang t\u1eeb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng canh ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 85 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0o ng\u0169 sang T\u00e2y Berlin, ngo\u00e0i ra l\u00e0 216[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] l\u1ea7n ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 400 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ee5p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 l\u00e2n c\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng d\u00e2y l\u00e0m t\u1eeb t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i gi\u01b0\u1eddng hay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t bi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i Conrad Schumann \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y qua h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o k\u1ebdm gai tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Bernau (Bernauer Stra\u00dfe)."}
+{"text": "Ngay trong c\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Li\u00ean bang Konrad Adenauer \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi qua \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n h\u00e3y b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh v\u00e0 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfp theo. M\u00e3i hai tu\u1ea7n sau khi b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u00f4ng m\u1edbi vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m T\u00e2y Berlin. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng Berlin \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m Willy Brandt \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng bao quanh T\u00e2y Berlin chia c\u1eaft th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ngay trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Trung t\u00e2m Thu th\u1eadp c\u1ee7a H\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Ti\u1ec3u bang (Zentrale Erfassungsstelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen) t\u1ea1i Salzgitter \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c vi ph\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1961 Willy Brandt v\u00e0 300.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Berlin \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00f2a th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh Sch\u00f6neberg."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed3ng Minh ph\u00eda t\u00e2y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p: m\u00e3i 20 ti\u1ebfng sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Sau 40 ti\u1ebfng m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn Ban ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft Berlin, v\u00e0 m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn 72 ti\u1ebfng sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i mang t\u00ednh ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a phe \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh ph\u00eda t\u00e2y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn Moskva. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tin \u0111\u1ed3n cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1edbi phe \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh ph\u00eda t\u00e2y l\u00e0 Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf T\u00e2y Berlin. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Cu\u1ed9c phong t\u1ecfa Berlin, trong m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh ph\u00eda T\u00e2y th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Berlin lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda \u2013 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng b\u1eb1ng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a \u0111en c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Berlin \"t\u1ef1 do\", phi qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Khrushchyov n\u0103m 1958."}
+{"text": "B\u1eaft t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c do Willy Brandt v\u00e0 Erich Honecker m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a hai qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t \u00edt. \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho ph\u00e9p \u0111i du l\u1ecbch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \"phi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t\" nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do du l\u1ecbch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i b\u1ecb \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trao tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111i du l\u1ecbch nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u1eefa. T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y v\u00ec hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p."}
+{"text": "B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 trong \u0111\u00eam th\u1ee9 N\u0103m ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 11, r\u1ea1ng s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 S\u00e1u ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1989, sau h\u01a1n 28 n\u0103m. D\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf c\u1eeda b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i trong \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \"b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a\" (Republikflucht) li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c sang T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111i v\u00f2ng qua n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 Hungary, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf c\u1eeda bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi \u00c1o t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9 hay tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 11 ho\u1eb7c qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u (trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n t\u1ea1i Praha v\u00e0 Warszawa)."}
+{"text": "Sau khi b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o cho Lu\u1eadt \u0111i l\u1ea1i m\u1edbi (Reisegesetz) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 11 v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngo\u1ea1i giao ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecf \u0111i th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc, B\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ee9c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thay \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o cho quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5y, theo nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh th\u00ec b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o tr\u00ecnh H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua ngay trong ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb l\u00fac 4 gi\u1edd ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e3ng th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5n x\u00e3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ADN. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong quy tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. Song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o tr\u00ecnh H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3 trong \u1ee6y ban Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf. Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Egon Krenz trao cho th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb G\u00fcnter Schabowski, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Schabowski t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ea7n h\u1ecdp \u1ee6y ban Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng."}
+{"text": "D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n thanh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Berlin d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 \"B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf!\" h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edf c\u1ed5ng. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 An ninh Qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o g\u00ec v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, ngay sau 23 gi\u1edd, c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Bornholm (Bornholmer Stra\u00dfe) \u1edf Berlin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, sau \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u kh\u00e1c trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Berlin c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u0110\u1ee9c. Ngay t\u1ed1i khuya \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 theo d\u00f5i vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi qua truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111i. \"C\u01a1n b\u00e3o\" b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1989, v\u00ec r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang ng\u1ee7 khi bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00eam khuya. Ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1989, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed5ng ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c m\u1edf c\u1eeda."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Berlin \u0111\u00f3n ch\u00e0o n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n bia g\u1ea7n b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t cho u\u1ed1ng bia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Kurf\u00fcrstendamm l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u00f4 t\u00f4 b\u00f3p c\u00f2i di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n xa l\u1ea1 \u00f4m cho\u00e0ng l\u1ea5y nhau. Khi c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf c\u1eeda, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1m ng\u1eebng phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp v\u1ec1 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t h\u00e1t qu\u1ed1c ca. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 CHLB \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1eb7ng 100 DM khi qua c\u1ed5ng (l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee3 \u0111en l\u00e0 1000 ti\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng 1 th\u00e1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng trung b\u00ecnh), g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"ti\u1ec1n ch\u00e0o m\u1eebng\"."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c sang \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 x\u1ee9. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, 3,8 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecf sang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb T\u00e2y sang \u0110\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00ec \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1t X\u00edt, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c 1956. Ri\u00eang n\u0103m 1954, 75.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, tuy nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c sang. 35% n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd do gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 25% v\u00ec th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 chi\u00eau d\u1ee5 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ea5p ch\u1ed7 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng m\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ec1n. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111ang thi\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y, th\u00ec h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ai mu\u1ed1n sang \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c h\u1ebft, v\u00ec h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ra \u0111i th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea 1968, 1.500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, 2/3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u2013 b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai sang T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1edb nh\u00e0, kh\u00f3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00ec mong \u0111\u1ee3i qu\u00e1 cao. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970-80, \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ee9c (T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c) (DKP), th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1968, g\u1edfi sang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \"Rote-Armee-Fraktion\" (RAF), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 quan an ninh \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c cho tr\u00fa \u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 truy n\u00e3 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp \u1edf c\u1ea1nh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn bao g\u1ed3m h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o k\u1ebdm gai, h\u00e0o, v\u1eadt c\u1ea3n xe t\u0103ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu\u1ea7n tra v\u00e0 th\u00e1p canh. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang ch\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 con \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 g\u1ea7n b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb gi\u1eadt s\u1eadp, d\u00e2n c\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c di chuy\u1ec3n sang n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea5y. Ngay c\u1ea3 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Bernau (Bernauer Stra\u00dfe) c\u0169ng b\u1ecb gi\u1eadt s\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1985. Theo th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 An ninh Qu\u1ed1c gia trong m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n 1989[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n], h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chung quanh B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin bao g\u1ed3m:"}
+{"text": "Th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 con s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft t\u1ea1i B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c che \u0111\u1eady m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000 Vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 Berlin cho bi\u1ebft con s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin l\u00e0 86 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo tin t\u1ee9c ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c 13 th\u00e1ng 8 th\u00ec s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1135. Theo s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a Staatsanwaltschaft v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng t\u1ed5ng ki\u1ec3m s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Berlin th\u00ec c\u00f3 270 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, 421 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Checkppoint Charlie ngay t\u1ea1i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Rainer Hildebrandt khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng trong n\u0103m 1963 v\u00e0 do C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 8 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. Vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng c\u00f3 du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn tham quan nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Berlin. Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 khinh kh\u00ed c\u1ea7u, \u00f4 t\u00f4 hay m\u1ed9t t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m nh\u1ecf. Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, b\u00e0 Alexandra Hildebrandt."}
+{"text": "Tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 6 tri\u1ec7u USD, n\u00f3 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh \u0111ai xanh v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. D\u1ecdc tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng 30 bi\u1ec3n b\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u00e1c di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Theo \u00f4ng M.Cramer, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u1edf Berlin v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n: \"B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chia c\u1eaft m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o\"."}
+{"text": "Ba v\u1ecb c\u1ef1u l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh, George H. W. Bush, Helmut Kohl, v\u00e0 Mikhail Gorbachev, c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Berlin ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2009, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin, m\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 20 n\u0103m c\u00f2n chia \u0111\u00f4i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. C\u1ea3 ba v\u1ecb c\u1ef1u l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Li\u00ean bang \u00d0\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00d0\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1989, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac lu\u00f4n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh."}
+{"text": "C\u1ef1u Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Kohl, t\u1eebng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00d0\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1982 \u0111\u1ebfn 1998, ph\u1ea3i \u0111i xe l\u0103n, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \"Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00d0\u1ee9c.\" C\u1ef1u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1989-1993, c\u0169ng l\u00ean ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u trong bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u00d0\u00f4ng \u00d0\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 run s\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u00d0\u00f4ng \u00d0\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng li\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 lu\u00f4n c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin. C\u1ef1u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush c\u0169ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp: \"Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m vui khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i,\" v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u00f4m c\u1ef1u Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Gorbachev v\u00e0 c\u1ef1u Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Kohl, trong bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i hai ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i r\u1ea1p h\u00e1t Friedrich Strasse, n\u1eb1m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u00d0\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ee9c T\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp t\u1ea1i Bonn, Moskva hay Washington DC, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb trong c\u00e1c tr\u00e1i tim v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i \u00f3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i.\""}
+{"text": "C\u1ef1u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush, ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc g\u1eady tr\u1ed1ng, t\u1ecf ra vui m\u1eebng khi g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169, ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 sau: \"B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o x\u00f3a nh\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00d0\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00d0\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00d0\u1ee9c hi\u00ean ngang.\" C\u1ef1u Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Li\u00ean X\u00f4 Gorbachev, t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u0103m B\u1ee9c T\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 x\u00edch l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa hai kh\u1ed1i \"m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.\" V\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ti\u1ebfp: \"Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai trong ba ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m,\" sau khi ng\u1ee3i khen vi\u1ec7c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng tay ch\u00e8o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Hoa K\u1ef3, trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Hoa K\u1ef3 (M\u1ef9) l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb GDP danh ngh\u0129a (nominal) v\u00e0 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh theo ngang gi\u00e1 s\u1ee9c mua (PPP). N\u00f3 c\u00f3 GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 7 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb danh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 11 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh theo PPP n\u0103m 2016. \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 (USD) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9, vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 2 (WWII) v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f4 la d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf (petrodollar system). M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c coi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 hai ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t (de facto currency). Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 bao g\u1ed3m Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Canada, Mexico, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0110\u1ee9c, Nam H\u00e0n, Anh Qu\u1ed1c, Ph\u00e1p, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan."}
+{"text": "N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1edd ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cao. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng cao th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t 45 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 2016. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng trung b\u00ecnh cao nh\u1ea5t trong kh\u1ed1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf (OECD), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 4 v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n n\u0103m 2010, gi\u1ea3m 2 b\u1eadc so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m 2007. Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m v\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba) k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1890. Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u00ed gas l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong n\u0103m 2016, M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 kim ng\u1ea1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 2 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (UNCTAD). N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. T\u1ed5ng giao d\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1t 4,92 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 2016. Trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 500 c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 134 c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n New York (NYSE) hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c v\u1ed1n ho\u00e1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1t 2,4 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la, trong khi nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3t 3,3 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf M\u1ef9 lu\u00f4n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Chi ti\u00eau ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfm 71% GDP n\u0103m 2013. Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi chi ti\u00eau trung b\u00ecnh h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p 5 l\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 r\u00f2ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y lu\u00f4n n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t theo c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ease of Doing Business, B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ea1nh tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111\u1ee3t suy tho\u00e1i theo sau kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh n\u0103m 2007-08, v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103m 2013 v\u1eabn d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u01a1 quan ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c t\u1eeb n\u1eeda sau n\u0103m 2009, v\u00e0 t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2017, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c cao 10% xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 4,1%. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2014, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 100% GDP. T\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed5ng 131 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng n\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 106 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la."}
+{"text": "Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u 1800, n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu canh t\u00e1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 80% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb g\u1ed7, d\u1ec7t may, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea7y d\u00e9p. Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa gi\u00fap n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1860 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 80% xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 50%."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra ti\u1ebfp sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng 1837 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp sau n\u00f3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy tho\u00e1i 5 n\u0103m, v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u00e0 b\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p t\u0103ng cao. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t suy tho\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy tho\u00e1i sau chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 2 (WWII) c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u00edt n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra canh c\u1eeda cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1edd t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1edd quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ra kh\u1eafp qu\u1ed1c gia. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tuy nhi\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m thu\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Ho\u00e0 k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh theo GDP t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo sau cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng 1930, khi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a suy tho\u00e1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng chi ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m k\u00edch th\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u0103ng chi ti\u00eau ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cung ti\u1ec1n, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch chi ti\u00eau. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eb1m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930 v\u00e0 1980. T\u1eeb k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi (New Deal c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Franklin D. Roosevelt) n\u0103m 1933, t\u1edbi s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i (Great Society c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Lyndon B. Johnson) n\u0103m 1960, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00e0i kho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i kh\u00f4n ngoan h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i khi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (WWI) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai (WWII) x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 M\u1ef9. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a WWII, g\u1ea7n 40% GDP Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho chi\u1ebfn tranh. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh John Maynard Keynes \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia vai tr\u00f2 ti\u00ean phong \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, khi m\u00e0 chi ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 1942-1957, c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 sinh con trong tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf, ti\u1ebfp sau l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u1edf cho c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 \u1edf t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c quan m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1957, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u0103ng cao l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p sau n\u0103m 1973 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00e0i kho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chung c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ee3t suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y x\u1ea3y ra sau kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh 2007-08, khi GDP gi\u1ea3m 5% t\u1eeb m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n 2008 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n 2009. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t suy gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o 1957-58, GDP gi\u1ea3m 3,7%; ti\u1ebfp theo kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf 1973, GDP gi\u1ea3m 3,1% t\u1eeb 1973 \u0111\u1ebfn 1975; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee3t suy tho\u00e1i 1981-82 GDP gi\u1ea3m 2,9%. Nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee3t suy tho\u00e1i nh\u1eb9 nh\u01b0: suy tho\u00e1i 1990-91, GDP gi\u1ea3m 1,3%; suy tho\u00e1i 2001, GDP gi\u1ea3m 0,3%. Xen k\u1ebd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t suy tho\u00e1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kinh t\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u01b0: giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1961-1969, GDP t\u0103ng 53% (5,1% m\u1ed9t n\u0103m); 1991-2000, GDP t\u0103ng 43% (3,8% m\u1ed9t n\u0103m), v\u00e0 1982-1990, GDP t\u0103ng 37% (4% m\u1ed9t n\u0103m)."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu h\u1eb9p kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf Hoa K\u1ef3. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, n\u01a1i vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n. Trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2008 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i sinh v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho vay th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f4 la. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2008, C\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia (NBER) \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2007, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat qu\u00fd 3 v\u1ec1 GDP c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n suy tho\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t c\u00e1n c\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, t\u1eeb 840 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la 2008-09 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 500 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 n\u0103m 2009, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb 1% n\u0103m 2008 l\u00ean g\u1ea7n 5% n\u0103m 2009. Th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 670 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 2010; tuy nhi\u00ean t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec m\u1ee9c 5%. N\u0103m 2016, m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c cao k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty, doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f4ng ty t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1edbn h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua c\u00e1c n\u0103m khi m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty nh\u1ecf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ty nh\u1ecf t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u01a1n 5 n\u0103m. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c M\u1ef9. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 Walmart l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 2,1 tri\u1ec7u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 1,4 tri\u1ec7u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 30 tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng ty kinh doanh qui m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha, M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi, M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 (chi\u1ebfm 35% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 M\u1ef9), s\u1edf h\u1eefu 4,1 tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng ty/c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh doanh t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o ra g\u1ea7n 700 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la danh thu v\u00e0 thu\u00ea g\u1ea7n 5 tri\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m thu\u00ea cao nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia OECD. M\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 2008 l\u00e0 52.029 \u0111\u00f4 la. Kho\u1ea3ng 284.000 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 2 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 7,6 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh to\u00e0n th\u1eddi gian. 12% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tham gia c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n; h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m thu\u00ea cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua di\u1ec5n ra song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u1ebfp Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 sa th\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng. Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 ph\u00e9p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng chi tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng khi ngh\u1ec9 ph\u00e9p, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Papua New Guinea, Suriname v\u00e0 Liberia. N\u0103m 2014, Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec3m M\u1ef9 th\u1ee9 4 tr\u00ean 5+, m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i cho c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2010, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 9,9%, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p theo c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh U6 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (U-6 unemployment) l\u00e0 17,1%. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2008 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2010, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam 4 tri\u1ec7u l\u00ean con s\u1ed1 8,8 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng 83%. T\u1edbi n\u0103m 2013, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c d\u01b0\u1edbi 8%, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 suy gi\u1ea3m thu nh\u1eadp h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "Sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 t\u0103ng cao sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. Trong n\u0103m 1955, 55% t\u1ed5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, 30-35% trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb 10-15% trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1980, h\u01a1n 65% lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, 25-30% trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u00edt h\u01a1n 5% trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p t\u00ednh theo nam gi\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi n\u1eef gi\u1edbi (9,8% so v\u1edbi 7,5% n\u0103m 2009). T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi (8,5% so v\u1edbi 15,8% n\u0103m 2009)."}
+{"text": "Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh cao nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia OECD, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 2010 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh(median household income) cao th\u1ee9 4, xu\u1ed1ng 2 b\u1eadc so v\u1edbi 2007. Theo m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Canada n\u0103m 2010, v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u00e0o 2014, trong khi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u1eb9p kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Theo c\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay l\u00e0 59.039 \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 2016. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp c\u0169ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c, v\u1edbi top m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m (20%) ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 50% t\u1ed5ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 thu nh\u1eadp. Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef li\u00ean bang M\u1ef9 (Federal Reserve) th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2017, b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u0169ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c; top 1% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t 38,6% c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c gia n\u0103m 2016. H\u00e3ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n Boston Consulting Group \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2017 r\u1eb1ng 1% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t 70% t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2021."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00f3m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu nh\u1eadp cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra 52% t\u1ed5ng thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2009 \u0111\u1ebfn 2015, trong \u0111\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i t\u1eeb 9% n\u0103m 1976 l\u00ean 20% n\u0103m 2011. Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u0103m 2014 c\u1ee7a OECD, 80% t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng thu nh\u1eadp (t\u1eeb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng) tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m 10% cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1957 \u0111\u1ebfn 2007. Nh\u00f3m 10% gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t s\u1edf h\u1eefu 80% t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. B\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c. Th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 (substantial head start). V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2012, theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, h\u01a1n 60% trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 400 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 trong danh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Forbes \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong thu nh\u1eadp, g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 'lo ng\u1ea1i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc', s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1 cho \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu \u0111i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Robert Shiller c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \"V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Thomas Piketty c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf Paris cho r\u1eb1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng 2008 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n cho n\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c gia. N\u0103m 2016, nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Peter H. Lindert v\u00e0 Jeffrey G. Williamson kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean, cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf Tyler Cowen c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc George Mason \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"con c\u00e1 tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ecf\", \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i v\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ee9c ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Robert Lucas Jr. cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111ang t\u0103ng quy m\u00f4 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, chi ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1eadp m\u1edd \u0111\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Michael Bordo v\u00e0 Christopher M. Meissner cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh n\u0103m 2008."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 n\u1edfi r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trung b\u00ecnh t\u00ednh theo \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i phi ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng ty (Kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh v\u00e0o thu nh\u1eadp), ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 gia nh\u1eadp l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00edt lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, thu nh\u1eadp chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb lao \u0111\u1ed9ng sang v\u1ed1n, s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch m\u1ee9c ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ec7ch b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c gia t\u0103ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, v\u00e0/ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean theo sau s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a thu nh\u1eadp trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn tranh."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2010, Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 4 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia OECD, sau Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, Mexico v\u00e0 Chile. H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Brooking n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng trong th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2013, b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng thu nh\u1eadp gia t\u0103ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (social mobility) c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. OECD x\u1ebfp M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 10 trong d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ee9ng sau c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Nordic, \u00dac, Canada, \u0110\u1ee9c, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1edbn, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Italy v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n xo\u00e1y s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em ngheo b\u1ecb b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u1edf M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc do kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch thu nh\u1eadp cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1ch thu nh\u1eadp h\u1eb9p, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ebd mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng so s\u00e1nh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o."}
+{"text": "Trong n\u0103m 2005, m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i tr\u00ean 18 l\u00e0 3.317 \u0111\u00f4 la cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh g\u1ed1c \u00c1 cho t\u1edbi 55.935 \u0111\u00f4 la cho \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m to\u00e0n th\u1eddi gian g\u1ed1c \u00c1. Theo c\u1ee5c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 M\u1ef9, nam gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp cao h\u01a1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u00c2u ki\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n chung c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tr\u00ean 18 tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0 24.062 \u0111\u00f4 la (v\u00e0 32.140 \u0111\u00f4 la cho \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 25 tr\u1edf l\u00ean) trong n\u0103m 2005."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2017 b\u1edfi CareerBuilder cho th\u1ea5y 8 tr\u00ean 10 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n M\u1ef9 s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed sinh ho\u1ea1t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n Mike Erwin c\u1ee7a CareerBuilder \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \"ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu\". Theo m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng li\u00ean bang v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3, g\u1ea7n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c chi tr\u1ea3 ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf, h\u1ebft th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n ph\u00ed."}
+{"text": "Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch thu nh\u1eadp gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ngh\u00e8o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u1ee3t cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chung \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ngh\u00e8o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ef1c ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 (Extreme poverty) t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp \u00edt h\u01a1n 2 \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y (Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7), \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1996 l\u00ean 1,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 2011, bao g\u1ed3m 2,8 tri\u1ec7u tr\u1ebb em. Trong n\u0103m 2013, tr\u1ebb em ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c, v\u1edbi 16,7 tri\u1ec7u tr\u1ebb em s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, kho\u1ea3ng 35% cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c n\u0103m 2007. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2015, 44% tr\u1ebb em tr\u00ean to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p."}
+{"text": "Trong n\u0103m 2014, 14,8% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 M\u1ef9 s\u1ed1ng trong ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. Theo m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t b\u1edfi t\u1edd b\u00e1o Associated, 4 trong 5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1eadn ngh\u00e8o ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p trong \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Feeding America ch\u1ec9 ra trong n\u0103m 2014 c\u00f3 49 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. Trong th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2016, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c IMF \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o Hoa K\u1ef3 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 t\u0103ng cao c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p."}
+{"text": "D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000 \u0111\u1ebfn 2009. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i cao h\u01a1n, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cao h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1edbi t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i; ch\u1ecbu gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 cao, v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2013, 44% ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c ngh\u00e8o, v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 50% ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. B\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1eeb 60-65% chi ti\u00eau ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 Medicare, Medicaid, Tricare, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb cho tr\u1ebb em, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb cho c\u1ef1u binh (Veterans Health Administration). H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i d\u01b0\u1edbi 65 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng ty n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 mua b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2010, \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt PPACA (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act) hay \"ObamaCare\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb. Trong s\u1ed1 17 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1edfi Vi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb qu\u1ed1c gia n\u0103m 2013, Hoa K\u1ef3 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u00e9o ph\u00ec, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p tai n\u1ea1n, t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh, c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 tim v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5i, b\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, mang thai tu\u1ed5i v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean, t\u1eed vong ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb thu\u01b0\u01a1ng do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 c\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ma tu\u00fd t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u1ebf. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, th\u00f3i quen s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t Hoa K\u1ef3 \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cu\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. T\u00ednh trung b\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t nam gi\u1edbi M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd \u00edt h\u01a1n 4 n\u0103m so v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 75 tr\u1edf l\u00ean s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia so s\u00e1nh."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n n\u0103m 2007 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb ung th\u01b0 5 n\u0103m t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi t\u1ea1i 21 qu\u1ed1c gia Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: 66,3% b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n nam t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 so v\u1edbi 47,3% t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 62,9% so v\u1edbi 52,8% c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n n\u1eef. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1m ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ung th\u01b0 v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee5p MRI v\u00e0 CT cao nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia OECD. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o cao (high cholesterol) ho\u1eb7c huy\u1ebft \u00e1p cao (hypertension) \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ec7nh. B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (Diabetics) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Canada, Anh ho\u1eb7c Scotland."}
+{"text": "Hoa K\u1ef3 tuy ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 v\u1ec1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh y h\u1ecdc. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p 9 tr\u00ean 10 ph\u00e1t minh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 y h\u1ecdc k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1975, trong khi Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Thu\u1ef5 S\u0129c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p 5 ph\u00e1t minh. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1966, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Y h\u1ecdc (Nobel Prizes in Medicine) h\u01a1n ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1989 \u0111\u1ebfn 2002, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng h\u01a1n 4 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WHO), Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c chi ti\u00eau cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb tr\u00ean thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (7.146 \u0111\u00f4 la), v\u00e0 t\u00ednh tr\u00ean (15,2%), cao h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c n\u0103m 2008. N\u0103m 2010, C\u1ee5c d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 M\u1ef9 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u00f3 49,9 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c 16,3% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, 18,3 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 50.000 \u0111\u00f4 la tr\u1edf l\u00ean, 9,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb 75.000 \u0111\u00f4 la tr\u1edf l\u00ean, 16,2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp \u00edt h\u01a1n 25.000 \u0111\u00f4 la, 27,2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi 35 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 9,7 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n M\u1ef9. C\u1ee5c d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 cho r\u1eb1ng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u01b0a n\u00eau h\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng bao ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho th\u1ea5y 16,9% ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tham gia ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m Medicaid sai quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111ang \u1edf t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tham gia c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Medicaid nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n. Theo c\u00e1c B\u00e1c s\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb qu\u1ed1c gia, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n 48.000 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1eed vong kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p suy lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb John C. Goodman ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh t\u1edbi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a t\u1eed vong ho\u1eb7c theo d\u00f5i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eed vong. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u0103m 2009 b\u1edfi c\u1ef1u c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bill Clinton, Richard Kronick \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u1eed vong li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m sau khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 r\u1ee7i ro nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t."}
+{"text": "Chi ph\u00ed cao cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, chi ph\u00ed qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, gi\u00e1 thu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh ph\u00ed cao h\u01a1n cho trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u1ef9, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thanh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb. M\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p cho d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 chi tr\u1ea3 cho b\u00e1c s\u1ef9 \u0111ang n\u1eb1m trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed. T\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt tim sau khi b\u1ecb \u0111au tim nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. B\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m Medicaid chi tr\u1ea3 \u00edt h\u01a1n Medicare cho nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ed1c do th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 Medicaid \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebft kh\u1ea5u nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n theo lu\u1eadt, trong khi gi\u00e1 Medicare tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty d\u01b0\u1ee3c. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u1eddng chi tr\u1ea3 \u00edt h\u01a1n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea9y chi ph\u00ed sang c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra kho\u1ea3ng 18% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ph\u1ea7n suy gi\u1ea3m do c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea1nh tranh. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ecb c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 bao g\u1ed3m t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, thu\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng, d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y bay, m\u00e1y c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 tay ngh\u1ec1 cao v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao. Nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1edf l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n M\u1ef9, m\u1ee9c ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n cho nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai."}
+{"text": "V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfm 9% t\u1ed5ng nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111i l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ef9. V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1ch (kho\u1ea3ng 31 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ed9t n\u0103m), s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft xuy\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Amtrak (t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 xe bus) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 37% t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000 \u0111\u1ebfn 2010. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 (light rail development) c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Bang California hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c (high-speed rail system) \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng (civil airline industry) \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1978, trong khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang (publicly owned). Ba h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9; Hi\u1ec7n American Airlines l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t sau cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp n\u0103m 2013 b\u1edfi US Airways. Trong 30 s\u00e2n bay nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, 12 s\u00e2n bay c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, bao g\u1ed3m s\u00e2n bay \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac nh\u1ea5t Hartsfield\u2013Jackson Atlanta International Airport."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1976, Hoa K\u1ef3 duy tr\u00ec th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t c\u00e1n c\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb 1982 l\u00e0 th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t c\u00e1n c\u00e2n thanh to\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 v\u1ec1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c cao k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c 231 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 2013. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf lo ng\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o: m\u1ee9c n\u1ee3 cao h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh (11 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la, bao g\u1ed3m 2,5 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111o la n\u1ee3 quay v\u00f2ng), m\u1ee9c n\u1ee3 r\u00f2ng qu\u1ed1c gia cao (9 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la), n\u1ee3 doanh nghi\u1ec7p cao (9 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la), n\u1ee3 vay th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t cao (hown 15 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2005), n\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i cao, th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i cao, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 r\u00f2ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (NIIP) c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 (-24% GDP), v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p cao. Trong n\u0103m 2006, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1933. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea5y l\u00ean lo ng\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia."}
+{"text": "N\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 909 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 1980, b\u1eb1ng 33% GDP, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1990 n\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean h\u01a1n 3 l\u1ea7n l\u00e0 3,3 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la, b\u1eb1ng 56% GDP. Trong n\u0103m 2001, t\u1ed5ng n\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 5,7 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la, tuy nhi\u00ean t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u1ee3 tr\u00ean GDP gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean b\u1eb1ng m\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1990. N\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o 28 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2010, t\u1ed5ng n\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 14,3 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la. Theo ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch li\u00ean bang Hoa k\u1ef3 n\u0103m 2010, t\u1ed5ng n\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea7n 100% GDP, so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 80% n\u0103m 2009. Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tr\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t 700 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m trong 2019, t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 202 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 2009."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2010, kho b\u1ea1c M\u1ef9 nh\u1eadn l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c \u00e2m \u1edf nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. V\u1edbi m\u1ee9c l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u1edfi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, x\u1ea3y ra khi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tin r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thay th\u1ebf v\u1edbi r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ecf, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, qu\u1ef9 h\u01b0u tr\u00ed ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu, ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, v\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0o tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu kho b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro. Nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Lawrence Summers v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay n\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ti\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n uy t\u00edn t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 (kieerm so\u00e1t cung ti\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t) v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00e0i kho\u00e1 (thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 chi ti\u00eau) d\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t th\u1ea5p, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf cao v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ea5p. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 C\u1ee5c d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef li\u00ean bang (Federal Reserve), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1913 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7. \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f4 la l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef USD."}
+{"text": "Theo x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Wall Street v\u00e0 Qu\u1ef9 Heritage n\u0103m 2014, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00f3m 10 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c 7 n\u0103m gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ea1nh tranh n\u00e0y. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 100. Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi r\u1ee7i ro kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1eefng l\u1ea1i, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p t\u0103ng cao v\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf n\u0103m 2014 ch\u1ea5m Hoa K\u1ef3 75,5 \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 x\u1ebfp \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 12 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m n\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 t\u1ee5t 2 b\u1eadc so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2013."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n trong khi cho ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c v\u1eabn b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i suy tho\u00e1i, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 cho h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, lo\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 cung v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh cao so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia G10 khi m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft b\u1edfi c\u1ea3 c\u1ea5p li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 bang. Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng li\u00ean quan, m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o, ch\u1ed1ng r\u1eeda ti\u1ec1n, ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, ch\u1ed1ng cho vay n\u1eb7ng l\u00e3i, v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cho vay v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e3 h\u1ed9im nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c duy tr\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea1ch. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u01a1 quan s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ban h\u00e0nh quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddn M\u1ef9 ban h\u00e0nh quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean. C\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m Hoa K\u1ef3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 ban h\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong su\u1ed1t ba th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c chi ph\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng. C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh m\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng, n\u01a1i t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. C\u1ea3 hai h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t."}
+{"text": "Trong khi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kinh t\u1ebf trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, 1980, v\u00e0 1990, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt nh\u1eefng tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m theo sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 1960, 1970. Trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 do kinh doanh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u0103ng l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea7n ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec7m cho qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao h\u01a1n). Chi ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong kinh t\u1ebf v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do kinh doanh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh t\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf M\u1ef9 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng to\u00e0 \u00e1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ng\u00e0y nay, n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a 29,6 tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng ty, doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf, 30% s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, 40% s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ec9 ph\u00fa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 139 tr\u00ean 500 c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Trong \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua qui m\u00f4 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i Anh (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi Anh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3). Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 2, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean bang \u0111\u1ed5 chi ti\u00eau v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u00f4n ho\u00e0 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i c\u1ea3 \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf V\u1ecbnh Mexico. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y kh\u1eafp l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 5 bi\u1ec3n h\u1ed3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi Canada cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ef7. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ef7 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 gi\u00fap g\u1eafn k\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a 50 bang trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf M\u1ef9. Chi ti\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm 62% GDP n\u0103m 1960, gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean t\u1edbi 1981 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp l\u00ean 71% n\u0103m 2013. Trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Hoa K\u1ef3 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Cho t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn 1, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi t\u1eebng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111i l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1eeb Ch\u00e2u Phi, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Latin nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0o M\u1ef9, theo sau l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00e3i b\u1ecf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 theo xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 qu\u1ed1c gia. L\u1eddi h\u1ee9a v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng cao \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho Hoa K\u1ef3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng tay ngh\u1ec1 t\u1ed1t t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 13 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0o M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf b\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 tham gia l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Phi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i ph\u00eda Nam trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi 'Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1eadp c\u01b0' (Great Migration)"}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qui t\u1eafc v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. K\u00e9o theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn (mass production), v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n General Electric \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. Th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n, c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 r\u00fat v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n, c\u00f4ng ty kinh doanh l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. Ng\u00e0y nay trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ra to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Hoa K\u1ef3. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eadp Hoover), c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh."}
+{"text": "Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean phong trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. N\u0103m 1876, Alexander Graham Bell \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i. Thomas Edison \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e1y h\u00e1t, b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u00e1ng duy tr\u00ec l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y chi\u1ebfu phim th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Nikola Tesla ti\u00ean phong trong \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e0i thu thanh. Trong \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u00f4ng ty ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Ransom E. Olds v\u00e0 Henry Ford \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p xe. Anh em nh\u00e0 Wright n\u0103m 1903 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Theo Paul Reynolds, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p, doanh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, \"tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nam gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 kinh doanh trong m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0i n\u0103m; m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 doanh trong 6 ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m h\u01a1n. Tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kinh doanh m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ef9 trong th\u1eddi gian s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\" V\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o kinh doanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 David Audretsch ghi l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf c\u1ea3 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1t 48,3 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 2014, d\u00e0nh cho 4.356 giao d\u1ecbch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 61% v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 4% v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5/giao d\u1ecbch (deals) trong n\u0103m qua - Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m qu\u1ed1c gia. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c OECD \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u0103m 2014 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc suy tho\u00e1i. Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra trong n\u0103m 2014, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m trong ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2008: trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc, 6 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 trong 470 giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 trong t\u1ed5ng ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1t 8,6 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 trong 789 giao d\u1ecbch (bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf). Hai ph\u1ea7n ba (68%) c\u1ee7a m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (14%), c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u (11%) v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty giai \u0111o\u1ea1n mu\u1ed9n (7%). Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao d\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t: 1.799, v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 19,8 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la. \u0110\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u1ec1 internet, chi\u1ebfm 11,9 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la qua 1005 giao d\u1ecbch. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i bang California, bang chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 28% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "D\u00f9 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o R&D t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 cao, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama \u0111\u1ec1 ra l\u00e0 3% GDP v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 n\u0103m 2016. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111ang b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 R&D c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc l\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2009 \u0111\u1ebfn 2012, t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o R&D so v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 t\u1eeb 30,5% c\u00f2n 28,1%. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e0nh t\u1edbi h\u01a1n 4% GDP cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (Israel, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Nam H\u00e0n) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u0103ng GERD/GDP t\u1edbi 4% n\u0103m 2020 (Ph\u1ea7n Lan v\u00e0 Thu\u1ef5 \u0110i\u1ec3n)."}
+{"text": "Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u v\u1eabn l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ee3t suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf n\u0103m 2008-2009 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Trong khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng R&D v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1edfi cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty, t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n kinh doanh l\u1edbn th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee3t suy tho\u00e1i t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p (start-up). S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5c d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 M\u1ef9 cho th\u1ea5y, trong n\u0103m 2008 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3, ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ebfn 2012. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2003 \u0111\u1ebfn 2008, chi ti\u00eau trong R&D t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kinh doanh di\u1ec5n ra theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng l\u00ean. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2009, chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng khi chi ti\u00eau R&D gi\u1ea3m 4%. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi (high-opportunity industries) nh\u01b0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m chi ti\u00eau \u00edt h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00e0 c\u1ed7i (mature industries) nh\u01b0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 th\u1ea1ch. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 chi ti\u00eau R&D t\u00ednh tr\u00ean doanh thu cao h\u01a1n trung b\u00ecnh, m\u1ee9c 3,8% v\u00e0 4,8%. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho R&D \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng n\u0103m 2011 nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c n\u0103m 2008. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2012, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng chi ti\u00eau cho R&D \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf chung, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh v\u0129 m\u00f4."}
+{"text": "M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u00eau v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bang t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. S\u00e1u bang g\u1ed3m New Mexico, Maryland, Massachusetts, Washington, California v\u00e0 Michigan \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 m\u1ee9c 3,9% tr\u00ean GDP v\u00e0o R&D n\u0103m 2010, c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o 42% t\u1ed5ng chi ti\u00eau nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c gia. N\u0103m 2010, h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eadp trung \u1edf bang California (28,1%), cao h\u01a1n Massachusetts (5.7%), New Jersey (5.6%), Washington State (5.5%), Michigan (5.4%), Texas (5.2%), Illinois (4.8%), New York (3.6%) v\u00e0 Pennsylvania (3.5%). B\u1ea3y bang g\u1ed3m Arkansas, Nevada, Oklahoma, Louisiana, South Dakota v\u00e0 Wyoming ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh 0,8% GDP v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng R&D."}
+{"text": "Bang California l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a thung l\u0169ng Silicon, c\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c t\u1eadp trung nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin. Bang n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i V\u1ecbnh San Francisco, Los Angeles v\u00e0 San Diego. Nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c t\u1eadp trung c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i California l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Boston/Cambridge, Massachusetts, Maryland, ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Washington DC, New York, Seattle, Philadelphia v\u00e0 Chicago. Bang California \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra 13,7% t\u1ed5ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 bang n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 5,7% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 bang California l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. T\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng cao n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh trong kinh doanh: v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Stanford v\u00e0 California s\u00e1t c\u00e1nh c\u00f9ng thung l\u0169ng Silicon. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng 128 quanh Boston \u1edf bang Massachusetts kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc danh ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard v\u00e0 H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Massachusetts (MIT)."}
+{"text": "Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t vai tr\u00f2 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn linh ki\u1ec7n mang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. T\u1edbi n\u0103m 2010, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u r\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2011 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u r\u00f2ng c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y. Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1eadu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. Tuy nhi\u00ean l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tay ngh\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, 9,1% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7."}
+{"text": "T\u00ednh theo t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ni\u00eam y\u1ebft, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n New York (NYSE) c\u00f3 qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p 3 l\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2008, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ed1n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ni\u00eam y\u1ebft t\u1ea1i NYSE l\u00e0 10,1 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la. NASDAQ l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ee9ng sau NSYE v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n - Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE). Tuy nhi\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a NASDAQ l\u1edbn h\u01a1n TSE. NASDAQ l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu mua b\u00e1n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. V\u1edbi x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 3.800 c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n ni\u00eam y\u1ebft, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n giao d\u1ecbch theo gi\u1edd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "V\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc New York cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2014 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng trong ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng c\u00fa s\u1ed1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu r\u1ee7i ro m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0129 m\u00f4 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n M\u1ef9. Trong d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u00fa s\u1ed1c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00fa s\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 nh\u1ecf trong s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n M\u1ef9 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh M\u1ef9 ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 10% trong t\u1ed5ng l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh phi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u0103m 1947('non-farm business' \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5... lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, h\u1ed9 kinh doanh gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p), nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 50% trong n\u0103m 2010. Trong c\u00f9ng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u00ednh tr\u00ean GDP \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1eeb 2,5% l\u00ean 7,5%, v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh trong t\u1ed5ng thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 10% l\u00ean 20%. Thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh theo gi\u1edd c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0nh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh r\u1ea5t cao t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 1% nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu nh\u1eadp cao nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng thu nh\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1930. M\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh New York t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 80.000 \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 1981 l\u00ean 360.000 \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 2011, trong khi m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng New york t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 40.000 \u0111\u00f4 la l\u00ean 70.000 \u0111\u00f4 la. Trong n\u0103m 1988, c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 12.500 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 \u00edt h\u01a1n 300 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la ti\u1ec1n g\u1eedi, v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 900 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 so s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n g\u1eedi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn 2012, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 4.200 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi \u00edt h\u01a1n 300 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la ti\u1ec1n ti\u1ec1n g\u1eedi t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 1.800 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2012 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef9 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf IMF (International Monetary Fund) k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i n\u00f3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc New York Thomas Philippon c\u0169ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn d\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 chi th\u1eeba 300 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m 20%. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard v\u00e0 Chicago c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n trong n\u0103m 2014 trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ebbn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p 5 \u0111\u00f4 la v\u00e0o GDP cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f4 la h\u1ecd ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0nh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0m GDP gi\u1ea3m 0,6 \u0111\u00f4 la cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f4 la h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Iran s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Elam v\u00e0o thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 4 TCN. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Media th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Iran v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII TCN, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Iran \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Cyrus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Achaemenes v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI TCN, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. Qu\u1ed1c gia Iran th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV TCN, song \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Parthia nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u00e1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. N\u0103m 224, Parthia b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Sasanid, Sasanid tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong b\u1ed1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp chinh ph\u1ee5c Sasanid v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VII, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba Ho\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Minh gi\u00e1o. Iran c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII-XIII), s\u1ea3n sinh nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "Sau hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, song ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 Iran l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 chinh ph\u1ee5c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Safavid n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, r\u1ed3i t\u00e1i l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Iran th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Iran sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3i sang H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Shia, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Nader Shah, Iran trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX khi\u1ebfn Iran m\u1ea5t \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1906 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn. Sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1953, Iran d\u1ea7n li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n. B\u1ea5t m\u00e3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o n\u0103m 1979, l\u1eadp ra ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, Iran c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Iraq, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn g\u00e2y th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong cao v\u00e0 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u1edbn cho hai n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a Iran khi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf lo ng\u1ea1i, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Iran l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c Kinh t\u1ebf, Phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u d\u1ea7u l\u1eeda. Iran l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c b\u1eadc trung. Iran c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 th\u1ea1ch, l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn an ninh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Iran c\u00f3 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa, s\u1edf h\u1eefu 22 di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi UNESCO t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2017, \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Iran l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111a v\u0103n ho\u00e1, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba T\u01b0 (61%), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Azeri (16%), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd (10%) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lur (6%)."}
+{"text": "\u1ede th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u2013 Iran v\u00e0 Persia (Ba T\u01b0). Ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Iran trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ngo\u1ea1i giao. Sau khi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1959 r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e1i t\u00ean Persia (Ba T\u01b0) v\u00e0 Iran \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thay th\u1ebf l\u1eabn nhau. Cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u0103m 1979 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Iran. Tuy nhi\u00ean, danh t\u1eeb Persia v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb Persian v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Iran \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u t\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u1edbm \u1edf Iran, h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf g\u1ea7n L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. S\u1eed ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Ba T\u01b0 (Iran) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 3200 TCN \u1edf n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Ti\u1ec1n-Elamite v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aryan v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Medes, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Achaemenid n\u0103m 546 TCN. Alexandros \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ea1t Ba T\u01b0 n\u0103m 331 TCN, hai tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp sau Parthia v\u00e0 Sassanid c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Achaemenid l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ti\u1ec1n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ba T\u01b0."}
+{"text": "Trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, Anh v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Iran t\u1eeb 25 th\u00e1ng 8 \u0111\u1ebfn 17 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1941, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng d\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Iran v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh lang h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh bu\u1ed9c Shah ph\u1ea3i tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho con trai, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 phe \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 1953, sau v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu ho\u00e1 C\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf Anh-Iran, v\u1ecb Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u, Mohammed Mossadegh, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Shah r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Shah t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. Mossadegh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eddi b\u1ecf ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5, v\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng ta r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, Shah bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 Anh/M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f9 t\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f4i khi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Ajax\", bay t\u1edbi Baghdad r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 sang Rome, Italy."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1970, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n Iran. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 do ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Iran n\u0103m 1979, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Shah b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, sau \u0111\u00f3 Khomeini l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi l\u1eadp ra nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi nay cho gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 M\u1ef9 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Shah. C\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng n\u0103m 1979, sau khi c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean Iran b\u1eaft gi\u1eef c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n M\u1ef9. Sau n\u00e0y, Iran \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m Hezbollah \u1edf Liban. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u1ebfn 1988, Iran v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng Iraq lao v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u Chi\u1ebfn tranh Iran-Iraq."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y nay cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u1eabn \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m trong cu\u1ed9c B\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Iran 2005, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad th\u1eafng c\u1eed. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa Iran v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Iran ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng. Iran tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, theo Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft.. C\u00f3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Bush v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Iran, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n trong chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai.. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Nga, Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y Iran \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o gh\u1ebf ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee6y ban gi\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, Iran th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o h\u1ecd \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y ly t\u00e2m P2, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao Iran ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \"c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch chung c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Iran\". L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng an ninh; v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u00e1t thanh, truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f9ng s\u00e1u trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Chuy\u00ean gia b\u1ea7u v\u00e0 b\u00e3i nhi\u1ec7m L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng chuy\u00ean gia ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng g\u1ed3m 12 nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt (religious jurists), s\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 do ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao. B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p(c\u0169ng do L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh) s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u1ed1t s\u00e1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kia, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p hay Sharia (lu\u1eadt H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o), n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao l\u1ea1i cho Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i. Trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i khi c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Iran, ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng chuy\u00ean gia h\u1ecdp m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, g\u1ed3m 86 t\u0103ng l\u1eef \"\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 t\u00e1m n\u0103m. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean v\u00e0o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng chuy\u00ean gia b\u1ea7u ra L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n theo hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p quy \u0111\u1ecbnh T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n cao nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia sau L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u theo ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra tranh c\u1eed. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e1nh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. T\u00e1m ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c g\u1ed3m 21 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e1nh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng qua. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, nh\u00e1nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p \u1edf Iran kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang. D\u00f9 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u00ecnh b\u00e1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn hai ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e1nh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m."}
+{"text": "L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e1nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ra l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c T\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1. Iran c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u t\u00f2a \u00e1n, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m, c\u00e1c \"t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\" x\u1eed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi, nh\u01b0 t\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i th\u1ea9m. T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u0103ng l\u1eef \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c t\u0103ng l\u1eef th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, d\u00f9 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng x\u1eed c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u0103ng l\u1eef \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u00f2a \u00e1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tu\u00e2n theo L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n x\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i th\u1ea9m."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u theo ki\u1ec3u ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 4 n\u0103m t\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c \u1edf Iran. Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u 7, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Iran, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \"t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia\". \u0110o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn n\u0103m 1999 khi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, g\u1ed3m b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c; nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u0103m s\u00f3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00ean trong khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; \u0111\u1eb7t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia trong vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh an sinh kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Iran c\u00f3 chung bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi Azerbaijan (chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i: 432 km / 268 d\u1eb7m) v\u00e0 Armenia (35 km / 22 d\u1eb7m) \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc, v\u1edbi Bi\u1ec3n Caspia \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, Turkmenistan (992 km / 616 d\u1eb7m) \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, Pakistan (909 km / 565 d\u1eb7m) v\u00e0 Afghanistan (936 km / 582 d\u1eb7m) \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 (499 km / 310 d\u1eb7m) v\u00e0 Iraq (1.458 km / 906 d\u1eb7m) \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi V\u1ecbnh P\u00e9c x\u00edch v\u00e0 V\u1ecbnh Oman \u1edf ph\u00eda nam. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Iran 1.648.000 km\u00b2 \u2248636.300 d\u1eb7m vu\u00f4ng (\u0110\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n: 1.636.000 km\u00b2 \u2248631.663 mi\u00b2, N\u01b0\u1edbc: 12.000 km\u00b2 \u22484.633 mi\u00b2), g\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng Alaska."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Iran ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n hay b\u00e1n kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n cho t\u1edbi c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u1edf d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Caspia. \u1ede r\u00eca ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ven bi\u1ec3n Caspia) nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt quanh n\u0103m. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f9a h\u00e8 hi\u1ebfm khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 29\u00b0C (84\u00b0F). L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1t 680 mm (26 in) \u1edf v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 1.700 mm (75 in) \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c n\u00fai Zagros th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i d\u00e0y. C\u00e1c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi 200 mm (8 in) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 xen k\u1ebd c\u00e1c sa m\u1ea1c. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh m\u00f9a h\u00e8 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 38 \u00b0C (100 \u00b0F). C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ven bi\u1ec3n V\u1ecbnh P\u00e9c x\u00edch v\u00e0 V\u1ecbnh Oman \u1edf ph\u00eda nam Iran c\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng d\u1ecbu, m\u00f9a h\u00e8 r\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u1ea9m. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 135 \u0111\u1ebfn 355 mm (6 to 14 in)."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Iran. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, h\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, ho\u00e1 d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Iran c\u0169ng hy v\u1ecdng thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 dollar \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 Chabahar v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Kish. N\u01b0\u1edbc Iran hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch Iran t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh ni\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi 7.25 t\u1ef7 dollar m\u1ed9t n\u0103m\u2013g\u1ed3m th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u. Iran l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ea7u l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai trong OPEC, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m tri\u1ec7u barrels d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf, Iran chi\u1ebfm 10% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef tr\u1ef1 d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Iran c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (sau Nga). Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh n\u0103m 1996 gi\u00fap n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 b\u1edbt s\u1ee9c \u00e9p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p Tehran k\u1ecbp chi tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3."}
+{"text": "L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o GDP, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 ch\u00e0 l\u00e0, hoa v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 h\u1ed3 tr\u0103n, khi\u1ebfn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng cao nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990. D\u00f9 tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp: 1998, 1999, 2000 v\u00e0 2001 khi\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t, chi\u1ebfm 22% ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c theo cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra n\u0103m 1991. Iran c\u0169ng \u0111a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m. V\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quy \u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2006, vi\u1ec7c tinh ch\u1ebf uranium - ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u2014 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra."}
+{"text": "\u0110a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Iran, g\u1ed3m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, ti\u1ebfng Ba T\u01b0. Trong khi v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf Iran hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba T\u01b0 (51%), Azeris (24%), Gilaki v\u00e0 Mazandarani (8%), Kurds (7%), \u1ea2 r\u1eadp (3%), Baluchi (2%), Lurs (2%), Turkmens (2%), Qashqai, Armenia, Ba T\u01b0 Do Th\u00e1i, Gruzia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Assyri, Circassia, Tats,Pashtuns v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c (1%). S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Ba T\u01b0 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb t\u1ea1i Iran \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 40 tri\u1ec7u. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c di c\u01b0 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn khi\u1ebfn \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n Iran n\u00f3i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng Ba T\u01b0. Iran c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 79.4%. \u0110a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n Iran l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o; 90% thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e1nh Shi'a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 9% thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e1nh Sunni (\u0111a s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurds). S\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 theo c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o phi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, Mandeans, H\u1ecfa gi\u00e1o, Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o. Ba nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang gh\u1ebf b\u00ean trong Majles (Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n). Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u0110\u1ee9c tin Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Iran, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf Iran. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u0103m 1979 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p Bah\u00e1'\u00eds g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y khi\u1ebfn Cao u\u1ef7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2006 r\u1eb1ng \"nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Iran, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111ang x\u1ea5u \u0111i.\""}
+{"text": "Iran l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1950 \u0111\u1ebfn 2002 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 27% l\u00ean t\u1edbi 60%. Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng t\u1edbi n\u0103m 2030 d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb Iran s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 80% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. \u0110a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n di c\u01b0 t\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Tehran, Isfahan, Ahwaz, v\u00e0 Qom. Tehran l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi 7.160.094 d\u00e2n (v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb: 14.000.000). H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u00f4 t\u00f4, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u0169 kh\u00ed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, d\u1ec7t may, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, xi m\u0103ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t. Mashhad, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 thi\u00eang li\u00eang nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Shi'a, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai v\u1edbi 2.8 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Cuba, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Cuba (ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha: Cuba hay Rep\u00fablica de Cuba, IPA: [re'pu\u03b2lika \u00f0e 'ku\u03b2a]) l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c gia bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea3o Cuba (h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o h\u00ecnh con c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u v\u01b0\u01a1n d\u00e0i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n Caribe, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i Antilles), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3o Thanh Ni\u00ean (Isla de la Juventud) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf xung quanh. Cuba n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc V\u00f9ng Caribe \u1edf giao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ba mi\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn: Bi\u1ec3n Caribe, V\u1ecbnh M\u00e9xico v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Cuba n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda nam mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Bahamas, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Turks v\u00e0 Caicos v\u00e0 Haiti v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng M\u00e9xico. Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Cayman v\u00e0 Jamaica \u1edf ph\u00eda nam."}
+{"text": "Theo v\u0103n t\u1ecbch th\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Cuba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1492, khi Colombo nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n danh tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh T\u00e2y Ban Nha. (\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u01b0a ng\u00e3 ng\u0169.) H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Ta\u00edno v\u00e0 Ciboney xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 t\u1eeb Nam M\u1ef9 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eadp nghi\u1ec7p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ta\u00edno v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ciboney (c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Siboney c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Taino m\u1edbi) \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n bi\u1ebft tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng s\u0103n b\u1eafn-h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m; c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 di v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 Taino."}
+{"text": "B\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Cuba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Sebasti\u00e1n de Ocampo v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1511, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng trong n\u0103m \u1ea5y th\u00f4n \u1ea5p c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m di d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eadp nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Diego Vel\u00e1zquez de Cu\u00e9llar khai s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1i Baracoa. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 La Habana (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1515) nhanh ch\u00f3ng m\u1ecdc l\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 ch\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o theo C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em t\u1edbi t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh di s\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n qua s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mestizo. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khai th\u00e1c nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u00e2u Phi, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169, v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "Cuba thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha trong 388 n\u0103m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i La Habana, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 t\u1edbi Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1edbi B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y b\u1ecb Anh Qu\u1ed1c chi\u1ebfm n\u0103m 1762, nh\u01b0ng quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0o n\u0103m sau. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha r\u1eddi Haiti khi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i cho Ph\u00e1p. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y Ban Nha, m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u T\u00e2y Ban Nha n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ti\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lai, pha tr\u1ed9n (Mestizo), gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 da \u0111en ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u Phi."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1820, khi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 Latinh n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Cuba ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trung th\u00e0nh, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 Cuba ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u t\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i Haiti) n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha r\u00fat \u0111i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba e ng\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd gh\u00e9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba T\u00e2y Ban Nha."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Cuba v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e2m m\u01b0u s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y v\u00e0 coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cho phe \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i Cuba \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m 1848, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eadp tan v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ebb mu\u1ed1n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y t\u1eeb Florida. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1eb1m mua Cuba t\u1eeb T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Trong m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1848, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng James Knox Polk \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ed m\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Romulus Mitchell Saunders, \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n mua Cuba v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u00e1 t\u1edbi 100 tri\u1ec7u dollar, m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 cho m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Sau cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u1ed7i lo s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Cuba xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady n\u0103m 1868 do Carlos Manuel de C\u00e9spedes, m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u1ec9nh Oriente, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do cho c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u00d4ng tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Cuba. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh M\u01b0\u1eddi N\u0103m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u00e2y Ban Nha, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng minh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Cuba, nh\u01b0ng Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba, d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 Latinh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u0103m 1878, H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh Zanjon ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t, v\u1edbi l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha trao quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n cho Cuba."}
+{"text": "H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7 sau cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t dai d\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha r\u00fat \u0111i hay n\u1ebfu xung \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng M\u1ef9 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1879-1880, nh\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Cuba Calixto Garcia \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"la guerra chiquita\" (cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn nh\u1ecf) trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Cuba nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00ec \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf n\u0103m 1886, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 g\u1ed1c Phi v\u1eabn b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trao quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u0103m 1893. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha do Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2y Ban Nha n\u0103m 1868 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha di c\u01b0 t\u1edbi Cuba c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng th\u00eam."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1890, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp h\u1ed3i sinh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn do c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Cuba v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha. R\u1ea5t \u00edt l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf theo Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Zanjon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 T\u00e2y Ban Nha th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1895, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u1edbi n\u1ed5 ra, do t\u00e1c gia v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfn tranh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m s\u1ed1ng tha h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u00d4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Cuba tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u2014 Mart\u00ed b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Dos Rios ngay sau khi \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n t\u1edbi Cuba c\u00f9ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec5n chinh ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t t\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t anh h\u00f9ng qu\u1ed1c gia Cuba."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 200.000 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady nh\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt du k\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p. T\u01b0\u1edbng Valeriano Weyler \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Cuba, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc \u00f4ng d\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u00f4n qu\u00ea v\u00e0o c\u00e1i \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 reconcentrados, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \"th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i.\" C\u00e1c reconcentrados th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh cho th\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng 200.000 t\u1edbi 400.000 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n Cuba \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 H\u1ed9i Ch\u1eef th\u1eadp \u0110\u1ecf v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 c\u1ef1u Th\u01b0 k\u00fd An ninh Qu\u1ed1c gia, Redfield Proctor ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng. Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o. Lo ng\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch mang t\u00ednh h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i h\u01a1n, h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n qua b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ra. M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1n 2 n\u0103m 1898, t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 Maine b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd b\u1ecb n\u1ed5 tung t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3ng La Habana, l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng 266 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng mu\u1ed1n can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o Cuba \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 mu\u1ed1n nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i T\u00e2y Ban Nha l\u00e0m n\u1ed5 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 (d\u00f9 T\u00e2y Ban Nha kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean can c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha). C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft k\u00eau g\u1ecdi can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng William McKinley nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng."}
+{"text": "K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh T\u00e2y Ban Nha-M\u1ef9, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng Cuba th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1898 v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu \u1edbt c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Th\u00e1ng 8 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft theo \u0111\u00f3 T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi Cuba. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 trao tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho Cuba, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c mu\u1ed1n s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n McKinley \u0111\u1eb7t Cuba d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 20 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Cuba ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Philippines, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n ra t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn v\u0169 trang n\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra."}
+{"text": "Theodore Roosevelt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh T\u00e2y Ban Nha-M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c McKinley tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1901 v\u00e0 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 20 n\u0103m. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Cuba ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1902, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp Tom\u00e1s Estrada Palma tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Cuba, Hoa K\u1ef3 gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Cuba v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Theo Tu ch\u00ednh Platt, Cuba c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd cho Hoa K\u1ef3 thu\u00ea c\u0103n c\u1ee9 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i V\u1ecbnh Guant\u00e1namo. Cuba ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 5 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 10, ng\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y Castro c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o La Habana, 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1959 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \"th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\"."}
+{"text": "Cuba \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n do s\u1ef1 tranh gi\u00e0nh b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tham nh\u0169ng trong gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n T\u00e2y Ban Nha. N\u0103m 1906, sau cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c Estrada Palma g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u0169 trang b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a minh. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c, Charles Edward Magoon, nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd trong ba n\u0103m. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Magoon t\u1ea1i Cuba b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y coi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tham nh\u0169ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Magoon c\u00f2n tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m 1908 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp khi Jos\u00e9 Miguel G\u00f3mez \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Cuba. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t tu\u00e2n l\u1ec7nh ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1eabn di\u1ec5n ra, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1925, khi Gerardo Machado y Morales, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, t\u1ea1m ng\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. Machado l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Cuba c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat sau cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i Suy tho\u00e1i, khi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Cuba gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh g\u00e2y t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1933, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Cuba t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 Machado v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a Carlos Manuel de C\u00e9spedes, con trai ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Cuba l\u00ean l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9 hai do Fulgencio Batista l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 C\u00e9spedes d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ram\u00f3n Grau San Mart\u00edn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i 100 ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef1 do c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Cuba v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb Tu ch\u00ednh Platt."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, Batista \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Batista ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a Cuba tham gia Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1941, sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u00dd ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1941; Tuy nhi\u00ean, Cuba kh\u00f4ng tham gia nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t trong Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn II. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1944, theo hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Batista l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 Ram\u00f3n Grau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u00f4ng. Grau t\u0103ng chi ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cho y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda. Ph\u00e1i t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Grau \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Batista ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Grau."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1948, Carlos Pr\u00edo Socarr\u00e1s l\u00ean thay Grau, \u00f4ng n\u00e0y t\u1eebng l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u0103m gh\u00e9t. Pr\u00edo \u00edt t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n Grau v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tham nh\u0169ng \u0111a gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1edd b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o La Habana, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a mafia. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c Pr\u00edo \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 Cuba. D\u00f2ng v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho cu\u1ed9c b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, d\u00f9 h\u1ed1 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1952 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua gi\u1eefa ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Roberto Agramonte thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Aurelio Hevia thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng Aut\u00e9ntico, v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 xa ph\u00eda sau l\u00e0 Batista, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch quay l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee7 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, Agramonte v\u00e0 Hevia, \u0111\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Ramon Barquin ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ngo\u1ea1i giao t\u1ea1i Washington DC l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang Cuba sau cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Barquin t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u0129 quan cao c\u1ea5p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng. Batista s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng Barquin s\u1ebd cho \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u00f4ng ra r\u00eca, v\u00e0 khi hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng Batista c\u00f3 \u00edt c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1952 v\u00e0 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \"t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi\" trong v\u00f2ng hai n\u0103m. Justo Carrillo \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Barquin t\u1ea1i Washington DC th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1952 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn cho \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Batista \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng; h\u1ecd nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t Batista v\u00e0 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong c\u00e1i saun\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 La Conspitacion de los Puros de 1956 (Agrupacion Montecristi). N\u0103m 1954, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Partido Aut\u00e9ntico \u0111\u01b0a c\u1ef1u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Grau ra l\u00e0m \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng n\u00e0y r\u00fat lui trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 tin \u0111\u1ed3n r\u1eb1ng Batista \u0111ang \u00e2m m\u01b0u thao t\u00fang b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Batista sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng do d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1956, Batista \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0a Barquin l\u00ean l\u00e0m T\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 Ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sau khi Barquin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Cuba. Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1956, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh do m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m s\u0129 quan d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1Col. Barquin (khi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee6y ban Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng Li\u00ean M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Washington DC v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 binh Cuba t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3) di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi Rios Morejon. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0m tan r\u00e3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang Cuba. C\u00e1c s\u0129 quan b\u1ecb x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ph\u1ea1t cao nh\u1ea5t theo Thi\u1ebft qu\u00e2n Lu\u1eadt Cuba. Barquin b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n bi\u1ec7t giam 8 n\u0103m. La Conspiraci\u00f3n de los Puros khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u s\u0129 quan h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang b\u1ecb b\u1ecf t\u00f9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda. Barquin l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp La Escuela Superior de Guerra (Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Cuba) v\u00e0 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a La Escuela de Cadetes (Vi\u1ec7n Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Cuba - West Point). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan c\u1ee7a Barquin kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1956 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Fidel Castro, \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u t\u1eeb M\u00e9xico v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn v\u0169 trang t\u1ea1i Sierra Maestra. T\u1ea1i M\u00e9xico, \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ernesto Che Guevara ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Cuba v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Castro. Castro \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi M\u00e9xico sau khi b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m t\u00f9 v\u00ec tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1953 v\u00e0o Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Moncada t\u1ea1i Santiago de Cuba. Castro \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Batista \u00e2n x\u00e1 sau y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Santiago, Monse\u00f1or Enrique Perez Serantes v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Rafael Diaz-Balart, khi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 anh/em r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Fidel Castro. Sau v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9, Batista tung ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang cho phong tr\u00e0o n\u1ed5i d\u1eady. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan c\u1ee7a Barquin \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb t\u1ed1ng giam t\u1ea1i La Prision Modelo de Isla de Pinos \u1edf V\u1ecbnh M\u00e9xico, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed ch\u1ed1ng phe n\u1ed5 d\u1eady."}
+{"text": "Trong hai n\u0103m 1957 v\u00e0 1958, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng Batista ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc y\u00eau c\u1ea7u mua v\u0169 kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi phe n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1958. T\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1958, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Sierra Maestra v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Batista gia nh\u1eadp. Khi phe n\u1ed5i d\u1eady chi\u1ebfm Santa Clara, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng La Habana, Batista cho r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Batista ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1edbng Eulogio Cantillo l\u00e0m Ch\u1ec9 huy Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 trao cho \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch Barquin c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Tuy v\u1eady, Barquin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Isla de Pinos ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi Campamento Ciudad Militar Columbia n\u01a1i \u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf Cantillo v\u00e0 n\u1eafm ch\u1ee9c Tham m\u01b0u tr\u01b0\u1edfng (gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Cuba trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn) trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m t\u00e1i l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i mang quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa Camilo Cienfuegos, Che Guevara, Raaul v\u00e0 Fidel Castro, sau khi T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy. V\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Camilo nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb Barquin m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i Columbia \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 12.000 binh s\u0129 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Castro \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1959. M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn sau khi Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Manuel Leo Urrutia l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n."}
+{"text": "Fidel Castro tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Cuba th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1959, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i cao t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc cho t\u1edbi khi t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n giao n\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi em trai, Raul Castro, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2006. Trong n\u0103m 1959, Castro \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 t\u1ecbch thu b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u00f2ng b\u1ea1c. Castro c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp kh\u1ecfi h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra trong Manifiesto de Montecristi khi c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u1edf t\u1ea1i Sierra Maestra. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed theo Lu\u1eadt b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1943 trong v\u00f2ng 18 th\u00e1ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00e1i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 1940 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea1m ng\u1eebng hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Batista."}
+{"text": "Castro bay t\u1edbi Washington, DC th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1959, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Eisenhower ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n, \u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tham gia m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i golf ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p Castro. Castro quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Cuba sau m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00e2u Phi-Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i qu\u1eadn Harlem New York, v\u00e0 sau m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \"Cuba v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3\" \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng quan h\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i New York. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 x\u1eed b\u1eafn nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Batista b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n tham nh\u0169ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi do Fidel Castro th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Cuba c\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i Cuba v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu Hoa K\u1ef3 (gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh n\u0103m 1959 l\u00e0 1 t\u1ef7 dollar[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]) nhanh ch\u00f3ng g\u00e2y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00ean trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Eisenhower. Gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u Cuba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Miami. Gi\u1edbi nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u1ef1u quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Batista c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m c\u0103m gi\u1eadn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Castro b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u00f2ng b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i Cuba \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u00f3a trong s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 \"paredones\", ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m lobby ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 d\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi Cuba trong n\u0103m 1959. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, t\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1tro, \u00f4ng quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i t\u1ef1 do trong phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i M\u00e1c x\u00edt c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Che Guevara, d\u00f9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f2n b\u1ecb tranh lu\u1eadn."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1959, Castro c\u00f4ng khai tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, d\u00f9 \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, trong l\u00fac nh\u1eefng phe ph\u00e1i t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc gia nh\u1eadp c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba t\u1ea1i Miami. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1960, th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd v\u1edbi Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh, Hoa K\u1ef3 coi vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n m\u1eadt v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Castro (xem K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Cuba). Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1960, m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef9 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Castro v\u1edbi Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n M\u1ef9 cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Cuba c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba l\u01b0u vong t\u1ea1i Floria, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng Castro (xem m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 tham kh\u1ea3o t\u1ea1i Chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n V\u1ecbnh Con l\u1ee3n). K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m qu\u00e2n n\u00e0y trong S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n V\u1ecbnh Con l\u1ee3n th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1961. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng John Kennedy r\u00fat l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u00e9m bom c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf nh\u1eefng ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng Castro \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Kennedy t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i can thi\u1ec7p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn Castro nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1eaft tay l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3ng minh v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Cuba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c x\u00edt-L\u00eanin\u00edt th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1961."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh Cuba-X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea7m trung (MRBMs) X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Cuba, g\u00e2y ra cu\u1ed9c Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda Cuba n\u0103m 1962, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n John F. Kennedy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft tr\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd r\u00fat s\u1ed1 t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u1eeda t\u1ea1i Cuba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi Castro ho\u1eb7c Khrushchev, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi l\u00fd do r\u1eb1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111e d\u1ecda tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi an ninh Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ph\u00fat tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u ch\u1edf t\u00ean l\u1eeda Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi v\u00e0nh \u0111ai phong t\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 k\u00fd m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Kennedy. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Cuba, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat t\u00ean l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra kh\u1ecfi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Kennedy kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu m\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u1ea5y ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd s\u1ebd r\u00fat t\u00ean l\u1eeda sau v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Kennedy \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Cuba trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Sau cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3, li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Castro, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do cho nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn binh ch\u1ed1ng Castro \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft trong S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n V\u1ecbnh Con l\u1ee3n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t g\u00f3i vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1963 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa x\u1ea5u \u0111i khi Castro \u0111\u01b0a Cuba theo m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00fang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft. Hoa K\u1ef3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00ean Cuba. \u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 Latinh \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 Cuba bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sang Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1965, Castro s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y, Blas Roca l\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0; sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m b\u1edfi Ra\u00fal Castro, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh th\u00e2n t\u00edn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Fidel \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt s\u1ed1 hai trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Ra\u00fal Castro c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a Che Guevara \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n mong \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o n\u1ed5i d\u1eady t\u1ea1i Congo, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Bolivia, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i n\u0103m 1967. Osvaldo Dortic\u00f3s Torrado, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Cuba t\u1eeb 1959 t\u1edbi 1976, ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edt quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Castro \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi n\u0103m 1976 theo \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, trong khi v\u1eabn gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1970, Castro b\u01b0\u1edbc ra v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba. \u1ede m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 cho nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Angola, Ethiopia, Yemen v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Cuba \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng MPLA gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Angola n\u0103m 1975, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ec3 Nelson Mandela l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u1edf Nam Phi. D\u00f9 kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 do Li\u00ean X\u00f4 chi tr\u1ea3, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u1edbn v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Cuba. Cuba c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch mua to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng do n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, d\u00f9 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft cung c\u1ea5p cho Cuba nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, b\u1edfi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "T\u1edbi th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef Cuba b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m. Cuba \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 1962 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea9y chay th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Cuba trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng Cuba v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 M\u00e9xico c\u00f9ng Canada \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u1edbi Cuba. C\u1ea3 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u1ecd hy v\u1ecdng b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a t\u1ea1i Cuba b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i. Castro qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 ng\u1eebng c\u00f4ng khai \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 Latinh, d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Castro ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i khi \u1ea5y \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 Latinh."}
+{"text": "C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Cuba h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00f3a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1edbi Cuba. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng Castro b\u00ean trong Cuba, kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt, ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1980, 7.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba lao v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n Peru t\u1ea1i La Habana xin t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong \"Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n\" (xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u00f9ng 8 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2007). Th\u1ee9 hai ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 4, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n trong \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n Peru \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di c\u01b0. Ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 4 500 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Cuba r\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n Peru t\u1edbi Costa Rica. Ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 4 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1edbi Miami b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i giao M\u1ef9 c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 4. Tuy nhi\u00ean, cu\u1ed9c di t\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, b\u1edfi Castro cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai mu\u1ed1n r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111i t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3ng Mariel v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c di t\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Mariel. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, h\u01a1n 125.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba \u0111\u00e3 di c\u01b0 sang Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng t\u00e0u di c\u01b0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 6."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 n\u0103m 1991 khi\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Cuba b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. N\u00f3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 kh\u00e1c t\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1994, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t n\u0103m theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn Hoa K\u1ef3-Cuba. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa t\u0103ng l\u00ean trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2004-06 d\u00f9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tan v\u1ee1 Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c Cuba b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n cung d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb, khi\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf Cuba b\u1ecb s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m t\u1edbi 35% ch\u1ec9 trong 4 n\u0103m (t\u1eeb 1989 t\u1edbi 1993). N\u00f3 c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u00f2ng tin v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu \"x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\" th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c noi theo. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea1i Cuba nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Cuba r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "T\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1990, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf Cuba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Khi \u1ea5y Cuba \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia M\u1ef9 Latinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng m\u1edbi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed khi Cuba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Li\u00ean X\u00f4 trong cu\u1ed9c Chia r\u1ebd Trung-X\u00f4 trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1960. Cuba c\u0169ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh m\u1edbi l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hugo Ch\u00e1vez t\u1ea1i Venezuela v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Evo Morales c\u1ee7a Bolivia, nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u1edbn. N\u0103m 2014, sau 53 n\u0103m bao v\u00e2y c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Barack Obama \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 mong mu\u1ed1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa 2 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u00e0y 20/3/2016 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Barack Obama b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1edbi Cuba. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1edbi Cuba b\u1edfi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong 88 n\u0103m qua m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 th\u0103m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2006, Fidel Castro xin th\u00f4i c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Cuba v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 T\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Cuba b\u1ea7u em trai v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Ra\u00fal Castro, \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n giao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 Castro h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt sau khi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \"b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ru\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh g\u00e2y ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u\". Fidel Castro qu\u00e1 \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 tham d\u1ef1 bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 50 k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m con t\u00e0u Granma c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2006, khi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111o\u00e1n cho r\u1eb1ng Castro b\u1ecb ung th\u01b0 d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y, d\u00f9 B\u00e1c s\u0129 T\u00e2y Ban Nha Garc\u00eda Sabrido, sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t ng\u00e0y Gi\u00e1ng sinh, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ung th\u01b0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2007, b\u0103ng h\u00ecnh cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p c\u1ee7a Castro v\u1edbi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Venezuela Hugo Ch\u00e1vez \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng, theo c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Castro \"t\u1ecf ra y\u1ebfu \u1edbt nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ecfe h\u01a1n v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc\", v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Cuba \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1vez Al\u00f3 Presidente th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00f3. D\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Castro trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd v\u1eabn ra tranh c\u1eed trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 2008 v\u00e0o Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Cuba, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quay l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n hay kh\u00f4ng. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2007 t\u1edbi nay, Fidel Castro kh\u00f4ng tham gia b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o, \u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1976, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc do Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1940 \u0111\u1ec1 ra, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Cuba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u0103m 1992, hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n nay, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c, Engels v\u00e0 L\u00eanin. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Cuba (PCC) l\u00e0 \"l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.\" T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, Miguel D\u00edaz-Canel, hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Cuba) v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng (th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Cuba). C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Cuba, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng do qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1ea7u, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 n\u0103m n\u0103m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5. Fidel Castro \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch t\u1eeb khi Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 1976 khi \u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf Osvaldo Dortic\u00f3s Torrado. T\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao Cuba l\u00e0 nh\u00e1nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phi\u00ean ph\u00fac th\u1ea9m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "C\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p Cuba, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n (Asamblea Nacional de Poder Popular), l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 c\u00f3 609 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 5 n\u0103m. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp hai phi\u00ean m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, gi\u1eefa hai phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p do H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1ed3m 21 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u1eafm gi\u1eef. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n b\u1edfi h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Cuba tr\u00ean m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u 131 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \"t\u1ef1 do, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0 theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn\". \u0110i\u1ec1u 136 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: \"\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u hay \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tr\u00fang c\u1eed h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u01a1n n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed\". B\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn v\u00e0 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng khai. Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u cao b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i ki\u1ec3m b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, hay kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vii\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u1ee7y ban b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Sau cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean cho m\u1ed7i gh\u1ebf, v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0a ra \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean hay v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, d\u00f9 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Cuba \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103m cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1975. N\u0103m 1997, \u0111\u1ea3ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 780.000 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng chi\u1ebfm \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. C\u00c1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 coi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Tuy hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Cuba c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 62, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.... s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, hay tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Cuba v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb x\u00e9t x\u1eed theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.\" B\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m trong tay nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi ph\u1ea1m m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb khi Cuba tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u0103m 1961, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p mang t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y; ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch Cuba ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng. Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh C\u1ea5m v\u1eadn Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ed1ng Cuba v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Helms-Burton sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m 1996. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn khi\u1ebfn \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t kh\u00e1c b\u00ean trong Cuba cho r\u1eb1ng Cuba c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ri\u00eang, \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed \u1edf c\u1ea3 t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, g\u1ed3m tra t\u1ea5n, b\u1ecf t\u00f9, x\u00e9t x\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 t\u1eed h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp than phi\u1ec1n b\u1ecb s\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec5u v\u00e0 tra t\u1ea5n Tuy ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2001, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eb7c c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang hai n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 \u00c2n x\u00e1 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 Human Rights Watch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 theo h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \"t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m\" Cuba. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf truy c\u1eadp Internet. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i cho \u1ee6y ban Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Ch\u1eef th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u00c2n x\u00e1 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Cuba."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, Fidel Castro tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Cuba, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \"quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i h\u1ecdc, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng\" lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u0103m lo v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 c\u00e1c li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea1i Cuba, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u00ean t\u1edbi 98% nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u1ea5y kinh ph\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Confederaci\u00f3n de Trabajadores Cubanos (Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Cuba, CTC), h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho r\u1eb1ng CTC cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n \u00fd ki\u1ebfn l\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong nhi\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch thu\u1ebf n\u0103m 1993, trong khi phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec1n trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 chi ph\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, trong khi v\u1eabn ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp (kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c CTC), r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf t\u00f9, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong lu\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "Quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1973, Fidel Castro l\u00e0 v\u1ecb nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t th\u0103m v\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam khi chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u01b0a k\u1ebft th\u00fac. C\u0169ng trong chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y, Cuba \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eb7ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam 5 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 kho\u1ea3ng 80 tri\u1ec7u USD bao g\u1ed3m: kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Th\u1eafng L\u1ee3i (H\u1ed3 T\u00e2y, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i), B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam - Cuba (\u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi, Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh), \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Xu\u00e2n Mai, tr\u1ea1i b\u00f2 gi\u1ed1ng Ba V\u00ec, X\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p g\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9; t\u1eb7ng b\u00f2 gi\u1ed1ng, g\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 chi h\u01a1n 6 tri\u1ec7u USD \u0111\u1ec3 mua thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1eed chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sang Vi\u1ec7t Nam tham gia c\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n, v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o tr\u00ean 1.000 sinh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cao h\u1ecdc..."}
+{"text": "Cuba l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 Latinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i La Habana (Ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1m t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 \u1edf khu ph\u1ed1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Kohly, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba c\u1ea5p th\u00eam m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 s\u00e2n v\u01b0\u1eddn r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Quinta Avenida, \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 5 d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 La Habana) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy ch\u1ebf ngo\u1ea1i giao. Sau khi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1n, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Fidel Castro bao c\u1ea5p to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, xe c\u1ed9, trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, \u0103n \u1edf, chi ph\u00ed ngo\u1ea1i giao, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng, ph\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Cuba b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m chu \u0111\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "Cuba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Bi\u1ec3n Caribbean, v\u1edbi t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd 21\u00b03N, 80\u00b000W. Cuba l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi b\u1ed1n nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn. Ch\u00fang g\u1ed3m Colorados, Camag\u00fcey, Jardines de la Reina v\u00e0 Canarreos. H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh Cuba chi\u1ebfm h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc (105.006 km\u00b2 hay 40.543 d\u1eb7m vu\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 17 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo di\u1ec7n t\u00edch. H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i Cuba l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3o Thanh ni\u00ean (Isla de la Juventud), t\u00ean c\u0169 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3o Th\u00f4ng (Isla de la Pinos) \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam, v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 3056 km\u00b2 (1180 d\u1eb7m vu\u00f4ng). Cuba c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n 110.860 km\u00b2."}
+{"text": "H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh g\u1ed3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng t\u1edbi h\u01a1i d\u1ed1c. \u1ede c\u1ef1c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam Sierra Maestra, m\u1ed9t r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Pico Real del Turquino 2.005 m\u00e9t (6.578 ft). Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft \u00f4n h\u00f2a b\u1edfi gi\u00f3 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch. N\u00f3i ch\u00fang (v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean theo \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng), c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 11 t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 4, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a m\u01b0a t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 5 t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 10. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh 21 \u00b0C v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 v\u00e0 27 \u00b0C v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7. Cuba n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u00e3o v\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1ea5t trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 9 t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 10. La Habana l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Cuba; c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m Santiago de Cuba v\u00e0 Camag\u00fcey. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m Baracoa t\u1eebng l\u00e0 khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1ea1i Cuba, Trinidad, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a UNESCO, and Bayamo."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Cuba lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef cao nh\u1ea5t M\u1ef9 Latinh, c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Cuba g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb t\u1eeb s\u00e1u tu\u1ed5i t\u1edbi h\u1ebft m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea5p hai c\u0103n b\u1ea3n (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 15 tu\u1ed5i) v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc sinh, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi m\u00e0u s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5p h\u1ecdc. Trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed n\u00e0o, t\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n may \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c, ti\u1ec1n mua s\u1eafm s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, gi\u1ea5y b\u00fat v\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i \u0103n m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y (t\u00f9y theo t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng). Do v\u1eady, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ebb em Cuba n\u00e0o b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n xa x\u00f4i."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc k\u00e9o d\u00e0i s\u00e1u n\u0103m, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n b\u00e1ch khoa. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc La Habana \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1728 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Cao h\u1ecdc Cuba c\u0169ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c T\u1eeb xa m\u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n cho c\u00e1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean b\u1eadc cao h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba \u0111\u1ec1 ra."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi y t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. V\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Cuba t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf cao v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Theo nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WHO), tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong tr\u1ebb em t\u1ea1i Cuba t\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1957. Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a WHO v\u1ec1 Cuba cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi WHO; v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1eed c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n y t\u1ebf t\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 thi\u00ean tai, d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Cuba c\u1eed m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00fap Chile kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1960, \u0111\u1ebfn nay Cuba n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi h\u01a1n 135.000 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o. \"Ngo\u1ea1i giao y t\u1ebf\" t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ee3i \u00edch s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i Cuba trong su\u1ed1t h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m qua. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh qu\u1ed1c gia, Cuba c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u201cngo\u1ea1i giao y t\u1ebf\u201d. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, th\u1ec3 thao, vi\u1ec7c c\u1eed c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia y t\u1ebf ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 cho Cuba kho\u1ea3ng 10 t\u1ef7 USD h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 1/7/2015, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WHO) ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn Cuba tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi r\u00fat HIV truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb m\u1eb9 sang con. Theo Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c WHO Margaret Chan, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Cuba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng y h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1edbi HIV/AIDS. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe s\u1ea3n ph\u1ee5, T\u1ea1i Cuba c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 99% b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 mang thai v\u00e0 100% c\u00e1c b\u00e9 s\u01a1 sinh t\u1eeb m\u1eb9 b\u1ecb HIV \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed1c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m HIV v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129."}
+{"text": "T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh c\u1ee7a Cuba (9,88 sinh tr\u00ean 1000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 2006) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t khu v\u1ef1c T\u00e2y B\u00e1n C\u1ea7u. T\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 7 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1961 t\u1edbi h\u01a1n 11 tri\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n nay, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 quay sang xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o trong n\u0103m 2006 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 Di c\u01b0 Mariel. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m trong t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh - t\u1eeb 3.2 tr\u1ebb em tr\u00ean ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u0103m 1970 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 1.38 n\u0103m 2006 - l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba \u1edf T\u00e2y B\u00e1n C\u1ea7u, ch\u1ec9 Guadeloupe v\u00e0 Jamaica c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Cuba, v\u1ed1n cho ph\u00e9p n\u1ea1o thai, c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u1ea1o thai 58.6 tr\u00ean 1000 ca mang thai n\u0103m 1996 so v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 trung b\u00ecnh v\u00f9ng Caribbean l\u00e0 35, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 trung b\u00ecnh v\u00f9ng M\u1ef9 Latinh l\u00e0 27 (t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 La tinh h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ea1o thai b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p), v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 trung b\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u 48. Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u00e1nh thai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 79% (\u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y B\u00e1n C\u1ea7u). V\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u1ea1o thai cao, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh th\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111ang gi\u00e0 \u0111i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u Cuba r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u nh\u01b0 Ba Lan hay Ukraine ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia M\u1ef9 Latinh hay Caribbean l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0 di c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc Cuba trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Trong kho\u1ea3ng 1900 v\u00e0 1930, g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1959, h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111i t\u1edbi Miami, Florida, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng (V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang Cuba-M\u1ef9). Cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 x\u1ea3y ra ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Cuba ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c trong nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c. T\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 di c\u01b0 gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc - \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sau s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi v\u1ee5 Di t\u1ea3n Mariel - Cuba v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn (trong c\u00e1i ng\u00e0y nay th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn Clinton-Castro n\u0103m 1994) h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 di c\u01b0 t\u1edbi M\u1ef9. Theo \u0111\u00f3, Hoa K\u1ef3 trao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng visa c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n di c\u01b0 (20.000 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1994) trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n khi di c\u01b0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 visa s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 Cuba. U.S. law trao cho T\u1ed5ng ch\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trao quy\u1ec1n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n hay c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Cuba \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 trong \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hay c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0; [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nhanh nh\u1eb9n. N\u0103m 2005 th\u00eam 7.610 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 Cuba \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1edb ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 9. [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Cuba c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p ra \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] Human Rights Watch \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf di c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Cuba v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1eef tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m \"con tin\" nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba \u0111i du l\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t."}
+{"text": "Cuba c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9c tin ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y. Theo kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Pew Research Center, n\u0103m 2010 Cuba c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 59,2% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 theo Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o (trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma), 23,0% kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, 17,4% theo c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian (nh\u01b0 Santer\u00eda) v\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 0,4% theo c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Sau c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, Cuba \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. T\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Cuba l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 4 n\u0103m 1991, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng v\u00e0, theo National Catholic Observer, nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf, d\u00f9 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong li\u00ean l\u1ea1c th\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cho ph\u00e9p. Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Cuba (COCC), do H\u1ed3ng y Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c La Habana l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u1edf Cuba hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 11 gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 3 gi\u00e1o t\u1ec9nh, 56 d\u00f2ng n\u1eef tu v\u00e0 24 d\u00f2ng nam tu. Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1998, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1edbi h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y, theo l\u1eddi m\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Cuba."}
+{"text": "N\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Cuba l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ni\u1ec1m tin thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Trung Phi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Cuba, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00e2u Phi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin trong \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Umbanda c\u1ee7a Brasil. C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Santer\u00eda, m\u1ed9t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng pha tr\u1ed9n C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Phi. V\u1ecb th\u00e1nh quan th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a Cuba l\u00e0 La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre (\u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ed3ng trinh B\u00e1c \u00e1i) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u00f4n k\u00ednh v\u00e0 xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Santer\u00eda, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Och\u00fan. L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn \"La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0ng n\u0103m ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 9. C\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ed3m Palo Monte v\u00e0 Abaku\u00e1 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00e2u Phi."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Tin L\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hoa K\u1ef3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edn h\u1eefu. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 300.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba thu\u1ed9c 54 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Tin L\u00e0nh tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y. Phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 tu\u1ea7n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang Assemblies of God \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 100.000 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3. Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o Cuba tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 10.000 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3. Cuba c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Bah\u00e1'\u00ed. La Habana ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o. \u0110a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Cuba l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i t\u1eeb Ba Lan v\u00e0 Nga b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Sephardic t\u1ea1i Cuba, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i Istanbul v\u00e0 Thrace). \u0110a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Sephardic s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i La Habana. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, t\u1edbi 8.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 di c\u01b0 sang Miami. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 400 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Cuba \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Israel trong cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng visa do c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 Israel c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cung c\u1ea5p."}
+{"text": "\u00c2m nh\u1ea1c Cuba r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a. \"H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c trung t\u00e2m\" c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Son, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u phong c\u00e1ch \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 salsa, rumba v\u00e0 mambo v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft t\u1ea5u ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a mambo l\u00e0 cha-cha-cha. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c Rumba c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ch\u00e2u Phi-Cuba th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u. Tres c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i Cuba, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 Cuba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0/hay Ta\u00edno nh\u01b0 maraca, g\u00fciro, mar\u00edmba v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ed1ng g\u1ed7 g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 mayohuacan. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c d\u00e2n gian Cuba \u1edf m\u1ecdi phong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u00edch tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Cuba, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m cho giao h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ea5u, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi, v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 Ernesto Lecuona."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Cuba \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng vang t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Cuba. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gia nh\u01b0 Nicol\u00e1s Guill\u00e9n v\u00e0 Jose Z. Tallet coi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Jos\u00e9 Lezama Lima c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gia nh\u01b0 Reinaldo Arenas, Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Pedro Juan Guti\u00e9rrez, Leonardo Padura Fuentes, v\u00e0 Ronaldo Menedez \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1eadu c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gia bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c Cuba."}
+{"text": "\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c Cuba l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Caribbean. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn m\u00f3n \u0103n c\u1ee7a Cuba s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f9ng Caribbean trong gia v\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u00f9i v\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t b\u1eefa \u0103n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Cuba s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 theo ki\u1ec3u t\u1eebng m\u00f3n m\u1ed9t; m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ee9c \u0103n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00f9ng l\u00fac. B\u1eefa \u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng g\u1ed3m chu\u1ed1i l\u00e1, \u0111\u1eadu \u0111en (black bean) v\u00e0 g\u1ea1o, ropa vieja (th\u1ecbt b\u00f2 th\u00e1i nh\u1ecf), b\u00e1nh m\u00ec Cuba, th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 hoa qu\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi. \u0110\u1eadu \u0111en v\u00e0 g\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 moros y cristianos (hay n\u00f3i g\u1ecdn l\u00e0 moros), v\u00e0 chu\u1ed1i l\u00e1 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c trong b\u1eefa \u0103n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba. Nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n th\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea5u ch\u00edn t\u1eeb t\u1eeb v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5m nh\u1ea1t. T\u1ecfi, th\u00eca l\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp, oregano v\u00e0 l\u00e1 nguy\u1ec7t qu\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i gia v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a to l\u1edbn do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch lao \u0111\u1ed9ng sang l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. N\u0103m 2006, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 78% l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 22% so v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y n\u0103m 1981 l\u00e0 91.8% v\u00e0 8.2%. \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u1ed1n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n thu\u00ea nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng Cuba ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng peso Cuba."}
+{"text": "B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Cuba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, Cuba ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Moskva v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 cao cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Cuba trong khi cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf cho n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Cuba r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n suy tho\u00e1i nhanh ch\u00f3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Cuba. C\u00f3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, Cuba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi s\u00e1u t\u1ef7 dollar M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, Cuba \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng khan hi\u1ebfm nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u00e1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng dollar M\u1ef9 trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch du l\u1ecbch. N\u0103m 1996 du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00eda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n thu ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho Cuba. Cuba \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p ba th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n du l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Caribbean trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 to l\u1edbn v\u00e0o h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng du l\u1ecbch, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ebd c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. 1.9 tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi Cuba n\u0103m 2003 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb Canada v\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u mang l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n 2.1 t\u1ef7 dollar cho n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c du l\u1ecbch trong Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Cuba. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u du l\u1ecbch apartheid nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Cuba n\u0103m 1959, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Cuba lu\u00f4n tr\u01b0\u1ee3t theo m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng. N\u0103m 1962, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1eaft gao sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Cuba \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng n\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng nhu c\u1ea7u. T\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2001, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng trung b\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Cuba th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. Khi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3m su\u00e1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba d\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quay sang ch\u1ee3 \u0111en \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n: qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb. Khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Cuba g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sociolismo. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tham nh\u0169ng nh\u1ecf trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 \u0103n c\u1eafp t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n ra ch\u1ee3 \u0111en, c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 ch\u1ed1ng Cuba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n quan tr\u1ecdng: Cuba \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 khi\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 20 t\u1ef7 USD/n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Venezuela v\u1edbi v\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hugo Ch\u00e1vez khi\u1ebfn Cuba c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Venezuela cho Cuba ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua kho\u1ea3n cung c\u1ea5p l\u00ean t\u1edbi 80.000 barrel d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua, Cuba \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1990. N\u0103m 2004, c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c Cuba \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng khai \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng Euro tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \"\u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng dollar M\u1ef9\", v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng dollar trong d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong thanh to\u00e1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 \u0111i l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Cuba c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p mang v\u1ec1 Cuba c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Cuba t\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3ng dollar trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cuba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 600 tri\u1ec7u t\u1edbi 1 t\u1ef7 dollar h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh g\u1eedi qu\u00e1 1.200 USD v\u1ec1 Cuba."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2005 Cuba xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 2.4 t\u1ef7 dollar, x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 114 tr\u00ean 226 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u 6.9 t\u1ef7 dollar, x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 87 tr\u00ean 226 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan, Canada v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c; c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Venezuela, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3. C\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Cuba l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, nikel, thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, c\u00e1, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y t\u1ebf, chanh, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1; c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u g\u1ed3m, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. Cuba hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 kho\u1ea3ng 13 t\u1ef7 dollar, chi\u1ebfm x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 38% GDP. Theo Heritage Foundation, Cuba ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y sang n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. Con s\u1ed1 35% th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u1ee7a Cuba \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 10% v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Cuba k\u00e9m t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh h\u01a1n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u1ede m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, Cuba t\u1eebng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 k\u00e9m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Cuba \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. N\u0103m 2002, h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Cuba ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda. M\u00f9a thu ho\u1ea1ch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t 1.1 tri\u1ec7u m\u00e9t t\u1ea5n, th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua, ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103m 1903 v\u00e0 1904. Cuba chi\u1ebfm 6.4% th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 nickel chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 25% t\u1ed5ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u Cuba. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y,[khi n\u00e0o?] m\u1ed9t tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 B\u1eafc Cuba d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Jeff Flake v\u00e0 Larry Craig thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi b\u00e3i b\u1ecf l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn v\u1edbi Cuba."}
+{"text": "D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Fidel Castro, Cuba \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u00f3a cao \u0111\u1ed9. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1975 cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1980, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1ed3 \u1ea1t c\u1ee7a X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p Cuba n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p m\u1ea1nh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb khi m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Cuba \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i t\u1eeb 235.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1994 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 60.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 2003. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n chi kho\u1ea3ng 1.7% GDP cho qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng V\u0169 trang C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng (FAR) hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1edbng (General de Cuerpo de Ej\u00e9rcito) Leopoldo Cintra Fr\u00edas."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ba anh em, von Neumann sinh ra v\u1edbi t\u00ean Neumann J\u00e1nos Lajos (t\u00ean trong ti\u1ebfng Hungary c\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ean) \u1edf Budapest, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u00c1o-Hung (Osztr\u00e1k-Magyar Monarchia), con c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Neumann Miksa (Max Neumann), m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 b\u00e0 Kann Margit (Margaret Kann). L\u1edbn l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh g\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i, J\u00e1nos, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Jancsi\", l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng. V\u00e0o n\u0103m l\u00ean s\u00e1u tu\u1ed5i, c\u1eadu b\u00e9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia hai s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi 8-ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea9m trong \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi cha b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5. V\u00e0o l\u00fac l\u00ean t\u00e1m, c\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh to\u00e1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i t\u00edch; l\u00fac m\u01b0\u1eddi hai tu\u1ed5i c\u1eadu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ee9c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u1eadu ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1edbt nh\u00ecn qua trang s\u00e1ch. C\u1eadu v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng Fasori Gimn\u00e1zium (Lutheran Gymnasium) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1911. C\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00fac 10 tu\u1ed5i c\u1eadu b\u00e9 m\u1edbi \u0111i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc lu\u00f4n."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb 1936 \u0111\u1ebfn 1938, Alan Turing l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m t\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Alonzo Church t\u1ea1i Princeton. Chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi Turing xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1936 v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 On Computable Numbers with an Application to the EntscheidungsproblemOn Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem (V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o b\u00e0i to\u00e1n Entscheidungsproblem) li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf logic c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi b\u00e0i to\u00e1n. Von Neumann c\u00f3 l\u1ebd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Turing nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh IAS m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Von Neumann l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh hai l\u1ea7n. V\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Mariette K\u00f6vesi, c\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1930. Khi \u00f4ng c\u1ea7u h\u00f4n, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \"C\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00fa vui c\u00f9ng nhau, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ea3 hai ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00edch u\u1ed1ng.\" Von Neumann \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00f2ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1ee3. \u0110\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng ly d\u1ecb v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1937, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 von Neumann c\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 sau, Klara Dan, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1938. Von Neumann c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con g\u00e1i, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u00e0 Marina von Neumann Whitman. Marina sau n\u00e0y l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan."}
+{"text": "Von Neumann b\u1ecb ung th\u01b0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng hay ung th\u01b0 tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ee5y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1957, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 do nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 trong khi theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 bom A \u1edf Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c sau n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 v\u0169 kh\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Los Alamos, New Mexico. (Nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean phong v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p Enrico Fermi ch\u1ebft v\u00ec ung th\u01b0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1954.) Von Neumann ch\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u, trong \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng. Ung th\u01b0 c\u0169ng lan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u1eaft \u0111i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1eafc b\u00e9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Khi \u00f4ng n\u1eb1m h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i \u1edf B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Walter Reed \u1edf Washington, D.C., \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cha C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f3a (axiomatization) to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Elements c\u1ee7a Euclid, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd m\u1edbi v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc (nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng Richard Dedekind v\u00e0 Giuseppe Peano) v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc (nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a David Hilbert). Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh to\u00e1n m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t minh b\u1edfi Georg Cantor, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng b\u1edfi Bertrand Russell v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta (v\u1ec1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh n\u00f3), \u0111\u00e3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd Russell bao g\u1ed3m quan s\u00e1t r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p x (c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, th\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 t\u1eadp x kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, th\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f3a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n kho\u1ea3ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau (nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ernst Zermelo v\u00e0 Abraham Frankel) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. Trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 n\u0103m 1925, von Neumann ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 trong hai c\u00e1ch b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb l\u1eabn nhau: \"ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng\" v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \"l\u1edbp\"."}
+{"text": "Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Zermelo v\u00e0 Frankel, trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c th\u00ec t\u1eadp th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp th\u1ee9 hai trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 (do v\u1eady lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.) \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n sinh ra c\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, von Neumann gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i\") m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u1edbp (class), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c, trong khi m\u1ed9t \"l\u1edbp nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u1edbp n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Trong khi, trong c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Zermelo/Frankel, nh\u1eefng ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, trong c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a von Neumann, l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"l\u1edbp nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n\" ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a von Neumann, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee7 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, v\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh hay ch\u01b0a, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1930 t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ea1i Konigsberg, m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 Kurt G\u00f6del c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \"\u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n\" n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng von Neumann, tham d\u1ef1 trong h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy ngh\u0129 ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngay t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh G\u00f6del m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang. Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t, ngay c\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y G\u00f6del ch\u1ec9 xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f2 m\u00f2, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp (ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"\u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd G\u00f6del th\u1ee9 hai\", m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean c\u1ee7a von Neumann)."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (International Congress of Mathematicians) n\u0103m 1900, David Hilbert tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y danh s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 23 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 m\u1edbi: b\u00e0i to\u00e1n th\u1ee9 6 trong danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \"s\u1ef1 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt l\u00fd\". Trong c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (quantum mechanics - QM). Th\u1eadt ra, ch\u00ednh QM nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9, \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd l\u1eabn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt: m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch mang d\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Albert Einstein tin r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \"c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc ma tr\u1eadn\" c\u1ee7a Werner Heisenberg v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \"c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc s\u00f3ng\" c\u1ee7a Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n."}
+{"text": "Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f3a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, von Neumann b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f3a v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1926, \u00f4ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m trong kh\u00f4ng gian Hilbert, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 6N chi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian (N l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t, 3 t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 chung v\u00e0 3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh t\u1eafc cho m\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t) kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c pha trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 v\u1edbi v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n chi\u1ec1u (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng): c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1eadt l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (v.d. v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 momentum) do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c to\u00e1n t\u1eed tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0y. \"V\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc\" c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 \"to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc\" c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c to\u00e1n t\u1eed tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh Hermitian trong c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian Hilbert. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Heisenberg, theo \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh momentum c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 \"phi giao ho\u00e1n\" c\u1ee7a hai to\u00e1n t\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Heisenberg v\u00e0 Schr\u00f6dinger, v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u0103m 1932 v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (Nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed). Tuy v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, nh\u00ecn chung, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1eabn th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a von Neumann (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc). C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1930 b\u1edfi Paul Dirac v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1 (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"delta c\u1ee7a Dirac\") v\u1ed1n b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch gay g\u1eaft b\u1edfi von Neumann."}
+{"text": "Trong b\u1ea5t k\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a von Neumann c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. C\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e0, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a John Stuart Bell v\u00e0o 1964 v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Bell v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Alain Aspect v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1982, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \"kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\" (notion of reality) kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n."}
+{"text": "Trong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1936, von Neumann ch\u1ee9ng minh (c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Garrett Birkhoff) r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i logic kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 logic c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng (h\u1ea1t photon) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i qua hai b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c l\u1eabn nhau (v.d. m\u1ed9t theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngang v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng), v\u00e0 do v\u1eady, a fortiori (h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa), n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c ch\u00e9o th\u00eam v\u00e0o hai b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc kia, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay \u0111\u1eb7t sau ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \"ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa\" hai c\u00e1i kia, th\u00ec c\u00e1c photon s\u1ebd th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh logic nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \"t\u00ednh phi giao ho\u00e1n\" c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p giao ( A \u2227 B ) \u2260 ( B \u2227 A ) {\\displaystyle (A\\land B)\\neq (B\\land A)} . N\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a logic c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, P \u2228 ( Q \u2227 R ) = ( P \u2228 Q ) \u2227 ( P \u2228 R ) {\\displaystyle P\\lor (Q\\land R)=(P\\lor Q)\\land (P\\lor R)} v\u00e0 P \u2227 ( Q \u2228 R ) = ( P \u2227 Q ) \u2228 ( P \u2227 R ) {\\displaystyle P\\land (Q\\lor R)=(P\\land Q)\\lor (P\\land R)} , l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. L\u00fd do cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p giao l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e9p giao c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang khi c\u1ea3 hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 trong ph\u00e9p giao \u0111\u1ec1u sai v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, l\u00e0 v\u00ec trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng (pair of alternatives) l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a, trong khi m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 electron) v\u1edbi spin (momentum g\u00f3c) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u1ea3y ra: d\u01b0\u01a1ng hay \u00e2m. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp r\u1eb1ng spin, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hai tr\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau (v.d. x v\u00e0 y) cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch nhau"}
+{"text": "Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 A \u2227 ( B \u2228 C ) = A \u2227 1 = A {\\displaystyle A\\land (B\\lor C)=A\\land 1=A} , trong khi ( A \u2227 B ) \u2228 ( A \u2227 C ) = 0 \u2228 0 = 0 {\\displaystyle (A\\land B)\\lor (A\\land C)=0\\lor 0=0} ."}
+{"text": "Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930, ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u to\u00e1n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u; th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 17: v\u1eabn \u0111ang ch\u1edd s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a minh. Trong khi v\u1eadt l\u00fd, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong ph\u00e9p t\u00edch vi t\u00edch ph\u00e2n, von Neumann \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t cho kinh t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd minimax v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1928. \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp r\u1eb1ng trong nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i t\u1ed5ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u01a1\u00ed th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, trong \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang) c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a (minimize) gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i (maximum losses) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (do v\u1eady c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 minimax). \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0, khi xem x\u00e9t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01a1i theo chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00e0m t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u cho c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p minimax c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nhau (theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u nhau. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb chung l\u00e0 zero, tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a von Neumann trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1937, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi Leon Walras v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1874: s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy lu\u1eadt cung v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u. \u00d4ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh (nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh (nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y), v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i cho b\u00e0i to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Walras b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng suy ra t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Luitzen Brouwer. T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh d\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i Nobel n\u0103m 1972 cho Kenneth Arrow v\u00e0, n\u0103m 1983, cho Gerard Debreu."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00fa \u00fd trong ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i bom c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t sinh th\u00eam do c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 (b\u00e1o ch\u00ed n\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 von Neumann t\u00ecm ra r\u1eb1ng n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3). \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng (hay tai ti\u1ebfng) nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 6 v\u00e0 9 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1945, khi hai qu\u1ea3 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ph\u00e1t n\u1ed5 tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung c\u1ee7a Hiroshima v\u00e0 Nagasaki, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh von Neumann \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, Robert Oppenheimer \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \"t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i\" do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Von Neumann tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi h\u01a1i di\u1ec5u c\u1ee3t r\u1eb1ng \"\u0111\u00f4i khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00fa t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng cho m\u00ecnh.\" Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Edward Teller, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o bom hydrogen. Von Neumann \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7p vi\u00ean Klaus Fuchs v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bom hydrogen, v\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf b\u00ed m\u1eadt Improvement in Methods and Means for Utilizing Nuclear Energy (C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1946, \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 bom ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e9n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng khai h\u1ecfa m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1ch. (Herken, pp. 171, 374). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a bom hydrogen - thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf Teller-Ulam - sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo ngay l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a von Neumann v\u1ec1 bom hydrogen c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, khi \u00f4ng v\u00e0 Stanislaw Ulam ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y t\u00ednh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a von Neumann c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc. Trong th\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Monte Carlo, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \"th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1\" ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u1eadm tr\u00ean m\u00e1y ENIAC, von Neumann ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u00f4 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean gi\u1ea3 (pseudorandom number), s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 th\u00f4, von Neumann nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3: \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 nhanh h\u01a1n (theo th\u1eddi gian t\u00ednh to\u00e1n) c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y cho ra sai s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh vi."}
+{"text": "T\u00ean c\u1ee7a von Neumann \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac von Neumann \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y; m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a J. Presper Eckert v\u00e0 John William Mauchly c\u0169ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 m\u00e1y ENIAC. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0, microcomputer, minicomputer v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh mainframe \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh von Neumann. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra ng\u00e0nh cellular automata m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a automata c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat ch\u00ec v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y v\u1ebd. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch ra t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1n Theory of Self Reproducing Automata (L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Automata t\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ea3n) xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n sau khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \"m\u00e1y von Neumann\" c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i. Von Neumann ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 khai m\u1ecf c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 khai m\u1ecf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng hay vanh \u0111ai ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh (asteroid belt) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c t\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo h\u00e0m m\u0169 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady."}
+{"text": "\u00d4ng c\u0169ng b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n trong vi\u1ec7c th\u0103m d\u00f2 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ee7y kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c di\u1ec5n to\u00e1n. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi R. D. Richtmyer \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00f3ng ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00ean l\u1eeda, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n th\u1ee7y kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 s\u00f3ng ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \"\u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o\" l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u0129 thu\u1eadt t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m tr\u01a1n ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng vi ph\u1ea1m nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt l\u00fd."}
+{"text": "John von Neumann c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u0169ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac trong \u0111\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Eugene Wigne vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t khi Neumann l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng trong \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng inch\". Israel Halperin c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng:\"\u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp v\u1edbi anh \u1ea5y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i chi\u1ebfc xe 3 b\u00e1nh \u0111ang \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i\". Edward Teller \"Neumann c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o m\u00e0 anh \u1ea5y g\u1eb7p. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Neumann \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\". V\u00e0 Teller bonus \"Neumann c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9a con trai 3 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111ang tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhau, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i anh \u1ea5y d\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng quy t\u1eafc \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i?. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7n suy ngh\u0129, nh\u01b0ng Neumann th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c suy ngh\u0129\""}
+{"text": "Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim t\u1ea3 John von Neumann l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy ngh\u0129 nhanh nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 Jacob Bronowski \"Anh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean t\u00e0i\". George P\u00f3lya, gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i ETH Z\u00fcrich khi von Neumann tham d\u1ef1 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"Johnny l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i d\u00e8 ch\u1eebng. N\u1ebfu trong gi\u1edd h\u1ecd c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, th\u00ec nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc t\u00f4i s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Johnny \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y nh\u00e1p, v\u00e0i d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef ngu\u1ec7ch ngo\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n\""}
+{"text": "Von Neumann \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0n l\u00e2m nhanh nh\u01b0 ch\u1edbp t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 29 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n Institute for Advanced Study v\u1eeba th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton (m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Albert Einstein). \u00d4ng do v\u1eady d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng v\u01b0\u01a1n ra c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00e1 t\u00ednh tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a CIA, Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3, RAND Corporation, Standard Oil, IBM v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \"\u1ee6y ban T\u00ean l\u1eeda von Neumann\" \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Commission for Atomic Energy sau n\u00e0y, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb 1953 cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o 1957, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc gia v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u uy th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u1edf M\u1ef9. Th\u00f4ng qua \u1ee7y ban c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u0169 trang h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda li\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda ph\u00f3ng l\u00ean t\u1eeb t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m mang \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn H\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t l\u1eabn nhau (Mutually Assured Destruction). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u00f4ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u00f3c \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \"khoa h\u1ecdc\" c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng suy gi\u1ea3m mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi (vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft HIV/AIDS; ti\u1ebfng Anh: human immunodeficiency virus infection / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; ho\u1eb7c SIDA theo ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p Syndrome d'immunod\u00e9ficience acquise), c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi b\u1ec7nh li\u1ec7t kh\u00e1ng (t\u00ea li\u1ec7t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, g\u00e2y ra do b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m virus suy gi\u1ea3m mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi (HIV). Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u khi v\u1eeba nhi\u1ec5m virus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1ed1ng b\u1ec7nh c\u00fam trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u g\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. Khi b\u1ec7nh ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n, n\u00f3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, l\u00e0m cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n d\u1ec5 m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i u, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i."}
+{"text": "HIV l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu qua quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eadu m\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec7ng), qua vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n m\u00e1u t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh, qua d\u00f9ng chung kim ti\u00eam, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1eb9 sang con: trong khi mang thai, khi sinh (l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n chu sinh), ho\u1eb7c khi cho con b\u00fa. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n HIV. Ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m HIV, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i kim ti\u00eam v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c an to\u00e0n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 l\u00e2y lan c\u1ee7a c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y. Tuy b\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7ng ng\u1eeba, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng virus c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh th\u00eam 8-12 n\u0103m, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 li\u1ec1u. Thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng HIV c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c u\u1ed1ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec virus c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c. Tuy \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng virus c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eed vong v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec5m HIV \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WHO) xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 quan \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi HIV c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb l\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh. T\u1eeb khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra HIV v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1981 cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2006, AIDS \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft h\u01a1n 25 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u0103m 2006, kho\u1ea3ng 0,6% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m HIV. N\u0103m 2009, to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 1,8 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh AIDS, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 2,1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u0103m 2004. Kho\u1ea3ng 260.000 tr\u1ebb em ch\u1ebft v\u00ec AIDS trong n\u0103m 2009. M\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed vong do AIDS \u1edf v\u00f9ng Ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1 Sahara \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i. Trong n\u0103m 2005, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 90 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m HIV, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u s\u1ebd c\u00f3 18 tri\u1ec7u tr\u1ebb m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i. \u0110i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng retrovirus c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u1ea3 hai t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec5m HIV. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng retrovirus v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng retrovirus t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2004 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c ca t\u1eed vong \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh AIDS v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ca nhi\u1ec5m m\u1edbi \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u1eabn c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 2,6 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m HIV trong n\u0103m 2009."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec5m HIV-1 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n AIDS. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ebft do nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c do c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh \u00e1c t\u00ednh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch. HIV ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n sang AIDS theo m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c virus, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng; h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n AIDS trong v\u00f2ng 10 n\u0103m sau khi nhi\u1ec5m HIV: m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p chuy\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1ng retrovirus (ARV) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m HIV. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi HIV chuy\u1ec3n sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n AIDS v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1ng retrovirus c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 h\u01a1n 5 n\u0103m (th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 2005). Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1ng retrovirus th\u00ec b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n AIDS th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft trong v\u00f2ng 1 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "M\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i: Kh\u00f4ng do di truy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 do b\u1ecb l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2009 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 37,2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u00e0 2,2 tri\u1ec7u tr\u1ebb em s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi HIV. Trong n\u0103m 2004, 4,9 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 3,1 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ebft v\u00ec AIDS. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1981, AIDS \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft 23,1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 79,9 tri\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. \u1ede Ch\u00e2u Phi, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 v\u1eeba qua ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec t\u1eed vong do AIDS v\u00e0 ung th\u01b0 Kaposi, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n AIDS, hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1 Sahara."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec5m HIV c\u00f3 3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t), giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n AIDS. Nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ed5i h\u1ea1ch (s\u01b0ng h\u1ea1ch b\u1ea1ch huy\u1ebft), s\u1ed1t, vi\u00eam h\u1ecdng, ph\u00e1t ban, \u0111au c\u01a1, kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, l\u1edf lo\u00e9t mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb hai tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n AIDS l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec5m HIV, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o T-CD4+ th\u1ea5p (\u00edt h\u01a1n 200 trong m\u1ed9t mircolit), nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, ung th\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m HIV-1 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o T-CD4+ \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1ng ritrovirus. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng virus v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh AIDS, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng HIV controller ho\u1eb7c long-term nonprogressor (LTNP). Nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o T-CD4+ \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng virus th\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1ng retrovirus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng elite controller ho\u1eb7c elite suppressor (ES)."}
+{"text": "Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o T-CD4+ b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, m\u1ee9c virus n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o T-CD8+ \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m HIV, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ea3n sinh c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i huy\u1ebft thanh. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o T-CD8+ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ee9c virus t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c cao tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh suy gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o T-CD4+. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o T-CD8+ t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec7nh ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c virus."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 2-4 tu\u1ea7n sau khi ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m), h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n (80-90%) s\u1ebd m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh c\u00fam ho\u1eb7c b\u1ec7nh g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01a1n nh\u00e2n, g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m HIV c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ed1t, n\u1ed5i h\u1ea1ch, vi\u00eam h\u1ecdng, ph\u00e1t ban, \u0111au c\u01a1, kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, l\u1edf mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u, bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n v\u00e0 n\u00f4n, s\u01b0ng gan/l\u00e1 l\u00e1ch, gi\u1ea3m c\u00e2n, b\u1ec7nh t\u01b0a mi\u1ec7ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ea7n kinh. T\u1eebng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 1 ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0i tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o. Th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau, trung b\u00ecnh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 28 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n."}
+{"text": "Do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec5m HIV. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1c s\u0129 hay b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u1ea7m l\u00e0 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec5m khu\u1ea9n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n nhi\u1ec5m HIV, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec5m HIV \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan tr\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 l\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t virus trong m\u00e1u, chuy\u1ec3n sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec5m HIV m\u1ea1n t\u00ednh. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 2 tu\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn 20 n\u0103m t\u00f9y theo t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. Trong su\u1ed1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ea1n t\u00ednh, HIV ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ch b\u1ea1ch huy\u1ebft, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb s\u01b0ng do ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn virus b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tua h\u00ecnh nang (FDC). C\u00e1c m\u00f4 gi\u00e0u t\u1ebf b\u00e0o CD4+ xung quanh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t virus t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng virus t\u1ef1 do. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eabn c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o T CD4+ CD45RO+ mang theo t\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng virus nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1edbm \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1ng retrovirus s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch trung gian CD4+ kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang m\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea5t s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m vi n\u1ea5m Candida species g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1ec7nh n\u1ea5m mi\u1ec7ng (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9n tr\u1eafng hay t\u01b0a mi\u1ec7ng) ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec5m vi khu\u1ea9n hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh lao. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c virus herpes ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t g\u00e2y t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn phun tr\u00e0o do herpes simplex, b\u1ec7nh zona, ung th\u01b0 h\u1ea1ch b\u1ea1ch huy\u1ebft do virus Epstein-Barr v\u00e0 ung th\u01b0 Kaposi's sarcoma."}
+{"text": "B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n AIDS v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec5m HIV l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec5m HIV. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ed5 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5m HIV. HIV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp t\u1eeb m\u00e1u, tinh d\u1ecbch, d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebft \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, s\u1eefa m\u1eb9, n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 d\u1ecbch t\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u00e1u, tinh d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebft \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n HIV. Do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c hay \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a HIV, trong \u0111\u00f3 HIV-2 c\u00f3 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eb9 sang con v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u00edt h\u01a1n HIV-1."}
+{"text": "Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn HIV l\u00e2y qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 (quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n). \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec5m HIV/AIDS tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 75% trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m HIV/AIDS. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 quan \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi HIV \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb l\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh. L\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra khi ch\u1ea5t ti\u1ebft sinh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a virus, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c sinh d\u1ee5c, mi\u1ec7ng, ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ef1c tr\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m qua m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n giao h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec5m HIV l\u00e0 0,1% \u0111\u1ebfn 1%. \u1ede c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao, nguy c\u01a1 n\u1eef l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n cho nam l\u00e0 0.04% cho m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nam truy\u1ec1n cho n\u1eef l\u00e0 0.08%. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau, nguy c\u01a1 n\u00e0y cao h\u01a1n t\u1eeb 4 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 l\u1ea7n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn trong giao h\u1ee3p qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eadu m\u00f4n c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, 1.7% cho m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n quan h\u1ec7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n th\u00ec c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m HIV. M\u1eafc c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 giang mai, l\u1eadu... \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m HIV l\u00ean g\u1ea5p 20 l\u1ea7n."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3, nam gi\u1edbi ch\u01b0a c\u1eaft bao quy \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu c\u1eaft bao quy \u0111\u1ea7u trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00f4 tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Nam Phi, Kenya, v\u00e0 Uganda, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m HIV trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c n\u1eef truy\u1ec1n cho nam gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng 60%, 53%, v\u00e0 51%, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia. T\u1eeb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, WHO v\u00e0 Ban Th\u01b0 k\u00fd UNAIDS \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ec3 \"khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng nam gi\u1edbi c\u1eaft bao quy \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p b\u1ed5 sung quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m HIV trong quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c d\u1ecb t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi\". \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nam c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi nam, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh nam gi\u1edbi c\u1eaft bao quy \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec5m HIV ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "HIV c\u00f3 trong m\u00e1u to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1u nh\u01b0 h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u, ti\u1ec3u c\u1ea7u, huy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e1u. Do \u0111\u00f3 HIV c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n qua m\u00e1u hay c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00e1u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec5m HIV. Nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e1u c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t cao, tr\u00ean 90%. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1985, sau khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng HIV, nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e1u \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean ngay c\u1ea3 khi x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e1u cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00e2m t\u00ednh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m HIV v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, do m\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m HIV, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u1edf trong \u201cth\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1eeda s\u1ed5\u201d c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec5m HIV. Nguy c\u01a1 n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec5m HIV cao, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho m\u00e1u chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p cao v\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m cho m\u00e1u."}
+{"text": "N\u1ebfu v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1edf ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u00e1u b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m HIV th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eam ch\u00edch ma t\u00fay, nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e1u di truy\u1ec1n (b\u1ec7nh \u01b0a ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u), ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n m\u00e1u (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec m\u00e1u khi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m HIV) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u00e1u. L\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n HIV qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e1u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lo ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 v\u1ec7 sinh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ti\u00eam ch\u00edch, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kim ti\u00eam \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n virus t\u1eeb m\u1eb9 sang con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u1eed cung (trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 mang thai), trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea1 (sinh con), ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c cho con b\u00fa. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 25%. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng virus v\u00e0 m\u1ed5 l\u1ea5y thai th\u00ec nguy c\u01a1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng 1%. Sau khi sinh th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nu\u00f4i con b\u1eb1ng s\u1eefa m\u1eb9, tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c. Cho con b\u00fa ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng s\u1eefa m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1ng virus m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1nh l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n. UNAIDS \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 430.000 tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m HIV tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong n\u0103m 2008 (19% l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ca nhi\u1ec5m m\u1edbi), ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eb9 sang con, v\u00e0 th\u00eam 65.000 ca l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1ng virus cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nhi\u1ec5m HIV d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u0103m 2014, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec5m HIV \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh trong kho\u1ea3ng 2-5%. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m HIV khi quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n 18 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c gi\u1edbi.. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a Trung t\u00e2m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 2011 cho bi\u1ebft: nam \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nhi\u1ec5m HIV cao g\u1ea5p 44 t\u1edbi 86 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 cao g\u1ea5p 40 t\u1edbi 77 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi n\u1eef gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 2009, th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 61% s\u1ed1 ca nhi\u1ec5m HIV m\u1edbi \u1edf M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh, d\u00f9 nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 2% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng HIV/AIDS n\u0103m 2012, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec5m HIV trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi nam \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 16%, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau nh\u00f3m ti\u00eam ch\u00edch ma t\u00fay. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ee9 5 nam quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec5m \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec5m khu\u1ea9n giang mai, l\u1eadu sinh d\u1ee5c, l\u1eadu tr\u1ef1c tr\u00e0ng, chlamydia sinh d\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c chlamydia tr\u1ef1c tr\u00e0ng. Quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh nam c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m HIV cao g\u1ea5p 20 l\u1ea7n g\u00e1i m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m HIV/AIDS cao do m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh nam th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh cho nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng quan h\u1ec7, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec5m HIV th\u00ec s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00e2y lan sang c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh nam th\u01b0\u1eddng quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m HIV, giang mai, m\u00e0o g\u00e0... c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. H\u1ecd \u00edt khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh khi quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Ban qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng HIV/AIDS (Vi\u1ec7t Nam) tr\u00ean 300 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh nam cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bao cao su v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh m\u1edbi quen l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, khi th\u00e2n r\u1ed3i h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng n\u1eefa."}
+{"text": "Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u0103m 2011, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec5m HIV trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh nam \u1edf \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai cao g\u1ea5p 20 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ma t\u00fay v\u00e0 m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m HIV/AIDS cao do m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh nam th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh cho nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng quan h\u1ec7, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec5m HIV th\u00ec s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00e2y lan sang c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd \u00edt khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh khi quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh nam nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m HIV cao, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00ec s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh. T\u1ea1i TP HCM, n\u0103m 2014, nh\u00f3m nam c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi nhi\u1ec5m HIV \u0111ang c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng gia t\u0103ng nhanh so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2012, t\u1eeb 7,33% l\u00ean 14,75%"}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb9n h\u00f2 nhi\u1ec1u, nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t giao h\u1ee3p cao n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh (m\u1ed9t nam \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh 25 tu\u1ed5i \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i cho bi\u1ebft anh ta c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 100 b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh), nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac h\u1ecd c\u00f2n trao \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh cho nhau trong khi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c th\u00ec sai l\u1ec7ch (h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng HIV ch\u1ec9 l\u00e2y khi quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, c\u00f2n nam quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nam th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng sao). Do x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1eaft khe v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh n\u1eefa n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh s\u1ed1ng bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 trong khi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c an to\u00e0n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 mang trong m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t l\u00fac m\u1ea5y b\u1ec7nh: c\u1ea3 b\u1ec7nh giang mai, s\u00f9i m\u00e0o g\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 HIV/AIDS.."}
+{"text": "B\u00e0 Margaret Chan, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi WHO \u0111\u00e3 cho bi\u1ebft: \"S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n WHO lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i kh\u1ecfi danh s\u00e1ch b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1990 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng, tuy nhi\u00ean trong h\u01a1n hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh y t\u1ebf. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m, lo \u00e2u v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c \u1edf thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn; l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c; c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf do b\u1ecb k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb; v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 HIV\""}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vaccine n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m HIV, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n vi-r\u00fat HIV ra kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi AIDS hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1ng vi-r\u00fat, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ART (vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Anti- Retroviral Therapy). ART l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng vi-r\u00fat, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c ARV (Anti-retrovirus). C\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c ARV n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a HIV trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1eafc c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p (\"cocktail\") hai hay nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng retrovirus nh\u01b0 hai ch\u1ea5t \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf reverse transcriptase gi\u1ed1ng nucleoside (nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NRTI), v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf protease ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ed1c \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf reverse transcriptase non-nucleoside (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NNRTI). V\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y HIV kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (\u00e2m t\u00ednh) l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb l\u01b0\u1ee3ng virus trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 lo ng\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi ph\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \"\u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1ng retrovirus t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cao\" (highly-active anti-retroviral therapy, HAART) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb HIV v\u00e0 AIDS."}
+{"text": "Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb \u0111ang c\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ho\u00e1 ph\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng. Trong th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n AIDS d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u00e1t-xa, th\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ch\u00e2m c\u1ee9u. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i tr\u00ean virus \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. Hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111au, \u0103n m\u1ea5t ngon... Ch\u00fang v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng AIDS kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do HIV g\u00e2y ra."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 16-17/12/2010, nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0a tin c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc y khoa Charit\u00e9 \u1edf Berlin, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb HIV b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gh\u00e9p t\u1ee7y x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n HIV trong m\u00e1u b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng anh ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh (HIV c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1ea9n m\u00ecnh trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi sinh s\u00f4i b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i sau m\u1ea5y n\u0103m). Theo l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Charit\u00e9 th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd\" nh\u01b0ng \"hy h\u1eefu\", kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean hy v\u1ecdng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec ca b\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn. \"\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\"- nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Rodolf Tauber trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n tin - \"Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n s\u1ebd ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh cho h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n nhi\u1ec5m HIV l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin\""}
+{"text": "V\u1ecb gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. V\u1ecb gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m gi\u00e1c quan c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u00f9i v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c (\u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1). \u1ede con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ecb k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u00f9i trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o v\u1ec1 m\u00f9i v\u1ecb. \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1n c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng: m\u1eb7n, ng\u1ecdt, chua v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafng. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng quan ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 n\u0103m v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1eb7n, ng\u1ecdt, chua, cay v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafng, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 s\u00e1u v\u1ecb (th\u00eam v\u1ecb umami). G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c v\u1ecb (n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a axit b\u00e9o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua do hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi v\u1ecb [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]). V\u1ecb gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1i, d\u1ecdc theo v\u00f2m mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 trong bi\u1ec3u m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdng v\u00e0 n\u1eafp thanh qu\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ecb ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a khoang mi\u1ec7ng, v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \"s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c\" trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1i. Quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y do b\u1ecb d\u1ecbch nh\u1ea7m t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf trong s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee1i. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb (c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 100 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 m\u00f9i v\u1ecb), tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 n\u0103m v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ecb th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c\", t\u1eadp trung tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1i, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean khoang mi\u1ec7ng, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ecb m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u0103m v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: m\u1eb7n, \u0111\u1eafng, chua, ng\u1ecdt v\u00e0 v\u1ecb umami. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m trong mi\u1ec7ng, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m m\u00f9i (c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c), c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t (ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec7t). M\u00f9i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9p chung th\u00e0nh \"m\u00f9i v\u1ecb\"."}
+{"text": "V\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u00e1 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eafng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, ca cao kh\u00f4ng th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u1eafng, bia, qu\u1ea3 \u00f4 liu, v\u1ecf chanh, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt trong h\u1ecd C\u1ea3i v\u00e0 chanh. Kinin (quinin hay k\u00fd ninh) c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng k\u00edch th\u00edch v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng c\u1ee7a quinin trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 0,000008 mol/l. Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quinin (\u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eafng c\u1ee7a quinin coi b\u1eb1ng 1). V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Brucine c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 11, \u0111\u1eafng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi quinin, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p denatonium v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eafng l\u00e0 1.000."}
+{"text": "V\u1ecb m\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ion natri. C\u00e1c ion kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb m\u1eb7n, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng natri. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ion liti v\u00e0 ion kali g\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a natri v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ecb m\u1eb7n c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ion rubidi v\u00e0 x\u00eazi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00f9i v\u1ecb m\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi natri clorua (NaCl) (\u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a NaCl coi b\u1eb1ng 1). Nh\u01b0 kali clorua (KCl), l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thay th\u1ebf mu\u1ed1i c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 m\u1eb7n l\u00e0 0,6."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 etanol v\u00e0 capsaicin g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ch\u00e1y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u00e2y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ea7n kinh trigeminal c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f9i v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00f3ng l\u00e0 do th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m k\u00edch th\u00edch th\u1ea7n kinh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ee5 c\u1ea3m. Hai h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 capsaicin t\u1eeb \u1edbt v\u00e0 piperine t\u1eeb h\u1ea1t ti\u00eau \u0111en. C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c cay n\u00f3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb \u1edbt, h\u1ea1t ti\u00eau \u0111en v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i gia v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 g\u1eebng, c\u1ea3i ng\u1ef1a. V\u1ecb cay n\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 Ethiopia, Peru, Hungary, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, Indonesia, L\u00e0o, Malaysia, M\u00e9xico, Nam \u00c1, t\u00e2y nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean) Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n trung Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh. D\u00f9 d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 \u1edbt, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3cc hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \"n\u00f3ng\" l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i th\u1ee5 c\u1ea3m (c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t) tr\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee1i. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u00e0ng n\u00e3o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn v\u1ecb (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 khoang m\u0169i, d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00f3ng tay, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng) m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nhau, khi th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc chanh, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3 chanh (chua), \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (ng\u1ecdt) v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u01b0\u1edbc chanh c\u00f3 v\u1ecb r\u1ea5t chua. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec c\u00e0ng \u00edt c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb chua. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb quinin (r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafng), \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (ng\u1ecdt) v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ecdt, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Do \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb khi t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 T\u00e2y s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 8 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (n\u0103m 2018), sau Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd th\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y n\u0103m 2017 l\u00e0 h\u01a1n 9 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Hi\u1ec7n nay, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u0103m 1010, vua L\u00fd Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5, v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 L\u00fd, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kinh \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean Th\u0103ng Long. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i L\u00fd, Tr\u1ea7n, L\u00ea, M\u1ea1c, kinh th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n r\u1ed3i nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 Hu\u1ebf v\u00e0 Th\u0103ng Long b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u mang t\u00ean H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1831, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Minh M\u1ea1ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1896, t\u1ec9nh l\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eddi ra l\u00e0ng C\u1ea7u \u0110\u01a1 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng Thanh Oai Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, huy\u1ec7n Thanh Oai. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh tr\u00f9ng t\u00ean v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, n\u0103m 1902, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh C\u1ea7u \u0110\u01a1 theo t\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh l\u1ecb. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1904, quan to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ra ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean t\u1ec9nh C\u1ea7u \u0110\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh l\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u201cH\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u201cH\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d l\u00e0 do quan \u0111\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc t\u1ec9nh C\u1ea7u \u0110\u01a1 V\u0169 Ph\u1ea1m H\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u01a1ng Hu\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong s\u00e1ch M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed l\u00e0 \u201c\u6cb3\u5167\u51f6\uff0c\u5247\u79fb\u5176\u6c11\u65bc\u6cb3\u6771\uff0c\u79fb\u5176\u7c9f\u65bc\u6cb3\u5167\u201d (\u00e2m H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t: H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i hung, t\u1eafc di k\u1ef3 d\u00e2n \u01b0 H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng, di k\u1ef3 t\u00fac \u01b0 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a th\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n d\u00e2n \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i sang H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng, chuy\u1ec3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u1edf H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng sang H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. \u201cH\u00e0 N\u1ed9i\u201d trong c\u00e2u n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u01a1ng Hu\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, c\u00f2n \u201cH\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, thu\u1ed9c t\u00e2y nam b\u1ed9 t\u1ec9nh S\u01a1n T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y nay."}
+{"text": "N\u1eb1m ch\u1ebfch v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a trung t\u00e2m v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u1eeb 20\u00b053' \u0111\u1ebfn 21\u00b023' v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 B\u1eafc v\u00e0 105\u00b044' \u0111\u1ebfn 106\u00b002' \u0111\u1ed9 kinh \u0110\u00f4ng, ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean, V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, H\u00e0 Nam, H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh ph\u00eda Nam, B\u1eafc Giang, B\u1eafc Ninh v\u00e0 H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd ph\u00eda T\u00e2y. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea3ng H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng 120 km, c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh 87 km t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh 3 c\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng. Sau \u0111\u1ee3t m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2008, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 3.324,92 km\u00b2, n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u00ean h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1ea5p d\u1ea7n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb B\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng Nam v\u00e0 t\u1eeb T\u00e2y sang \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao trung b\u00ecnh t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 m\u00e9t so v\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ed3i n\u00fai t\u1eadp trung \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Nh\u1edd ph\u00f9 sa b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp, ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, n\u1eb1m \u1edf h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0, hai b\u00ean s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 chi l\u01b0u c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. Ph\u1ea7n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n S\u00f3c S\u01a1n, Ba V\u00ec, Qu\u1ed1c Oai, M\u1ef9 \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao nh\u01b0 Ba V\u00ec (1.281 m), Gia D\u00ea (707 m), Ch\u00e2n Chim (462 m), Thanh Lanh (427 m), Thi\u00ean Tr\u00f9 (378 m)... Khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed3i th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0 g\u00f2 \u0110\u1ed1ng \u0110a, n\u00fai N\u00f9ng."}
+{"text": "S\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 con s\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u1edf huy\u1ec7n Ba V\u00ec v\u00e0 ra kh\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c huy\u1ec7n Ph\u00fa Xuy\u00ean ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean r\u1ed3i xu\u00f4i v\u1ec1 Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Th\u0103ng Long t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n. S\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea3y qua H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i d\u00e0i 163 km, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a con s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0 l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u1edbi Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd, h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7n Ba V\u00ec. Ngo\u00e0i ra, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1y, s\u00f4ng \u0110u\u1ed1ng, s\u00f4ng C\u1ea7u, s\u00f4ng C\u00e0 L\u1ed3,... C\u00e1c s\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf ch\u1ea3y trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 s\u00f4ng T\u00f4 L\u1ecbch, s\u00f4ng Kim Ng\u01b0u,... l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.a[\u203a]"}
+{"text": "H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7m h\u1ed3, d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng c\u1ed5. Trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh, h\u1ed3 T\u00e2y c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, kho\u1ea3ng 500 ha, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong khung c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 (xem \u1ea3nh). H\u1ed3 G\u01b0\u01a1m n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t, lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i \u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Tr\u00fac B\u1ea1ch, Thi\u1ec1n Quang, Th\u1ee7 L\u1ec7... Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7m h\u1ed3 l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 Kim Li\u00ean, Li\u00ean \u0110\u00e0m, Ng\u1ea3i S\u01a1n - \u0110\u1ed3ng M\u00f4, Su\u1ed1i Hai, M\u00e8o G\u00f9, Xu\u00e2n Khanh, Tuy Lai, Quan S\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng h\u1ed3 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Theo PGS-TS Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1 \u2013 Ph\u00f3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u C\u1ea5p tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c H\u1ed9i C\u1ea5p tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i ch\u01b0a qua x\u1eed l\u00fd x\u1ea3 th\u1eb3ng ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn. Ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f4, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i x\u1ea3 th\u1eb3ng ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 650.000 m3/ng\u00e0y (2015). S\u00f4ng T\u00f4 L\u1ecbch, tr\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn kho\u1ea3ng 250.000 m\u00b3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i x\u1ea3 th\u1eb3ng xu\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 qua x\u1eed l\u00fd. N\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1: n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng c\u1ea1n, m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111en v\u00e0 b\u1ed1c m\u00f9i h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i n\u1eb7ng. V\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n 20 km ch\u1ea3y qua \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Nhu\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111en k\u1ecbt, \u0111\u1eb7c qu\u00e1nh, m\u00f9i h\u00f4i th\u1ed1i b\u1ed1c l\u00ean n\u1ed3ng n\u1eb7c v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, s\u00f4ng Kim Ng\u01b0u nh\u1eadn kho\u1ea3ng 125.000 m\u00b3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i sinh ho\u1ea1t m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. S\u00f4ng L\u1eeb v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng S\u00e9t trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng Kim Ng\u01b0u kho\u1ea3ng 110.000 m\u00b3. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i cao. C\u00e1c s\u00f4ng m\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh, ngo\u00e0i vai tr\u00f2 ti\u00eau tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u00e1c th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1eefng l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o g\u00e2y n\u00ean t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa m\u00f9a n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 m\u00f9a l\u1ea1nh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai m\u00f9a ch\u00ednh: m\u00f9a m\u01b0a (t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 4 t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 10) v\u00e0 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng (t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 11 t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 3), H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a nh\u1edd c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng giao m\u00f9a. M\u00f9a n\u00f3ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 4 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 9, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00f3ng \u1ea9m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ed3i m\u00e1t m\u1ebb, kh\u00f4 r\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10. M\u00f9a l\u1ea1nh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 11 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m sau. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 11 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 1 r\u00e9t v\u00e0 hanh kh\u00f4, t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 2 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u00e1ng 3 l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 m\u01b0a ph\u00f9n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee3t. Trong kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 9 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y thu v\u1edbi ti\u1ebft tr\u1eddi m\u00e1t m\u1ebb (r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda B\u1eafc kh\u00e1c) do \u0111\u00f3n v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee3t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh y\u1ebfu tr\u00e0n v\u1ec1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a n\u00ean th\u1eddi gian b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u0103m, n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng: 16,5 \u00b0C (l\u00fac th\u1ea5p xu\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi 2,7 \u00b0C). Trung b\u00ecnh m\u00f9a h\u1ea1: 29,5 \u00b0C (l\u00fac cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00ean t\u1edbi 43,7 \u00b0C). Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 n\u0103m l\u00e0 23 \u00b0C, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c 1.800mm \u0111\u1ebfn 2.000mm. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1926, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c 42,8 \u00b0C. Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1955, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t, 2,7 \u00b0C do ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a La Nina. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2017 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi El Ni\u00f1o tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ee3t n\u00f3ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i trong 1 tu\u1ea7n (t\u1eeb 2-6 \u0111\u1ebfn 6-6) v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 42.5 \u00b0C, l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c ghi nh\u1eadn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, do ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m cao n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t n\u1eafng n\u00f3ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf lu\u00f4n cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 50 \u00b0C. V\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1ee3t n\u1eafng n\u00f3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft do n\u1eafng n\u00f3ng, trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f2n kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp h\u01a1n. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a M\u0129 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra \u201cS\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o cho Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2100. C\u00f3 hai k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3m kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u1edf m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh th\u00ec m\u00f9a h\u00e8 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i s\u1ebd gay g\u1eaft nh\u01b0 New Delhi (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9), n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m th\u00ec s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea3o l\u1eeda Faisalabad (Pakistan), t\u1ea1i hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean 48 \u0111\u1ed9 C. T\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u0103m 2100, m\u00f9a h\u00e8 s\u1ebd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t 48 \u0111\u1ed9 C, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb 55\u201358 \u0111\u1ed9 C. N\u01a1i c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebft v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 Ba V\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng 6h s\u00e1ng 24/1 v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t kho\u1ea3ng 0 \u0111\u1ed9 C"}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940, khi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea l\u00e0 132.145 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1954, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 53 ngh\u00ecn d\u00e2n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 152 km\u00b2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c qua th\u1eddi gian. \u1ede nh\u1eefng l\u00e0ng ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh, ven \u0111\u00f4 c\u0169, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1edd n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn. Nhi\u1ec1u gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia ph\u1ea3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, XVI. Trong n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Th\u0103ng Long t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XV nh\u01b0 d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e1c (Trung T\u1ef1 \u2013 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i). Do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u00edt khi tr\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m. G\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong kinh doanh, nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m sa s\u00fat, h\u1ecd t\u00ecm t\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m quan t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111em theo gia quy\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u, Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ee9 x\u1ee9. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, d\u00e2n c\u00e1c tr\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 Th\u0103ng Long qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn vua L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh bu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean qu\u00e1n. Nh\u01b0ng khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n thu\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd \u1edf l\u1ea1i. T\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn kinh \u0111\u00f4 Th\u0103ng Long c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa. Trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf l\u1ea1i sinh s\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. Tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i L\u00fd, Tr\u1ea7n, L\u00ea, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa t\u1edbi xin ph\u00e9p c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i Th\u0103ng Long.\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng. Theo D\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i, trong s\u1ed1 36 ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdp th\u00e0nh kinh \u0111\u00f4 Th\u0103ng Long c\u00f3 h\u1eb3n m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u1eabn di\u1ec5n ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i t\u0103ng nhanh trong n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103m 1954, khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Minh ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 53 ngh\u00ecn d\u00e2n, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 152 km\u00b2. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1961, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u00ean t\u1edbi 584 km\u00b2, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 91.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1978, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean 2.136 km\u00b2, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 2,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1991, \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 924 km\u00b2, nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u1eabn \u1edf m\u1ee9c h\u01a1n 2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, \u0111\u1ea1t con s\u1ed1 2.675.166 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999. Sau \u0111\u1ee3t m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2008, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 6,233 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong 17 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2009, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 6.451.909 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2010 l\u00e0 6.561.900 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2015, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 7.558.956 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2018, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 8.215.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, 55% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 (t\u1ee9c 4,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi) s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, 3,7 tri\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n.(45%)"}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng di ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i C\u1ed5 Loa cho th\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 2 v\u1ea1n n\u0103m, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a S\u01a1n Vi. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u0103ng tan, bi\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfn s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i l\u00ean v\u00f9ng n\u00fai. Ph\u1ea3i t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 4 ho\u1eb7c 5 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi quay l\u1ea1i sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft, minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u1edf c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a: Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu, G\u00f2 Mun v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3 sinh s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt, ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i v\u00e0 ch\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1edbi. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Vua H\u00f9ng trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf C\u1ed5 Loa, nay l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n \u0110\u00f4ng Anh, c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i kho\u1ea3ng 15 km. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh C\u1ed5 Loa ghi d\u1ea5u H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb trung t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 II tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m do c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Hoa th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, \u00c2u L\u1ea1c c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt Nam, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i khi \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9. V\u1eafng b\u00f3ng trong s\u1eed s\u00e1ch su\u1ed1t n\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 454\u2013456 th\u1eddi L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec7n T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 544, L\u00fd B\u00ed n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7t"}
+{"text": "qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 V\u1ea1n Xu\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a L\u00fd B\u00ed l\u00e0 L\u00fd Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf C\u1ed5 Loa, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi n\u0103m 602. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, An Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 12 ch\u00e2u v\u1edbi 50 huy\u1ec7n, T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a An Nam \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7. N\u0103m 866, vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao Bi\u1ec1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec m\u1edbi, T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i La \u2013 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a T\u0129nh H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, khi \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh, Cao Bi\u1ec1n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n Long \u0110\u1ed7. V\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u1eed s\u00e1ch c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi Th\u0103ng Long l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t Long \u0110\u1ed7. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n Nam H\u00e1n, C\u1ed5 Loa m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t."}
+{"text": "Sau khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i n\u0103m 1009 t\u1ea1i Hoa L\u01b0, n\u0103m 1010, L\u00fd Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i La. Theo m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, khi t\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i La, L\u00fd Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con r\u1ed3ng bay l\u00ean, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean kinh th\u00e0nh m\u1edbi l\u00e0 Th\u0103ng Long. Kinh th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long khi \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi ba con s\u00f4ng: s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, s\u00f4ng T\u00f4 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Kim Ng\u01b0u ph\u00eda Nam. Khu ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng g\u1ea7n h\u1ed3 T\u00e2y v\u1edbi cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ngay trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ch\u00f9a Di\u00ean H\u1ef1u ph\u00eda T\u00e2y ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh x\u00e2y n\u0103m 1049, ch\u00f9a B\u00e1o Thi\u00ean x\u00e2y n\u0103m 1057, V\u0103n Mi\u1ebfu x\u00e2y n\u0103m 1070, Qu\u1ed1c T\u1eed Gi\u00e1m d\u1ef1ng n\u0103m 1076... Ch\u1ec9 sau m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, Th\u0103ng Long tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c gia."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n n\u1ed1i b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 L\u00fd cai tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t,coi Th\u0103ng Long l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ee9 hai, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng \u1edf. Kinh th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam nh\u1eefng cung \u0111i\u1ec7n. N\u0103m 1230, Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 61 ph\u01b0\u1eddng, kinh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac h\u01a1n d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Java v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng s\u1ea3n sinh t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ecb d\u00e2n v\u00e0 Th\u0103ng Long c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i quy t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 H\u00e0n Thuy\u00ean, L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u, Chu V\u0103n An... Trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean, kinh th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long ba l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u k\u1ebft th\u00fac trong chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n suy vi, m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ngo\u1ea1i th\u00edch l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly th\u00e2u t\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u00e9p vua Tr\u1ea7n d\u1eddi kinh \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 Thanh H\u00f3a. Khi H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, l\u1eadp n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu n\u0103m 1400, kinh \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi mang t\u00ean T\u00e2y \u0110\u00f4, Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4. Nh\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i. N\u0103m 1406, nh\u00e0 Minh \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu, Th\u0103ng Long b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4ng Quan. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1407 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1428."}
+{"text": "Sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00e0 L\u00ea v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4 c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb th\u1ebf kinh th\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 1430, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, \u0111\u1ebfn 1466 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 Trung \u0110\u00f4. Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 L\u00ea ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh, khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 2 huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh X\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ee9c, m\u1ed7i huy\u1ec7n 18 ph\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c Ph\u1ee7 do\u00e3n. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, tuy b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 L\u00ea. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 L\u00ea, nh\u00e0 M\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh, Th\u0103ng Long v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kinh \u0111\u00f4. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a vua L\u00ea, ph\u1ee7 Ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Nh\u1edd n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Th\u0103ng Long b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u1ed3n vinh, thu h\u00fat th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1edbi sinh s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e2u ca Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t Kinh k\u1ef3, th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 K\u1ebb Ch\u1ee3. Nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Alexandre de Rhodes \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Th\u0103ng Long khi \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. William Dampier, nh\u00e0 phi\u00eau l\u01b0u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, \u0111\u01b0a ra con s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n, kho\u1ea3ng 2 v\u1ea1n n\u00f3c nh\u00e0."}
+{"text": "Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i T\u00e2y S\u01a1n s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, Gia Long l\u00ean ng\u00f4i n\u0103m 1802 l\u1ea5y kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n. N\u0103m 1805, Gia Long cho ph\u00e1 t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Th\u0103ng Long, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh m\u1edbi m\u00e0 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Phan \u0110\u00ecnh Ph\u00f9ng, H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u00fa v\u00e0 Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng. N\u0103m 1831, trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Minh M\u1ea1ng, to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 29 t\u1ec9nh, Th\u0103ng Long thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. V\u1edbi h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a n\u1eb1m trong s\u00f4ng (H\u00e1n t\u1ef1 \u6cb3\u5167), t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i khi \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m 4 ph\u1ee7, 15 huy\u1ec7n, n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 S\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1y. T\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long, ph\u1ee7 Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea5n S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 ba ph\u1ee7 \u1ee8ng Ho\u00e0, Th\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00edn, L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea5n S\u01a1n Nam. Ph\u1ee7 Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ed3m 3 huy\u1ec7n: Th\u1ecd X\u01b0\u01a1ng, V\u0129nh Thu\u1eadn, T\u1eeb Li\u00eam. Ph\u1ee7 Th\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00edn g\u1ed3m 3 huy\u1ec7n: Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u00fac, Thanh Tr\u00ec, Ph\u00fa Xuy\u00ean. Ph\u1ee7 \u1ee8ng Ho\u00e0 g\u1ed3m 4 huy\u1ec7n: S\u01a1n Minh (nay l\u00e0 \u1ee8ng H\u00f2a), Ho\u00e0i An (nay l\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam \u1ee8ng H\u00f2a v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n M\u1ef9 \u0110\u1ee9c), Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ee9c (Nay l\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 \u2013 Thanh Oai)."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1902, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 quy ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 d\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t m\u1edbi. L\u0169y th\u00e0nh th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1897 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i C\u1ed9t C\u1edd, C\u1eeda B\u1eafc v\u1edbi v\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1873, \u0110oan M\u00f4n v\u00e0 lan can r\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf trong ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh c\u0169. N\u0103m 1901, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9, Nh\u00e0 b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n, Kho b\u1ea1c, Nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1c l\u00fd, Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t l\u1edbn, C\u1ea7u Long Bi\u00ean, Ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ua ng\u1ef1a, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y khoa, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, N\u00f4ng l\u00e2m c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u bia, di\u00eam, h\u00e0ng d\u1ec7t, \u0111i\u1ec7n, n\u01b0\u1edbc... Khi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p t\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim, nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t, kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n... d\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng con ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp d\u00e2n c\u01b0 m\u1edbi. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1921, to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 4.000 d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 100.000 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1940 khi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1945, t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 n\u0103m th\u00e1ng sau, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh, k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, bu\u1ed9c vua B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ecdc tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ba \u0110\u00ecnh, khai sinh n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khu ph\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u v\u01b0\u1eddn hoa, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 (Avenue) Paul Doumer \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (Rue de la) R\u00e9publique \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 D\u00e2n Quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Puginier \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Ollivier \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 H\u1ea1nh Ph\u00fac, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Dr Morel \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 Do,..."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1945, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p quay l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh, Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1946 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1954, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 g\u1ed3m 4 qu\u1eadn n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi 34 khu ph\u1ed1, 37.000 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 4 qu\u1eadn ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi 45 x\u00e3, 16.000 d\u00e2n. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1958, b\u1ed1n qu\u1eadn n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf v\u00e0 thay b\u1eb1ng 12 khu ph\u1ed1. N\u0103m 1959, khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh 8 khu ph\u1ed1, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam 4 huy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh. Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1961, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e3 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng, B\u1eafc Ninh, V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac v\u00e0 H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean. To\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 584 km\u00b2, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 91.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1961, b\u1ed1n khu ph\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh Ho\u00e0n Ki\u1ebfm, Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng, Ba \u0110\u00ecnh, \u0110\u1ed1ng \u0110a v\u00e0 4 huy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4ng Anh, Gia L\u00e2m, Thanh Tr\u00ec, T\u1eeb Li\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1978, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp th\u00eam 5 huy\u1ec7n Ba V\u00ec, Th\u1ea1ch Th\u1ea5t, Ph\u00fac Th\u1ecd, \u0110an Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ecb x\u00e3 S\u01a1n T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 S\u01a1n B\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng hai huy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Ph\u00fa l\u00e0 M\u00ea Linh, S\u00f3c S\u01a1n. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00ean t\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 2,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 1977 t\u1edbi 1984, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a 12.861 h\u1ed9, 21.587 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u t\u1edbi L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng theo ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1991, ranh gi\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ea1i 5 huy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 1 th\u1ecb x\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 S\u01a1n B\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1978 cho H\u00e0 T\u00e2y v\u00e0 M\u00ea Linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Ph\u00fa. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 4 qu\u1eadn n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 5 huy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh, v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean 924 km\u00b2."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1995, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ra Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh 69/CP th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u1eadn T\u00e2y H\u1ed3 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a 3 ph\u01b0\u1eddng: B\u01b0\u1edfi, Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, Y\u00ean Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn Ba \u0110\u00ecnh v\u00e0 5 x\u00e3: T\u1ee9 Li\u00ean, Nh\u1eadt T\u00e2n, Qu\u1ea3ng An, Xu\u00e2n La, Ph\u00fa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n T\u1eeb Li\u00eam. Ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1996, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ra Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh 74/CP th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u1eadn Thanh Xu\u00e2n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a 5 ph\u01b0\u1eddng: Thanh Xu\u00e2n B\u1eafc, Thanh Xu\u00e2n, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u00ecnh, Kim Giang, Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u1ec7t, 78,1ha di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 20.862 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u1eddng Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i, 98,4ha di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 5.506 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u1eddng Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ed1ng \u0110a, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 Nh\u00e2n Ch\u00ednh thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n T\u1eeb Li\u00eam v\u00e0 x\u00e3 Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Thanh Tr\u00ec; c\u0169ng trong Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u1eadn C\u1ea7u Gi\u1ea5y tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a 4 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n: C\u1ea7u Gi\u1ea5y, Ngh\u0129a \u0110\u00f4, Ngh\u0129a T\u00e2n, Mai D\u1ecbch v\u00e0 3 x\u00e3: D\u1ecbch V\u1ecdng, Y\u00ean H\u00f2a, Trung H\u00f2a thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n T\u1eeb Li\u00eam."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2003, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ra Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh 132/2003/N\u0110-CP th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u1eadn Long Bi\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a 10 x\u00e3: Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Thanh, Giang Bi\u00ean, Ng\u1ecdc Th\u1ee5y, Vi\u1ec7t H\u01b0ng, H\u1ed9i X\u00e1, Gia Th\u1ee5y, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1, Long Bi\u00ean, Th\u1ea1ch B\u00e0n, C\u1ef1 Kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 3 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n: Gia L\u00e2m, \u0110\u1ee9c Giang, S\u00e0i \u0110\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Gia L\u00e2m, c\u0169ng trong Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u1eadn Ho\u00e0ng Mai tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a 9 x\u00e3: \u0110\u1ecbnh C\u00f4ng, \u0110\u1ea1i Kim, Ho\u00e0ng Li\u1ec7t, Th\u1ecbnh Li\u1ec7t, Thanh Tr\u00ec, V\u0129nh Tuy, L\u0129nh Nam, Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u00fa, Y\u00ean S\u1edf v\u00e0 55ha di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 T\u1ee9 Hi\u1ec7p thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Thanh Tr\u00ec, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a 5 ph\u01b0\u1eddng: Mai \u0110\u1ed9ng, T\u01b0\u01a1ng Mai, T\u00e2n Mai, Gi\u00e1p B\u00e1t, Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n Th\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng."}
+{"text": "Sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 bao c\u1ea5p, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a. Nh\u1eefng cao \u1ed1c m\u1ecdc l\u00ean \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i \u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng huy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u0169ng k\u00e9o theo nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y. Do kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t, giao th\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u00f9n t\u1eafc khi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe m\u00e1y t\u0103ng cao. Nhi\u1ec1u khu ph\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ng\u1eadp \u00fang m\u1ed7i khi m\u01b0a l\u1edbn. M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 cao khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 n\u1ed9i \u00f4 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1eadt ch\u1ed9i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ec7n nghi. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003, 30% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 3 m\u00b2 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e2y xanh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 1\u20132 m\u00b2/ng\u01b0\u1eddi, thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (Stockholm tr\u00ean 70 m\u00b2/ng\u01b0\u1eddi)."}
+{"text": "Song vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 nhanh c\u00f9ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a thi\u1ebfu quy ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1eadt ch\u1ed9i, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng n\u1ed9i \u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u00f9n t\u1eafc. Nhi\u1ec1u di s\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111ang d\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u1ed1ng n\u1eb1m l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c con ph\u1ed1. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sinh ho\u1ea1t thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. Ngo\u00e0i ra, hi\u1ec7n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1ea5t khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ee5i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y cao g\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n m\u1ee9c cho ph\u00e9p"}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2008, v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 93% \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb 1 th\u00e1ng 8 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Theo ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 T\u00e2y, huy\u1ec7n M\u00ea Linh c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac v\u00e0 4 x\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n L\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n, t\u1ec9nh H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. T\u1eeb di\u1ec7n t\u00edch g\u1ea7n 1.000 km\u00b2 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 3,4 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i sau khi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 3.324,92 km\u00b2 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 6.232.940 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u1eb1m trong 17 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2009, \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n Th\u1ea1ch Th\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c Oai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i. C\u0169ng trong c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, qu\u1eadn H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 S\u01a1n T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb x\u00e3 S\u01a1n T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 c\u0169. N\u0103m 2010, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 1000 n\u0103m Th\u0103ng Long - H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n trong l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long, v\u0103n bia t\u1ea1i V\u0103n Mi\u1ebfu - Qu\u1ed1c T\u1eed Gi\u00e1m v\u00e0 L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7u V\u0129nh Tuy, b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh... \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 2010 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. GDP t\u0103ng 11%, thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t 2.000 \u0110\u00f4 la M\u1ef9. T\u1ed5ng thu ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n v\u01b0\u1ee3t 100.000 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 15 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1edbi n\u0103m 2015 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p theo h\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, trung t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, trung t\u00e2m l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 giao l\u01b0u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t 4.300 \u0110\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015. T\u00ednh t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2010, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 6,913 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (t\u1ed5ng ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n)."}
+{"text": "L\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f9ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n ri\u00eang. Nh\u01b0ng sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thi\u1ebfu quy ho\u1ea1ch, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n nay tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c con ph\u1ed1 l\u1eaft l\u00e9o, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u trong c\u00e1c khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0, nh\u1eefng cao \u1ed1c b\u00ean c\u00e1c khu ph\u1ed1 c\u0169, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u0103ng k\u00edn d\u00e2y... nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. N\u0103m 2010, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ed3 \u00e1n Quy ho\u1ea1ch chung x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2030 v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2050 cho m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 9,1 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2030 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean 10 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2050. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n khu v\u1ef1c: khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5, khu th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5, khu ph\u1ed1 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu m\u1edbi quy ho\u1ea1ch."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u theo ki\u1ec3u nh\u00e0 \u1ed1ng, mang n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng: b\u1ec1 ngang h\u1eb9p, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i s\u00e2u, \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u00f4ng sang ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. B\u00ean trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 nhau: gian ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i b\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m h\u00e0ng, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e2n l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, tr\u00ean s\u00e2n c\u00f3 b\u1ec3 c\u1ea1n trang tr\u00ed, quanh s\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ea3nh, gi\u00e0n hoa, gian nh\u00e0 trong m\u1edbi l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0103n \u1edf v\u00e0 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 khu ph\u1ee5. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 cao khi\u1ebfn ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ec7n nghi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n, nguy hi\u1ec3m. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 1,5 m\u00b2 hay b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng 10 m\u00b2 nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean n\u00f3c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh chung. Trong khu 36 ph\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "Khu th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5, t\u1ee9c ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long, n\u1eb1m \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa h\u1ed3 T\u00e2y v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 Ho\u00e0n Ki\u1ebfm, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kinh \u0111\u00f4 Th\u0103ng Long. Tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft. Tr\u00ean ph\u1ed1 Phan \u00d0\u00ecnh Ph\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n c\u1eeda B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch r\u1ea5t ki\u00ean c\u1ed1. C\u1ed9t c\u1edd H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i x\u00e2y n\u0103m 1812 hi\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00d0i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh cao 40 m\u00e9t n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m ba n\u1ec1n th\u1ec1m r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1p c\u1ed5 h\u00ecnh l\u0103ng tr\u1ee5, b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 c\u1ea7u thang xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c d\u1eabn l\u00ean k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e0i. Ph\u00eda Nam th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 di t\u00edch \u0111a d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 V\u0103n Mi\u1ebfu-Qu\u1ed1c T\u1eed Gi\u00e1m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI. G\u1ed3m hai di t\u00edch ch\u00ednh, V\u0103n Mi\u1ebfu \u2013 n\u01a1i th\u1edd Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nho gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Chu V\u0103n An \u2013 v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c T\u1eed Gi\u00e1m \u2013 tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc cao c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2010, t\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 34 t\u1ea1i Brasilia, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Brasil, \u1ee6y ban di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a UNESCO \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn khu Trung t\u00e2m Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long - H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean 3 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed: Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a, T\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 C\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng di t\u00edch di v\u1eadt \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, phong ph\u00fa. S\u00e1ng 1 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2010, trong bu\u1ed5i khai m\u1ea1c \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 1000 n\u0103m Th\u0103ng Long \u2013 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c UNESCO Irina Bokova \u0111\u00e3 trao b\u1eb1ng Di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khu Trung t\u00e2m Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long cho l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Khu nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba mang h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c con ph\u1ed1 B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng, Tr\u00e0ng Ti\u1ec1n, L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Huy T\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n nay. V\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3n th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1875, khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y doanh tr\u1ea1i, dinh th\u1ef1 v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u00e1i l\u1ee3p ng\u00f3i \u0111\u00e1 \u0111en, h\u00e0nh lang xung quanh, nh\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh cung. Dinh th\u1ef1 T\u1ed5ng tham m\u01b0u tr\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 1874 \u0111\u1ebfn 1877. B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Lanessan, hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n y vi\u1ec7n 108 v\u00e0 B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n H\u1eefu Ngh\u1ecb, kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1893. Khu th\u00e0nh c\u0169 g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u1ed1 Phan \u0110\u00ecnh Ph\u00f9ng, H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ho\u00e0ng Di\u1ec7u, \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7, L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng Phong, Chu V\u0103n An, Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u00fa. Nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ed9ng, d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2y xanh. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 mang ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi trang tr\u00ed c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3, t\u1ef7 m\u1ec9. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a khu th\u00e0nh c\u0169 l\u00e0 Ph\u1ee7 To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n, ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Ph\u1ee7 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong kho\u1ea3ng 1900 \u0111\u1ebfn 1902. Khu nam h\u1ed3 Ho\u00e0n Ki\u1ebfm c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt v\u1edbi hai c\u1ea1nh d\u00e0i l\u00e0 ph\u1ed1 Tr\u00e0ng Thi \u2013 Tr\u00e0ng Ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1 Tr\u1ea7n H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o, hai c\u1ea1nh ngang l\u00e0 ph\u1ed1 Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1 Phan Chu Trinh. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi khu th\u00e0nh c\u0169 song quy tr\u00ecnh quy ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n do ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t L\u1edbn n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ed1 Tr\u00e0ng Ti\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y t\u1eeb 1902 t\u1edbi 1911, theo m\u1eabu Op\u00e9ra Garnier c\u1ee7a Paris."}
+{"text": "Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh cao t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 phong c\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m khu ph\u1ed1 c\u0169 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c cao \u1ed1c khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh quan b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o th\u1ea5p d\u1ecdc c\u00e1c con ph\u1ed1, nh\u1eefng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u2013 t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1eeda g\u1ed7 m\u00e0u xanh \u2013 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 che l\u1ea5p b\u1edfi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o. Hi\u1ec7n S\u1edf Quy ho\u1ea1ch Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u00cele-de-France \u0111ang tri\u1ec3n khai d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khu ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 v\u00e0 1970, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c khu nh\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 theo ki\u1ec3u l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu ph\u1ed1 Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Trung T\u1ef1, Gi\u1ea3ng V\u00f5, Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng, Thanh Xu\u00e2n B\u1eafc... Do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ed1t th\u00e9p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y nh\u00e0 4 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf khu Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 5 t\u1ea7ng. Ri\u00eang khu Kim Li\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9p ki\u1ec3u Trung Qu\u1ed1c. nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ecdng. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1eady, do thi\u1ebfu di\u1ec7n t\u00edch sinh ho\u1ea1t, c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n nh\u1eefng khu nh\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ebf l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p c\u00f2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00eam nh\u1eefng l\u1ed3ng s\u1eaft g\u1eafn ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi xung quanh c\u00e1c c\u0103n h\u1ed9 \u2013 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chu\u1ed3ng c\u1ecdp \u2013 g\u00e2y m\u1ea5t m\u1ef9 quan \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. Hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y \u0111ang d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ec3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c chung c\u01b0 m\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 v\u00e0 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000, nhi\u1ec1u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 Gi\u1ea3i Ph\u00f3ng, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n C\u1eeb, L\u00e1ng H\u1ea1, Ng\u1ecdc Kh\u00e1nh, Th\u00e1i H\u00e0... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, cao \u1ed1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng m\u1ecdc l\u00ean, nh\u1eefng khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb m\u1edbi Nam Th\u0103ng Long, b\u1eafc Th\u0103ng Long, Du l\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 T\u00e2y, \u0110\u1ecbnh C\u00f4ng, B\u1eafc Linh \u0110\u00e0m... c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y,[khi n\u00e0o?] khu v\u1ef1c M\u1ef9 \u0110\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng m\u1ecdc l\u00ean. Tuy v\u1eady, c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, thi\u1ebfu quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Trong tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2008, M\u1ef9 \u0110\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n L\u00fd \u2013 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i danh ti\u1ebfng. Theo v\u0103n bia, t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI, ch\u00f9a Tr\u1ea5n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean b\u00e3i Y\u00ean Hoa ngo\u00e0i s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, t\u1edbi 1615 do b\u00e3i s\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1edf, ch\u00f9a m\u1edbi d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n nay. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111\u00f4 Th\u0103ng Long, khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n, thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n, s\u01b0 t\u0103ng m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a nh\u01b0 ch\u00f9a M\u1ed9t C\u1ed9t x\u00e2y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1049, ch\u00f9a L\u00e1ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, ch\u00f9a Qu\u00e1n S\u1ee9, ch\u00f9a Kim Li\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII. Tuy v\u1eady, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a trong n\u1ed9i \u00f4 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i L\u00fd, Tr\u1ea7n, L\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u00edt d\u1ea5u t\u00edch."}
+{"text": "V\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 H\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n, huy\u1ec7n M\u1ef9 \u0110\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a\u2013t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o g\u1ed3m h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt, c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1edd t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p... th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 Ch\u00f9a H\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1eeb l\u00e2u, di t\u00edch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Ch\u00f9a H\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n. C\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i kho\u1ea3ng 20 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y Nam, Ch\u00f9a Th\u1ea7y n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 S\u00e0i S\u01a1n, huy\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c Oai. Ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 T\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1o H\u1ea1nh, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Ch\u00f9a H\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Ch\u00f9a Th\u1ea7y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 3 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u0110\u1ea1o L\u00e3o, \u0110\u1ea1o Kh\u1ed5ng hay c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 Th\u0103ng Long t\u1ee9 tr\u1ea5n, V\u0103n Mi\u1ebfu-Qu\u1ed1c T\u1eed Gi\u00e1m, \u0110\u1ec1n Ng\u1ecdc S\u01a1n.. Trong khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4i \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1edbi lui t\u1edbi b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh. Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o theo ch\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, gi\u00fap H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd L\u1edbn, Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd C\u1eeda B\u1eafc, Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u00e0m Long... Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f3 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o Jamia Al Noor (th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng) t\u1ea1i 12 H\u00e0ng L\u01b0\u1ee3c, Th\u00e1nh th\u1ea5t Cao \u0110\u00e0i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u00edt hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m trong nh\u1eefng khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac, thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng gian."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u1edbn, hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0 Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t L\u1edbn, Ph\u1ee7 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7, tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Sofitel Metropole... M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y m\u1edbi \u2013 nh\u01b0 T\u00f2a th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u1ee6y ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u2013 ho\u1eb7c tu s\u1eeda nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u0169 \u2013 nh\u01b0 ga H\u00e0ng C\u1ecf. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfp theo, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi. L\u0103ng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ba \u0110\u00ecnh, ghi \u0111\u1eadm d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Hai th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cao \u1ed1c v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Daewoo, Sofitel Plaza, Melia, t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Th\u00e1p H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i... m\u1ecdc l\u00ean mang l\u1ea1i cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 Trung t\u00e2m H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia, S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c gia M\u1ef9 \u0110\u00ecnh... \u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m l\u1ec5 1.000 n\u0103m Th\u0103ng Long \u2013 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, hi\u1ec7n nay r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower, Lotte Center H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "\u1ee6y ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch UBND H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Chung. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c s\u1edf, ban nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c, thu\u1ed9c \u1ee6y ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam b\u00e1o H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, b\u00e1o Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4 th\u1ecb, \u0110\u00e0i Ph\u00e1t thanh \u2013 Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Ban Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o 1000 n\u0103m Th\u0103ng Long, Ban qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5... v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng ty tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ed1 12 ph\u1ed1 L\u00ea Lai, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh h\u1ed3 Ho\u00e0n Ki\u1ebfm."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u1ea3ng \u1ee7y, Ban ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i (hay th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh \u1ee7y H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa hai k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ban ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ed9 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i kh\u00f3a XVI nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 2015-2020 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 74 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea7u ra Ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Th\u00e0nh \u1ee7y H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 2015-2020 g\u1ed3m 16 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ea3ng \u1ee7y Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 B\u00ed th\u01b0 Th\u00e0nh \u1ee7y v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. B\u00ed th\u01b0 Th\u00e0nh \u1ee7y hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng Trung H\u1ea3i, \u1ee6y vi\u00ean B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f3a XII."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gia t\u0103ng ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng 2%; gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng, l\u00e2m, th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t 231 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng/ha (cao h\u01a1n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc 4 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng); \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1eeda v\u00e0 l\u0169y k\u1ebf h\u1ebft 2014 c\u00f3 100 x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n m\u1edbi (b\u1eb1ng 20% s\u1ed1 x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc). H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n gia s\u00fac, gia c\u1ea7m g\u1ed3m g\u1ea7n 200.000 con tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2; 1,53 tri\u1ec7u con l\u1ee3n v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 18,2 tri\u1ec7u con gia c\u1ea7m, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecbt h\u01a1i h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1t 225.566 t\u1ea5n, v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc 30 ngh\u00ecn h\u00e9cta, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 20 ngh\u00ecn h\u00e9cta nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n, t\u1eadp trung \u1edf c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n Ba V\u00ec, \u1ee8ng H\u00f2a, Ph\u00fa Xuy\u00ean, Thanh Tr\u00ec."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (GDP) tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n: 9,0 - 9,5%; trong \u0111\u00f3, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 9,8 - 10,5%, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p - x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u0103ng 8,7- 9,0%, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u0103ng 2,0-2,5%; GRDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi: 75-77 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng (~3.500 USD/ng\u01b0\u1eddi/n\u0103m); T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n: 11-12%; Gi\u1ea3m t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t sinh th\u00f4 so v\u1edbi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc: 0,7\u2030; Gi\u1ea3m t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh con th\u1ee9 3 tr\u1edf l\u00ean so v\u1edbi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc: 0,3%; S\u1ed1 x\u00e3/ph\u01b0\u1eddng/th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf t\u0103ng th\u00eam: 8 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb; Gi\u1ea3m t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u1ed9 ngh\u00e8o so v\u1edbi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc: 0,2%; T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u1ed9 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn danh hi\u1ec7u \"Gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a\": 85%; S\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c gia t\u0103ng th\u00eam: 100; S\u1ed1 x\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n m\u1edbi t\u0103ng th\u00eam: 55 x\u00e3 (l\u0169y k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft n\u0103m 2015 c\u00f3 155 x\u00e3); T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 r\u00e1c th\u1ea3i thu gom v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n trong ng\u00e0y: Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb: 98%; Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n: 87%."}
+{"text": "So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n du l\u1ecbch. Trong n\u1ed9i \u00f4, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi du kh\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u d\u00e2n gian, c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng... Du l\u1ecbch H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c du kh\u00e1ch. N\u0103m 2007, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3n 1,1 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 2008, trong 9 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00f3 1,3 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 2007, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 511 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u01b0u tr\u00fa v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 12.700 ph\u00f2ng \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 178 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi 8.424 ph\u00f2ng. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu ph\u00f2ng cao c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng cao. V\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kho\u1ea3ng 126,26 USD m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam cho ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n 5 sao, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t thu\u00ea ph\u00f2ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n 3\u20135 sao \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 80% \u0111\u1ebfn 90%. Ngo\u00e0i 11 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n 5 sao l\u00e0 Daewoo, Horison, Hilton Hanoi Opera, Melia, Nikko, Sofitel Metropole, Sheraton, Sofitel Plaza, v\u00e0 InterContinental, Crown Plaza, Marriot, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f2n 6 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n 4 sao v\u00e0 19 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n 3 sao."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh con s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, giao th\u00f4ng t\u1eeb H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. Giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng, ngo\u00e0i s\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf N\u1ed9i B\u00e0i c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m kho\u1ea3ng 35 km, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u00e2n bay Gia L\u00e2m \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn Long Bi\u00ean, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, hi\u1ec7n s\u00e2n bay Gia L\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 du l\u1ecbch. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay B\u1ea1ch Mai thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn Thanh Xu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1919 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n bay qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Ngo\u00e0i ra, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u00e2n bay qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 H\u00f2a L\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7n Th\u1ea1ch Th\u1ea5t, s\u00e2n bay qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Mi\u1ebfu M\u00f4n t\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i giao th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn li\u00ean v\u1eadn sang B\u1eafc Kinh, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf sang C\u00f4n Minh, Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c b\u1ebfn xe Ph\u00eda Nam, Gia L\u00e2m, N\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u1ea7m, Gi\u00e1p B\u00e1t, Y\u00ean Ngh\u0129a, M\u1ef9 \u0110\u00ecnh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c xe ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ec9nh t\u1ecfa \u0111i kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 1A xuy\u00ean B\u1eafc \u2013 Nam v\u00e0 r\u1ebd qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 21 \u0111i Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 2 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 Giang, qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 3 \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc K\u1ea1n, Cao B\u1eb1ng, Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean; qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 5 \u0111i H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 17 \u0111i Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh, qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 6 v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 32 \u0111i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh T\u00e2y B\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i ra, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Th\u0103ng Long, Ph\u00e1p V\u00e2n-C\u1ea7u Gi\u1ebd, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn cao t\u1ed1c H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i-L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i-H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i-L\u00e0o Cai, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i-Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i-H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh c\u0169ng \u0111ang trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. V\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i giao th\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi b\u1ebfn Ph\u00e0 \u0110en \u0111i H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, Vi\u1ec7t Tr\u00ec v\u00e0 b\u1ebfn H\u00e0m T\u1eed Quan \u0111i Ph\u1ea3 L\u1ea1i.Trong n\u1ed9i \u00f4, c\u00e1c con ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u00f9n t\u1eafc do c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n tham gia giao th\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 xe m\u00e1y \u2013, v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. L\u1ea1i th\u00eam kh\u00e2u x\u1eed l\u00fd vi ph\u1ea1m giao th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t giao th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u01b0a nghi\u00eam, vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp, lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Seymour Papert \u2013 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Massachusetts b\u1ecb tai n\u1ea1n \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2006 \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 giao th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \"h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ee3p tr\u1ed9i\", ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, v\u1ec9a h\u00e8 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm d\u1ee5ng khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng l\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam 5 t\u1edbi 10 km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u01b0a khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e8n giao th\u00f4ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0169ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u1eadp \u00fang m\u1ed7i khi m\u01b0a l\u1edbn c\u0169ng g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia giao th\u00f4ng. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xe bu\u00fdt \u2013 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng duy nh\u1ea5t \u2013 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 xe m\u00e1y."}
+{"text": "Theo quy ho\u1ea1ch giao th\u00f4ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t n\u0103m 2008, chi ph\u00ed cho ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 100.000 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ba tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai, 30 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u tuy\u1ebfn ph\u1ed1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i. B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 Giao th\u00f4ng V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i H\u1ed3 Ngh\u0129a D\u0169ng d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o t\u1edbi n\u0103m 2015, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i s\u1ebd h\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2011, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 7.365 km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 20% l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh, 7 tr\u1ee5c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 3 tuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0nh \u0111ai, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u01a1n 4,3 tri\u1ec7u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 ri\u00eang xe m\u00e1y chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n 4 tri\u1ec7u. Trong 11 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2011, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra 533 v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft l\u00e0m 531 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 144 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng thua k\u00e9m c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p, ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u1eadt ch\u1ed9i, thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ec7n nghi. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u0103m 2003, 30% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 3 m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u1ede nh\u1eefng khu ph\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f2n bi \u0111\u00e1t h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 30% c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i nh\u00e0 \u1edf."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed7i n\u0103m, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng nh\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 v\u1eabn \u1edf m\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 cao so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 100% c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ebb \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf, ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng gh\u00e9p chung ho\u1eb7c thu\u00ea nh\u00e0 \u1edf t\u1ea1m [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]. V\u1edbi gi\u00e1 t\u1eeb 500 tri\u1ec7u t\u1edbi 1,5 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t c\u0103n h\u1ed9 chung c\u01b0, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng khu chung c\u01b0 m\u1edbi m\u1ecdc th\u00eam ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. T\u1ea1i b\u00e3i An D\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Y\u00ean Ph\u1ee5, T\u1eeb Li\u00ean, Ph\u00fac X\u00e1, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 l\u1ee3p m\u00e1i tre x\u00e2y t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Theo con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 2011 th\u00ec n\u0103m 2010, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 650 c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1m ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf Y t\u1ebf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 40 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, 29 ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 575 tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf. S\u1ed1 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf Y t\u1ebf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 11.536 gi\u01b0\u1eddng, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ed1 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c; t\u00ednh trung b\u00ecnh \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 569 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh so v\u1edbi 310 ng\u01b0\u1eddi/gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh \u1edf Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n 1 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 2-3 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n n\u1eb1m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean g\u1eb7p. C\u0169ng theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 2010, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 2.974 b\u00e1c s\u0129, 2.584 y s\u0129 v\u00e0 3.970 y t\u00e1, so v\u1edbi Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh 6.073 b\u00e1c s\u0129, 1.875 y s\u0129 v\u00e0 10.474 y t\u00e1."}
+{"text": "Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ed9i \u00f4 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. C\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ee9c, B\u1ea1ch Mai, Nhi Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Ph\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111ang d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u0103m 2007, to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 8 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 300 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh. Theo \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2010, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00eam 8 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd l\u00ean t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 2.500 gi\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa n\u1ed9i \u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch l\u1edbn. Sau \u0111\u1ee3t m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh n\u0103m 2008, m\u1ee9c ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 y t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em suy dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e0 9,7%, th\u00ec \u1edf H\u00e0 T\u00e2y, con s\u1ed1 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 17%. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd trung b\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169 kh\u00e1 cao, 79 tu\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng sau khi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 75,6 tu\u1ed5i. T\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u00edt khu v\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec7 sinh y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 sinh ho\u1ea1t, ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ao, n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ebfng."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u1ecb th\u1ebf kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Th\u0103ng Long \u2013 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV cho t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thi thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khoa b\u1ea3ng, nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u00e0i n\u0103ng b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quan l\u1ea1i. Tuy v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 B\u1eafc Ninh, H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh. T\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c, v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i b\u1ecb nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00e0 Nam thi t\u1ea1i Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh (1884 \u0111\u1ebfn 1915). H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y khoa \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u0103m 2009, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 677 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, 581 tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 186 tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi 27.552 l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc, 982.579 h\u1ecdc sinh. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 40 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 Trung h\u1ecdc Chuy\u00ean H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - Amsterdam, Trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7, Trung h\u1ecdc Chu V\u0103n An, Trung h\u1ecdc Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u00fa. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 65 tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n l\u1eadp v\u00e0 5 tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1n c\u00f4ng. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ba tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng Chuy\u00ean Ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef thu\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean Khoa h\u1ecdc T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng Chuy\u00ean thu\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u01b0u t\u00fa kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c trung h\u1ecdc danh ti\u1ebfng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed5 t\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc x\u00f3a m\u00f9 ch\u1eef. Sau khi H\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o t\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 2008, to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 235.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 ch\u1eef tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 1,7 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c gia."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai trung t\u00e2m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 50 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u cao \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1o h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u0103m 2007, t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 606.207 sinh vi\u00ean, H\u00e0 T\u00e2y c\u0169ng t\u1eadp trung 29.435 sinh vi\u00ean. Nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch khoa H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kinh t\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111a ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "D\u1eabu v\u1eady th\u00ec gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp. Khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, phong c\u00e1ch s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ed3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eadp ra t\u1eeb x\u01b0a nay b\u1ecb x\u1ebb th\u1ecbt th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 \u1edf, nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng, nh\u00e0 b\u0103ng,... \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch khoa b\u1ecb c\u1eaft b\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u1eadp ra c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch Khoa qu\u1eadn Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng. Khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec chen v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng 23 L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 d\u00e2n nh\u1eadu. C\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u00fac x\u00e1 c\u0169 l\u1eabn m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 cho h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh thu\u00ea tr\u1ecd, m\u1edf nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng,... \u0111\u1ec3 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ch\u1ed7 \u1edf y\u00ean t\u0129nh m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd t\u00fac. Ph\u00e1i th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng c\u00f2n l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00f2i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i di d\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 quang \u0111\u00e3ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i \"\u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0ng\" cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e1i ra ti\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 th\u1ec3 thao l\u1edbn c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 thao quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Hi\u1ec7n nay th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 nam: H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i FC thi \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ea1i V.League 1 v\u00e0 hai c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 n\u1eef: C\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 n\u1eef H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i I v\u00e0 C\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 n\u1eef H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i II. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 Th\u1ec3 C\u00f4ng, C\u00f4ng an H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1956), T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1957), Ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n, Thanh ni\u00ean H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Qu\u00e2n khu Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 thao Vi\u1ec7t Nam tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi \u0111\u1ea5u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2001 \u0111\u1ebfn 2003, c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 3.414 huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, g\u1ed3m: 54 huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, 95 huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u \u00c1, 647 huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f9ng 2.591 huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u qu\u1ed1c gia."}
+{"text": "H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 thao v\u1edbi 28,5%. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1eadt ch\u1ed9i khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ec3 thao tr\u1edf n\u00ean khan hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ee7 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cao \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u00e2n qu\u1ea7n v\u1ee3t v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng cao. C\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ch\u01a1i b\u00f3ng trong nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e2n c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p."}
+{"text": "S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c gia M\u1ef9 \u0110\u00ecnh, n\u1eb1m trong Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3 thao qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Th\u1ec3 thao \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 n\u0103m 2003, n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 khai m\u1ea1c, l\u1ec5 b\u1ebf m\u1ea1c, c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn thi \u0111\u1ea5u b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 nam & c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh t\u00e0i trong m\u00f4n \u0111i\u1ec1n kinh. T\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 2008, tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed1n v\u1ea1n kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, M\u1ef9 \u0110\u00ecnh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean ng\u00f4i cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 thao l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Nh\u00e0 thi \u0111\u1ea5u Qu\u1ea7n Ng\u1ef1a, Trung t\u00e2m Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 thao Qu\u1ed1c gia I... c\u00f9ng h\u01a1n 20 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e2n b\u00e3i, nh\u00e0 t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Theo con s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 2008, to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 17 r\u1ea1p h\u00e1t, trong \u0111\u00f3 12 r\u1ea1p thu\u1ed9c hai qu\u1eadn Ho\u00e0n Ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng. Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t L\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 1 ph\u1ed1 Tr\u00e0ng Ti\u1ec1n, qu\u1eadn Ho\u00e0n ki\u1ebfm do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1911. Ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 opera, nh\u1ea1c th\u00ednh ph\u00f2ng, k\u1ecbch n\u00f3i, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1. N\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 91 ph\u1ed1 Tr\u1ea7n H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o, Cung V\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n quan tr\u1ecdng, n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, th\u1eddi trang, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thi hoa h\u1eadu... c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o, h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m."}
+{"text": "D\u00e0nh cho s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u k\u1ecbch, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 11 ph\u1ed1 Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec Nh\u1eadm qu\u1eadn Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng v\u1edbi 650 ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i, Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Chu\u00f4ng V\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i 72 H\u00e0ng B\u1ea1c qu\u1eadn Ho\u00e0n ki\u1ebfm v\u1edbi 250 gh\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i, Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t K\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf sau l\u01b0ng Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t L\u1edbn v\u1edbi 170 gh\u1ebf. C\u00e1c m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u ri\u00eang. Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t H\u1ed3ng H\u00e0 t\u1ea1i 51 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh d\u00e0nh cho s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u tu\u1ed3ng. Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t C\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i 164 H\u1ed3ng Mai, qu\u1eadn Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng. M\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00e8o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ri\u00eang Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Ch\u00e8o Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf khu V\u0103n c\u00f4ng Mai D\u1ecbch, huy\u1ec7n T\u1eeb Li\u00eam, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2007 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u1edf Kim M\u00e3, Giang V\u0103n Minh. R\u1ea1p m\u00faa r\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u0103ng Long \u1edf ph\u1ed1 \u0110inh Ti\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng, b\u1edd h\u1ed3 Ho\u00e0n Ki\u1ebfm, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 10 b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n 120 b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u0103m 2009, t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 32 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n do \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ch 565 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ed1 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay l\u1edbn h\u01a1n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u2013 26 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi 2.420 ng\u00e0n cu\u1ed1n \u2013 nh\u01b0ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0. Ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i 31 ph\u1ed1 Tr\u00e0ng Thi, v\u1edbi 800.752 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch, 8.677 t\u1ef1a b\u00e1o, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Trong h\u01a1n 10 r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i r\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ea1p CGV, Lotte Cinema, Platinum Cineplex, Galaxy, BHD hay Trung t\u00e2m chi\u1ebfu phim qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u1eefng r\u1ea1p kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1eb7ng Dung, Th\u00e1ng 8 th\u00ec v\u1eafng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem h\u01a1n. Fansland, r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 2008 b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3. C\u00e1c qu\u00e1n bar, v\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thanh ni\u00ean H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Nhi\u1ec1u v\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eebng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do. V\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1eddng New Century tr\u00ean ph\u1ed1 Tr\u00e0ng Thi m\u1edf c\u1eeda t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1999, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0103n ch\u01a1i b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007 b\u1edfi d\u00ednh l\u00edu t\u1edbi m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m v\u00e0 ma t\u00fay. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, v\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u00eam M\u00e0u H\u1ed3ng \u1edf 78 H\u00e0ng Chi\u1ebfu c\u0169ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ch\u00e1y l\u1edbn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999."}
+{"text": "N\u1eb1m \u1edf qu\u1eadn T\u00e2y H\u1ed3, C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3 T\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 35.560 m\u00b2, chia th\u00e0nh 5 khu vui ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t cao t\u1ed1c, b\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u00f3ng, b\u1ec3 massage... Trong n\u1ed9i \u00f4 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1ea5t, C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Th\u1ee7 L\u1ec7, C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Tu\u1ed5i Tr\u1ebb. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. L\u00e0ng g\u1ed1m B\u00e1t Tr\u00e0ng, l\u00e0ng L\u1ee5a V\u1ea1n Ph\u00fac, \u0110\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng Ng\u0169 X\u00e3... kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u0103n h\u00f3a, du l\u1ecbch."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1 phong ph\u00fa, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e2u th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef quen thu\u1ed9c \"H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 36 ph\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1eddng\". Theo th\u1eddi gian, b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng con ph\u1ed1 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean thu\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u01a1i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, kinh doanh nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u0169. Sau khi H\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1 danh ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2008, to\u00e0n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 1.264 l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "N\u1eb1m trong trung t\u00e2m khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5, H\u00e0ng B\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac b\u1ea1c n\u00e9n, kim ho\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 kim ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a H\u00e0ng B\u1ea1c c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tinh x\u1ea3o, xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb ba l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam: l\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u Kh\u00ea \u1edf t\u1ec9nh H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ecbnh C\u00f4ng \u1edf qu\u1eadn Ho\u00e0ng Mai v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ed3ng S\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, L\u01b0u Xu\u00e2n T\u00edn, v\u1ecb quan th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 b\u1ed9 L\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u Kh\u00ea, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 L\u00ea giao cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fac b\u1ea1c n\u00e9n t\u1ea1i kinh th\u00e0nh Th\u01ceng Long. Nh\u1edd v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 Ch\u00e2u Kh\u00ea t\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m b\u1ea1c n\u00e9n, h\u1ecd l\u00e0m c\u1ea3 ngh\u1ec1 trang tr\u00ed v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c. Khi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n l\u1ea5y Hu\u1ebf l\u00e0m kinh \u0111\u00f4, x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fac b\u1ea1c n\u00e9n c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi kinh th\u00e0nh m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 Ch\u00e2u Kh\u00ea v\u1eabn \u1edf l\u1ea1i Th\u0103ng Long v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean con ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0ng B\u1ea1c ng\u00e0y nay. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, con ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0ng B\u1ea1c c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang t\u00ean Rue changeurs, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a ph\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ed5i B\u1ea1c. D\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 kim ho\u00e0n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea1c n\u00e9n l\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c v\u1ee5n. Ng\u00e0y nay, ngh\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u con ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng H\u00e0ng B\u1ea1c v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0ng B\u00e1t Tr\u00e0ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf huy\u1ec7n Gia L\u00e2m, ph\u00eda Nam th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m g\u1ed1m mang t\u00ean ch\u00ednh ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng n\u00e0y. L\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m t\u1eeb l\u00e0ng B\u1ed3 B\u00e1t, Ninh B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng Ninh Tr\u00e0ng, Thanh H\u00f3a t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2y l\u1eadp n\u00ean ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng m\u1edbi mang t\u00ean B\u00e1t Tr\u00e0ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n B\u00e1t Tr\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u00edt s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 g\u1ed1m v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n cau kh\u00f4, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm. Ngh\u1ec1 g\u1ed1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau n\u0103m 1954, khi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu m\u00e3, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i men truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m g\u1ed1m B\u00e1t Tr\u00e0ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh ti\u1ebfng. B\u00e1t Tr\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay. V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f9ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m g\u1ed1m, ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch thu h\u00fat c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 l\u00e0ng l\u1ee5a V\u1ea1n Ph\u00fac, v\u1ed1n thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 T\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, nay l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1ee5a c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u1ee5a H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng, t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, thi ca v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n, b\u00e0 t\u1ed5 l\u00e0ng l\u1ee5a V\u1ea1n Ph\u00fac v\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, theo ch\u1ed3ng chinh chi\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i t\u1edbi \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t cho l\u00e0ng. Theo m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 1200 n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cao B\u1eb1ng t\u00ean l\u00e0 A L\u00e3 Th\u1ecb N\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m d\u00e2u v\u00e0 mang ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t l\u1ee5a t\u1edbi l\u00e0ng. Tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi gian, ngh\u1ec1 l\u1ee5a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a V\u1ea1n Ph\u00fac. Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec7 d\u1ec7t. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c khung d\u1ec7t c\u1ed5, nhi\u1ec1u gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng khung d\u1ec7t c\u01a1 kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c con ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0ng Gai, H\u00e0ng \u0110\u00e0o c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1ee5a V\u1ea1n Ph\u00fac."}
+{"text": "Th\u0103ng Long \u2013 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba v\u00f9ng t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed5 Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd v\u00e0 x\u1ee9 Kinh B\u1eafc. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n. Ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00f3ng, Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng, Quang Trung, An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng... M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i d\u00e2n gian \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i th\u1ed5i c\u01a1m thi l\u00e0ng Th\u1ecb C\u1ea5m, h\u1ed9i b\u01a1i c\u1ea1n v\u00e0 b\u1eaft ch\u1ea1ch l\u00e0ng H\u1ed3, h\u1ed9i ch\u1ea1y c\u1edd l\u00e0ng \u0110\u01a1 Thao, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3 di\u1ec1u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng B\u00e1 Giang."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 9 d\u1ebfn 12 th\u00e1ng 1 \u00e2m l\u1ecbch, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Tri\u1ec1u Kh\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng c\u00f9ng t\u00ean, thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 T\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u, huy\u1ec7n Thanh Tr\u00ec, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m n\u00f3n quai thao v\u00e0 may c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1edd nh\u01b0 l\u1ecdng, t\u00e0n, tr\u01b0\u1edbng, y m\u00f4n, t\u00e1n t\u00eda. L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng l\u1ec5 r\u01b0\u1edbc long b\u00e0o t\u1eeb \u0111\u00ecnh S\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00ecnh L\u1edbn. Khi cu\u1ed9c t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 trong \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i s\u00e2n \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 vui c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 vui \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 \u0111\u0129 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u0129 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ed3ng do hai nam thanh ni\u00ean m\u1eb7c trang ph\u1ee5c n\u1eef gi\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n, nh\u00fan nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfc tr\u1ed1ng B\u1ed3ng \u0111eo tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ee5ng. Nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00f2 vui kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u00faa l\u00e2n h\u00ed c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1eadt, h\u00e1t Ch\u00e8o T\u00e0u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y 12, h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng l\u1ec5 r\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1m."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i l\u1ec5 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00f3ng hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0ng Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng (x\u00e3 Ph\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed5ng huy\u1ec7n Gia L\u00e2m), xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00f3ng, m\u1ed9t trong t\u1ee9 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u00e0o 9 th\u00e1ng 4 \u00e2m l\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i t\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2y tham d\u1ef1, xem l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0ng. L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0ng Gi\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 3 km g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ec1n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ec1n M\u1eabu v\u00e0 ch\u00f9a Ki\u1ebfn S\u01a1. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 6, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5 r\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1edd t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1n M\u1eabu, r\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1m chay l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y ch\u00ednh h\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i tr\u1eadn, t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00f3ng ph\u00e1 gi\u1eb7c \u00c2n. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0y t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 12 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 r\u1eeda kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi, r\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1edd b\u00e1o tin th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn v\u1edbi tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 khao qu\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00eam c\u00f3 h\u00e1t ch\u00e8o. Ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i Gi\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1n S\u00f3c \u1edf x\u00e3 Xu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ec9nh huy\u1ec7n T\u1eeb Li\u00eam, h\u1ed9i S\u00f3c S\u01a1n \u1edf huy\u1ec7n S\u00f3c S\u01a1n, h\u1ed9i Ph\u00f9 Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00f3ng \u1edf l\u00e0ng Chi Nam, x\u00e3 L\u1ec7 Chi huy\u1ec7n Gia L\u00e2m."}
+{"text": "\u1ede x\u00e3 H\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n, huy\u1ec7n M\u1ef9 \u0110\u1ee9c, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i ch\u00f9a H\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp du kh\u00e1ch t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 1 t\u1edbi t\u1eadn th\u00e1ng 3 \u00e2m l\u1ecbch, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y r\u1eb1m th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang \u0111\u1ebfn 18 th\u00e1ng 2. V\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh n\u00fai non, s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 di t\u00edch ch\u00f9a H\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u0103ng ni, ph\u1eadt t\u1eed, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch. Theo h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ea9y h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb b\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee5c, ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f2 theo d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i Y\u1ebfn gh\u00e9 l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec1n Tr\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, du kh\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i qua c\u1ea7u H\u1ed9i, hang S\u01a1n th\u1ee7y h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, n\u00fai \u0110\u1ed3i Ch\u00e8o, n\u00fai Con Voi, n\u00fai M\u00e2m X\u00f4i, n\u00fai Con G\u00e0... r\u1ed3i c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn v\u00e0o ch\u00f9a Thi\u00ean Tr\u00f9. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, du kh\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111i b\u1ed9 th\u0103m ch\u00f9a Ti\u00ean, ch\u00f9a Gi\u1ea3i Oan, \u0111\u1ec1n C\u1eeda V\u00f5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00edch. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. C\u1ed1m l\u00e0ng V\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng c\u00f9ng t\u00ean thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn C\u1ea7u Gi\u1ea5y l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi m\u00f9i th\u01a1m v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc. C\u1ed1m l\u00e0m t\u1eeb gi\u1ed1ng n\u1ebfp v\u00e0ng g\u1eb7t khi c\u00f2n non, g\u00f3i trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0u l\u00e1 sen m\u00e0u ng\u1ecdc th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng rao b\u00e1n ngay t\u1eeb s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm. Tuy ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ed1m t\u01b0\u01a1i, nh\u01b0ng m\u00f3n \u0103n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u00f3n ch\u1ea3 c\u1ed1m. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c d\u1ecbp vui."}
+{"text": "Thanh Tr\u00ec, l\u00e0ng v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c ph\u01b0\u1eddng Thanh tr\u00ec, qu\u1eadn Ho\u00e0ng Mai, v\u1edbi m\u00f3n b\u00e1nh cu\u1ed1n Thanh Tr\u00ec. B\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb g\u1ea1o gi\u00e9 c\u00e1nh, t\u00e1m th\u01a1m, tr\u00e1ng m\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y. Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00f9ng Thanh Tr\u00ec cho b\u00e1nh v\u00e0o th\u00fang, \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111i rao kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c ng\u00f5 ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. B\u00e1nh x\u1ebfp trong th\u00fang, t\u1eebng l\u1edbp g\u1ed1i nhau tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00e0u l\u00e1 chu\u1ed1i. Khi \u0103n, b\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3c t\u1eebng l\u1edbp r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed9n l\u1ea1i, b\u00e0y tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u0129a. M\u00f3n b\u00e1nh cu\u1ed1n Thanh Tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm pha theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh Tr\u00ec x\u01b0a kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam tinh d\u1ea7u t\u1eeb con C\u00e0 cu\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u00f9i th\u01a1m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1eadu ph\u1ee5 r\u00e1n n\u00f3ng, ch\u1ea3 qu\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0y nay, b\u00e1nh c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n v\u1edbi th\u1ecbt ba ch\u1ec9 quay gi\u00f2n."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0103n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea3 c\u00e1 L\u00e3 V\u1ecdng. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c, gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd \u0110o\u00e0n ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0ng S\u01a1n, ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 14 ph\u1ed1 Ch\u1ea3 C\u00e1, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0103n m\u00e0 danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 t\u00ean con ph\u1ed1. Ch\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb th\u1ecbt c\u00e1 l\u0103ng \u2013 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1 qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1 nheo nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd k\u00e9m ngon h\u01a1n \u2013 th\u00e1i m\u1ecfng \u01b0\u1edbp v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ri\u1ec1ng, ngh\u1ec7, m\u1ebb, h\u1ea1t ti\u00eau, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm r\u1ed3i k\u1eb9p v\u00e0o c\u1eb7p tre n\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ean l\u00f2 than ngay tr\u00ean b\u00e0n \u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch. Ch\u1ea3 c\u00e1 L\u00e3 V\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3i \u0103n n\u00f3ng, k\u00e8m v\u1edbi b\u00e1nh \u0111a n\u01b0\u1edbng hay b\u00fan r\u1ed1i, l\u1ea1c rang, rau m\u00f9i, h\u00fang l\u00e1ng, th\u00ec l\u00e0, h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u1ebb nh\u1ecf, ch\u1ea5m v\u1edbi m\u1eafm t\u00f4m."}
+{"text": "H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung nh\u1eefng tinh hoa v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kinh \u0111\u00f4 khi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i quy t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u01b0u t\u00fa, nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1. H\u1ecd t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u1eadp nghi\u1ec7p, mang theo nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u1eefng danh nh\u00e2n, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng kinh \u0111\u00f4 Th\u0103ng Long th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t kinh th\u00e0nh khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng tr\u1ee5 v\u1eefng l\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng. Khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ee9 x\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Th\u0103ng Long, c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mang theo c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u00e9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Th\u0103ng Long \u2013 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i giao thoa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1edbn. H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa. Khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 coi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa. Qua nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u2013 trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u2013 bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2n nh\u1ea1c, th\u01a1 m\u1edbi, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh. Nh\u01b0ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 m\u1edf ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a s\u1eed gia v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 Pierre-Richard F\u00e9ray: \"Ngay khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e0u sang v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, anh ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng Ph\u00e1p. Anh ta c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang gi\u1ecdng Ph\u00e1p. Anh ta \u0103n, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1edf theo c\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1p\". Nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Tuy l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 hoa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i hoa anh \u0111\u00e0o di\u1ec5n ra gi\u1eefa th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 n\u0103m 2008, hay nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ebfu \u00fd th\u1ee9c, k\u00e9m v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ed1 hoa H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0o T\u1ebft D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch 2009 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i h\u1ed3 Ho\u00e0n Ki\u1ebfm. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n B\u0103ng S\u01a1n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \"T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0m x\u1ea5u H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111i. Bao nhi\u00eau n\u0103m h\u1ed9i hoa \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t, \u1edf TP HCM m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng\". Nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea5y l\u00ean l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 \"v\u0103n h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tr\u00e0ng An\" trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t l\u1ed1i c\u01b0 x\u1eed nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n, thanh l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111ang m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed thi\u1ebfu v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \"b\u00fan m\u1eafng, ch\u00e1o ch\u1eedi\" ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1o ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n \u0103n c\u00f3 phong c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00f4 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, th\u00f4 l\u1ed7, xem th\u01b0\u1eddng, x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0103n. Sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \"b\u00fan ch\u1eedi\" H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00ean s\u00f3ng CNN trong m\u1ee5c \"m\u00f3n \u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc\" th\u00e1ng 9/2016 th\u00ec gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \"tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi n\u00f3i t\u1ee5c, ch\u1eedi b\u1eady\"."}
+{"text": "H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea1c s\u0129. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn b\u00e0i h\u00e1t vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u1edbi kh\u00ed th\u1ebf h\u00e0o h\u00f9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng n\u00e0y, V\u0103n Cao \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh kh\u00fac nh\u01b0 Th\u0103ng Long h\u00e0nh kh\u00fac ca, G\u00f2 \u0110\u1ed1ng \u0110a, Ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh thu\u1ed9c Trung \u0111o\u00e0n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi xa H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh Thi \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ca kh\u00fac \"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i\", ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quen thu\u1ed9c. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0: \"S\u1ebd v\u1ec1 Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4\" c\u1ee7a Huy Du, \"C\u1ea3m x\u00fac th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi\" c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e0nh, \"Ba \u0110\u00ecnh n\u1eafng\" c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i C\u00f4ng K\u1ef3. Trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng n\u0103m ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 anh h\u00f9ng trong chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda \u0111\u00e2m n\u00e9t trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 \"B\u00e0i ca H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i\" c\u1ee7a V\u0169 Thanh, \"H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i - \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7\" c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Tuy\u00ean, \"Khi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00ean \u0111\u00e8n\" c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i C\u01a1, \"Ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i\" c\u1ee7a V\u0103n An v.v... B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean v\u1edbi d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, ki\u00eau k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, v\u1edbi \"\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e8n gi\u0103ng m\u1eafc\", \"c\u00f3 b\u00f3ng tr\u0103ng th\u01a1 in tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3\", v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i \"kh\u0103n san bay l\u1ea3 l\u01a1i tr\u00ean vai ai\"\"\u00e1o tr\u1eafng Tr\u01b0ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, T\u00e2y S\u01a1n em tan tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1\" trong nh\u1eefng nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ea9m mang nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e0i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 H\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, N\u1ed7i l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i c\u1ee7a Anh B\u1eb1ng, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Song Ng\u1ecdc hay G\u1eedi ng\u01b0\u1eddi em g\u00e1i mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u1ee7a \u0110o\u00e0n Chu\u1ea9n"}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u1edbi ng\u1eadp tr\u00e0n c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i hoa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 Gi\u00e1ng Son kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda trong \"H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 12 m\u00f9a hoa\" - \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p r\u1ea5t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, gi\u00e0u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn, th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long t\u1eebng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 Long th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7m gi\u1ea3 ca c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Du hay Th\u0103ng Long th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0i c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 Huy\u1ec7n Thanh Quan. Ba nh\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tu\u00e2n, V\u0169 B\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 Th\u1ea1ch Lam. Nguy\u1ec5n Tu\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nho gi\u00e1o, th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \"kim kh\u00ed\" x\u00f4 b\u1ed3, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169. B\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tu\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00fa ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tao nh\u00e2n m\u1eb7c kh\u00e1ch trong Vang b\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00e0, th\u1ea3 th\u01a1, \u0111\u00e1nh th\u01a1, h\u00e1t ca tr\u00f9... V\u0169 B\u1eb1ng l\u1ea1i qua nh\u1eefng trang vi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 Mi\u1ebfng ngon H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edb m\u01b0\u1eddi hai, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed7i nh\u1edb v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, ca ng\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n, khung c\u1ea3nh thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi, c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Th\u1ea1ch Lam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn qua t\u1eadp b\u00fat k\u00fd H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 36 ph\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea1ch Lam th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 qu\u00ea, nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng rao... t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Chu Lai, S\u1ed1ng m\u00e3i v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Huy T\u01b0\u1edfng. B\u1ea3o Ninh trong N\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u0169ng d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u trang vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 m\u00e0n \u1ea3nh l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u00e0n \u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1954, kh\u00f4ng \u00edt nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u00f4ng t\u1ed1, Sao th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1946, Em b\u00e9 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, Ti\u1ec1n tuy\u1ebfn g\u1ecdi. Em b\u00e9 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Ninh, kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i trong th\u1eddi gian qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u00e9m bom mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh B\u00f4ng sen v\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean hoan phim Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 1975 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ban gi\u00e1m kh\u1ea3o LHP Li\u00ean hoan phim Moskva c\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3. Sau khi Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 phim kh\u00e1c khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 l\u1edbp thanh ni\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, nh\u01b0 Tu\u1ed5i m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p, H\u00e3y tha th\u1ee9 cho em, C\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i m\u00f9a chim l\u00e0m t\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1990, trong su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean, phim v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng tr\u00ean m\u00e0n \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u0103m 2000, \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Anh H\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t M\u00f9a h\u00e8 chi\u1ec1u th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim ch\u00ednh k\u1ecbch, xoay quanh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ba ch\u1ecb em g\u00e1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 1000 n\u0103m Th\u0103ng Long \u2013 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m phim Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 phim v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, h\u1ecda s\u0129 B\u00f9i Xu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Trong tranh c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Xu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i mang \u0111\u1ea7y v\u1ebb x\u01b0a c\u0169 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1i n\u00e2u, nh\u1eefng con ph\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd v\u1ec1 ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Xu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1i ng\u00e0y nay th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Ph\u1ed1 Ph\u00e1i. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 kh\u00e1c v\u1ebd v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 Thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef b\u00ean hoa hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a T\u00f4 Ng\u1ecdc V\u00e2n, Em Th\u00fay c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n C\u1ea9n, Tan ca m\u1eddi ch\u1ecb em ra h\u1ecdp thi th\u1ee3 gi\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ed7 Cung"}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Ki\u1ebfn Phong t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1976 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long, Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n khai ph\u00e1 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, XVIII. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u01b0u d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng Sa \u0110\u00e9c kh\u1ea9n hoang, l\u1eadp \u1ea5p. Th\u1eddi Gia Long, Sa \u0110\u00e9c thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh An, ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec5n, tr\u1ea5n V\u0129nh Thanh. Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1900, Ph\u00e1p l\u1eadp t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c. Ng\u00e0y 09 th\u00e1ng 02 n\u0103m 1913, gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Long. T\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 2 t\u1ec9nh Ki\u1ebfn Phong v\u00e0 Sa \u0110\u00e9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0."}
+{"text": "T\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Campuchia c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 50 km v\u1edbi 4 c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 2 c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 Dinh B\u00e0. \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ru\u1ed9ng sen, hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u1edf \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p. Ng\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t sen tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i sen kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean l\u00e1 sen. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh du l\u1ecbch sinh th\u00e1i. M\u00f9a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed5i v\u1ec1, c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi x\u1ee9 sen \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u00e2u th\u01a1, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n s\u00f9ng b\u00e1 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y:"}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn 1\u20132 m\u00e9t so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 2 v\u00f9ng l\u1edbn l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda nam s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi to\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 2 m\u00f9a r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a v\u00e0 m\u00f9a kh\u00f4. Trong \u0111\u00f3, m\u00f9a m\u01b0a th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 5 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11, m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 12 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m sau. \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m l\u00e0 82,5%, s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd n\u1eafng trung b\u00ecnh 6,8 gi\u1edd/ng\u00e0y. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a trung b\u00ecnh t\u1eeb 1.170 \u2013 1.520 mm, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u00f9a m\u01b0a, chi\u1ebfm 90 \u2013 95% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a c\u1ea3 n\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng k\u00e9m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p, n\u00ean l\u00e0m m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kinh ph\u00ed cao, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia l\u00e0m 4 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 sa (chi\u1ebfm 59,06% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean), nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00e8n (chi\u1ebfm 25,99% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean), \u0111\u1ea5t x\u00e1m (chi\u1ebfm 8,67% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean), nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1t (chi\u1ebfm 0,04% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean). Ngu\u1ed3n r\u1eebng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1eebng tr\u00e0m c\u00f2n d\u01b0\u1edbi 10.000 ha. \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt r\u1eebng r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 r\u1eafn, r\u00f9a, c\u00e1, t\u00f4m, tr\u0103n, c\u00f2, c\u1ed3ng c\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ebfu c\u1ed5 tr\u1ee5i."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3: C\u00e1t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u1edf ven s\u00f4ng, c\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u00f9 lao, l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. S\u00e9t g\u1ea1ch ng\u00f3i c\u00f3 trong ph\u00f9 sa c\u1ed5, tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch bi\u1ec3n, tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch s\u00f4ng, tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. S\u00e9t cao lanh c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch s\u00f4ng, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u1edf c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc t\u1ec9nh. Than b\u00f9n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u1edf huy\u1ec7n Tam N\u00f4ng, Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u1ea3ng 2 tri\u1ec7u m3."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ngu\u1ed3n s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt quanh n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m m\u1eb7n. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hai nh\u00e1nh s\u00f4ng S\u1edf H\u1ea1 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng S\u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Campuchia \u0111\u1ed5 ra s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec1n \u1edf H\u1ed3ng Ng\u1ef1. Ph\u00eda nam c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u00f4ng C\u00e1i T\u00e0u H\u1ea1, C\u00e1i T\u00e0u Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u00f4ng Sa \u0110\u00e9c\u2026 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt. \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec9a n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u kh\u00e1c nhau, ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0y h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 khai th\u00e1c, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o d\u00f9ng cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1832, sau c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Minh M\u1ea1ng, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p ng\u00e0y nay n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n hai t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n (ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda B\u1eafc t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda b\u1edd B\u1eafc s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec1n Giang) v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh An Giang c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n (ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda b\u1edd Nam s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec1n, n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng H\u1eadu, nay l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng Nam t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p). Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n th\u00ec tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y (m\u1ed9t trong 3 t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Nam K\u1ef3 l\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103m 1861. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh An Giang nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n th\u00ec tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh An Giang n\u00e0y (m\u1ed9t trong 3 t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Nam K\u1ef3 l\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9nh An Giang n\u0103m 1867."}
+{"text": "Sau khi chi\u1ebfm h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1862, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p d\u1ea7n x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n c\u0169 th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t Thanh tra. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, h\u1ea1t Thanh tra Ki\u1ebfn T\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n huy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ebfn Phong thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee7 Ki\u1ebfn T\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169. Tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf h\u1ea1t Thanh tra Ki\u1ebfn T\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Cao L\u00e3nh. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u1ea1t Thanh tra t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi t\u00ean theo t\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n c\u0169, sau m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean g\u1ecdi theo \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3ng tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf. V\u1ec1 sau, tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eddi t\u1eeb Cao L\u00e3nh (thu\u1ed9c th\u00f4n M\u1ef9 Tr\u00e0) \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1ea7n L\u1ed1 (thu\u1ed9c th\u00f4n M\u1ef9 Th\u1ecd). Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u1ea1t Thanh tra Ki\u1ebfn T\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1t Thanh tra C\u1ea7n L\u1ed1; bao g\u1ed3m 3 t\u1ed5ng: Phong H\u00f2a, Phong Ph\u00fa v\u00e0 Phong Th\u1ea1nh."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y 20, 22 v\u00e0 24 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1867, Ph\u00e1p vi ph\u1ea1m h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc 1862, chi\u1ebfm 3 t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y l\u00e0 V\u0129nh Long, An Giang v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u1ec9nh An Giang c\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n c\u0169 th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t Thanh tra. Ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 08 n\u0103m 1867, Ph\u00e1p l\u1eadp h\u1ea1t Thanh tra Sa \u0110\u00e9c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 24 h\u1ea1t thanh tra tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u00f5i Nam K\u1ef3. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, h\u1ea1t Thanh tra Sa \u0110\u00e9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n ph\u1ee7 T\u00e2n Th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh An Giang c\u0169. Ng\u00e0y 04 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1867, huy\u1ec7n Phong Ph\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp h\u1ea1t Thanh tra m\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1868, Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Nam K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 Bonard quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp huy\u1ec7n Phong Ph\u00fa v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng B\u00e3i S\u00e0o (S\u00f3c Tr\u0103ng) l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh qu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, l\u1eadp To\u00e0 B\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i Sa \u0110\u00e9c. H\u1ea1t Sa \u0110\u00e9c (ph\u1ee7 T\u00e2n Th\u00e0nh) \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ef5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Sa \u0110\u00e9c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 3 huy\u1ec7n: V\u0129nh An, An Xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 Phong Ph\u00fa."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 05 th\u00e1ng 06 n\u0103m 1871, h\u1ea1t Sa \u0110\u00e9c nh\u1eadn th\u00eam h\u1ea1t C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1 v\u1eeba b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3. Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1872, Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Nam K\u1ef3 ra Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1ch huy\u1ec7n Phong Ph\u00fa thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1t Sa \u0110\u00e9c v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc Tr\u00e0ng (thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee7 L\u1ea1c H\u00f3a, t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Long tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1eb7t To\u00e0 B\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i Tr\u00e0 \u00d4n. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, To\u00e0 B\u1ed1 t\u1eeb Tr\u00e0 \u00d4n l\u1ea1i d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 C\u00e1i R\u0103ng. Ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1876, Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Nam K\u1ef3 ra Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi l\u1ea5y huy\u1ec7n Phong Ph\u00fa v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n huy\u1ec7n An Xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 T\u00e2n Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp h\u1ea1t C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1 v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1. H\u1ea1t C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1 thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c Bassac (H\u1eadu Giang)."}
+{"text": "Sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1945, t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c, t\u1ec9nh Long Xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c n\u1eb1m trong danh s\u00e1ch 21 t\u1ec9nh \u1edf Nam B\u1ed9. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, \u1ee6y ban Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn H\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh Nam b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecf c\u1ea5p t\u1ed5ng, b\u1ecf \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0ng, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u00e3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1ecf danh x\u01b0ng qu\u1eadn, g\u1ecdi thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng huy\u1ec7n. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1956 c\u0169ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng danh x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 x\u00e3, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1975. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Minh c\u0169ng cho th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Sa \u0110\u00e9c tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0ng T\u00e2n V\u0129nh H\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1947, theo ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 50/CT c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Nam B\u1ed9 (ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a), l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Long Xuy\u00ean, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Long Ch\u00e2u Ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Long Ch\u00e2u H\u1eadu. Theo \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ec9nh Long Ch\u00e2u Ti\u1ec1n n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1edd tr\u00e1i (t\u1ea3 ng\u1ea1n) s\u00f4ng H\u1eadu, hai b\u00ean s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec1n, thu\u1ed9c khu 8 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 5 huy\u1ec7n: T\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u, H\u1ed3ng Ng\u1ef1, Ch\u1ee3 M\u1edbi, Ch\u00e2u Ph\u00fa B v\u00e0 L\u1ea5p V\u00f2. Ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1949, huy\u1ec7n L\u1ea5p V\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c. C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Long Ch\u00e2u Ti\u1ec1n chia th\u00e0nh 2 huy\u1ec7n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 Ph\u00fa Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 T\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1956, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m ban h\u00e0nh S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh 143-NV \u0111\u1ec3 \" thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0110\u00f4 th\u00e0nh S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u2013 Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam\". \u0110\u1ecba gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba danh c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Theo S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Nam Ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 g\u1ed3m \u0110\u00f4 th\u00e0nh S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 22 t\u1ec9nh. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, t\u1ec9nh Phong Th\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh Ki\u1ebfn Phong; c\u00f2n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3, s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Long. T\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5 t\u1ec9nh Ki\u1ebfn Phong c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \"Cao L\u00e3nh\", v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 M\u1ef9 Tr\u00e0, qu\u1eadn Cao L\u00e3nh."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 09 n\u0103m 1966, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a k\u00fd S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1 162-SL/\u0110UHC quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1i l\u1eadp t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c. T\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c m\u1edbi t\u00e1ch ra t\u1eeb t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Long, ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa hai con s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec1n Giang v\u00e0 H\u1eadu Giang, v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 900 km\u00b2. T\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5 t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \"Sa \u0110\u00e9c\", v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 T\u00e2n V\u0129nh H\u00f2a, qu\u1eadn Ch\u00e2u Th\u00e0nh (t\u1eeb sau n\u0103m 1968 thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecbnh). T\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c khi \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m 4 qu\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c: Ch\u00e2u Th\u00e0nh (do \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean t\u1eeb qu\u1eadn Sa \u0110\u00e9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3), L\u1ea5p V\u00f2, \u0110\u1ee9c T\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 03 n\u0103m 1968, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean qu\u1eadn Ch\u00e2u Th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh qu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00e1ch x\u00e3 M\u1ef9 Tr\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Cao L\u00e3nh thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Ki\u1ebfn Phong. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Cao L\u00e3nh v\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n Cao L\u00e3nh c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5p huy\u1ec7n ngang b\u1eb1ng nhau. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng cho th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00eam huy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ebfn V\u0103n, huy\u1ec7n M\u1ef9 An v\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n Thanh B\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ph\u00eda ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. T\u1ec9nh Ki\u1ebfn Phong khi \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c: th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Cao L\u00e3nh, huy\u1ec7n Cao L\u00e3nh, huy\u1ec7n M\u1ef9 An (ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi), huy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ebfn V\u0103n, huy\u1ec7n Thanh B\u00ecnh, huy\u1ec7n H\u1ed3ng Ng\u1ef1. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1965 t\u1ec9nh Ki\u1ebfn Phong nh\u1eadn th\u00eam huy\u1ec7n Ch\u1ee3 M\u1edbi t\u1eeb t\u1ec9nh An Giang (tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1956 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Long Xuy\u00ean)."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1957, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Long. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, huy\u1ec7n Ch\u00e2u Th\u00e0nh c\u0169 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh huy\u1ec7n Sa \u0110\u00e9c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Sa \u0110\u00e9c v\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n Sa \u0110\u00e9c l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5p huy\u1ec7n ngang b\u1eb1ng nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Long. \u0110\u1ecba b\u00e0n th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Sa \u0110\u00e9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khi \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi x\u00e3 T\u00e2n V\u0129nh H\u00f2a thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn Sa \u0110\u00e9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, huy\u1ec7n Lai Vung tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o huy\u1ec7n L\u1ea5p V\u00f2 c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Long."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1974, Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c mi\u1ec1n Nam quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Ki\u1ebfn Phong v\u00e0 An Giang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Long Ch\u00e2u Ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c. T\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n Ch\u1ee3 M\u1edbi, Cao L\u00e3nh, Ki\u1ebfn V\u0103n, M\u1ef9 An v\u00e0 th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Cao L\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Ki\u1ebfn Phong c\u0169; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n L\u1ea5p V\u00f2, Ch\u00e2u Th\u00e0nh, th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Sa \u0110\u00e9c c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Long giao l\u1ea1i; t\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5 t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Sa \u0110\u00e9c. T\u1ec9nh Long Ch\u00e2u Ti\u1ec1n g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n: H\u1ed3ng Ng\u1ef1, Thanh B\u00ecnh, Tam N\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Ki\u1ebfn Phong c\u0169 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c huy\u1ec7n An Ph\u00fa, T\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u, Ph\u00fa T\u00e2n A v\u00e0 Ph\u00fa T\u00e2n B c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh An Giang c\u0169; t\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n T\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u, huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u (ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 th\u1ecb x\u00e3 T\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u)."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1975, B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ra Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 245-NQ/TW v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf khu, h\u1ee3p t\u1ec9nh trong to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \"nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ecb an, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc\". Theo Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, t\u1ec9nh Long Ch\u00e2u Ti\u1ec1n, t\u1ec9nh Sa \u0110\u00e9c v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Ki\u1ebfn T\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u1ec9nh m\u1edbi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ec9nh l\u1ef5 s\u1ebd do \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u00ean."}
+{"text": "T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p trong 9 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2012 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n chung c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf -x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong t\u1ec9nh v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. T\u1ed5ng kim ng\u1ea1ch xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t 463 tri\u1ec7u USD, b\u1eb1ng 71,3% k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng kim ng\u1ea1ch nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t 467,4 tri\u1ec7u USD b\u1eb1ng 66,7% k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t 1.629 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, huy \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ed1n t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng t\u0103ng 27,8% v\u00e0 d\u01b0 n\u1ee3 cho vay t\u0103ng 10,46% so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m. S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00faa 2 v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f4ng xu\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u00e8 thu \u0111\u1ea1t 2,6 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n, v\u01b0\u1ee3t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch 2,3% s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t 334.300 t\u1ea5n, b\u1eb1ng 79,5% k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. V\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, t\u1ed5ng m\u1ee9c b\u00e1n l\u1ebb h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t 30.468 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1eb1ng 70,3% k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch, v\u1ec7 sinh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, y t\u1ebf... g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n m\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "C\u00e2y l\u00faa v\u1eabn l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn trong di\u1ec7n t\u00edch gieo tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 trong gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t to\u00e0n ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch gieo tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa c\u1ea3 n\u0103m \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 487.623 ha, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00faa c\u1ea3 n\u0103m 2012 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 3.036 ng\u00e0n t\u1ea5n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. Do thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng n\u00ean s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n trong n\u0103m 2012 gi\u1ea3m so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2011. S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng n\u0103m 2012 v\u1eabn t\u0103ng 15,89% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t 436 ng\u00e0n t\u1ea5n, v\u01b0\u1ee3t 9,81% k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u0103m. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng m\u1ee9c v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u0103m 2012 l\u00e0 2.380 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1t 98,61% k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u0103m. T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 2012 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 695 tri\u1ec7u USD, b\u1eb1ng 109,72% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2011. M\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1eabn l\u00e0 x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u 633 ng\u00e0n t\u1ea5n, v\u1edbi tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u 640 tri\u1ec7u USD, t\u0103ng 17,87% v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng 5,88% v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2011."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n gia c\u1ea7m (v\u1ecbt) ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9 nu\u00f4i v\u1ecbt \u0111\u1ebb l\u00e0 899 h\u1ed9 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ecbt nu\u00f4i l\u00e0 650.512 con, s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9 nu\u00f4i v\u1ecbt th\u1ecbt l\u00e0 152 h\u1ed9 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ecbt nu\u00f4i l\u00e0 126.788 con. Trong th\u00e1ng 10, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 tra \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 33.145 t\u1ea5n, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t to\u00e0n ng\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1t 1.231.517 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u1ed5ng m\u1ee9c v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e1ng 10 l\u00e0 231.093 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh 10 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m, t\u1ed5ng m\u1ee9c v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n 1.851.540 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng. Trong th\u00e1ng 10, t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng m\u1ee9c b\u00e1n l\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea1t 34.375 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 213 ng\u00e0n t\u1ea5n. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a 10 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2012 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 2.415 ng\u00e0n t\u1ea5n t\u0103ng 3,99% so v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3 2011."}
+{"text": "\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh trong th\u00e1ng 10 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1t 74.584 ng\u00e0n USD. Trong khi nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1t 60.555 ng\u00e0n USD. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1m nh\u1eadp t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t th\u00ec kim ng\u1ea1ch xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u th\u00e1ng 10 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t 57.084 ng\u00e0n USD. Trong 10 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2012, N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1m nh\u1eadp t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t th\u00ec kim ng\u1ea1ch xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t 539.558 ng\u00e0n USD, \u0111\u1ea1t 83% so v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 2012. Kim ng\u1ea1ch nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1t 547.651 ng\u00e0n USD, b\u1eb1ng 88,9% so v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3 n\u0103m 2011 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t 78,24% k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u0103m. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP n\u0103m 2012 \u0111\u1ea1t 9,66%. GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 2012 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1t 24,8 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng."}
+{"text": "T\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 1 di t\u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khu di t\u00edch g\u00f2 th\u00e1p, c\u00f3 12 di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 49 di t\u00edch c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m tham quan nh\u01b0 khu di t\u00edch G\u00f2 Th\u00e1p, khu di t\u00edch X\u1ebbo Qu\u00fdt, L\u0103ng c\u1ee5 Ph\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Sinh S\u1eafc, \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1edbng Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n N\u0103ng, V\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia Tr\u00e0m Chim, Nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 Hu\u1ef3nh Th\u1ee7y L\u00ea, V\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00f2 Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi, L\u00e0ng hoa c\u1ea3nh T\u00e2n Quy \u0110\u00f4ng (V\u01b0\u1eddn h\u1ed3ng Sa \u0110\u00e9c)\u2026 C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m tham quan, du l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, t\u00f4n t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng, n\u00ean c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, ch\u01b0a t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi du kh\u00e1ch, ch\u01b0a khai th\u00e1c t\u1ed1t ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi Campuchia. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ec9nh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch li\u00ean t\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u01b0a kh\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p, \u0111i An Giang, C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1, v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, tuy\u1ebfn ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0a kh\u00e1ch trong t\u1ec9nh \u0111i tham quan c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 V\u0169ng T\u00e0u, \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t, Nha Trang\u2026"}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 30 gi\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 1A t\u1ea1i ng\u00e3 3 An H\u1eefu (C\u00e1i B\u00e8 - Ti\u1ec1n Giang) ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd B\u1eafc s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec1n, qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 80 t\u1eeb c\u1ea7u M\u1ef9 Thu\u1eadn n\u1ed1i H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean \u0111i qua c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Long, \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p, An Giang, C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1 v\u00e0 Ki\u00ean Giang, qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 54 ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng H\u1eadu n\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p v\u1edbi V\u0129nh Long v\u00e0 Tr\u00e0 Vinh, tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng N2 n\u1ed1i qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 22 v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 30 xuy\u00ean qua khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t B\u1eafc Nam. M\u1ea1ng giao th\u00f4ng th\u1ee7y tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec1n, s\u00f4ng H\u1eadu n\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh trong khu v\u1ef1c, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i trong giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Campuchia."}
+{"text": "Theo th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 2008, t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p c\u00f3 168 c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1m ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c S\u1edf Y t\u1ebf. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 12 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, 13 ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m \u0111a khoa khu v\u1ef1c, 1 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 142 tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 3.458 gi\u01b0\u1eddng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 2.440 gi\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m \u0111a khoa khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 150 gi\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 80, tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf c\u00f3 888 gi\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u0169ng theo th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 2008, t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 762 b\u00e1c s\u0129, 990 y s\u0129, 1029 y t\u00e1, 414 n\u1eef h\u1ed9 sinh, 183 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 cao c\u1ea5p, 838 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 trung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 492 d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1."}
+{"text": "Khu v\u1ef1c Maghreb bao g\u1ed3m T\u00e2y Sahara, Maroc, Alg\u00e9rie v\u00e0 Libya. B\u1eafc Phi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u00ec hai v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc Phi v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. Ngo\u00e0i ra, b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Sinai thu\u1ed9c Ai C\u1eadp n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, khi\u1ebfn Ai C\u1eadp tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c. Khu v\u1ef1c tranh ch\u1ea5p T\u00e2y Sahara hi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Maroc; nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ly khai Polisario Front c\u0169ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y Sahara kh\u1ecfi Maroc."}
+{"text": "C\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia theo c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd: v\u00f9ng Maghreb, v\u00f9ng thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Nil v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Sahara. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng t\u00e2y b\u1eafc Phi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Berber sinh s\u1ed1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 s\u1eed th\u00e0nh v\u0103n, trong khi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Phi l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Abyssin (hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ethiopia) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nubia (t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sudan). Sau khi b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 7, v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ea2 R\u1eadp h\u00f3a v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ai C\u1eadp l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Sunni v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o Ai C\u1eadp c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o Ethiopia. \u1ede v\u00f9ng Nubia, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb Ai C\u1eadp sang Sudan, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Nubia c\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i. Ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Sudan ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu g\u1ed3m c\u01b0 d\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Nil, khu v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a phi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Nilotic v\u00e0 Nubia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Sudan l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111a v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1eafc Phi."}
+{"text": "B\u1eafc Phi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 di c\u01b0 sang Ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c Israel khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1eafc Phi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n di c\u01b0 sang Canada. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Israel hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 600.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 700.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi, bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sfard\u012bm (nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n di c\u01b0 t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i Mizr\u0101h\u00eem b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng t\u1edbi 15.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i trong v\u00f9ng, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Maroc v\u00e0 Tunisia."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y B\u1eafc Phi l\u00e0 Carthage v\u00e0 Numidia. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Carthage c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phoenicia, trong khi c\u00e1c huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i La M\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Carthage l\u00e0 n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Dido, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phoenicia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi trao cho v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m da b\u00f2 r\u1ed9ng bao xa. Dido \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch k\u00e9o th\u1eadt m\u1ecfng t\u1ea5m da b\u00f2 ra \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u0169ng k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed th\u00e0nh Troja l\u00e0 Aeneas t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i th\u00f9 gi\u1eefa Carthage v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, khi sau \u0111\u00f3 Aeneas th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3."}
+{"text": "Carthage l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Carthage \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Sicilia. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Sicilia \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Punic l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Carthage b\u1ecb La M\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc Phi thu\u1ed9c Carthage tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 146 TCN. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa Numidia v\u00e0 La M\u00e3."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Numudia \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Marius v\u00e0 Sulla v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng l\u00ean n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 khi Marius y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb La M\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00e0i n\u0103ng Jugurtha. B\u1eafc Phi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Augustus x\u1ee9 Hippo, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 y\u1ebfu \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c man r\u1ee3 Germanic Vandal b\u0103ng qua eo bi\u1ec3n Gibraltor v\u00e0 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc Phi."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t B\u1eafc Phi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c quan tr\u1ecdng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 v\u00ec ch\u00e2u Phi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap La M\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm B\u1eafc Phi tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y La M\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y, La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c r\u1ee3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1eeb ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi Huns. N\u0103m 468, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Phi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 b\u1ecb Ostrogoth l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 475. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Phi b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p (ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: France; ph\u00e1t \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: [f\u0281\u0251\u0303s]), t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p (ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise [\u0281epyblik f\u0281\u0251\u0303s\u025bz]), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u00c2u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. Ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn eo bi\u1ec3n Manche v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng Rhin \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Guyane thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c Nam M\u1ef9 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng. 18 v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 643.801 km\u00b2, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2017 l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n 67 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Paris c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse v\u00e0 Bordeaux."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft, Ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gaulois thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m Celt. La M\u00e3 (Roma) s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 51 TCN, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 486, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m Germain chinh ph\u1ee5c khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed3i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p. Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5i l\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o h\u1eadu k\u1ef3 Trung C\u1ed5, gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m (1337-1453) gi\u00fap c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung ho\u00e1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Trong phong tr\u00e0o Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Tin L\u00e0nh (Huguenot). Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c chi ph\u1ed1i v\u0103n ho\u00e1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Louis XIV. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, Napol\u00e9on n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Sau khi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea3i qua n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau, \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ec7 Tam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1870. Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh trong chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eafng. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, Ph\u00e1p n\u1eb1m trong kh\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh song b\u1ecb phe Tr\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1940. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1944, \u0110\u1ec7 T\u1ee9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp song sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn tranh Alg\u00e9rie. N\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ec7 Ng\u0169 c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Charles de Gaulle \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1958 v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay. Alg\u00e9rie v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, song th\u01b0\u1eddng duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi UNESCO nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ba t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n kho\u1ea3ng 83 tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo GDP danh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn theo GDP PPP. V\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n gia \u0111\u00ecnh, Ph\u00e1p x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch cao trong c\u00e1c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u00e1p duy tr\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c trong H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o trong Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng euro. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a G7, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng (NATO), T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Kinh t\u1ebf (OECD), T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WTO), v\u00e0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef."}
+{"text": "Ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho to\u00e0n \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Frank, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"France\" b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng La Tinh Francia, hay \"qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank\". Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Francia trong ti\u1ebfng \u00dd v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Frank. Theo c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Edward Gibbon v\u00e0 Jacob Grimm, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u1eeb frank (mi\u1ec5n) trong ti\u1ebfng Anh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng ngh\u0129a \"mi\u1ec5n\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn do sau khi chinh ph\u1ee5c Gaul, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf. Thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Germain nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 l\u00e0 frankon, d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 c\u00e1i lao ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng do r\u00ecu qu\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 francisca. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac k\u1ef7 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i (10.000 TCN), kh\u00ed h\u1eadu tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00f4n ho\u00e0 h\u01a1n; t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 7.000 TCN, khu v\u1ef1c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Sau nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 4 \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 3 TCN, ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n kim xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 3 TCN, ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ebfu, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eaft. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u di ch\u1ec9 c\u1ef1 th\u1ea1ch t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 di ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 Carnac d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng (kho\u1ea3ng 3.300 TCN)."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 600 TCN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p Ionie xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb Phoc\u00e9e th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Massalia (nay l\u00e0 Marseille) b\u00ean b\u1edd \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Gaulois thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m Celt th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c nay l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng ra ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III TCN. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Gaule xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y; n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Celt \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u1ea3i gi\u1eefa s\u00f4ng Rhin, \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u00e3y Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi Gaule c\u1ed5, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gaulois thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m Celt. Gaule sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ef1c nam ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf Hy L\u1ea1p-La M\u00e3."}
+{"text": "Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 125 TCN, ph\u1ea7n mi\u1ec1n nam c\u1ee7a Gaule b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c, h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Provincia Nostra (\"t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta\"), v\u00e0 theo th\u1eddi gian ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Provence trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. Julius Caesar chinh ph\u1ee5c ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Gaule v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Gaulois Vercing\u00e9torix v\u00e0o n\u0103m 52 TCN. Gaule b\u1ecb Augustus ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Gaulois-La M\u00e3, nh\u01b0 Lugdunum (nay l\u00e0 Lyon) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gaulois. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo phong c\u00e1ch La M\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0i v\u00f2ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng t\u1eafm n\u00f3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gaulois lai v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 (ti\u1ebfng La Tinh, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3). Thuy\u1ebft \u0111a th\u1ea7n La M\u00e3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o Gaulois th\u00e0nh thuy\u1ebft h\u1ed5 l\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 250 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 280, Gaule thu\u1ed9c La M\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi man di ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Tuy th\u1ebf, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Gaule thu\u1ed9c La M\u00e3. N\u0103m 312, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Constantinus I c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o sang C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i th\u00ec t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00e0y gia t\u0103ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V, ng\u01b0\u1eddi man di l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Germain nh\u01b0 Vandal, Suebi v\u00e0 Alan v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng Rhin \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Gaule, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 v\u1ed1n \u0111ang suy s\u1ee5p."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank tu\u00e2n theo v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Gaulois-La M\u00e3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Gaule c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Francia (\"v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank\"). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m Germain ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Roma, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Gaule do c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 La M\u00e3 th\u01b0a th\u1edbt v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Germain n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean. Clovis \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Paris v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u M\u00e9roving, song v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia n\u00f3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau khi Clovis m\u1ea5t: Paris, Orl\u00e9ans, Soissons, v\u00e0 Rheims. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e9roling cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 tay c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n th\u1eeba trong cung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n th\u1eeba t\u00ean l\u00e0 Charles Martel \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o Gaule trong tr\u1eadn Tours (732), \u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank. Con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 P\u00e9pin L\u00f9n, \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Francia t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u M\u00e9roving \u0111\u00e3 suy y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Caroling. Con trai c\u1ee7a P\u00e9pin l\u00e0 Charlemagne th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank v\u00e0 g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn tr\u1ea3i kh\u1eafp T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Trung \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Charlemagne \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00e9on III c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Charlemagne n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 uy quy\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Con trai c\u1ee7a Charlemagne l\u00e0 Louis I (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec 814\u2013840) duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t; tuy nhi\u00ean \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Caroling n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i sau th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. N\u0103m 843, theo Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Verdun, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai c\u1ee7a Louis I: \u0110\u00f4ng Francia thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Louis ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, Trung Francia thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Lothaire I, v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Francia thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Charles B\u00e9o. T\u00e2y Francia g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IX v\u00e0 X, Ph\u00e1p li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Viking, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia r\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n: c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, c\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng mang t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, do \u0111\u00f3 k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n g\u1eb7p th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. Theo th\u1eddi gian, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed1i \u0111e do\u1ea1 cho qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, sau tr\u1eadn Hastings v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1066, William Nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ea1t th\u00eam \"qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh\" v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u (v\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Normandie) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng (v\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Anh) v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, g\u00e2y c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Caroling cai tr\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 987, khi C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Hugues Capet \u0111\u0103ng c\u01a1 l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u2014 nh\u00e0 Capet, nh\u00e0 Valois v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Bourbon \u2014 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00f4ng qua chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1190 b\u1edfi Philippe II Auguste. Gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n \u0111a trong d\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong su\u1ed1t hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 Franj b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p hay kh\u00f4ng. Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng Levant, bi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong c\u1ea3 Hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 C\u1ee9u t\u1ebf v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 d\u00f2ng \u0110\u1ec1n. Hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 d\u00f2ng \u0110\u1ec1n n\u1eafm nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Philippe IV ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1307. Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh Albi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1209 nh\u1eb1m di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb ph\u00e1i Cathar d\u1ecb \u0111oan t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c t\u00e2y nam c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y nay. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i Cathar b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Toulouse \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng sau n\u00e0y b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda ph\u1ea7n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y nay, bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc, trung v\u00e0 t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng, ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, t\u0103ng l\u1eef v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Charles IV m\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1328. V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi em con ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a Charles l\u00e0 Philippe x\u1ee9 Valois, thay v\u00ec cho con trai c\u1ee7a em g\u00e1i Charles l\u00e0 Edward (ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Edward III c\u1ee7a Anh). Trong th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea1i tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Philippe x\u1ee9 Valois, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Philippe b\u1ecb Edward III c\u1ee7a Anh tranh gi\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1337 ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh l\u00e2m v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m n\u0103m. Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn theo th\u1eddi gian, song ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean. D\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh nh\u01b0 Jeanne d'Arc v\u00e0 La Hire, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y lui th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Anh ra kh\u1ecfi l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea3i qua d\u1ecbch C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en; m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 17 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, di\u1ec5n ra b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n tham gia c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u00dd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Jacques Cartier hay Samuel de Champlain y\u00eau s\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 cho Ph\u00e1p, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Tin L\u00e0nh n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u khi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p l\u00e2m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn mang t\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Huguenot (Tin L\u00e0nh) b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i trong Th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t Ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Th\u00e1nh Barth\u00e9lemy v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1572. Chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o k\u1ebft th\u00fac theo s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Nantes c\u1ee7a Henri IV, theo \u0111\u00f3 trao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Huguenot."}
+{"text": "D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Louis XIII, H\u1ed3ng y Richelieu x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn t\u1eadp trung ho\u00e1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1620. \u00d4ng ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa ngoan c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (\u0111\u1ea5u tay \u0111\u00f4i, mang v\u0169 kh\u00ed, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ri\u00eang). \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1620, Richelieu l\u1eadp ra thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 v\u0169 l\u1ef1c. Khi Louis XIV c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 V\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eadu Anne v\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng y Mazarin, Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n mang t\u00ean Fronde, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Fronde \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c to\u00e0 \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao, nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c gia t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII v\u00e0 th\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Louis XIV. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n cho c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Versailles, do \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Louis XIV tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, bi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c n\u00e0y. Ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong ngo\u1ea1i giao, khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Ph\u00e1p gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Louis XIV c\u0169ng hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Nantes, bu\u1ed9c h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Huguenot ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u vong."}
+{"text": "D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Louis XV, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t T\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 sau khi h\u1ecd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1ea3y n\u0103m v\u1ed1n k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1763. Tuy v\u1eady, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam, nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Lorraine (1766) v\u00e0 Corse (1770). Do kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Louis XV suy y\u1ebfu, c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tru\u1ef5 l\u1ea1c trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p di\u1ec5n ra 15 n\u0103m sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Louis XVI t\u00edch c\u1ef1c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 khi h\u1ecd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi Anh (\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris (1783)). Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh sau khi Ph\u00e1p can d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn phong tr\u00e0o Khai s\u00e1ng di\u1ec5n ra trong gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t minh l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u00f4xy (1778) v\u00e0 kh\u00ed c\u1ea7u n\u00f3ng ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (1783). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Bougainville v\u00e0 Lap\u00e9rouse tham gia c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng qua th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 d\u00e0nh cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, gi\u00fap m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, Louis XVI tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Ba \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p (\u00c9tats g\u00e9n\u00e9raux) v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1789 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Do h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ebf t\u1eafc, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 ba (th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n) h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. Lo ng\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a chi\u1ebfm ng\u1ee5c Bastille v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1789, ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1789, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. Th\u00f4ng qua Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n (27 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1789), Ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho nam gi\u1edbi. Trong th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1789, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 b\u00e1n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3. Trong th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1790, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng l\u1eef t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p, hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n thu thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Louis XVI v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m, song vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn Varennes (th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1791) d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u1eefng tin \u0111\u1ed3n r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng g\u1eafn k\u1ebft hy v\u1ecdng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i x\u00e2m l\u0103ng."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1791, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u00c1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ed5 trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Pillnitz \u0111e do\u1ea1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p v\u0169 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. Trong th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1791, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn bu\u1ed9c Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Louis XVI ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Ph\u00e1p 1791, theo \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c gia theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn. Trong H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb L\u1eadp ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp (th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1791), t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc gi\u1eefa nh\u00f3m 'Gironde' \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi \u00c1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5, v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m 'Montagne' ho\u1eb7c 'Jacobin' ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfn. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1792, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb L\u1eadp ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u00c1o."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1792, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u1eadn d\u1eef \u0111e do\u1ea1 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Louis XVI, bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n trong H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb L\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n Ph\u1ed5 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Ph\u00e1p trong c\u00f9ng th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh sau cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu nam gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1792 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb L\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 9 h\u1ecd b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 khi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p. C\u1ef1u v\u01b0\u01a1ng Louis XVI b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1793. Ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Anh v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1792, v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1793; \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1793, \u00c1o, Anh v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng trong th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1793, n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Vend\u00e9e ch\u1ed1ng Paris b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u; kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung n\u1ea5u t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed1i th\u00f9 phe ph\u00e1i trong C\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m khi nh\u00f3m 'Gironde' v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1793 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi C\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 7 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn Bretagne, Normandie, Bordeaux, Marseilles, Toulon, Lyon. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i Paris t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1793 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn sinh m\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1eed gia nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1796 v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 450.000. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1794, Ph\u00e1p b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, song sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong C\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1793 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1794 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y, khi\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i bang v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1794 tr\u1edf n\u00ean thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i B\u1ec9. N\u0103m 1795, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ea5p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1799, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi ('H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh'), c\u00f2n b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o ho\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1799, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p (1804\u20131814/1815). Ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u chuy\u1ec3n sang tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on chinh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng nhanh ch\u00f3ng. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia t\u1ed9c Bonaparte \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ra to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e9t, b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Napol\u00e9on v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Sau chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e1nh Nga th\u00ea th\u1ea3m, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, Napol\u00e9on th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Bourbon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c. Kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Napol\u00e9on."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1852, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Louis-Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a em trai Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Napol\u00e9on III. \u00d4ng gia t\u0103ng can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Krym, t\u1ea1i M\u00e9xico v\u00e0 \u00dd, cu\u1ed9c can thi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i \u00dd khi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Savoy v\u00e0 B\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c Nice t\u1eeb V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Sardegna. Napol\u00e9on III b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ph\u00e1p-Ph\u1ed5 1870 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ec7 Tam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p. C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Paris t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1871. V\u1ee5 Dreyfus l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, song \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u00e0 XX, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sau \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh. T\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 13 tri\u1ec7u km\u00b2 trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920 v\u00e0 1930, chi\u1ebfm 8,6% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Belle \u00c9poque, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n giao sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 t\u00ednh l\u1ea1c quan, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh khu v\u1ef1c, th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. N\u0103m 1905, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ba b\u00ean khi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, song Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Li\u00ean minh Trung t\u00e2m song v\u1edbi t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfn 1,4 tri\u1ec7u binh s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng, t\u1ee9c 4% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. T\u1eeb 27 \u0111\u1ebfn 30% binh s\u0129 t\u00f2ng qu\u00e2n t\u1eeb 1912\u20131915 thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n l\u00e0 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf d\u1eef d\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec9 ph\u00e9p h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1m gi\u1edd, n\u1eef gi\u1edbi trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1940, Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng. Ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng do \u0110\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p Vichy m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t mi\u1ec1n nam, c\u00f2n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u01b0u vong Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c T\u1ef1 do do Charles de Gaulle \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1942 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1944, kho\u1ea3ng 160.000 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 75.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Ba Lan. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1944, \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Normandie v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8 h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Provence. Trong n\u0103m sau, \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc phe Tr\u1ee5c, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p (GPRF) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1944. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi n\u00e0y do Charles de Gaulle l\u1eadp ra v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thanh tr\u1eebng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng (m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho n\u1eef gi\u1edbi, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i)."}
+{"text": "GPRF \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec7 T\u1ee9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p, th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3i qua t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c. Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp NATO (1949). Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng song th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Minh trong tr\u1eadn \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 n\u0103m 1954. V\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t xung \u0111\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Alg\u00e9rie. Hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tra kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh phi ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Alg\u00e9rie v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, khi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb suy s\u1ee5p v\u00e0 su\u00fdt d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. N\u0103m 1958, \u0110\u1ec7 T\u1ee9 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 suy y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho \u0110\u1ec7 Ng\u0169 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. V\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, Charles de Gaulle n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u1eef qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i nh\u1eb1m k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh. Chi\u1ebfn tranh Alg\u00e9rie k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1962, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Alg\u00e9rie \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. D\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh, Charles de Gaulle th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \"\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia\" \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i ph\u00eda T\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u00f4ng r\u00fat Ph\u00e1p kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed9 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a NATO, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n m\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p-\u0110\u1ee9c nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u si\u00eau qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u00e0 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n. Theo sau m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng ngh\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1968, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1968 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i to l\u1edbn. T\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 (t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n uy) chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sang m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n (ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb song n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi Charles de Gaulle, v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c ngay sau \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1eadu de Gaulle, Ph\u00e1p duy tr\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, song ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p cao v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng n\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI, Ph\u00e1p \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ti\u00ean phong trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u si\u00eau qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 k\u00fd k\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Maastricht (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng euro v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999, v\u00e0 k\u00fd k\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Lisbon v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007. Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n t\u00e1i h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o NATO v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tham gia v\u00e0o h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn do NATO b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, h\u1ecd h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nam c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng khi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 m\u1edbi (h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Maghreb) \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn) s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ea5t cao. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Ph\u00e1p b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong ch\u1edd t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch duy tr\u00ec v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh bom ga t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m t\u1ea1i Paris n\u0103m 1995, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Charlie Hebdo v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2015 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u00e1p, thu h\u00fat 4,4 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi . C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Paris th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2015 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m 130 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ph\u00e1p k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II , v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Nice n\u0103m 2016 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn 87 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft ngay trong l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Ng\u00e0y ph\u00e1 ng\u1ee5c Bastille."}
+{"text": "Ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p (France m\u00e9tropolitaine). N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, eo bi\u1ec3n Manche v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc, \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam. Ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi B\u1ec9 v\u00e0 Luxembourg v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Thu\u1ef5 S\u0129 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, \u00dd v\u00e0 Monaco v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam, v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha c\u00f9ng Andorra v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 t\u00e2y nam. Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai: Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, Alpes v\u00e0 Jura, s\u00f4ng Rhin t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c, trong khi bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Do h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, Ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c l'Hexagone. Ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3o, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Corse t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 41\u00b0 v\u00e0 51\u00b0 B\u1eafc, gi\u1eefa kinh tuy\u1ebfn 6\u00b0 T\u00e2y v\u00e0 10\u00b0 \u0110\u00f4ng, thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi b\u1eafc. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kho\u1ea3ng 1000 km t\u1eeb b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4ng sang t\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 551.500 km\u00b2, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. T\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Ad\u00e9lie, l\u00e0 643.801 km\u00b2. Ph\u00e1p s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng c\u1ea3nh quan, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ven bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai Alpes t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam, Kh\u1ed1i n\u00fai Trung t\u00e2m t\u1ea1i nam trung v\u00e0 d\u00e3y Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam. Do c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf (EEZ) l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi 11.035.000 km2, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau EEZ c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 (11.351.000 km2). EEZ c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 8% t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c EEZ c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1971. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ph\u00e1p n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, song ch\u1ec9 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 17 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i cacbon \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt, \u0111\u1ee9ng sau c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u00edt d\u00e2n h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 Canada v\u00e0 \u00dac. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 do Ph\u00e1p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n sau kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf 1973, v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 75% s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p (2011) v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m h\u01a1n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i c\u00e1cbon \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 20% \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2020 so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1990,."}
+{"text": "R\u1eebng chi\u1ebfm 28% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u1edbi tr\u00ean 140 lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ch\u00edn v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 46 v\u01b0\u1eddn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2020 chuy\u1ec3n 20% v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n h\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u01b0\u1eddn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ea5p v\u00f9ng (ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: parc naturel r\u00e9gional hay PNR) l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia, bao ph\u1ee7 khu v\u1ef1c th\u00f4n qu\u00ea c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quang c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng trong khu v\u1ef1c. Theo Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng 2012 do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale v\u00e0 Columbia th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1t th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i (Assembl\u00e9e Nationale) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 5 n\u0103m. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 phe \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. C\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 do c\u1eed tri \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 6 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i sau 3 n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2008. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa hai vi\u1ec7n, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, C\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 C\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ec7 Tam C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t ra ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1 trong khi ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 hai nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp: Th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c t\u1ea3 khuynh c\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 Chi b\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1eadu th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (t\u1eeb 1969); v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c h\u1eefu khuynh c\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Gaullisme (ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a de Gaulle) c\u00f3 t\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p (1947), Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00ec n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 (1958), \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i v\u00ec n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 (1976), Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p v\u00ec phong tr\u00e0o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n (2007) v\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 (t\u1eeb 2015). Trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 2017, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng trung dung c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn mang t\u00ean En Marche! tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c chi ph\u1ed1i, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p d\u00e2n lu\u1eadt;, theo \u0111\u00f3 lu\u1eadt b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh v\u0103n; c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i n\u00f3 (song m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1n l\u1ec7). C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n d\u1ef1a theo b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Napol\u00e9on (b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Louis XIV). Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, lu\u1eadt s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 Guy Canivet, ch\u1ee7 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1n, vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00f9: T\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7; b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh theo lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh: Lu\u1eadt t\u01b0 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng. Lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ba l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh: Lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 lu\u1eadt h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 con c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, song n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt do m\u1ed9t to\u00e0 \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u: c\u00e1c to\u00e0 \u00e1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1) \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 To\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c to\u00e0 \u00e1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, m\u1ecdi lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng b\u00e1o Journal officiel de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn lu\u1eadt t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n. Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt b\u00e1ng b\u1ed5 hay lu\u1eadt k\u00ea gian. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \"ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 nghi c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng\" (contraires aux bonnes m\u0153urs) hay g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng (trouble \u00e0 l'ordre public) t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1999, Ph\u00e1p cho ph\u00e9p k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2013 th\u00ec h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi LGBT nh\u1eadn con nu\u00f4i l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1881. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u th\u00f9 h\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt ch\u1ed1ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1990, \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Gayssot c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf Holocaust."}
+{"text": "T\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o theo hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p nh\u1edd Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n 1789. Lu\u1eadt t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1905 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc: Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1ea1i Alsace-Moselle. Tuy th\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n li\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u phong tr\u00e0o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i nguy hi\u1ec3m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1995, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m mang c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u1ec5 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2004. N\u0103m 2010, Ph\u00e1p c\u1ea5m mang m\u1ea1ng che m\u1eb7t H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng; c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 \u00c2n x\u00e1 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 Theo d\u00f5i Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft. N\u0103m 2015, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \"qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\" do s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p tham gia l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a G8, WTO, Ban th\u01b0 k\u00fd C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng (SPC) v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng (COI). Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Caribe (ACS) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef (OIF). Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, do \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n ngo\u1ea1i giao l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 OECD, UNESCO, Interpol, V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng C\u00e2n \u0111o Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p trong Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, Ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c (T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c), t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, Ph\u00e1p t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i Anh kh\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Tuy v\u1eady, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh duy tr\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1904, v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng (NATO), song d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Charles de Gaulle, Ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed9 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 chung nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Anh v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 an ninh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd Cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Iraq 2003, khi\u1ebfn c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng trong quan h\u1ec7 song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Anh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \"th\u00e2n M\u1ef9\" c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Nicolas Sarkozy, Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 chung NATO v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009. Trong \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c do ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n b\u00ed m\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Polyn\u00e9sie thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2013, Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, sau M\u1ef9, Anh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm 0,36% c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 GDP th\u00ec Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 12 trong danh s\u00e1ch. C\u01a1 quan Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1 Sahara. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \"ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, th\u1ef1c thi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n c\u00f9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\"."}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p (Forces arm\u00e9es fran\u00e7aises) c\u00f3 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1i cao l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c binh ch\u1ee7ng l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n, h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn binh Qu\u1ed1c gia (Gendarmerie nationale), hi\u1ebfn binh c\u0169ng thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p n\u1eb1m v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Hi\u1ebfn binh l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, song c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u1eafn v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 N\u1ed9i v\u1ee5."}
+{"text": "R\u0103n \u0111e h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m l\u1edbp Triomphant \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00f3ng t\u1eeb t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m. Ngo\u00e0i h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 60 t\u00ean l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ea7m trung ASMP c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, trong \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 50 t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n tri\u1ec3n khai, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y bay t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea7m xa Mirage 2000N, c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 10 t\u00ean l\u1eeda do H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec3n khai, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y bay t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Super \u00c9tendard Modernis\u00e9 (SEM), ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb t\u00e0u s\u00e2n bay n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Charles de Gaulle. M\u00e1y bay Rafale F3 s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n thay th\u1ebf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Mirage 2000N v\u00e0 SEM trong vai tr\u00f2 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u00ean l\u1eeda ASMP-A b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c trang b\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y bay chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u Rafale, t\u00e0u s\u00e2n bay Charles de Gaulle, t\u00ean l\u1eeda Exocet v\u00e0 xe t\u0103ng Leclerc c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Eurofighter, Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n chung c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u01b0 Eurocopter Tiger, c\u00e1c t\u00e0u khu tr\u1ee5c \u0111a m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch FREMM, hay Airbus A400M. Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 b\u00e1n v\u0169 kh\u00ed, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf trong kho v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 duy tr\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111a s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c, m\u00e1y bay, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng. Ph\u00e1p n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang d\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng ty ho\u00e1 khu v\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u00e1n c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i France T\u00e9l\u00e9com, Air France, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Airbus, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u00e2n bay v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i Guyane."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. S\u00e0n ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Paris (ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: La Bourse de Paris) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, do Louis XV l\u1eadp ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1724. N\u0103m 2000, c\u00e1c s\u00e0n ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Paris, Amsterdam v\u00e0 Bruxelles h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh Euronext. N\u0103m 2007, Euronext h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u00e0n ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n New York \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u00e0n ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi NYSE Euronext (gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 n\u0103m 2013). Euronext Paris l\u00e0 nh\u00e1nh t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a NYSE Euronext, l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng giao d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, sau s\u00e0n ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia cung c\u1ea5p n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. Nh\u1edd c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a EU khi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (chi\u1ebfm 20% s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a EU) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. L\u00faa m\u00ec, gia c\u1ea7m, b\u01a1 s\u1eefa, th\u1ecbt b\u00f2 v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. R\u01b0\u1ee3u vang Ros\u00e9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, song r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang Champagne v\u00e0 Bordeaux l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p EU cho Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ea1t 8 t\u1ef7 USD v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p: 3,8% lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p-th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m chi\u1ebfm 4,2% GDP c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2012, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3n 83 tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tr\u00ean Hoa K\u1ef3 (67 tri\u1ec7u) v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c (58 tri\u1ec7u). Con s\u1ed1 83 tri\u1ec7u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi 24 gi\u1edd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb du l\u1ecbch do kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian tham quan ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 43 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a UNESCO t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2017. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, c\u00e1c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ven bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch v\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 thanh b\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 n\u00ean th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 th\u00f4ng qua hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Les Plus Beaux Villages de France. Danh hi\u1ec7u \"c\u00e1c khu v\u01b0\u1eddn n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt\" g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch h\u01a1n 200 khu v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed9 V\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt. Ph\u00e1p thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Th\u00e1nh Jacques, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Lourdes-l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2teaux thu\u1ed9c thung l\u0169ng Loire, di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd do ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, trong c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y song \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c to\u00e0 th\u00e0nh (ch\u00e2teaux), nh\u01b0 Ch\u00e2teaux d'Amboise, de Chambord, d'Uss\u00e9, de Villandry v\u00e0 Chenonceau. C\u00e1c di t\u00edch thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u du kh\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003 l\u00e0: Th\u00e1p Eiffel, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Louvre, Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Versailles, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng d'Orsay, Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n, Trung t\u00e2m Pompidou, Mont Saint-Michel, Ch\u00e2teau de Chambord, Sainte-Chapelle, Ch\u00e2teau du Haut-K\u0153nigsbourg, Puy de D\u00f4me, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Picasso, Carcassonne."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng ty ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \u00c9lectricit\u00e9 de France (EDF), c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 2003, c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra 22% \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i cacbon \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt \u00edt nh\u1ea5t trong G8, do \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Do \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 59 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n (75% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012). Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eadp thu\u1ef7 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2008 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i 29.473 km \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u00c2u sau \u0110\u1ee9c. C\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty qu\u1ed1c doanh SNCF, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u cao t\u1ed1c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Thalys, Eurostar v\u00e0 TGV, ch\u00fang ch\u1ea1y v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 320 km/h khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Eurostar c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Eurotunnel Shuttle n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n sang Anh qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m eo bi\u1ec3n Manche. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft sang c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Andorra. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft li\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m (Paris, Lyon, Lille, Marseille, Toulouse, Rennes) v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n (Nantes, Strasbourg, Bordeaux, Grenoble, Montpellier) b\u1ed5 sung cho d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 xe bu\u00fdt."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1.027.183 km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. V\u00f9ng Paris \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 xa l\u1ed9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c nh\u1ea5t, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00f9ng v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng. Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p ph\u00ed \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd xe h\u00e0ng n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9; tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c xa l\u1ed9 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u00e1c commune l\u1edbn. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 m\u1edbi do c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n h\u00e0ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc chi ph\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0 Renault, Peugeot v\u00e0 Citro\u00ebn. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 c\u1ea7u c\u1ea1n Millau, l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u cao nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea7u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 Pont de Normandie."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 464 s\u00e2n bay t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2010. S\u00e2n bay Charles de Gaulle n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn Paris l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, li\u00ean k\u1ebft Paris v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Air France l\u00e0 h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c gia, song nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 du h\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i Marseille, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ven \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ef7 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba d\u00e0i 12.261 km, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o Midi n\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng qua s\u00f4ng Garonne."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn cho th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Sylvestre II v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u l\u1ea1i b\u00e0n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n thi\u00ean nghi, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Ren\u00e9 Descartes x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc, trong khi Blaise Pascal n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0u. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1edf r\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. Louis XIV cho th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII v\u00e0 XVIII."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Buffon v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc Lavoisier, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4xy trong s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1y, c\u00f2n Diderot v\u00e0 D'Alembert xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Encyclop\u00e9die nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \"ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng\", ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Augustin Fresnel s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp quang h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, Sadi Carnot \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 Louis Pasteur l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean phong v\u1ec1 vi sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean Th\u00e1p Eiffel."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Henri Poincar\u00e9, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Henri Becquerel, Pierre v\u00e0 Marie Curie, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Paul Langevin v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vi-r\u00fat h\u1ecdc Luc Montagnier c\u00f9ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 HIV/AIDS. C\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p tay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998 t\u1ea1i Lyon b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Jean-Michel Dubernard, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ca c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p hai tay th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb xa do Jacques Marescaux v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001. M\u1ed9t ca c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2016[c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt], c\u00f3 68 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p t\u1eebng th\u1eafng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u00e0 12 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Fields."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ee9 ba sau Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u0169 v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh kh\u00f4ng gian ri\u00eang, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho C\u01a1 quan v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (ESA). Airbus c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb A\u00e9rospatiale c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG (DASA) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Construcciones Aeron\u00e1uticas SA (CASA) c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Airbus thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e1y bay d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin, t\u00ean l\u1eeda, t\u00ean l\u1eeda v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng, v\u1ec7 tinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean quan. Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Trung t\u00e2m b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 gia t\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ESRF hay l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n Laue\u2013Langevin, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a CERN. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n c\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 Minatec."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u do c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao; ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t sinh th\u00ec Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006, v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gia t\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (s\u1ed1 sinh tr\u1eeb \u0111i s\u1ed1 t\u1eed) l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 300.000 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 th\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng 400.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, song v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2010 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m c\u00f2n 200.000. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1973, v\u00e0 tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi gia t\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1y l\u00e0 1,7 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994 l\u00ean 2,0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2017[c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt] t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t sinh l\u00e0 1,93."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Celt (Gaulois), pha tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m La Tinh v\u00e0 Germain (Frank). C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh di s\u1ea3n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Breton n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, Aquitani t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y nam, Scandinavia t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y b\u1eafc, Alemanni t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc v\u00e0 Liguria t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng nam. Nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1ee1i qua d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 2004, Institut Montaigne \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 51 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Da tr\u1eafng (85% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1), 6 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc Phi (10%), 2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Da \u0111en (3,3%), v\u00e0 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (1,7%)."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u0103m 1789 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1958 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p n\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 2008, cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 do INED v\u00e0 INSEE ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng 5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u00dd (c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t), ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 3 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn 6 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c B\u1eafc Phi, 2,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea1 Sahara, v\u00e0 200.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. C\u00f3 tr\u00ean 500.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Armenia t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gypsy (Di-gan) \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, t\u1eeb 20.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 400.000. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gypsy n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 Bulgaria v\u00e0 Romania th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005 cho r\u1eb1ng 40% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n) t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX; ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1921 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1935, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1,1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 thu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p. L\u00e0n s\u00f3ng l\u1edbn ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, khi c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1,6 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Pied-Noir tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p sau khi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Phi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169 t\u1eeb B\u1eafc v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Phi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2008, INSEE \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 sinh t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 5 tri\u1ec7u (8% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1), trong khi h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 sinh t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 6,5 tri\u1ec7u, t\u1ee9c 11% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Do \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 hai, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c \u00c2u v\u00e0 4 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c B\u1eafc Phi. N\u0103m 2008, Ph\u00e1p c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cho 137.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Maroc, Alg\u00e9rie v\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. N\u0103m 2014, INSEE c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 \u00dd t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2009 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2012. Theo vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea9y nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n song ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p trong c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Ngo\u00e0i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p trong Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed1i \u0111e do\u1ea1 t\u1eeb Anh ho\u00e1, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. Ngo\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 77 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, t\u00e1m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 69 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p: M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1794 do Henri Gr\u00e9goire ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng trong s\u1ed1 25 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef; ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 Alsace, Breton hay Occitan. Th\u00f4ng qua m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y duy nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX."}
+{"text": "Do c\u00e1c tham v\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, ch\u00e2u Phi, ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 Caribe. Ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sau ti\u1ebfng Anh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2u Phi. Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch sinh ng\u1eef b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau: Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p (Levant, Nam v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1), trong khi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ed3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u1ea4n v\u00e0 Nam Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ecdn ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang t\u0103ng l\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i theo hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan ni\u1ec7m la\u00efcit\u00e9, t\u1ee9c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, theo \u0111\u00f3 sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o chi ph\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7, song hi\u1ec7n nay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong s\u1ed1 47.000 to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, 94% l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3. N\u0103m 1965, 81% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, song \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2009 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n 64%. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, 27% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p tham gia Th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1952, song t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng 5% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Tin L\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfm 3% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, t\u0103ng so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 5% l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, 28% c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o. Ph\u00fac \u00c2m c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. Trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, t\u0103ng l\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt trang tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. Ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp la\u00efcit\u00e9 khi th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u0103m 1905 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Theo m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t trong th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2007, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 5% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 (trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, 10% \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 tham gia l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd). Cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng 51% c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, 31% t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn theo thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri ho\u1eb7c thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n (cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 kh\u00e1c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 27%), 10% t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, 4% t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, 3% t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Tin L\u00e0nh, 1% t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 1% t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp do nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Pierre Br\u00e9chon ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o gi\u1ea3m c\u00f2n 42%, trong khi s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 50%. N\u0103m 2011, trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 c\u1ee7a IFOP, 65% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 25% kh\u00f4ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o. Theo th\u0103m d\u00f2 Eurobarometer v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012, C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 60% c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. N\u0103m 2003, B\u1ed9 N\u1ed9i v\u1ee5 Ph\u00e1p \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 5-6 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (8\u201310%). Theo Pewforum, \"T\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 2004 v\u1ec1 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m mang c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c b\u00e9 g\u00e1i H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u00e9p mang kh\u0103n tr\u00f9m \u0111\u1ea7u, song lu\u1eadt c\u0169ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n mang kh\u0103n tr\u00f9m \u0111\u1ea7u \u2013 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \"d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft\" n\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u1eef th\u1eadp C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 kh\u0103n x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sikh \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\" C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 600.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sau c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i Israel v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "Theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc la\u00efcit\u00e9, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o cho m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c quy ch\u1ebf di s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 cho gi\u00e1o s\u0129 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i Alsace-Moselle). Lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft l\u00fd t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 Khoa Lu\u1eadn gi\u00e1o, Gia \u0111\u00ecnh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, hay Th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec7n Th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i (secte trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p), v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. Secte \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a x\u1ea5u t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m y t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Trong \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u0103m 2000 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \"g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi y t\u1ebf to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t\" tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u1ebfp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997. N\u0103m 2011, Ph\u00e1p chi 11,6% GDP cho y t\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh 4.086 USD cho m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi chi ti\u00eau b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u song th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Kho\u1ea3ng 77% chi ph\u00ed y t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi tr\u1ea3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3."}
+{"text": "D\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0ng thanh m\u1ea3nh nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, song Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00e9o ph\u00ec gia t\u0103ng v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 do thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen \u0103n u\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sang \"th\u1ee9c \u0103n r\u00e1c\" c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u00e9o ph\u00ec t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn th\u1ea5p xa so v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n nay nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn b\u00e9o ph\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u1edbi n\u00f3. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em b\u00e9o ph\u00ec \u0111ang ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, trong khi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n nay, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp trung, v\u00e0 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ba c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u1ecdc sinh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (PISA) h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi OECD x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch th\u1ee9 25 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006, kh\u00f4ng cao h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a OECD. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp, do B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh. T\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb 6-16 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, song qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc do nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb (\u00e9cole maternelle) v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (\u00e9cole \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire). Tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau k\u00edch th\u00edch tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfm. Kho\u1ea3ng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, tr\u1ebb chuy\u1ec3n sang tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng g\u1ed3m hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c coll\u00e8ge v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 qu\u1ed1c gia (Dipl\u00f4me national du brevet). Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong c\u00e1c lyc\u00e9e v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 kh\u1ea3o th\u00ed qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed7 b\u1eb1ng t\u00fa t\u00e0i (baccalaur\u00e9at, v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5ng quan) ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p (certificat d'aptitude professionelle)."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Grande \u00e9cole danh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 Sciences Po Paris v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, HEC Paris v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, Polytechnique v\u00e0 Mines ParisTech \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, hay Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Grands Corps c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c Grandes \u00e9cole b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch do c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a tinh hoa; h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c, CEO v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Do gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 n\u00ean chi ph\u00ed r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u20ac150 \u0111\u1ebfn \u20ac700 tu\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau (c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, th\u1ea1c s\u0129, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129). M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea1c s\u0129 (trong 5 n\u0103m) v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng \u20ac750\u20133.500. H\u1ecdc ph\u00ed t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, d\u00f9 cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat (kho\u1ea3ng \u20ac700). Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u20ac7000 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u20ac15.000 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. B\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m y t\u1ebf cho sinh vi\u00ean mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed cho \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i 20."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p n\u1eb1m v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 danh ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa. C\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp B\u1ed9 V\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1959 gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. B\u1ed9 V\u0103n ho\u00e1 lu\u00f4n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u0103n ho\u00e1, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong duy tr\u00ec ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 (trong \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh) nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nghe nh\u00ecn trong n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1eeb m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Flanders v\u00e0 m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u00dd. Jean Fouquet l\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u00dd v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Fontainebleau c\u1ee7a m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u00dd nh\u01b0 Primaticcio v\u00e0 Rosso Fiorentino, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. Hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Baroque l\u00e0 Nicolas Poussin v\u00e0 Claude Lorrain, h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u00dd. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf n\u00ean xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh ho\u00e1 th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. Th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Louis XIV l\u00e0 Jean-Baptiste Colbert th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m Ho\u00e0ng gia v\u1ec1 H\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u0110i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1648 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1666 \u00f4ng cho l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Roma \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u00dd."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n phong c\u00e1ch rococo trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 phong c\u00e1ch baroque c\u0169, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u00e0 Antoine Watteau, Fran\u00e7ois Boucher v\u00e0 Jean-Honor\u00e9 Fragonard c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1o ra thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 Napol\u00e9on chu\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 theo phong c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 Jacques-Louis David v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ra m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u00f3 hai phong tr\u00e0o k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau chi ph\u1ed1i m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n v\u1edbi Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault v\u00e0 Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi Camille Corot, Gustave Courbet v\u00e0 Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Millet, phong c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Trong n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng. C\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Camille Pissarro, \u00c9douard Manet, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet v\u00e0 Auguste Renoir. Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 theo phong c\u00e1ch \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 Paul C\u00e9zanne, Paul Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec v\u00e0 Georges Seurat, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u1edf th\u1ebf ti\u00ean phong v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i d\u00e3 th\u00fa l\u00e0 Henri Matisse, Andr\u00e9 Derain v\u00e0 Maurice de Vlaminck. L\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi Georges Braque v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Paris l\u00e0 Pablo Picasso. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecda s\u0129 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Paris l\u00e0 Vincent van Gogh, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani v\u00e0 Wassily Kandinsky."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y trong B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Louvre thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 Mona Lisa. Trong khi Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Louvre t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, th\u00ec B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Orsay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1986 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ga \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft c\u0169 trong cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u1eb1m t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 d\u00e3 th\u00fa). C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1976 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 Trung t\u00e2m Georges Pompidou. Ba b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n g\u1ea7n 17 tri\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Grand Palais, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Paris v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Paris, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Lyon, Lille, Rouen, Dijon, Rennes v\u00e0 Grenoble."}
+{"text": "Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Gothic ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Opus Francigenum t\u1ee9c \"c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3u Ph\u00e1p\", \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ea1i \u00cele-de-France v\u00e0 l\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng theo tr\u00ean to\u00e0n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh to\u00e0 v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Gothic quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Denis (t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba ho\u00e0ng gia); v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh to\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0 Chartres v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0 Amiens. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u0103ng c\u01a1 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Gothic quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0 Reims. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Gothic c\u00f2n t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Avignon. Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i chung cu\u1ed9c trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n quan tr\u1ecdng trong ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 t\u1eeb \u00dd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Ph\u00e1p, nhi\u1ec1u cung \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i thung l\u0169ng Loire, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c to\u00e0 th\u00e0nh dinh th\u1ef1 Ch\u00e2teau de Chambord, Ch\u00e2teau de Chenonceau hay Ch\u00e2teau d'Amboise."}
+{"text": "Sau th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Baroque thay th\u1ebf phong c\u00e1ch Gothic truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Baroque \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c thay v\u00ec t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Versailles mang nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m baroque. Jules Hardouin Mansart l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Versailles, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n baroque; \u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec m\u00e1i v\u00f2m t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec7n Invalides. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac baroque c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 Place Stanislas t\u1ea1i Nancy. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, Vauban thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng; do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, Nga v\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "Sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 chu\u1ed9ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, song phong c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0110i\u1ec7n Panth\u00e9on hay To\u00e0 th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh Toulouse. Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Madeleine \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t cho phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Napol\u00e9on III, ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac; c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh phung ph\u00ed nh\u01b0 Palais Garnier ki\u1ec3u t\u00e2n baroque \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u1eaft khe; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o Paris c\u1ee7a Haussmann. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ecb \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Khi \u0111\u00f3, di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c Gothic m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p; ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 Eug\u00e8ne Viollet-le-Duc. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, Gustave Eiffel thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 Garabit, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, song \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Th\u00e1p Eiffel."}
+{"text": "Sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thu\u1ef5 S\u0129-Ph\u00e1p Le Corbusier thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1eabn c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p k\u00ednh Louvre l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ho\u1ea1 cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi, do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang t\u1eeb xa. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1977 c\u00e1c to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i Paris ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao d\u01b0\u1edbi 37 m. Khu t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 La D\u00e9fense n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edbi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Paris, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c g\u1eb7p th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 C\u1ea7u c\u1ea1n Millau. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Jean Nouvel, Dominique Perrault, Christian de Portzamparc hay Paul Andreu."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, khi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Tristan v\u00e0 Iseult hay Lancelot-Grail. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft t\u00ean ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Chr\u00e9tien de Troyes v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Guillaume IX c\u1ee7a Aquitaine, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Occitan. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u01a1 v\u00e0 v\u0103n xu\u00f4i Ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ca Roland v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eed thi Chanson de geste. Roman de Renart do Perrout de Saint Cloude vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1175, k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Trung c\u1ed5 Reynard ('c\u00e1o') v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi ban \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI l\u00e0 Fran\u00e7ois Rabelais, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Gargantua v\u00e0 Pantagruel c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay. Michel de Montaigne l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Essais, t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn. Th\u01a1 Ph\u00e1p trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 Pierre de Ronsard v\u00e0 Joachim du Bellay, c\u1ea3 hai l\u1eadp ra phong tr\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u1ecdc La Pl\u00e9iade. Sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, Madame de La Fayette cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n La Princesse de Cl\u00e8ves \u1ea9n danh, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Jean de La Fontaine l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m truy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u ch\u1ea5u. C\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 h\u1ecdc sinh Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 gi\u00fap d\u1ea1y s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c chung cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef."}
+{"text": "Jean Racine n\u1eafm v\u1eefng l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 th\u01a1 alexandrine v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u00e1c v\u1edf k\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e8dre hay Britannicus. \u00d4ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Pierre Corneille v\u00e0 Moli\u00e8re \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ba nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n k\u1ecbch v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng kim t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. Moli\u00e8re d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c v\u1edf k\u1ecbch, nh\u01b0 Le Misanthrope, L'Avare, Le Malade imaginaire v\u00e0 Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme. C\u00e1c v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Moli\u00e8re\",."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII v\u00e0 XIX. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Denis Diderot l\u00e0 Jacques le fataliste v\u00e0 Le Neveu de Rameau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean t\u1eadp ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Encyclop\u00e9die, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00f3 cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngu d\u00e2n. C\u0169ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y, Charles Perrault c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng thu\u1ed9c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch cho thi\u1ebfu nhi nh\u01b0 M\u00e8o \u0111i hia, C\u00f4 b\u00e9 L\u1ecd Lem, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb9p ng\u1ee7 trong r\u1eebng v\u00e0 L\u00e3o R\u00e2u Xanh. V\u00e0o l\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, th\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine v\u00e0 St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9."}
+{"text": "Victor Hugo \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \"nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ph\u00e1p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\" v\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a v\u1edf k\u1ecbch Cromwell \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n. Les Contemplations v\u00e0 La L\u00e9gende des si\u00e8cles \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \"ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c th\u01a1\", Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Hugo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Shakespeare, Dante v\u00e0 Hom\u00e8re. Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0 Paris v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Alexandre Dumas (Ba ch\u00e0ng l\u00ednh ng\u1ef1 l\u00e2m v\u00e0 B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Monte Cristo), Jules Verne (Hai v\u1ea1n d\u1eb7m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n), \u00c9mile Zola (Les Rougon-Macquart), Honor\u00e9 de Balzac (T\u1ea5n tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eddi), Guy de Maupassant, Th\u00e9ophile Gautier v\u00e0 Stendhal (\u0110\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111en, Tu vi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh Parme), t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1ea3i Goncourt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1903. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Marcel Proust, Louis-Ferdinand C\u00e9line, Albert Camus v\u00e0 Jean-Paul Sartre. Antoine de Saint-Exup\u00e9ry vi\u1ebft Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed b\u00e9, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u01b0a th\u00edch trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2014[c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt], Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u0103n h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ph\u00e1p g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Patrick Modiano v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014."}
+{"text": "Chi ph\u1ed1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kinh vi\u1ec7n, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia nh\u01b0 Ren\u00e9 Descartes, Blaise Pascal v\u00e0 Nicolas Malebranche. Descartes h\u1ed3i sinh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ed1n suy tho\u00e1i sau th\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3. Suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 Spinoza, Leibniz, Hume, Berkeley v\u00e0 Kant."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia Ph\u00e1p s\u1ea3n sinh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai s\u00e1ng. Trong Tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, Montesquieu n\u00eau l\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do, sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. Trong Kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Jean-Jacques Rousseau c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Voltaire tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai s\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia duy l\u00fd nh\u01b0 Victor Cousin v\u00e0 Auguste Comte, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 Joseph de Maistre, Louis de Bonald v\u00e0 F\u00e9licit\u00e9 Robert de Lamennais, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy l\u00fd b\u00e1c b\u1ecf tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. De Maistre c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Edmund Burke \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, trong khi Comte \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng, lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00c9mile Durkheim \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng, thuy\u1ebft duy t\u00e2m Ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 Henri Bergson v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Whitehead v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, tri th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1edbi Jules Henri Poincar\u00e9, Gaston Bachelard, Jean Cavaill\u00e8s v\u00e0 Jules Vuillemin. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n sinh t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Jean-Paul Sartre c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lyotard, Jean Baudrillard, Jacques Derrida v\u00e0 Michel Foucault."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e0ng kim trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII nh\u1edd b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Louis XIV, v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c n\u1ed5i danh nh\u1ea5t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Fran\u00e7ois Couperin, Michel-Richard Delalande, Jean-Baptiste Lully v\u00e0 Marin Marais, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. Sau khi Louis XIV m\u1ea5t, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c, song \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Jean-Philippe Rameau \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u00f4ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t. Rameau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a opera Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e0n clavecin."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, t\u1ee9c v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn cho thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, \u0111am m\u00ea v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a opera. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c Ph\u00e1p trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Hector Berlioz (Symphonie fantastique), Georges Bizet (Carmen tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c opera ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t), Gabriel Faur\u00e9 (Pavane, Requiem v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00fac c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00eam), Charles Gounod (Ave Maria v\u00e0 opera Faust), Jacques Offenbach (c\u00f3 100 operetta trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1850\u20131870 v\u00e0 opera ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Hoffmann), \u00c9douard Lalo (Symphonie espagnole cho \u0111\u00e0n violin v\u00e0 d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c c\u00f9ng Cello Concerto trong cung R\u00ea th\u1ee9), Jules Massenet (c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 30 opera, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Manon (1884) v\u00e0 Werther (1892)) v\u00e0 Camille Saint-Sa\u00ebns (L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i mu\u00f4ng th\u00fa, V\u0169 \u0111i\u1ec7u th\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft, Samson v\u00e0 Delilah (Opera), Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso v\u00e0 Giao h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ed1 3)."}
+{"text": "\u00c9rik Satie l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i ti\u00ean phong Paris \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi Gymnop\u00e9dies. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Francis Poulenc l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 kh\u00fac piano Trois mouvements perp\u00e9tuels (1919), ba l\u00ea Les biches (1923), Concert champ\u00eatre (1928) cho \u0111\u00e0n clavecin v\u00e0 d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c, opera Dialogues des Carm\u00e9lites (1957), v\u00e0 Gloria (1959) cho gi\u1ecdng n\u1eef cao, h\u1ee3p x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c. Maurice Ravel v\u00e0 Claude Debussy l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Debussy n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thang \u00e2m phi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u1eeda cung c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c sau n\u00e0y. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Debussy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd do n\u1ed9i dung gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c phi gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u. Hai nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m piano c\u1ee7a Ravel nh\u01b0 Jeux d'eau, Miroirs, Le tombeau de Couperin v\u00e0 Gaspard de la nuit y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 tinh th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ed1i d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ch\u1ee9ng trong Rapsodie espagnole, Daphnis et Chlo\u00e9, b\u1ea3n c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 B\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m c\u1ee7a Modest Mussorgsky v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Bol\u00e9ro (1928) d\u00e0nh cho d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c."}
+{"text": "\u00c2m nh\u1ea1c Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 sau \u0111i theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea1c pop v\u00e0 rock v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, song \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang Ph\u00e1p hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chanson fran\u00e7aise v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u00f3 \u00c9dith Piaf, Georges Brassens, L\u00e9o Ferr\u00e9, Charles Aznavour v\u00e0 Serge Gainsbourg. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ban nh\u1ea1c rock so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh, song c\u00e1c ban nh\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 Noir D\u00e9sir, Mano Negra, Niagara, Les Rita Mitsouko v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Superbus, Phoenix v\u00e0 Gojira, hay Shaka Ponk, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 opera. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 thanh th\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t opera qu\u1ed1c gia Paris thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i Palais Garnier v\u00e0 Op\u00e9ra Bastille), Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t opera qu\u1ed1c gia Lyon, Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Ch\u00e2telet t\u1ea1i Paris, Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Capitole t\u1ea1i Toulouse v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t l\u1edbn Bordeaux. V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ea1c rock Eurock\u00e9ennes v\u00e0 Rock en Seine. F\u00eate de la Musique \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ecfng theo, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1982.."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh, hai anh em ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Auguste v\u00e0 Louis Lumi\u00e8re s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1895. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i phong tr\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 Nouvelle Vague (l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng m\u1edbi) trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 v\u00e0 1960 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd do c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m phim \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1nh, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9.[th\u00f4ng tin ng\u00e0y] Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t phim, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006 h\u1ecd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u phim nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Li\u00ean hoan phim Cannes, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c li\u00ean hoan phim quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p t\u1eebng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, song v\u1ecb th\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb M\u1ef9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00ean \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. Ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nghe nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a WTO v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1993. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a UNESCO v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005, v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \"ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 v\u0103n ho\u00e1\" gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o khi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Israel b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu ch\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi th\u1eddi trang v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch (ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: la mode) c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Louis XIV khi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh xa x\u1ec9 ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia, v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u1eafm to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0nh th\u1eddi trang cao c\u1ea5p (ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: couture or haute couture) trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1860\u20131960 th\u00f4ng qua thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng may m\u1eb7c l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Chanel, Dior v\u00e0 Givenchy. Ng\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Grasse."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, \"Haute couture\" tinh hoa ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch t\u1eeb v\u0103n ho\u00e1 thanh ni\u00ean Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1966, nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf Yves Saint Laurent t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi quy t\u1eafc Haute Couture \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tung ra m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng pr\u00eat-\u00e0-porter (\"may s\u1eb5n\") v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u1eddi trang Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t. V\u1edbi t\u1eadp trung cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1edd Sonia Rykiel, Thierry Mugler, Claude Montana, Jean-Paul Gaultier v\u00e0 Christian Lacroix trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 v\u00e0 1980. Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e3ng th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n sang tr\u1ecdng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 LVMH."}
+{"text": "So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e1o nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng, do ph\u00e1t thanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch. C\u00e1c nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Le Parisien Aujourd'hui en France, Le Monde v\u00e0 Le Figaro, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 L'\u00c9quipe chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 thao. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua, c\u00e1c nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1, khi Metro, 20 Minutes v\u00e0 Direct Plus \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean 650.000 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o khu v\u1ef1c Ouest France v\u1edbi tr\u00ean 750.000 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 50 b\u00e1o khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n b\u00e1o cao. C\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ean 400 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed tin t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 L'Obs t\u1ea3 khuynh, L'Express trung dung v\u00e0 Le Point h\u1eefu khuynh, song \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 Marie Claire v\u00e0 Elle c\u00f3 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. C\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Le Canard encha\u00een\u00e9 v\u00e0 Charlie Hebdo, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Paris Match. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng in \u1ea5n ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua. N\u0103m 2008, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn l\u1edbn nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, song v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i chi 600.000 euro \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf, ngo\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1974, sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u1eadp trung trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t thanh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ORTF \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia, song ba k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1981 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t thanh. Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong hai th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u00e1p v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh. N\u0103m 2005, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia T\u00e9l\u00e9vision Num\u00e9rique Terrestre \u0111\u01b0a truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 ra to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u00eanh kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed1n k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u00e3ng France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong khi t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng Radio France v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh n\u0103m \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh qu\u1ed1c gia. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 Radio France Internationale ph\u00e1t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p TV5 Monde. N\u0103m 2006, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p l\u1eadp k\u00eanh tin t\u1ee9c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u France 24. C\u00e1c k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u01b0 TF1 (t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ho\u00e1 n\u0103m 1987), France 2 v\u00e0 France 3 c\u00f3 th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, trong khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh RTL, Europe 1 v\u00e0 France Inter qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu c\u00f3 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe."}
+{"text": "Theo m\u1ed9t th\u0103m d\u00f2 c\u1ee7a BBC v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, 49% ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, trong khi 19% c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008 cho th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 danh ti\u1ebfng t\u1ed1t th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 sau \u0110\u1ee9c. Theo m\u1ed9t th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 khoan dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u01b0 d\u00e2n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu theo qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. N\u0103m 2012, 69% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 M\u1ef9 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2010, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed International Living x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \"qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ed1ng\"."}
+{"text": "\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec n\u1eb1m v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng tinh t\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t theo khu v\u1ef1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc chu\u1ed9ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o trong n\u1ea5u \u0103n, trong khi d\u1ea7u \u00f4 liu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, m\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng: Cassoulet t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y nam, Choucroute t\u1ea1i Alsace, Quiche t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Lorraine, th\u1ecbt b\u00f2 bourguignon t\u1ea1i Bourgogne, Tapenade t\u1ea1i Provence. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ee9 danh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang, g\u1ed3m Champagne, Bordeaux, Bourgogne, v\u00e0 Beaujolais c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i pho m\u00e1t nh\u01b0 Camembert, Roquefort v\u00e0 Brie. C\u00f3 h\u01a1n 400 lo\u1ea1i pho m\u00e1t kh\u00e1c nhau."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t b\u1eefa \u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hors d'\u0153uvre ho\u1eb7c entr\u00e9e (m\u00f3n khai v\u1ecb, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 x\u00fap), plat principal (m\u00f3n ch\u00ednh), fromage (m\u00f3n pho m\u00e1t) v\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c m\u00f3n tr\u00e1ng mi\u1ec7ng, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n salad \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc pho m\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c m\u00f3n tr\u00e1ng mi\u1ec7ng. Hors d'\u0153uvres g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 terrine de saumon au basilic (terrine c\u00e1 h\u1ed3i h\u00fang), lobster bisque (x\u00fap t\u00f4m), gan b\u00e9o, x\u00fap h\u00e0nh Ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1nh croque monsieur. \u0110\u0129a th\u1ee9c \u0103n ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t pot au feu (b\u00f2 h\u1ea7m) ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecbt n\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 khoai t\u00e2y chi\u00ean. M\u00f3n tr\u00e1ng mi\u1ec7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u00e1nh ng\u1ecdt mille-feuille, macaron, \u00e9clair, cr\u00e8me br\u00fbl\u00e9e, mousse au chocolat, cr\u00eape hay Caf\u00e9 li\u00e9geois."}
+{"text": "\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 S\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Michelin trao t\u1eb7ng ng\u00f4i sao Michelin cho s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2006, S\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Michelin \u0111\u00e3 trao 620 sao cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng Ph\u00e1p. Ngo\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang, Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t bia quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. Ba v\u00f9ng l\u00e0m bia ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Alsace (60% s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c), Nord-Pas-de-Calais v\u00e0 Lorraine."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1, judo, qu\u1ea7n v\u1ee3t, rugby v\u00e0 bi s\u1eaft. Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 Gi\u1ea3i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 1938 v\u00e0 1998, v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i rugby v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 2007, Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n \u0111\u0103ng cai Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u 2016. Stade de France t\u1ea1i Saint-Denis l\u00e0 s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn chung k\u1ebft Gi\u1ea3i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 1998 v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i rugby v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 2007. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1903, Ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i \u0111ua xe \u0111\u1ea1p Tour de France th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111ua xe \u0111\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i \u0111ua \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n xe th\u1ec3 thao 24 gi\u1edd t\u1ea1i Le Mans. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u qu\u1ea7n v\u1ee3t l\u1edbn di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Paris Masters v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u Grand Slam. V\u00f5 thu\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p (savate) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u ki\u1ebfm."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i; m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc Pierre de Coubertin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Sau khi Athens \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u0103ng cai k\u1ef3 Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Paris \u0111\u0103ng cai k\u1ef3 Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900. Paris l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Olympic Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Lausanne, Thu\u1ef5 S\u0129. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1900, Ph\u00e1p t\u1eebng \u0111\u0103ng cai Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i tr\u00f5ng b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa: Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i M\u00f9a h\u00e8 1924 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1i Paris ba k\u1ef3 Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng (1924 t\u1ea1i Chamonix, 1968 t\u1ea1i Grenoble v\u00e0 1992 t\u1ea1i Albertville)."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n rugby union qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \"Les Bleus\" (xanh lam) nh\u1eb1m \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 m\u00e0u \u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 tam t\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p. B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 1,8 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd ch\u01a1i, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean 18.000 c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd. \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p n\u1eb1m v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi hai ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch World Cup 1998 (Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0) v\u00e0 World Cup 2018 (t\u1ea1i LB Nga), \u00e1 qu\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006,, hai ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch Euro 1984, 2000 v\u00e0 \u00e1 qu\u00e2n Euro 2016. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u1ed1c gia tranh t\u00e0i trong Ligue 1. Ph\u00e1p s\u1ea3n sinh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 Zinedine Zidane t\u1eebng ba l\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong n\u0103m c\u1ee7a FIFA, Michel Platini ba l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng v\u00e0ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Just Fontaine l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0n th\u1eafng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 World Cup, Raymond Kopa l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea9u B\u1ed9i tinh, Thierry Henry l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 ghi nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0n th\u1eafng nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n Ph\u00e1p, Kylian Mbapp\u00e9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch World Cup."}
+{"text": "Rugby union l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Paris v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y nam c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n rugby union qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p tranh t\u00e0i trong m\u1ecdi gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch rugby th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tham gia gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch S\u00e1u qu\u1ed1c gia th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n rugby Ph\u00e1p t\u1eebng h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3i S\u00e1u qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 t\u1eebng 6 l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 ba l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn chung k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch rugby th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Rugby league l\u00e0 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 Perpignan v\u00e0 Toulouse. Catalans Dragons v\u00e0 Toulouse Olympique l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang ch\u01a1i t\u1ea1i Super League v\u00e0 RFL Championship, l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, Ph\u00e1p s\u1ea3n sinh nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Tony Parker. \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p gi\u00e0nh c\u00fap v\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u 2013, v\u00e0 t\u1eebng hai l\u1ea7n gi\u00e0nh huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1948 v\u00e0 2000."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c (ti\u1ebfng Trung: \u4e2d\u56fd), t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa (ti\u1ebfng Trung: \u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n tr\u00ean 1,405 t\u1ef7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng do \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 B\u1eafc Kinh. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n t\u1ea1i 22 t\u1ec9nh, 5 khu t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, 4 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 2 khu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Ma Cao. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa c\u0169ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c (\u0110\u00e0i Loan), cho \u0110\u00e0i Loan l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9 23 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, y\u00eau s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y g\u00e2y tranh ngh\u1ecb do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0110\u00e0i Loan."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u00e0 9,596,961 tri\u1ec7u km\u00b2, Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u00f9y theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng.[f] C\u1ea3nh quan c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean r\u1eebng c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c sa m\u1ea1c Gobi v\u00e0 Taklamakan \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u1edf ph\u00eda nam c\u00f3 m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean S\u01a1n l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi Nam v\u00e0 Trung \u00c1. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng d\u00e0i th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, hai s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb cao nguy\u00ean Thanh T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecdc theo Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 d\u00e0i 14500 km, gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n: B\u1ed9t H\u1ea3i, Ho\u00e0ng H\u1ea3i, bi\u1ec3n Hoa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 t\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean Hoa B\u1eafc. Tr\u1ea3i qua h\u01a1n 5.000 n\u0103m, v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 trung c\u1ed5, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t th\u00e2m s\u00e2u (n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Nho gi\u00e1o, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u00c2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh), c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt (ph\u00e1t minh ra gi\u1ea5y, la b\u00e0n, thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n k\u1ebf, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n...), ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng xuy\u00ean ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia (Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 k\u1ebf t\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 H\u1ea1 \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 221 TCN, khi nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Trung Hoa th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Thanh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1911 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1949. Sau khi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1949, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng d\u1eddi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian trong h\u01a1n 2.000 n\u0103m qua, kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00fac th\u00ec h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, khi th\u00ec suy tho\u00e1i. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1978, Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh k\u1ebf l\u1edbn c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2014, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh theo s\u1ee9c mua t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng (PPP) v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 hai t\u00ednh theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec. N\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1971, khi ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y thay th\u1ebf Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c trong v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 WTO, APEC, BRICS, SCO, v\u00e0 G-20. Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi M\u1ef9 tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed thay th\u1ebf M\u1ef9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c\" xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t trong \"Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0- T\u1eed t\u00e0i\", vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \"Ho\u00e0ng thi\u00ean k\u00fd ph\u00f3 trung qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n\", ph\u1ea1m vi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c Quan Trung-H\u00e0 L\u1ea1c v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chu. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c\" d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c bao qu\u00e1t c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf trong khu v\u1ef1c trung h\u1ea1 du Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, ph\u1ea1m vi \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c\" kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra t\u1ee9 ph\u00eda. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u00e1n tr\u1edf \u0111i, tri\u1ec1u d\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc s\u0129 c\u00f3 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n g\u1ecdi v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Trung Nguy\u00ean do ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n l\u1eadp n\u00ean l\u00e0 \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c\". Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c phi H\u00e1n sau khi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 Trung Nguy\u00ean c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 xem b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c\", nh\u01b0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u00ean Ti ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c\" v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi Nam tri\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ea3o Di\". \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, Nam tri\u1ec1u do ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp tuy d\u1eddi Trung Nguy\u00ean song v\u1eabn t\u1ef1 xem b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c\", g\u1ecdi B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \"T\u00e1c L\u1ed7\". Kim v\u00e0 Nam T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c\", kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c\". Do v\u1eady, \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c\" c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u n\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c\" l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c danh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c\" tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c danh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khi Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1912."}
+{"text": "Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 H\u1ea1, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c trung h\u1ea1 du Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \"Hoa H\u1ea1\", ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3n x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \"Hoa\", \"H\u1ea1\". T\u1eeb \"Hoa H\u1ea1\" xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong \"T\u1ea3 truy\u1ec7n-T\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1ecb th\u1eadp l\u1ee5c ni\u00ean\", ghi r\u1eb1ng \"s\u1edf th\u1ea5t Hoa H\u1ea1\". Kh\u1ed5ng D\u0129nh \u0110\u1ea1t th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec n\u00f3i \"Hoa H\u1ea1 vi Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e3\". \"Trung Hoa\" l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb li\u00ean k\u1ebft \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c\" v\u00e0 \"Hoa H\u1ea1\", ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c trung h\u1ea1 du Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0. \"Xu\u00e2n Thu c\u1ed1c l\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec7n\" quy\u1ec3n 1 \"\u1ea8n c\u00f4ng ch\u00fa s\u01a1\" c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \"T\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n n\u0103ng vi\u1ec5n m\u1ed9 Trung Hoa qu\u00e2n t\u1eed\". Sau n\u00e0y, ph\u00e0m l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Trung Nguy\u00ean th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 \"Trung Hoa\", \u00fd ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. H\u00e0n \u1ed0c th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \"Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ecba h\u01b0\u1edbng bi\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1eabn, ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u00e2n t\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea3o th\u01b0\u1ee3ng lai\", \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa \"Trung Hoa\" v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. Do v\u1eady, \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c\" c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung Hoa, g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 \"Hoa\", ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Hoa ki\u1ec1u\", n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Hoa nh\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ecbch\"."}
+{"text": "B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb 250.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 2,24 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t hang t\u1ea1i Chu Kh\u1ea9u \u0110i\u1ebfm (g\u1ea7n B\u1eafc Kinh ng\u00e0y nay) c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 680.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 780.000 TCN. C\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc Kinh, m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1eeda. Trong di ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc Kinh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 18.000\u201311.000 TCN. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c ngay t\u1eeb 3000 TCN."}
+{"text": "Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf phong ki\u1ebfn l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 d\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII TCN \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI TCN. Gi\u00e1p c\u1ed1t v\u0103n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Tri\u1ec1u Th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb tri\u1ec1u Chu chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII TCN. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Chu d\u1ea7n suy y\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u phong ki\u1ebfn, nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u Chu \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean, h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n l\u1ec7nh vua Chu v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi nhau trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Xu\u00e2n Thu k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 300 n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V\u2013III TCN, qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3y qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1u x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 thi\u00ean t\u1eed tri\u1ec1u Chu."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 221 TCN, sau khi n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n chinh ph\u1ee5c s\u00e1u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia Trung Hoa th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. T\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng Doanh Ch\u00ednh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 \"Th\u1ee7y ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf\", t\u1ee9c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafp Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i tr\u1ee5c xe, v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i T\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong 15 n\u0103m, n\u00f3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau khi T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng b\u0103ng h\u00e0, do c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1p gia h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i d\u1eady r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp."}
+{"text": "Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00e1n cai tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb 206 TCN \u0111\u1ebfn 220 SCN, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a H\u00e1n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng trong d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00e1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Trung \u00c1, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a t\u1ea1i Trung \u00c1. Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n ch\u1ecdn Nho gi\u00e1o l\u00e0m h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Xu\u00e2n Thu. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p gia, song nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1p gia v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n."}
+{"text": "D\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim. Lo\u1ea1n An S\u1eed trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng suy y\u1ebfu. Tri\u1ec1u T\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfn gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X v\u00e0 XI, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u0103ng l\u00ean g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 100 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1edd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng canh t\u00e1c l\u00faa t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n trung v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n nam, v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u01b0 th\u1eeba l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c. Th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt phong c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 tranh ch\u00e2n dung \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, chia s\u1ebb t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 giao d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m qu\u00fd b\u00e1u. Th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Nho gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 chinh ph\u1ee5c, T\u00e2y H\u1ea1 v\u00e0 Kim d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t. N\u0103m 1271, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Nguy\u00ean; tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u00ean chinh ph\u1ee5c t\u00e0n d\u01b0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u T\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1279. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 120 tri\u1ec7u; song gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng 60 tri\u1ec7u trong \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 1300. M\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u00ean l\u00e0 Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1368 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Minh. Th\u1eddi Minh, Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim kh\u00e1c, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trong khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00f2a d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, ti\u1ebfn xa nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u Phi. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Minh, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Nam Kinh \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc Kinh. C\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi Minh, c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia nh\u01b0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Minh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c b\u1ea9m sinh."}
+{"text": "Tri\u1ec1u Thanh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1644 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1912, l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nha phi\u1ebfn. Trung Qu\u1ed1c bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, tr\u1ea3 b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng, cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1842. Chi\u1ebfn tranh Thanh-Nh\u1eadt (1894\u201395) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec1u Thanh m\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u00e0i Loan cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1850 v\u00e0 1860, cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh Thi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 mi\u1ec1n nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00ecn chung, trong su\u1ed1t 2.000 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n (206 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) cho t\u1edbi gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Thanh (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1750), Trung Qu\u1ed1c lu\u00f4n duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi ng\u00e0y nay. N\u0103m 1078, Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 125.000 t\u1ea5n th\u00e9p m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 1,5 kg m\u1ed9t n\u0103m (g\u1ea5p 3 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 0,5 kg \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3). \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t minh ra gi\u1ea5y, la b\u00e0n, t\u01a1 t\u1eb1m, \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ee9, thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00fang th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng, s\u00fang phun l\u1eeda... k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n khi\u1ebfn t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 khoa c\u1eed (\u79d1\u8209) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi, v\u1eeba gi\u00fap tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i v\u1eeba khuy\u1ebfn k\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n tr\u00ed. C\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng m\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac... c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn. Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 (c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p), Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 kinh \u0111\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (n\u0103m 750) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n, kinh \u0111\u00f4 H\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2u th\u1eddi Nam T\u1ed1ng (n\u0103m 1200) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 500.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi: l\u1edbn h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u00e0o (\u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u n\u0103m 1200, ch\u1ec9 Paris v\u00e0 Venice c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u c\u00f3 Constantinopolis c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1edbi 300.000 d\u00e2n)."}
+{"text": "L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Hoa th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ed9c (M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, M\u00e3n Thanh...) x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm, ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c chia r\u1ebd n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. Tr\u1ea3i qua h\u01a1n 2.500 n\u0103m, d\u00f9 th\u1ecbnh suy m\u1ed7i l\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Trung Hoa v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u00edch l\u0169y nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, trong khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 La M\u00e3, Ba T\u01b0... c\u1ee9 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed3i s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa (n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Nho gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd dung h\u00f2a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00c2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng g\u01b0\u01a1m gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a lu\u00f4n nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf l\u01b0c chinh ph\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng (Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n). Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u0169 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Trung Hoa."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Thanh, Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (Anh, \u0110\u1ee9c, Nga, Ph\u00e1p) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n x\u00e2u x\u00e9 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra qu\u00e1 gi\u00e0 c\u1ed7i, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thanh, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m 1911, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i n\u1ed5 ra, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5 Nghi bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Vi\u00ean Th\u1ebf Kh\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1916, Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb tan v\u1ee1 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn song b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf; c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd sau m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 B\u1eafc ph\u1ea1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn Nam Kinh v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh \"hu\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh\", m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trung gian c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Tam D\u00e2n c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng ngay trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb chia r\u1ebd. N\u0103m 1930, do tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u1ed5 ra cu\u1ed9c Trung Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn, khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 giao tranh v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tuy ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 1 tri\u1ec7u l\u00ednh, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 300.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn tranh Trung-Nh\u1eadt (1937\u20131945) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u1eefa hai phe Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945. \u0110\u00e0i Loan, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 B\u00e0nh H\u1ed3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, song b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu tin t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n khi\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn t\u00e1i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u0103m 1947, hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, song do xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, nhi\u1ec1u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00ecn chung, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1912-1949, tuy Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh, chi\u1ebfn tranh di\u1ec5n ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t c\u00e1t c\u1ee9, n\u1ea1n th\u1ed5 ph\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i v\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed3i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 X. Kho\u1ea3ng 30-40 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n n\u00e0y (b\u1edfi s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i), tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn trong N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1949 v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng r\u00fat ch\u1ea1y ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0110\u00e0i Loan, H\u1ea3i Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf. Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1949, nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa. N\u0103m 1950, Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm H\u1ea3i Nam t\u1eeb Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00e0n qu\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950. Tr\u1eeb \u0110\u00e0i Loan thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch, c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Sau 40 n\u0103m, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thanh (n\u0103m 1911)."}
+{"text": "Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u0103ng t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 550 tri\u1ec7u l\u00ean tr\u00ean 900 tri\u1ec7u trong th\u1eddi gian \u00f4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn mang t\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1n, h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1958 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1961, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 do n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i. T\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 2 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 b\u1ecb x\u1eed b\u1eafn v\u00ec t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng N\u0103m 1966, Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u0103n h\u00f3a, k\u00e9o theo m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn khi Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1976. Trong th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1971, n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa thay th\u1ebf Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n 1976 v\u00e0 v\u1ee5 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i mang t\u00ean T\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n bang, \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u Trung Qu\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch sang kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf. Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1982. N\u0103m 1989, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n khi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "Giang Tr\u1ea1ch D\u00e2n, L\u00fd B\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 Chu Dung C\u01a1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990. Trong th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecd c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, th\u00e0nh t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0a kho\u1ea3ng 150 tri\u1ec7u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n n\u0103m l\u00e0 11,2%. Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c gia nh\u1eadp T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf cao d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 C\u1ea9m \u0110\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u00d4n Gia B\u1ea3o trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh ho\u1ea1t ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000, song ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1eadp trung v\u1eabn ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i l\u00ean trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa s\u1ed1ng \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. Nh\u1edd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1i Lan Rama VI \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u201cd\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d. N\u0103m 2016, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch) l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 60 tri\u1ec7u (ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 du h\u1ecdc sinh) v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu s\u1ed1 t\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh h\u01a1n 2,5 ng\u00e0n t\u1ec9 USD, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p. Hoa ki\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m \u0103n r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, h\u1ecd s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u01a1n 80% c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 Singapore, 62% \u1edf Malaysia, 50% \u1edf Philippines, t\u1ea1i Indonesia th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa n\u1eafm tr\u00ean 70% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng ty. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Th\u00e1i Lan th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u00ean Th\u00e1i n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, \u1edf Indonesia th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb, tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng \u1edf Malaysia th\u00ec h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn sinh vi\u00ean g\u1ed1c Hoa. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ea3i qua bao s\u00f3ng gi\u00f3, tr\u00e1n \u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a, v\u0103n h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa v\u1eabn \u201cb\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u0103ng tre\u201d, nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Hoa Ki\u1ec1u v\u1eabn g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2012, T\u1eadp C\u1eadn B\u00ecnh k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m H\u1ed3 C\u1ea9m \u0110\u00e0o trong vai tr\u00f2 T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. N\u0103m 2013, T\u1eadp C\u1eadn B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n To\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1eadp C\u1eadn B\u00ecnh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u1eb1ng \"S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c\", m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb m\u00e0 5.000 n\u0103m v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Theo t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ea7u Th\u1ecb, gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 vinh quang qu\u1ed1c gia."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e9t theo di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t sau Nga, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, sau Nga, Canada, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3.[g] T\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 9.600.000 km2 (3.700.000 sq mi). S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 9.572.900 km2 (3.696.100 sq mi) theo Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, 9.596.961 km2 (3.705.407 sq mi) theo Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m Nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ebfn 9.596.960 km2 (3.705.410 sq mi) theo CIA World Factbook."}
+{"text": "L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 18\u00b0 \u1edf t\u1ec9nh H\u1ea3i Nam v\u00e0 54\u00b0 B\u1eafc \u1edf t\u1ec9nh H\u1eafc Long Giang, c\u00e1c kinh \u0111\u1ed9 73\u00b0 v\u00e0 135\u00b0 \u0110\u00f4ng. C\u1ea3nh quan c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1ea1i ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Ho\u00e0ng H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n Hoa \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00f9 sa r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac, trong khi c\u00e1c th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf \u1edf r\u00eca c\u1ee7a cao nguy\u00ean nguy\u00ean N\u1ed9i M\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ed3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai th\u1ea5p chi ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Hoa Nam, trong khi mi\u1ec1n trung-\u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a hai s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang. C\u00e1c s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 T\u00e2y Giang, Ho\u00e0i H\u00e0, M\u00ea K\u00f4ng (Lan Th\u01b0\u01a1ng), Brahmaputra (Yarlung Tsangpo) v\u00e0 Amur (H\u1eafc Long Giang). \u1ede ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai l\u1edbn, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Himalaya. \u1ede ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh quan kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0 sa m\u1ea1c Gobi v\u00e0 sa m\u1ea1c Taklamakan. \u0110\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 n\u00fai Everest (8.848m) n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c-Nepal. \u0110i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng h\u1ed3 Ng\u1ea3i \u0110inh (\u2212154m) t\u1ea1i b\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecba Turpan."}
+{"text": "M\u00f9a kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u1ea9m chi ph\u1ed1i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Trung Qu\u1ed1c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u00f9a h\u1ea1. Trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, gi\u00f3 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda B\u1eafc tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4; trong m\u00f9a h\u1ea1, gi\u00f3 nam t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 \u1ea5m v\u00e0 \u1ea9m. Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c do \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cao \u0111\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c hoang m\u1ea1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 sa m\u1ea1c Gobi."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 551 lo\u00e0i th\u00fa (nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ba th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi), 1.221 lo\u00e0i chim (th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m), 424 lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t (th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y) v\u00e0 333 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 (th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y). Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed7i h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c chia s\u1ebb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c gay g\u1eaft t\u1eeb l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 840 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ho\u1eb7c g\u1eb7p nguy hi\u1ec3m tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 s\u0103n b\u1eafn phi ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, l\u1ea5y da l\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho Trung d\u01b0\u1ee3c. G\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean duy nh\u1ea5t s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 g\u1eb7p nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2005, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 2.349 khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, bao ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u00e0 149,95 tri\u1ec7u ha, t\u1ee9c 15% t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 32.000 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ch, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i r\u1eebng. Nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng th\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 nai s\u1eebng t\u1ea5m v\u00e0 g\u1ea5u \u0111en, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 120 lo\u00e0i chim. T\u1ea7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng th\u00f4ng \u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1ee5i tre. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao c\u1ee7a b\u00e1ch x\u00f9 v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y t\u00f9ng, thay th\u1ebf cho tre l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed7 quy\u00ean. C\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n trung v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng 146.000 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 theo m\u00f9a b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1i V\u00e2n Nam v\u00e0 H\u1ea3i Nam, song bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean 10.000 lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 6.000 lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m b\u1eadc cao."}
+{"text": "N\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00f4ng khai t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, song c\u0169ng chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 \u0111o\u00e0n, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 truy c\u1eadp t\u1ef1 do Internet, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, t\u1ef1 do h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 con, t\u1ef1 do h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 \"chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\", \"ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c\" v\u00e0 \"kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\"."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p, theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (c\u1ea5p h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p huy\u1ec7n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u1ea5p ngay b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ph\u00f3 t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. T\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 '\u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7', nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y tham gia \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c (Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i) v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Hi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7p)."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ec5 nghi v\u00e0 do \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea7u ra. Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7n g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n ph\u00f3 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u1ee7y ban c\u1ea5p b\u1ed9. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 T\u1eadp C\u1eadn B\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Qu\u00e2n \u1ee7y Trung Qu\u1ed1c, do v\u1eady \u00f4ng l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 L\u00fd Kh\u1eafc C\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a Ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "N\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh 22 t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u0110\u00e0i Loan l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9 23, song \u0110\u00e0i Loan hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1edbi y\u00eau s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 n\u0103m ph\u00e2n khu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khu t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, m\u1ed7i khu d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh; b\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c; v\u00e0 hai khu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. 22 t\u1ec9nh, n\u0103m khu t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, b\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c\", thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c khu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Ma Cao."}
+{"text": "T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2018, n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi 178 qu\u1ed1c gia (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Palestine, qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Cook v\u00e0 Niue). T\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c (t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2018 c\u00f3 17 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c). N\u0103m 1971, n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa thay th\u1ebf Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c trong v\u1ecb th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c. Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ef1u l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c cho nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m BRICS c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Brasil, Nga, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Nam Phi."}
+{"text": "Theo Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch M\u1ed9t Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn y\u00eau s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c Trung Qu\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1ng ngh\u1ecb khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0i Loan, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giao d\u1ecbch v\u0169 kh\u00ed. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng kh\u00e1ng ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma th\u1ee9 14."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i y\u00eau s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0i Loan, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng tham d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tranh ch\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, Trung Qu\u1ed1c tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean b\u1ed9, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 tranh ch\u1ea5p bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ch\u01b0a ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi Bhutan. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng quanh quy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n Hoa \u0110\u00f4ng, g\u1ed3m b\u00e3i c\u1ea1n Scarborough, qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Senkaku qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Ho\u00e0ng Sa v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gia t\u0103ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd gi\u1eef v\u1ecb th\u1ebf n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \"si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng\", l\u00fd lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c thi\u1ebfu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2012, Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 2,3 tri\u1ec7u binh s\u0129 t\u1ea1i ng\u0169, l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u1ee7y Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n, H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c mang t\u00ean B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1o binh s\u1ed1 hai. Theo ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed d\u00e0nh cho qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012 l\u00e0 100 t\u1ef7 USD, \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o m\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 chi ti\u00eau qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n tham nh\u0169ng tr\u00e0n lan g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tham chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng khi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950. V\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. CHND Trung Hoa c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 khi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed3ng \u1ea5m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sao ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u do c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c mua b\u00e1n v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 th\u00ec Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sao ch\u00e9p quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb Nga. C\u00f2n khi Nga t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u00e1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec Trung Qu\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n sang mua c\u1ee7a Ukraina v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang t\u00edch c\u1ef1c sao ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb Israel."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi, Nga h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c cung c\u1ea5p mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap cho ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng. Gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \"kh\u00f3 tin\" nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a Nga. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch cho r\u1eb1ng, B\u1eafc Kinh tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch vi ph\u1ea1m b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eebng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a Nga v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Nga \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u00e1n thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u00e1y bay. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao t\u1eeb ph\u00eda Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb Nga t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i th\u1eb3ng th\u1eebng nh\u01b0ng Nga l\u1ea1i s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng b\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong khu v\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n Theo m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng M\u1ef9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eeb 50 \u0111\u1ebfn 75 t\u00ean l\u1eeda li\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea7m ng\u1eafn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, so v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c vi\u1ec5n chinh. Nh\u1eb1m kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec5n chinh, h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1eabu h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2012, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i t\u1ea7m ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i d\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n then ch\u1ed1t."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1nh k\u1ec3 trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000, mua c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Nga nh\u01b0 Sukhoi Su-30, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u01a1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 J-10 v\u00e0 J-11, J-15 v\u00e0 J-16. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n tham gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e1y bay t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i. Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u00e1y bay khi\u1ebfn cho Trung qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bay nh\u01b0 J-15 v\u00e0 J-16 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e1y bay chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u J-11B do v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u00e1y bay n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0 WS-10A. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng WS-10A cho J-15. C\u1ea3 hai l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Trung qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf WS-10A b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 AL-31F c\u1ee7a Nga \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u0111ang c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee7 cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e1y bay vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e1y bay cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1."}
+{"text": "T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2016, kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e9t theo GDP danh ngh\u0129a, t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kho\u1ea3ng 11.391.619 t\u1ec9 USD theo Qu\u1ef9 Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 GDP theo s\u1ee9c mua t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t 13.395 t\u1ef7 USD v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013, c\u0169ng x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 hai sau Hoa K\u1ef3. N\u0103m 2016, GDP PPP/ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 16,660 USD, trong khi GDP danh ngh\u0129a/ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 8,141 USD. Theo c\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9ng sau kho\u1ea3ng 90 qu\u1ed1c gia (trong s\u1ed1 183 qu\u1ed1c gia trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a IMF) trong x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng GDP/ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1949 cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1978, n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1eadp trung theo ki\u1ec3u Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Sau khi Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1976 v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a k\u1ebft th\u00fac, \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3, n\u00f4ng trang t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n b\u1edbt ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u1edbi quan tr\u1ecdng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c khu kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng doanh nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c do\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng doanh nghi\u1ec7p thua l\u1ed7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn. Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn chi ph\u1ed1i trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \"tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t\" chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng, song doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 30 tri\u1ec7u doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1978, Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, d\u1ef1a \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn v\u00e0o t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng do \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. Trong g\u1ea7n 30 n\u0103m t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1978, GDP c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng 15 l\u1ea7n, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u0103ng h\u01a1n 20 l\u1ea7n; kim ng\u1ea1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u0103ng h\u01a1n 100 l\u1ea7n. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 133 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 2 USD/ng\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1edbi n\u0103m 2022, Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd t\u0103ng 69 b\u1eadc (l\u00ean h\u1ea1ng 64 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) trong x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 2% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n ngh\u00e8o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Theo IMF, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2001-2010 l\u00e0 10,5%. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2007-2011, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia G7. N\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao, chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p khi\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3; Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o than \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean 70% nhu c\u1ea7u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u d\u1ea7u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2013."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 3.870 t\u1ef7 USD trong n\u0103m 2012. D\u1ef1 tr\u1eef ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t 2.850 t\u1ef7 USD v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2010, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ed1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. N\u0103m 2012, Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i (FDI) nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, thu h\u00fat 253 t\u1ef7 USD. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ra h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, t\u1ed5ng FDI ra ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c trong n\u0103m 2012 l\u00e0 62,4 t\u1ef7 USD, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 thu mua l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ef7 gi\u00e1 h\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e1i b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p g\u00e2y x\u00edch m\u00edch gi\u1eefa Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c,."}
+{"text": "D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c (c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 10.000-60.000 USD) \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ean 300 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012. Theo Hurun Report, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef7 ph\u00fa USD t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u0103ng l\u00ean 251 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1n l\u1ebb n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 20.000 t\u1ef7 t\u1ec7 (3.200 t\u1ef7 USD) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean 12%/n\u0103m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013, trong khi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xa x\u1ec9 ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, v\u1edbi 27,5% th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t quy m\u00f4, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Trung Hoa l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y bu\u00f4n h\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3. Hoa l\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a 70% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong kho\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2008-2010. T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 25 t\u1ef7 USD, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 2% t\u1ed5ng m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. G\u1ed9p chung c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bu\u00f4n h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m, l\u00e2m s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u00e3 th\u00fa b\u1ecb nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m, C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bu\u00f4n h\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn m\u1ed7i n\u0103m l\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 90 t\u1ef7 USD. Ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 th\u00ec 87% h\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u1edf Hoa l\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Sau nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng T\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng. Sau khi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1949, h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u1ef1a theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4, theo \u0111\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1eadp trung. Sau khi Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1976, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong \"B\u1ed1n c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a\", v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt theo phong c\u00e1ch Li\u00ean X\u00f4 d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, d\u00e0nh tr\u00ean 100 t\u1ef7 USD cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang trong n\u0103m 2011. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \"Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt\". M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, song h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1t h\u1ecdc v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.[i] Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c \u0103n c\u1eafp c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong xu h\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u00ed m\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd \u00edt t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u00e0 gi\u00fap Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1eeb kinh t\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt; n\u0103m 2009, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00ean 10.000 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 500.000 c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi 121.500 b\u00e0i trong n\u0103m 2010. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 Huawei v\u00e0 Lenovo \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh Trung Qu\u1ed1c lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 t\u00ean trong danh s\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng robot c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p; t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2008 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2011, vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t robot \u0111a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn 136%."}
+{"text": "Trong 10 n\u0103m t\u1eeb 2000 t\u1edbi 2010, t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c so v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 6% l\u00ean 22%, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 21% xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 15%. 16 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi do t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Times b\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn n\u0103m 2013, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hong Kong. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hai trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao l\u00e0 Th\u00e2m Quy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc Trung Quan Th\u00f4n \u1edf B\u1eafc Kinh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u \"c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc\" \u1edf h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao trong xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 25 - 30%. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 Lenovo, Huawei, Xiaomi, Coolpad, ZTE... \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a Trong Qu\u1ed1c n\u1eb1m v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. N\u0103m 1970, Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed3ng I, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ee9 n\u0103m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. N\u0103m 2003, Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian, v\u1edbi chuy\u1ebfn bay v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a D\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ee3i V\u0129 tr\u00ean Th\u1ea7n Ch\u00e2u 5; \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2013, c\u00f3 10 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian. N\u0103m 2011, m\u00f4\u0111un tr\u1ea1m kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Cung 1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nh\u1eb1m l\u1eafp r\u00e1p m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1m quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2020. N\u0103m 2013, Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh t\u00e0u th\u0103m d\u00f2 Th\u01b0\u1eddng Nga 3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t xe t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh Ng\u1ecdc Th\u1ed1 l\u00ean M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi tr\u00ean 1 t\u1ef7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2012. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet v\u00e0 b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng, v\u1edbi tr\u00ean 591 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2013, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng 44% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n Internet trung b\u00ecnh to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 3,14 MB/s. China Telecom v\u00e0 China Unicom l\u00e0 hai nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, chi\u1ebfm 20% s\u1ed1 thu\u00ea bao b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. China Telecom ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tr\u00ean 50 tri\u1ec7u thu\u00ea bao b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng, con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a China Unicom l\u00e0 tr\u00ean 40 tri\u1ec7u (\u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2010). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ty vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Huawei v\u00e0 ZTE, b\u1ecb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb v\u1ec7 tinh ri\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea9u."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 cao t\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 2011, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 85.000 km (53.000 mi), tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1edf h\u1eefu th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4 t\u00f4, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 b\u00e1n v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4. S\u1ed1 xe b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong n\u0103m 2009 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 13,6 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1t 40 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2020. Trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, xe \u0111\u1ea1p v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2012, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 470 tri\u1ec7u xe \u0111\u1ea1p t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Trung Qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2013, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 103.144 km (64.091 mi), x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng ba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 2013, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n kho\u1ea3ng 2,106 t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch, kho\u1ea3ng 3,967 t\u1ef7 t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000, x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i v\u1edbi 11.028 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t (6.852 d\u1eb7m) \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013. M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft cao t\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 16.000 km (9.900 mi) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2020. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2014, 20 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2020."}
+{"text": "T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2012, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 182 c\u1ea3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean hai ph\u1ea7n ba s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong n\u0103m 2013 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 Boeing cho r\u1eb1ng phi \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 1.910 trong n\u0103m 2011 l\u00ean 5.980 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2031. Kho\u1ea3ng 80% kh\u00f4ng ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf cho s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c chi\u1ebfm t\u00e1m trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2u \u00c1 t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n. Trong n\u0103m 2013, S\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 B\u1eafc Kinh x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng nh\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch."}
+{"text": "Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 2010, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa l\u00e0 1.370.536.875. Kho\u1ea3ng 16,60% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 14 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, 70,14% t\u1eeb 15 \u0111\u1ebfn 59 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 13,26% t\u1eeb 60 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean. Do d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean suy gi\u1ea3m, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1978 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1eb1m thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a gia \u0111\u00ecnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t con.\" Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2013, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. M\u1ed9t n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c han h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2013, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 hai con n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t trong song th\u00e2n l\u00e0 con m\u1ed9t. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 2010 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t sinh l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1,4. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t con c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecdng nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh khi sinh. Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 2010, t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh khi sinh l\u00e0 118,06 nam/100 n\u1eef, cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 105 nam/100 n\u1eef. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013 cho th\u1ea5y nam gi\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm 51,27% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. trong khi con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1953 l\u00e0 51,82%."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn 56 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 91,51% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi,, chi\u1ebfm thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 8,49% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 2010. So v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 2000, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n t\u0103ng 66.537.177, hay 5,74%, trong khi t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a 55 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng 7.362.627, hay 6,92%. \u0110i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 2010 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 593.832 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c (120.750), Hoa K\u1ef3 (71.493) v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (66.159)."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 292 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e1nh H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 H\u00e1n-T\u1ea1ng, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Quan tho\u1ea1i (b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a 70% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef H\u00e1n kh\u00e1c: Ng\u00f4, Vi\u1ec7t (hay Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng), M\u00e2n, T\u01b0\u01a1ng, C\u00e1m, v\u00e0 Kh\u00e1ch Gia. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e1nh T\u1ea1ng-Mi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 T\u1ea1ng, Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng, L\u00f4 L\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp cao nguy\u00ean Thanh T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 V\u00e2n Qu\u00fd. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i t\u00e2y nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Tai-Kadai nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Tr\u00e1ng, H'M\u00f4ng-Mi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Nam \u00c1. T\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u00e2y b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 n\u00f3i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Altai nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Turk nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Duy Ng\u00f4 Nh\u0129. Ti\u1ebfng Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c s\u00e1t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Sarikoli c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tajik \u1edf mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1ea4n-\u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Quan tho\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00f4n B\u1eafc Kinh, l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m v\u0103n t\u1ef1 cho c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef H\u00e1n t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00f4n H\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u l\u1eabn nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp th\u00f4ng qua v\u0103n t\u1ef1. N\u0103m 1956, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1eef gi\u1ea3n th\u1ec3, thay th\u1ebf cho ch\u1eef ph\u1ed3n th\u1ec3. Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c latinh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ednh \u00e2m. Ti\u1ebfng T\u1ea1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 Ba T\u01b0-\u1ea2 R\u1eadp, c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng M\u00e3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 Duy Ng\u00f4 Nh\u0129 c\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "Trong h\u00e0ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7, v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u phong tr\u00e0o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau, Tam gi\u00e1o Trung Hoa bao g\u1ed3m Nho gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Tam gi\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ho\u1eb7c d\u00e2n gian. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, song c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i \u1edf quy m\u00f4 qu\u1ed1c gia. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u0103m 2007 cho th\u1ea5y 31,4% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean 16 tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006 th\u00ec cho th\u1ea5y 46% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o chi\u1ebfm 11\u201316% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, trong khi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 3\u20134%, v\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 1%."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 20% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990 l\u00ean 46% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007. v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2030. N\u0103m 2012, c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 262 tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n di c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 160 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 [\u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb] tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y si\u00eau \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb (d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean 10 tri\u1ec7u) l\u00e0 Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, B\u1eafc Kinh, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, Thi\u00ean T\u00e2n, Th\u00e2m Quy\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 V\u0169 H\u00e1n. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2025, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd c\u00f3 221 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n c\u01b0 [\u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb]."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed9 Y t\u1ebf c\u00f9ng s\u1edf y t\u1ebf c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t nhu c\u1ea7u y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n c\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch y t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o y h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch y t\u1ebf \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1ec7 sinh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh. C\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c khi tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 t\u1ea3, th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0n v\u00e0 tinh h\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb ti\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y. Sau khi \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1978, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nhanh ch\u00f3ng do dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, song nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u0103m 2009, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn cung c\u1ea5p ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong 3 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 124 t\u1ef7 USD. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2011, chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 95% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m y t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. N\u0103m 2011, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cung c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, song d\u00e2n c\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m gi\u1ea3."}
+{"text": "Tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh khi sinh t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 75 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t t\u1eed vong tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh l\u00e0 11\u2030 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013. C\u1ea3 hai ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950.[j] T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00f2i c\u1ecdc b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb thi\u1ebfu dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 33,1% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990 xu\u1ed1ng 9,9% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, song Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p do \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 r\u1ed9ng, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng b\u00e9o ph\u00ec trong c\u00e1c d\u00e2n c\u01b0 tr\u1ebb t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t SARS v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003. N\u0103m 2010, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed khi\u1ebfn cho 1,2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft s\u1edbm t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e0i Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c (CCTV) l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c. Tin t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean t\u1eadp b\u1edfi B\u1ed9 Tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 42 trong n\u0103m 1968 cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 2.200 ng\u00e0y nay. Theo m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 7.000 b\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed trong n\u01b0\u1edbc . M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1edd b\u00e1o l\u1edbn do Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u00e0: Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o, B\u1eafc Kinh Nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o, v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0n C\u1ea7u Th\u1eddi B\u00e1o.C\u01a1 quan th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 T\u00e2n Hoa X\u00e3."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb Nho gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh t\u00edch cao trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 khoa c\u1eed v\u1ed1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u00e1n. Ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 khoa c\u1eed t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chung v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ebf v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0 ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, thi h\u1ecda l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean nh\u1ea1c k\u1ecbch. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i. Kh\u1ea3o th\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t cao t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Nho h\u1ecdc trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, trong khi duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng qu\u1ed1c gia. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau n\u0103m 1949 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Hoa truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, khi \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y do b\u1ecb nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu hay t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a phong ki\u1ebfn. Nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 Kinh k\u1ecbch, b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Hi\u1ec7n nay, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf cao \u0111\u1ed9; m\u1ed7i n\u0103m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 34 phim ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh, trang ph\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u1ec1 Trung Hoa truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 du kh\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn tham quan, v\u1edbi 55,7 kh\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong n\u0103m 2010. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 740 tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1eef h\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba trong th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2012."}
+{"text": "\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. C\u00e1c qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Trung Hoa c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f2ng \u0103n trong cung, m\u1ed7i ph\u00f2ng l\u1ea1i chia th\u00e0nh v\u00e0i gian, m\u1ed7i gian ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00f3n \u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. L\u00faa g\u1ea1o l\u00e0 c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam Ho\u00e0i H\u00e0; l\u00faa m\u00ec l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc. Th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ecbt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 th\u1ecbt to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Gia v\u1ecb l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m trong \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Trung Hoa."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u1edf r\u1ed9 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Chu. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 bao tr\u00f9m m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m Kinh D\u1ecbch v\u00e0 Kinh Th\u01b0 n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u01b0 v\u00e0 Ng\u0169 Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Nho gi\u00e1o . Th\u01a1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 L\u00fd B\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Ph\u1ee7 . S\u1eed h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean v\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n S\u1eed k\u00fd. Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Nh\u00e0 Minh, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 4 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m Tam Qu\u1ed1c di\u1ec5n ngh\u0129a, T\u00e2y Du K\u00fd, Th\u1ee7y H\u1eed v\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng L\u00e2u M\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1i t\u00ean l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 L\u1ed7 T\u1ea5n, H\u1ed3 Th\u00edch hay M\u1ea1c Ng\u00f4n ."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu - Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. B\u00e1ch Gia Ch\u01b0 T\u1eed ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 770 \u0111\u1ebfn 222 TCN, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c khi n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ea3y n\u1edf c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o, Ph\u00e1p gia, M\u1eb7c gia, \u00c2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng gia (v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thuy\u00eat \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh, b\u00e1t qu\u00e1i). Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hai nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00e0 T\u00f4n T\u1eed v\u00e0 T\u00f4n T\u1eabn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n binh ph\u00e1p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed 5000 - 6000 n\u0103m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh: b\u1ea1ch ho\u1ea1, b\u1ea3n ho\u1ea1, b\u00edch ho\u1ea1. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ebd tranh thu\u1ef7 m\u1ea1c, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Cu\u1ed1n L\u1ee5c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1 H\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi Tu\u1ef3. Tranh phong c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec9nh cao t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u00ec Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u00ean th\u1eddi B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng (907\u20131127). \u0110i\u00eau kh\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ri\u00eang nh\u01b0: Ng\u1ecdc \u0111i\u00eau, th\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u00eau, m\u1ed9c \u0111i\u00eau. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 c\u1eb7p t\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ea7n ng\u1eabu \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ea7n, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u1ea1c s\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y H\u00e1n (pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi), t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt ngh\u00ecn m\u1eaft ngh\u00ecn tay. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Trung Hoa ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. Phong th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0: V\u1ea1n L\u00fd Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh (d\u00e0i 6700 km), Th\u00e0nh Tr\u00e0ng An, C\u1ed1 cung, T\u1eed c\u1ea5m th\u00e0nh \u1edf B\u1eafc Kinh."}
+{"text": "Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ec3 thao l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng b\u1eafn cung (x\u1ea1 ti\u1ec5n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu. \u0110\u1ea5u ki\u1ebfm (ki\u1ebfm thu\u1eadt) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 (x\u00fac c\u00fac) c\u0169ng truy nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ed3m v\u00f5 thu\u1eadt, b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5, b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1, b\u00f3ng b\u00e0n, c\u1ea7u l\u00f4ng,th\u1ec3 thao d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 snooker. C\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u00ean b\u00e0n nh\u01b0 c\u1edd v\u00e2y, c\u1edd t\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0 g\u00e2y \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1edd vua c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "R\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng cao trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00ed c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng th\u00edch b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. B\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang l\u00e0 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c , qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ea3n sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Yao Ming hay Yi Jianlian. \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eebng tham d\u1ef1 Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 2002. Trung Qu\u1ed1c gi\u1eef th\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng b\u00e0n (v\u1edbi M\u00e3 Long l\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean b\u00f3ng b\u00e0n s\u1ed1 1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi), c\u1ea7u l\u00f4ng (v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tay v\u1ee3t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 L\u00e2m \u0110an hay Th\u1ea7m Long), v\u00e0 kung fu. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i xe \u0111\u1ea1p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi 470 tri\u1ec7u xe \u0111\u1ea1p trong n\u0103m 2012. Nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111ua thuy\u1ec1n r\u1ed3ng, v\u1eadt ki\u1ec3u M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, v\u00e0 \u0111ua ng\u1ef1a c\u0169ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "Kinh t\u1ebf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 11 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo GDP n\u0103m 2016. Sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, kinh t\u1ebf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. GDP (PPP) b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt t\u1eeb 100 USD v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1963 l\u00ean m\u1ee9c 10.000 USD v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1995 v\u00e0 25.000 USD v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 1997, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c kinh t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \"Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i s\u00f4ng H\u00e1n\"."}
+{"text": "H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh nh\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 5% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m - m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi Goldman Sachs n\u0103m 2007 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra n\u1ebfu duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 9 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2025 v\u1edbi GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 52.000 USD v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp 25 n\u0103m sau n\u1eefa s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 GDP \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 81.000 USD ."}
+{"text": "Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 \u0111\u1ebfn 1980, Kinh t\u1ebf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, POSCO, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e9p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong v\u00f2ng g\u1ea7n 3 n\u0103m, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. Ng\u00e0y nay, POSCO l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 3 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Hyundai Heavy Industries v\u00e0 Samsung Heavy Industries lu\u00f4n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng, \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Hyundai Kia Automotive Group, \u0111\u01b0a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 5 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1996, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a OECD, m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c, ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng nhanh, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 70% GDP. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao r\u1ea5t nhanh tr\u1edf n\u00ean ngang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (HDI) \u0111\u1ea1t 0,912 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006. Hi\u1ec7n nay, thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang t\u0103ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 Indonesia."}
+{"text": "Khi T\u01b0\u1edbng Park Chung-hee n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1961, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt h\u01a1n $ 80 USD m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c trong chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed kho\u1ea3ng 320.000 qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n sang tham chi\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng M\u1ef9 trong chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. Kho\u1ea3ng 5.000 l\u00ednh H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 11.000 l\u00ednh kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadt trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tranh, nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam khi tham chi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 m\u1ecdi kho\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfn ph\u00ed v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho l\u00ednh H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 10 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4la M\u0129 (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 70 t\u1ef7 USD theo th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 2016). S\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef9 chuy\u1ec3n th\u1eb3ng cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p, cho vay, chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng"}
+{"text": "K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960-1970 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u nh\u1edd gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p. Chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i cam ch\u1ecbu gian kh\u1ed5, ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m xa x\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ef9 ph\u1ea9m, oto cao c\u1ea5p, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o th\u1eddi trang, tivi m\u00e0u... b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1ng kham kh\u1ed5. H\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ecbn \u0103n m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c ngo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. Th\u1eddi gian lao \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn 12-14 ti\u1ebfng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9m, l\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kham kh\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Phong tr\u00e0o Saemaeul (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n m\u1edbi) c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng \u00edch, c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Trong v\u00f2ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ed1n th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, Seoul \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m kinh doanh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc \u00c1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao, t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c xem x\u00e9t t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh phong tr\u00e0o Saemaeul, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u0103m n\u0103m. C\u00f3 h\u01a1n 5 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ef1c d\u1eady n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. M\u1ed7i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Samsung Electric Industries \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 Samsung Group c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 1969 \u1edf Suwon, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n gia d\u1ee5ng bao g\u1ed3m truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh, m\u00e1y l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 m\u00e1y gi\u1eb7t. N\u0103m 1970, Samsung Group th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty con kh\u00e1c, Samsung-NEC, gia nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi NEC Corporation c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gia d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nghe nh\u00ecn. N\u0103m 1974, t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang kinh doanh b\u00e1n d\u1eabn mua l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Korea Semiconductor, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c mua l\u1ea1i Korea Telecommunications, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1981, Samsung Electric Industries s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u01a1n 10 tri\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh tr\u1eafng \u0111en. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1983, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Samsung, Lee Byung-chull, th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00ean \"Tokyo declaration\", v\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Samsung s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p DRAM (b\u1ed9 truy c\u1eadp ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng). M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, Samsung tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ty th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n 64kb DRAM.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] N\u0103m 1988, Samsung Electric Industries s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi Samsung Semiconductor & Communications t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Samsung Electronics."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi Lee Kun-Hee, Samsung c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f4ng ty ho\u00e3n vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0 thay v\u00ec theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Samsung \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch 10 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \"th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch\" v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi Sony m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y Samsung s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o l\u00e0m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc n\u00e0y g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho Samsung v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2000."}
+{"text": "Samsung \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ng\u00e0y nay. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m 64Mb DRAM \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992, 256 Mb DRAM n\u0103m 1994, 1Gb DRAM n\u0103m 1996. N\u0103m 2004, Samsung ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chip b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb NAND 8Gb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Apple v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005. M\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Apple v\u1ec1 chip nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u00eam phong t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2005, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2013, Samsung v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh cho Apple, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t vi x\u1eed l\u00fd A7 n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m iPhone 5s."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2009 v\u00e0 2010, M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 EU \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng ty, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 8 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb kh\u00e1c, v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1999 v\u00e0 2002. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m Infineon Technologies, Elpida Memory v\u00e0 Micron Technology. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2010, EU mi\u1ec5n cung c\u1ea5p cho Samsung Electronics v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng tin trong khi \u0111i\u1ec1u tra (LG Display, AU Optronics, Chimei InnoLux, Chunghwa Picture Tubes v\u00e0 HannStar Display c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y)."}
+{"text": "Do doanh thu \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh\u2014\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t doanh thu c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m tay gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c\u2014Samsung \u0111\u1ea1t thu nh\u1eadp k\u1ec9 l\u1ee5c trong Q3 2013. L\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 10.1 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ec9 won (US$9.4 t\u1ec9), m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi doanh thu chip b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 Apple, Inc. V\u00e0o 14 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2013, Samsung Electronics c\u00f4ng khai xin l\u1ed7i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u00e2n trang l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u00e0n r\u1ebb h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cao c\u1ea5p."}
+{"text": "Samsung cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Gi\u1ea3i Oscar l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 86 n\u0103m 2014, do vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh Samsung Galaxy Note b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec Ellen DeGeneres trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 s\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lan truy\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn, c\u00f4ng ty quy\u00ean g\u00f3p US$3 tri\u1ec7u cho hai nh\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1edfi DeGeneres. Samsung ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \"... ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ellen l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn: St Jude\u2019 v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o. Samsung s\u1ebd quy\u00ean g\u00f3p $1.5 tri\u1ec7u cho m\u1ed7i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.\""}
+{"text": "Thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng James Cook b\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1770 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c Nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc bao quanh. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ranh gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y; thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ee7y v\u0103n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IHO) b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee3t s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103m 2000 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a bao g\u1ed3m Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda nam v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 60\u00b0N v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1edbi h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 Nam C\u1ef1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u00f9a l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m C\u1ee5c Th\u1ee7y v\u0103n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IHB), ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a IHO, nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1919, ranh gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Sau \u0111\u00f3 IHO \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng (Limits of Oceans and Seas) v\u1edbi \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1928. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, ranh gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda Nam; t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1953 th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan th\u1ee7y v\u0103n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. Trong \u0111\u1ee3t s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103m 2000, IHO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00eda nam v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 60\u00b0N, tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi bi\u1ec3n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. D\u00f9 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a IHO n\u0103m 2000 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh trong \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o n\u0103m 2002 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i IHO s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 C\u01a1 quan T\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 Merriam-Webster, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty chuy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n.[ct 1] Gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c \u00dac nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m ngay ph\u00eda Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dac. Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd Qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00f3 (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) b\u1eb1ng ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 in v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. Hema Maps v\u00e0 GeoNova l\u00e0 hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \"Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng\" \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc bao quanh v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c Nam c\u00f2n b\u00ed \u1ea9n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a James Cook ng\u1ee5 \u00fd New Caledonia ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Peacock n\u0103m 1795 th\u00ec m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m \"v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi\". V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1796 John Payne \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 40 l\u00e0m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u00eda B\u1eafc; c\u00f2n cu\u1ed1n Edinburgh Gazeteer n\u0103m 1927 th\u00ec d\u00f9ng v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 50. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Family Magazine n\u0103m 1835, \"\u0110\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00eda Nam L\u1edbn\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh \"\u0110\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00eda Nam\" (Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng) v\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng Antarctick [sic]\" d\u1ecdc theo v\u00f2ng Nam C\u1ef1c v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u00eda B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n m\u0169i S\u1eebng, m\u0169i H\u1ea3o V\u1ecdng, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Van Diemen (Tasmania ng\u00e0y nay) v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam New Zealand."}
+{"text": "C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ranh gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda B\u1eafc ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb m\u0169i S\u1eebng \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng qua m\u0169i Agulhas \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, m\u0169i Leeuwin \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00dac, d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda Nam l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00dac t\u1edbi m\u0169i Otway thu\u1ed9c ti\u1ec3u bang Victoria, r\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda Nam v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua eo bi\u1ec3n Bass t\u1edbi m\u0169i Wickham \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o King, sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea3o King t\u1edbi m\u0169i Grim, Tasmania. Ti\u1ebfp theo gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda T\u00e2y Tasmania h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda Nam t\u1edbi m\u0169i \u0110\u00f4ng Nam, r\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3o Broughton, New Zealand tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u0169i S\u1eebng."}
+{"text": "Sau m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, t\u1edbi n\u0103m 2000 IHO l\u1eadt l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t. C\u00f3 28 trong t\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1 68 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Argentina, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng h\u1ea3i l\u01b0u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra. \u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Southern Ocean (Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng) gi\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1eafng v\u1edbi 18 phi\u1ebfu, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n Antarctic Ocean (Nam C\u1ef1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng). M\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 60\u00b0N (v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111i qua v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0o); n\u1eeda c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c, \u0111a ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ecdn v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 50\u00b0N, s\u1ed1 \u00edt th\u00ec xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc l\u1ea5y v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 35\u00b0N."}
+{"text": "D\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh t\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a IHO trong th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2002 (\u0111\u00f4i khi \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"\u1ea5n b\u1ea3n 2000\"). Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 do m\u1ed1i quan ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi bi\u1ec3n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c, 60 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Australia th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00ec \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 ba v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "D\u00f9 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 C\u01a1 quan T\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Merriam-Webster s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan th\u1ee7y v\u0103n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh l\u1ea5y v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 55\u00b0N. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c \u01b0a gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u1eafc t\u1edbi Nam M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 coi \u0111\u1edbi h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 Nam C\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a to l\u1edbn; th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam t\u1edbi l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Nam C\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn."}
+{"text": "\u1ede \u00dac (hay Australia), nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng bao g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda nam Australia v\u00e0 New Zealand. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a IHO v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 hai; \u1edf \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 hai V\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1i \u00dac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Australia v\u00e0 Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng[ct 2]. Tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Tasmania v\u00e0 Nam \u00dac, ph\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong khi m\u0169i Leeuwin \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00dac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac nhau."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1839, m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m g\u1ed3m t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn USS Vincennes v\u00e0 USS Peacock , thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m USS Porpoise (brig: thuy\u1ec1n hai c\u1ed9t bu\u1ed3m), Relief (full-rigged ship: thuy\u1ec1n ba c\u1ed9t bu\u1ed3m tr\u1edf l\u00ean), Sea Gull v\u00e0 USS Flying Fish (schooner: thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m d\u1ecdc), \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb Sydney, Australia nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y (\u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Wilkes\"). \u0110o\u00e0n thuy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, hay khi \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam C\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \"l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Nam C\u1ef1c ph\u00eda t\u00e2y qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Balleny\" v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1840. Ph\u1ea7n ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 \"V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Wilkes\" v\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n duy tr\u00ec cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1946, chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 Richard Evelyn Byrd v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 4.700 qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi v\u00f9ng Nam C\u1ef1c trong m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ec5n chinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Highjump. D\u00f9 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. S\u1ed1 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t t\u00e0u s\u00e2n bay, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m, t\u00e0u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, l\u00ednh xung k\u00edch v\u00e0 xe qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u00e1m th\u00e1ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd k\u1ebft th\u00fac ch\u1ec9 sau hai th\u00e1ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o cho vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft th\u00fac s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a ra."}
+{"text": "Thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Finn Ronne, c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Byrd, \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c trong chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ec5n chinh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1947-1948 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, ba m\u00e1y bay, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa ch\u00f3. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Palmer v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Weddell \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u1edd chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u00f9ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng th\u1ec1m b\u0103ng Ronne. Ronne \u0111\u00e3 di chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng 3.600 d\u1eb7m b\u1eb1ng v\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0 xe ch\u00f3 k\u00e9o, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00f9ng Nam C\u1ef1c Ronne (RARE) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u00f9ng Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi tham gia."}
+{"text": "Explorer l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u du l\u1ecbch v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n Lars-Eric Lindblad. Cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1edbi ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Explorer n\u0103m 1969 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 ti\u00ean phong cho ng\u00e0nh du l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n nay. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e0u du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 con t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00ecm t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y sau khi va ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ch\u00ecm kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh (theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u00e0 b\u0103ng) v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2007. Chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n g\u1ea7n qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Nam Shetland, khu v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p. H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Chile x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u00e0u ch\u00ecm t\u1ea1i t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 62\u00b0 24\u2032 Nam, 57\u00b0 16\u2032 T\u00e2y, \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u kho\u1ea3ng 600 m.. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng trong v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd nh\u01b0 \"bi\u1ec3n\", \"eo bi\u1ec3n\", \"v\u1ecbnh\", \"k\u00eanh n\u01b0\u1edbc\". Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 2002 c\u1ee7a IHO, theo chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 quanh ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 (trong ngo\u1eb7c l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a IHO) bi\u1ec3n Weddell (10.1), bi\u1ec3n Lazarev (10.2), bi\u1ec3n Riiser-Larsen (10.3), bi\u1ec3n Cosmonauts (10.4), bi\u1ec3n Cooperation (10.5), bi\u1ec3n Davis (10.6), v\u1ecbnh Tryoshinikova (10.6.1), bi\u1ec3n Mawson (10.7), bi\u1ec3n Dumont D'Urville (10.8), bi\u1ec3n Somov (10.9), bi\u1ec3n Ross (10.10), v\u1ecbnh McMurdo (10.10.1), bi\u1ec3n Amundsen (10.11), bi\u1ec3n Bellingshausen (10.12), m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n eo bi\u1ec3n Drake (10.13), eo bi\u1ec3n Bransfield (10.14) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n Scotia (4.2).[ct 3][ct 4] M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u0103m 1953 c\u1ee7a IHO nh\u01b0 \"bi\u1ec3n Consmonauts\", \"bi\u1ec3n Cooperation\", v\u00e0 \"bi\u1ec3n Somov\" \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u00ec \u0111a ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1962 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau. V\u00e0i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 atlas h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ba c\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 10 World Atlas 2014 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd Qu\u1ed1c gia M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 12 Times Atlas of the World 2014 c\u1ee7a Anh; tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Nga v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 th\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng."}
+{"text": "Li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi h\u1ea3i l\u01b0u v\u00f2ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1edbi h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 Nam C\u1ef1c quanh ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng Nam C\u1ef1c l\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ea5m c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng c\u1eadn Nam C\u1ef1c. N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Nam C\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng c\u1eadn Nam C\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ed3i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng r\u1ea5t cao, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ph\u00f9 du, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt gi\u00e1p x\u00e1c ch\u00e2n ch\u00e8o (copepoda) v\u00e0 Euphausia superba (moi l\u00e2n Nam C\u1ef1c). Chu\u1ed7i th\u1ee9c \u0103n h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng cho c\u00e1, c\u00e1 voi, h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u, chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t, h\u1ea3i \u00e2u m\u00e0y \u0111en v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ed3i quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y \u1edf Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Gi\u00f3 T\u00e2y m\u1ea1nh th\u1ed5i quanh ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0m d\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ed3i \u0111\u1edbi b\u1edd. B\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0o \u1edf d\u1ea3i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa Nam M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Nam C\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u l\u1edbn b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n l\u00ean tr\u00ean. Trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p quan s\u00e1t, n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ed3i \u1edf Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu khi\u1ebfn cho ph\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng s\u00e2u \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ecb v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ed3i do gi\u00f3, tuy n\u00f4ng h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9, T\u00e2y B\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam ch\u00e2u Phi, v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nam v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc Australia, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n l\u01b0u \u00e1p cao c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb -2 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 \u00b0C (28 \u0111\u1ebfn 50 \u00b0F). C\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u00e3o xo\u00e1y di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng xung quanh l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Nam C\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh do s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t trung b\u00ecnh, khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 40\u00b0 Nam t\u1edbi v\u00f2ng Nam C\u1ef1c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng; \u1edf ph\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u0103ng lan t\u1edbi v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 65\u00b0 Nam c\u00f2n \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 55\u00b0 Nam, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 0 \u00b0C. Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m ven bi\u1ec3n, gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh th\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng trong su\u1ed1t m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ph\u00f9 du \u1edf Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n Nam C\u1ef1c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t, c\u00e1 voi xanh, c\u00e1 voi s\u00e1t th\u1ee7, m\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u l\u00f4ng mao. Chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t duy nh\u1ea5t sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c, trong khi chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t Ad\u00e9lie sinh s\u1ea3n \u1edf v\u00f9ng xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t Rockhopper c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, l\u00f4ng m\u00e0y v\u00e0ng, m\u1ecf m\u00e0u cam c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc l\u00f4ng nh\u1ecdn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t vua, quai m\u0169, v\u00e0 Gentoo c\u0169ng sinh s\u1ea3n \u1edf v\u00f9ng Nam C\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng 500 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd. C\u00f3 h\u01a1n 235 sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 v\u00fa v\u00e0 chim th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ee9 h\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean. \u0110\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 h\u1ea3i s\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i s\u00ean b\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00e2u l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 5 \u00b0C v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ea3i l\u01b0u l\u1edbn hay \"b\u0103ng t\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n\" \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ecd Channichthyidae, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1 m\u00e1u tr\u1eafng, duy nh\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y. S\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 t\u00ean c\u00e1 m\u00e1u tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 do trong m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang thi\u1ebfu hemoglobin (huy\u1ebft s\u1eafc t\u1ed1), h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1u tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u. Champsocephalus gunnari, m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd Channichthyidae, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ven b\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 400 m\u00e9t (1.312 ft); tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u1eebng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 v\u00e0 1980. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea7y c\u00e1 b\u0103ng (Notothenioidei) d\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00eam th\u00ec ch\u00fang ngoi l\u00ean t\u1ea7ng n\u01b0\u1edbc cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n phi\u00eau sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 nh\u1ecf."}
+{"text": "Chi Dissostichus c\u00f3 hai lo\u00e0i, Dissostichus mawsoni v\u00e0 Dissostichus eleginoides. C\u1ea3 hai s\u1ed1ng \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 100\u20133.000 m (328\u20139.843 ft) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 2 m (7 ft), c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng 100 kg (220 lb) c\u00f9ng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd 45 n\u0103m. Trong khi lo\u00e0i Dissostichus mawsoni s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Nam C\u1ef1c th\u00ec lo\u00e0i Dissostichus eleginoides l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eadn Nam C\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ea5m h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n th\u1ea5p quanh l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Nam C\u1ef1c, lo\u00e0i Dissostichus mawsoni s\u1edf h\u1eefu protein ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f4ng trong m\u00e1u v\u00e0 m\u00f4. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 b\u1ea3y lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u00e2n m\u00e0ng c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 \u1edf ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c. L\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 chi H\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Mirounga leonina), nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eb7ng t\u1edbi 4 t\u1ea5n (8.818 lb), trong khi nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u l\u00f4ng mao Nam C\u1ef1c (Arctocephalus gazella), c\u00f3 c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng ch\u1ec9 150 kg (331 lb). Hai lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y s\u1ed1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m t\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t hai con \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u con c\u00e1i. C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean l\u1edbp b\u0103ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n. H\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u \u0103n cua (Lobodon carcinophagus) v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u Weddell (Leptonychotes weddellii) sinh s\u1ea3n theo b\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0n c\u00f2n h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u b\u00e1o v\u00e0 (Hydrurga leptonyx) h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u Ross (Ommatophoca rossii) s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c. H\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u sinh s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean b\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang d\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u0103n m\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp b\u0103ng bi\u1ec3n, trong n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ea5m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh dao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n 1 \u00b0C."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng quanh ch\u00e2u Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 50% ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u1ea3ng 15 tri\u1ec7u con, h\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u \u0103n c\u1ee7a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh. S\u01b0 t\u1eed bi\u1ec3n New Zealand (Phocarctos hookeri), m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u00e2n m\u00e0ng hi\u1ebfm nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 h\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 sinh s\u1ea3n \u1edf qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Auckland thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng c\u1eadn Nam C\u1ef1c, d\u00f9 ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u1eebng l\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. H\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u Weddell sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 v\u00fa c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u0103m lo\u00e0i moi l\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt gi\u00e1p x\u00e1c nh\u1ecf b\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do, \u1edf Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Moi l\u00e2n Nam C\u1ef1c (Euphausia superba) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (sinh kh\u1ed1i) c\u1ee1 kho\u1ea3ng 500 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n. M\u1ed7i c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y d\u00e0i 6 cm (2,4 in) v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng 1 gram (0,035 oz). Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea7y moi l\u00e2n v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 30.000 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m3 (35 ft m3) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng km v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf. Ban ng\u00e0y ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00e2u, t\u1edbi ban \u0111\u00eam th\u00ec ngoi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n phi\u00eau sinh v\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n vong c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u1edbn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o moi l\u00e2n. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng khi m\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n tr\u1edf n\u00ean khan hi\u1ebfm, moi l\u00e2n Nam C\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, d\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u00e2n m\u1ec1m th\u1ee7y sinh hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Lo\u00e0i Adamussium colbecki thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp th\u00e2n m\u1ec1m hai m\u1ea3nh v\u1ecf th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 100 m v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i Laternula elliptica c\u0169ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00f9n c\u00e1t. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 70 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chi m\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 (Architeuthis) v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i con c\u00e1i \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ed1i \u0111a kho\u1ea3ng 13 m (43 ft); ch\u00fang l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 x\u1ebfp sau lo\u00e0i Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni c\u0169ng sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n \u0103n c\u1ee7a Thalassarche chrysostoma (h\u1ea3i \u00e2u m\u00e0y \u0111en \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e1m) v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e0 t\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t lo\u00e0i Onykia ingens l\u00e0 m\u1ed3i ngon c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau."}
+{"text": "Chi Abatus thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp c\u1ea7u gai th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o b\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0103n c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam C\u1ef1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hai lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd Salpidae ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Salpa thompsoni v\u00e0 Ihlea racovitzai. Salpa thompsoni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng, c\u00f2n Ihlea racovitzai th\u00ec th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 cao, g\u1ea7n b\u0103ng. B\u1edfi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1ea5p, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 chim v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa \u1edf bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u00fang l\u00e0m con m\u1ed3i khi nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n kh\u00e1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean khan hi\u1ebfm."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u2013 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 th\u1ee7ng ozon Nam C\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ph\u00f9 du t\u1edbi 15% v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ADN c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i Dissostichus eleginoides b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh g\u1ea5p n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u l\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng d\u00e2y d\u00e0i (longline fishing) g\u00e2y t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong cao cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim bi\u1ec3n."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u1ea3ng hay c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3ng t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c \u1edf v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda nam Nam \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ea7u kh\u1eafp khu ven bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa h\u00e8, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con t\u00e0u ph\u00e1 b\u0103ng h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n Nam C\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn t\u00e0u t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n hay th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. T\u00e0u \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o ph\u00eda nam v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 60\u00b0N \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Nam C\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, Kepler t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean to\u00e1n \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f2ng Graz, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1 cho nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n Tycho Brahe, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh cho Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh Rudolf II v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Matthias v\u00e0 Ferdinand II. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng d\u1ea1y to\u00e1n \u1edf Linz (\u00c1o) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho Albrecht von Wallenstein. Ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00ec nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quang h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 (K\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng Kepler), v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi, Galileo Galilei."}
+{"text": "Kepler s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 gi\u1eefa thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chia t\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa thi\u00ean v\u0103n (nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc) v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd (m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean). Kepler c\u0169ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi x\u00e1c t\u00edn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u1ea3 tri m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed Kepler m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \"v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean th\u1ec3\", nh\u01b0 \"m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1o ch\u01a1i v\u00e0o si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Aristotle\", v\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung cho ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn V\u1ec1 b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Aristotle\", chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c xem thi\u00ean v\u0103n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u1eadt l\u00fd-to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t."}
+{"text": "Kepler sinh ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1571 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Weil der Stadt thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh (nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng Stuttgart \u1edf bang Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m Stuttgart 30 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y). \u00d4ng n\u1ed9i \u00f4ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0 Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac Johannes ra \u0111\u1eddi, gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111ang r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1nh ki\u1ec7t. Kepler l\u00e0 con c\u1ea3 trong s\u1ed1 7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng ba trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea, r\u1eddi b\u1ecf gia \u0111\u00ecnh khi Johannes m\u1edbi n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan. M\u1eb9 \u00f4ng, con g\u00e1i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 qu\u00e1n tr\u1ecd, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7. Do \u0111\u1ebb non, Johannes t\u1eeb b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 y\u1ebfu \u1edbt v\u00e0 hay \u1ed1m \u0111au. B\u00f9 l\u1ea1i Kepler th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf, c\u1eadu th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ecd \u1edf nh\u00e0 \u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Kepler l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm v\u00e0 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi n\u00f3 trong c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1577, khi m\u1edbi l\u00ean s\u00e1u, c\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t si\u00eau sao ch\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng c\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 \"\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 cao \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn n\u00f3\". N\u0103m 1580, Kepler quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u00e1c - nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c, c\u1eadu nh\u1edb l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \"\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi ra ngo\u00e0i\" \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn n\u00f3 v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng \"c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecf\". Tuy nhi\u00ean b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 li\u1ec7t tay c\u1ee7a Kepler, khi\u1ebfn c\u1eadu b\u00e9 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa t\u00e2m t\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1589, sau khi h\u1ecdc qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfng Latinh, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f2ng \u1edf Maulbronn theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Lutheran, Kepler b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u00fcbingen. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb Vitus M\u00fcller v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb Jacob Heerbrand (m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Philipp Melanchthon \u1edf W\u00fcttenberg ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng.. Kepler s\u1edbm ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i chi\u00eam tinh. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Michael Maestlin, \u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Ptolemy v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Copernicus v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Copernicus t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. Trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i tranh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean, Kepler \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eadt t\u00e2m c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1eabn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh cung c\u1ea5p ho\u1ea1t n\u0103ng trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.. D\u00f9 mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c s\u01b0, g\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc, Kepler \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean to\u00e1n v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f2ng Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch \u1edf Graz, \u00c1o. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4, 1594, l\u00fac 23 tu\u1ed5i."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i Graz, Kepler b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Copernicus, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1596 v\u1edbi t\u00ean Mysterium Cosmographicum\u2014(B\u00ed \u1ea9n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5). \u00d4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1595 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 giao h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Sao M\u1ed9c v\u00e0 Sao Th\u1ee7y tr\u00ean ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1o; \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111a gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n theo nh\u1eefng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 theo l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Sau khi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c \u0111a gi\u00e1c cho kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi quan tr\u1eafc thi\u00ean v\u0103n (ngay c\u1ea3 khi cho th\u00eam v\u00e0o ba h\u00e0nh tinh), Kepler b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i \u0111a di\u1ec7n ba chi\u1ec1u. \u00d4ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111a di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u Platon c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7u tr\u00f2n; l\u1ed3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i \u0111a di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nhau, m\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7u, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 s\u00e1u l\u1edbp, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u00e1u h\u00ecnh tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 - Sao Th\u1ee7y, Sao Kim, Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, Sao H\u1ecfa, Sao M\u1ed9c, Sao Th\u1ed5. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111a di\u1ec7n theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1-h\u00ecnh 8 m\u1eb7t, h\u00ecnh 20 m\u1eb7t, h\u00ecnh 12 m\u1eb7t, h\u00ecnh 4 m\u1eb7t (t\u1ee9 di\u1ec7n), h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng-Kepler th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng (trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a quan tr\u1eafc thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi) v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh tinh, v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ch\u00fang quay xung quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Kepler c\u0169ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7u \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh tinh ph\u00eda trong t\u1edbi h\u00e0nh tinh ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa b\u00e1n k\u00ednh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Kepler v\u1ec1 sau t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 ra, Kepler ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t l\u1ed9 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Kepler \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Copernicus b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb x\u00e1c t\u00edn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1i Tinh th\u1ea7n; v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Cha, thi\u00ean c\u1ea7u \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Con, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian \u1edf gi\u1eefa \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Linh. B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Mysterium c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eadt t\u00e2m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u1ed1n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba t\u00e2m."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u00e0 Michael Maestlin, Kepler nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u00fcbingen cho ph\u00e9p xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o, trong l\u00fac ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Copernicus c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Kepler. Mysterium m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1596 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1597 Kepler nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n in \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng danh ti\u1ebfng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang cho Kepler. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eb7ng hoa m\u1ef9, d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Graz, c\u0169ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i \u0111i thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu t\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7t d\u00f9 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, Kepler kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc \u0111a di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u-kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7u trong Mysterium Cosmographicum. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh thi\u00ean v\u0103n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 sau \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u00e2m sai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh tinh b\u00ean trong ch\u00fang. N\u0103m 1621 Kepler t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n Mysterium d\u00e0i g\u1ea5p r\u01b0\u1ee1i \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fa m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau 25 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Mysterium, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi Nicolaus Copernicus trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \"De Revolutionibus\". Trong khi Copernicus t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadt t\u00e2m, \u00f4ng tinh ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ptolemaeus (t\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i lu\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp t\u00fac s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m quy chi\u1ebfu thay v\u00ec M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \"nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn khi ch\u1ec7ch qu\u00e1 xa kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Ptolemaeus.\" Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1ee3 \"Mysterium Cosmographicum\" r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \"b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Ptolemaeus v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u00e1m l\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Copernicus.\""}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1595, Kepler l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi Barbara M\u00fcller, m\u1ed9t g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 23 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 qua 2 \u0111\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con g\u00e1i nh\u1ecf, Gemma van Dvijneveldt, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1eb9n h\u00f2. M\u00fcller, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed1i xay th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t. Cha c\u00f4 Jobst ban \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u1ee7a Kepler; d\u00f9 \u00f4ng th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i, s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang c\u1ee7a Kepler khi\u1ebfn cho cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4n \u0111\u0103ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n Kepler vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m nh\u00e0 M\u00fcller r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u1ecfi v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea1t, tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mai m\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho Kepler. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1eady, l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 su\u00fdt ch\u00fat n\u1eefa l\u00e0 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u00ean nh\u00e0 M\u00fcller y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn. Barbara v\u00e0 Johannes cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 4, 1597."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfp theo vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Mysterium v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 che ch\u1edf c\u1ee7a thanh tra tr\u01b0\u1eddng Graz, Kepler b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tham v\u1ecdng nh\u1eb1m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 trau chu\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ebft th\u00eam 4 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch: m\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tinh), m\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, m\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd (t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi l\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m quang h\u1ecdc kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "\u00d4ng c\u0169ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi t\u1eb7ng Mysterium, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Reimarrus Ursus-nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Rudolf II v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 k\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi Tycho Brahe. Ursus kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, nh\u01b0ng cho in l\u00e1 th\u01b0 t\u00e2ng b\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Kepler \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i quy\u1ec1n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1edbi Tycho (v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Tycho). B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p tai ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y, Tycho c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Kepler, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Kepler; trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, Tycho kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c Kepler l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb Copernicus. Th\u00f4ng qua th\u01b0 t\u1eeb, Tycho v\u00e0 Kepler th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Corpenicus (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3). Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Tycho v\u1ed1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, Kepler kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m sang ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \"h\u00e0i h\u00f2a\", hay quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a chi\u00eam tinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n (m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau \u00f4ng vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi g\u00e2y ra chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh), \u00f4ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e1n li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c g\u00f3c chi\u00eam tinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u1edbi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1599, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi t\u00ednh thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o gia t\u0103ng \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Graz. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, Tycho m\u1eddi Kepler \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Praha; v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1600 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi m\u1eddi), Kepler kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi hi v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Tycho s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd l\u1eabn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1600, Kepler g\u1eb7p Tycho Brahe v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Franz Tengnagel v\u00e0 Longomontanus t\u1ea1i Ben\u00e1tky nad Jizerou (c\u00e1ch Praha 35 km), n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Tycho \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Hai th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Tycho v\u1ec1 Sao H\u1ecfa; Tycho canh gi\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Kepler v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Kepler d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong Mysterium Cosmographicum d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u Sao H\u1ecfa, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn hai n\u0103m (v\u00ec \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng). V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Johannes Jessenius, Kepler t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi Tycho, nh\u01b0ng chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ec3 sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i n\u00f3ng n\u1ea3y v\u00e0 Kepler r\u1eddi Praha ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 4. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1edbm h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ed7 \u0103n \u1edf, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6, Kepler tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u1edf Graz \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecdn c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1edbi Praha."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i Graz d\u1eadp t\u1eaft hi v\u1ecdng chuy\u1ec3n nh\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Kepler; trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u00ean v\u0103n, Kepler th\u1eed xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc cho \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Ferdinand c\u1ee7a \u00c1o. V\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn v\u0103n-\u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eb7ng cho Ferdinand-trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c: \"In Terra inest virtus, quae Lunam ciet\" (C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfn cho M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng). D\u00f9 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u1ea1i cung \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ferdinant, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap v\u1ea1ch ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng trong l\u1ea7n nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 7 t\u1ea1i Graz. Nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt quang h\u1ecdc sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd k\u1ebft tinh trong Astronomiae Pars Optica."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 8, sau khi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u1ea3i sang C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Kepler v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi Graz. V\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau, Kepler \u0111\u01b0a c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1edbi Praha. Trong su\u1ed1t n\u0103m 1601, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tycho h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, giao cho \u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ursus (\u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1). V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9, Tycho \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf: B\u1ea3ng Rudolf thay th\u1ebf cho danh m\u1ee5c sao tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Erasmus Reinhold. Hai ng\u00e0y sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a Tycho v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1601, Kepler \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ho\u00e0ng gia v\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh dang d\u1edf c\u1ee7a Tycho. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Kepler \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9c Tycho \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khai qu\u1eadt t\u1eed thi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t t\u1eed do suy th\u1eadn. 11 n\u0103m l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n ho\u00e0ng gia t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Kepler trong vai tr\u00f2 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p b\u00f3i chi\u00eam tinh cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Kepler l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m bi quan v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n, ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e1 s\u1ed1 t\u1eed vi cho b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 ngay t\u1eeb h\u1ed3i c\u00f2n h\u1ecdc \u1edf T\u00fcbingen v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn n\u1ed3ng h\u1eadu. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 s\u1ed1 t\u1eed vi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f2n t\u00ecm l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn t\u1eeb Kepler v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Rudolf c\u0169ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 kim thu\u1eadt) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Kepler."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i Calixtine (nh\u00e1nh \u00f4n h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Hussite) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u1edf Praha, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Kepler t\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Lutheran m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea5u di\u1ebfm. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a cho \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n do ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 Barbara kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i v\u1eb7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n \u1ed1m \u0111au. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng cung \u0111\u00ecnh cho ph\u00e9p Kepler g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Wacker von Wackenfels, nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n David Fabricius, nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Jost Burgi,...) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u00ean v\u0103n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i."}
+{"text": "Trong l\u00fac \u00f4ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u quan s\u00e1t Sao H\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a Tycho-gi\u1edd n\u1eb1m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong tay \u00f4ng-v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp B\u1ea3ng Rudolf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, Kepler c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 quang h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb lu\u1eadn v\u0103n v\u1ec1 M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1600. C\u1ea3 nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00f3ng k\u00ec l\u1ea1, m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng bao ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi m\u1ecdi quan s\u00e1t thi\u00ean v\u0103n. Trong g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3 n\u0103m 1603, Kepler t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft quang h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1604, sau \u0111\u00f3 in d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean Astronomiae Pars Optica (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: Ph\u1ea7n Quang h\u1ecdc trong Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc). Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, Kepler m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3o b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 b\u1edfi g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng cong, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh l\u1ed7 kim (pinhole camera, t\u1ee9c m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a quang h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb sai v\u00e0 k\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 quang h\u1ecdc sang m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh ghi nh\u1eadn Kepler l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu l\u1ed9n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o m\u1eaft nh\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh m\u1eaft (th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ec3) l\u00ean v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c. Kepler d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y cho l\u1eafm v\u00ec \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng cho n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh trong nh\u1eefng \"ch\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o\" do \"nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Linh h\u1ed3n\", m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t mang t\u00ednh ti\u00ean tri v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n kinh th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. Ng\u00e0y nay, Astronomiae Pars Optica th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a quang h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (d\u00f9 cho \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi). Kepler c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc x\u1ea1 \u1ea3nh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y"}
+{"text": "\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Pascal, Leibniz, Monge v\u00e0 Poncelet v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean \"t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc\" hay \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c"}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1604, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao m\u1edbi r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00fac ch\u1eadp t\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng Kepler kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng tin \u0111\u1ed3n cho t\u1edbi khi \u00f4ng t\u1eadn m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. Kepler b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tinh v\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3. Theo chi\u00eam tinh h\u1ecdc, cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1603 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tam gi\u00e1c l\u1eeda (tam gi\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda trong chi\u00eam tinh), b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 800 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i giao h\u1ed9i; c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh li\u00ean k\u1ebft hai chu k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Charlemagne v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Jesus, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1m b\u00e1o l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. Ch\u00ednh trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, Kepler m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u00f4i sao m\u1edbi hai n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed1n De Stella Nova. Trong \u0111\u00f3 Kepler m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4i sao trong khi gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ho\u00e0i nghi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i chi\u00eam tinh v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. \u00d4ng ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a sao, ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y quang sai \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f2m c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tinh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n th\u00eam gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi (\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Aristotle r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thi\u00ean c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn). S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao m\u1edbi ng\u1ee5 \u00fd t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c, Kepler c\u0169ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Ba Lan Laurentius Suslyga; \u00f4ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu Suslyga ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c khi n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng ni\u00ean bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm 4 n\u0103m, th\u00ec Ng\u00f4i sao Bethlehem-t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi ng\u00f4i sao m\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i-s\u1ebd tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i giao h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chu k\u1ef3 800 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "D\u00f2ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft trong Astronomia nova (M\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi)-bao g\u1ed3m hai \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh tinh-b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Tycho, v\u1ec1 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Sao H\u1ecfa. Kepler t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Sao H\u1ecfa s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u01b0\u1edbc (c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 Copernicus ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng), cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00ecn chung ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Tycho trong sai s\u1ed1 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 2 ph\u00fat. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u01b0a h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp n\u00e0y; \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1edbi 8 ph\u00fat. H\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u00ean v\u0103n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 Kepler b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eed quy h\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u."}
+{"text": "Trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Kepler v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi (m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Cha) l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t l\u1ef1c trong H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Kepler v\u1ea1ch ra m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt l\u00fd cho n\u00f3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a William Gilbert v\u1ec1 linh h\u1ed3n t\u1eeb t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed1n De Magnete (1600) v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 quang h\u1ecdc, Kepler gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t l\u1ef1c (hay lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Aristotle) ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi suy y\u1ebfu theo kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh h\u01a1n khi ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n khi r\u1eddi xa n\u00f3. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m vi\u1ec5n nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1eadn nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Sao H\u1ecfa, \u00f4ng l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb n\u00f3 t\u1edbi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y trong su\u1ed1t chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh to\u00e1n; \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1602 Kepler thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc: c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh qu\u00e9t nh\u1eefng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1eb1ng nhau trong c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian b\u1eb1ng nhau-\u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Kepler v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh tinh."}
+{"text": "Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ednh to\u00e1n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Sao H\u1ecfa, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee9ng. Sau kho\u1ea3ng 40 l\u1ea7n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1605 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o elip, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecf qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (!). Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o elip kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 Sao H\u1ecfa, \u00f4ng l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh tinh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng elip, v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m-\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Kepler v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh tinh. Tuy nhi\u00ean b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ra ngo\u00e0i Sao H\u1ecfa. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Astronomia nova, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1609 m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do c\u00e1c tranh c\u00e3i ph\u00e1p l\u00fd li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Tycho v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf trong d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Brahe."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh Astronomia Nova, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Kepler t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng Rudolf v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c l\u1ecbch thi\u00ean v\u0103n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng th\u1eed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd Giovanni Antonio Magini, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi Jesus, v\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n h\u00e3o huy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda di\u1ec7t vong nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Helisaeus Roeslin."}
+{"text": "Kepler v\u00e0 Roeslin \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 nhau trong m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0103n mi\u1ebfng tr\u1ea3 mi\u1ebfng, trong khi b\u00e1c s\u0129 Philip Feselius c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c m\u00f4n chi\u00eam tinh n\u00f3i chung, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Roeslin. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Kepler cho l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 h\u0103ng h\u00e1i, Kepler so\u1ea1n Tertius Interveniens (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: Nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba). V\u1ec1 danh ngh\u0129a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cho nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 chung c\u1ee7a Roeslin v\u00e0 Feselius- l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t suy ngh\u0129 gi\u1ea3ng h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan ni\u1ec7m chung Kepler v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a chi\u00eam tinh h\u1ecdc, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong khi Kepler xem h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a chi\u00eam tinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \"ph\u00e2n d\u1eady m\u00f9i qu\u1ef7 d\u1eef\" trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con g\u00e0 c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn k\u00e9o l\u00ea ch\u00e2n, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \"h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfm hoi, th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t ng\u1ecdc trai hay c\u1ee5c v\u00e0ng\" c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh khoa h\u1ecdc ngay th\u1eb3ng."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1610, Galileo Galilei s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng do \u00f4ng m\u1edbi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra 4 h\u00e0nh tinh quay quanh Sao M\u1ed9c. V\u00e0o l\u00fac c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (t\u1ee9c quy\u1ec3n Sidereus Nuncius-S\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 Sao), Galileo tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Keler, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng uy t\u00edn cho nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kepler tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo (Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi S\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 Sao). \u00d4ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Galileo v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u00f9ng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Galileo, cho thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc, chi\u00eam tinh h\u1ecdc. Sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng n\u0103m Kepler c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan s\u00e1t d\u00f9ng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 trong Narratio de Jovis Satellitibus (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch, M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 tinh Sao M\u1ed9c), cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho Galileo. Tuy nhi\u00ean Galileo \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng cho Kepler khi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) v\u1ec1 Astronomia Nova."}
+{"text": "Sau khi nghe n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Galileo, Kepler c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 quang h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Ernest c\u1ee7a Cologne. B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1610 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean Dioptrice (Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 h\u1ecdc) n\u0103m 1611. Trong \u0111\u00f3, Kepler thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 l\u1ed3i k\u00e9p v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 l\u00f5m k\u00e9p-v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Galileo-c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh \u1ea3o, \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 thu nh\u1ecf. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn-ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n Kepler-trong \u0111\u00f3 hai th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh l\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh l\u1ed3i v\u00e0 l\u00f5m c\u1ee7a Galileo."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1611, Kepler cho l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Somnium (Gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con trai Kepler in sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t). M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Somnium l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u1eeb g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn \u1edf m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra t\u00ednh ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phi \u0111\u1ecba t\u00e2m. B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t sau khi trao tay m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1edbi M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng, n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n mang t\u00ednh ph\u00f3ng d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n mang t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh lu\u1eadn v\u0103n v\u1ec1 du h\u00e0nh li\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh (Carl Sagan l\u1eabn Isaac Asimov xem \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed). Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u1ec1 sau, m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n b\u00f3p m\u00e9o c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n x\u00e9t t\u1edbi phi\u00ean t\u00f2a bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn truy\u1ec7n tham v\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t con qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch du h\u00e0nh ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng gian. Sau khi b\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha b\u1ed5ng, Kepler s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c th\u00eam 223 c\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fa cho c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n-d\u00e0i g\u1ea5p v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c-\u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ph\u00fang d\u1ee5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ed9i dung khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng) \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1611, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o-ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Praha tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Rudolf-khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u0111ang suy y\u1ebfu-b\u1ecb em trai l\u00e0 Matthias bu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u vua Bohemia. C\u1ea3 hai phe \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00ecm l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn chi\u00eam tinh c\u1ee7a Kepler, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb mang t\u00ednh h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i (m\u00e0 \u00edt khi li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao, tr\u1eeb trong nh\u1eefng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh chung chung nh\u1eb1m can ng\u0103n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t). Nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Kepler trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Matthias l\u00e0 m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng Barbara Kepler m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1t ph\u00e1t ban Hungary, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh. Khi Barbara h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c, c\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a, \u0111\u1ee9a con trai l\u1edbn, Friedrich, m\u1ea5t (6 tu\u1ed5i). Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con trai, Kepler g\u1eedi th\u01b0 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u1edf W\u00fcrttemberg v\u00e0 Padua \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i di c\u01b0. \u1ede \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u00fcbingen (W\u00fcrttemberg), nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Kepler \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o Calvin vi ph\u1ea1m T\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u Augsburg \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1. T\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Padua, Galileo l\u00fac \u1ea5y s\u1eafp ra \u0111i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Kepler thay gh\u1ebf gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 to\u00e1n, tuy nhi\u00ean Kepler mu\u1ed1n gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi; thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng t\u1edbi \u00c1o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t Linz. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Barbara t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u00edt l\u00e2u sau khi Kepler v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0."}
+{"text": "Kepler ho\u00e3n vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1ea1i Praha cho t\u1edbi khi Rudolf qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1612, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 bi k\u1ecbch gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Eclogae Chronicae (t\u1ee9c Tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc). Sau khi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Th\u00e1nh ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, Matthias t\u00e1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh (v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng) c\u1ee7a Kepler nh\u01b0ng cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng d\u1eddi t\u1edbi Linz."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i Linz, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Kepler (b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c B\u1ea3ng Rudolf) l\u00e0 d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 chi\u00eam tinh v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng b\u1edbt b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Praha\u2014m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Luther tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ban b\u00ed t\u00edch Th\u00e1nh th\u1ec3. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u1edf Linz l\u00e0 De vero Anno (1613), m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn v\u0103n bao qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 n\u0103m Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1ng sinh, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0n c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 n\u00ean ban b\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4 XII tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ee9c theo Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch hay kh\u00f4ng; c\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn v\u0103n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng Nova stereometria doliorum vinariorum, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111o th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ee9a nh\u01b0 th\u00f9ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1615."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1613, Kepler l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00f4 g\u00e1i 24 tu\u1ed5i Susanna Reuttinger. K\u1ec1 t\u1eeb sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea7u Barbara, Kepler \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng 11 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau trong v\u00f2ng 2 n\u0103m (qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u trong \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh b\u00e0i to\u00e1n h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. \u00d4ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Reuttinger (\u0111\u00e1m mai m\u1ed1i th\u1ee9 n\u0103m), ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, \"\u0111\u00e3 thu ph\u1ee5c t\u00f4i v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u00ednh si\u00eang n\u0103ng, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau d\u00e0nh cho con ri\u00eang.\" Ba \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y (Margareta Regina, Katharina, v\u00e0 Sebald) \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u. Ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi con sau tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh: Cordula (sinh n\u0103m 1621), Fridmar (1623), Hildebert (1625). Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Kepler, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh Astronomia nova, Kepler d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. N\u0103m 1615, \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong ba t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae (T\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Copernicus gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c); t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u (c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n I-III) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in n\u0103m 1617, t\u1eadp hai (quy\u1ec3n IV) in n\u0103m 1617, v\u00e0 t\u1eadp ba (c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n V-VII) n\u0103m 1621. Trong khi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eadt t\u00e2m, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Kepler ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o elip c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ba \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00fd. D\u00f9 n\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng hai \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh tinh (t\u1eebng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho Sao H\u1ecfa trong Astronomia nova) cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Sao M\u1ed9c,, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o elip c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan s\u00e1t."}
+{"text": "Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 t\u1eeb B\u1ea3ng Rudolf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ecbch thi\u00ean v\u0103n, Kepler c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u1ecbch chi\u00eam tinh, r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trang tr\u1ea3i chi ph\u00ed cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng-\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Trong 6 t\u1eadp l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1617-1624-Kepler \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb; th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Kepler v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 leo thang c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1eadp m\u1edd trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri \u0111em l\u1ea1i r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho ch\u00ednh Kepler; t\u1eadp l\u1ecbch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (1624) b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng khai \u1edf Graz."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1615, Ursula Reingold, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 c\u00f3 tranh c\u00e3i ti\u1ec1n nong v\u1edbi em trai Kepler l\u00e0 Christoph, \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Kepler, b\u00e0 Katharina, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho b\u00e0 ta \u1ed1m b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1c bia c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef7. Tranh c\u00e3i leo thang, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1617 Katharina b\u1ecb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y; c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 x\u1eed ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf trung \u00c2u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1620, b\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1ed1ng giam trong 14 th\u00e1ng li\u1ec1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Kepler, Katharina \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 ra. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o m\u1ea1nh ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng tin \u0111\u1ed3n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c cu\u1ed1n Somnium c\u1ee7a Kepler, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con qu\u1ef7. Katharina ch\u1ecbu territio verbalis, t\u1ee9c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tra t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c b\u00e0 th\u00fa t\u1ed9i. Trong su\u1ed1t phi\u00ean x\u1eed, Kepler ho\u00e3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian cho \"l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u00e0i h\u00f2a\" c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1619, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Harmonices Mundi (V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 H\u00e0i h\u00f2a)"}
+{"text": "Kepler c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng \"c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc cho \u0110\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 trang ho\u00e0ng to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\". Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, \u00f4ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1eed gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean-\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh-b\u1eb1ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.. T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \"h\u00e0i h\u00f2a\" l\u00e0 musica universalis hay \"\u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7u\", m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Pythagoras, Ptolemaeus v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc Kepler nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u; ngo\u00e0i ra, \u00edt l\u00e2u sau khi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch, Kepler b\u1ecb l\u00f4i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1edbi Robert Fludd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u00e0i h\u00f2a ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta."}
+{"text": "T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111a gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111a di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean kh\u1ed1i \u0111a di\u1ec7n Kepler. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ednh h\u00e0i h\u00f2a sang \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh h\u1ecdc; h\u00e0i h\u00f2a sinh ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3-v\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p chi\u00eam tinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u00e2m thanh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m (quy\u1ec3n V), Kepler gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh tinh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u00e1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng Kepler-v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Tycho v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft thi\u00ean v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang \u00f4ng-x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00fang ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 g\u00e1n \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u1edbi cho ch\u00fang."}
+{"text": "Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, Kepler ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 ba v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh tinh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9, \"T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a chu k\u1ef3 [c\u1ee7a hai h\u00e0nh tinh] v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch trung b\u00ecnh\". M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00eau ra ng\u00e0y ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y (8 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1618), \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn cho t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1660. Ch\u1eafp n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m m\u00e0 Christiaan Huygens m\u1edbi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p Isaac Newton, Edmund Halley, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea3 Christopher Wren v\u00e0 Robert Hooke ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau r\u1eb1ng; l\u1ef1c h\u00fat tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n theo b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u00e1c b\u1ecf gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd kinh vi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c h\u00fat gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i theo kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 khi n\u00e0o n\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u1eefa hai v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1ch Kepler v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Galileo, trong \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 r\u01a1i trong tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Galileo l\u00e0 Borrelli trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 n\u0103m 1666. William Gilbert, sau khi th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi nam ch\u00e2m, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nam ch\u00e2m kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn Kepler ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi k\u00e9o c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh theo qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh tinh, nh\u01b0ng sai l\u1ea7m do \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1623, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Kepler c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh B\u1ea3ng Rudolf, m\u00e0 sinh th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Tycho Brahe, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u0103m 1627 n\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o-ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd-m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea9y gia \u0111\u00ecnh Kepler v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o. N\u0103m 1625, nh\u1eefng th\u1eeba sai Ph\u1ea3n Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u00eam phong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Kepler, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1626 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Linz b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y. Kepler d\u1eddi t\u1edbi Ulm, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 in B\u1ea3ng Rudolf b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1628, theo sau nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Ferdinand d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u1edbng Albrecht von Wallenstein, Kepler tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho Wallenstein. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cho v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng, Kepler cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n thi\u00ean v\u0103n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh c\u1ee7a Wallenstein v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng l\u1eadp l\u00e1 s\u1ed1 t\u1eed vi. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Kepler th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean du h\u00e0nh, t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf Praha t\u1edbi Linz v\u00e0 Ulm t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 t\u1ea1m \u1edf \u017baga\u0144, r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1edbi Regensburg. \u00cdt l\u00e2u sau khi t\u1edbi Regensburg, Kepler \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ec7nh. \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1630, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa sau khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y khu ngh\u0129a trang. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec1 bia m\u1ed9 do ch\u00ednh Kepler so\u1ea1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian:"}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Kepler khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Galileo v\u00e0 Ren\u00e9 Descartes ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1edbt l\u1edd t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Astronomia nova. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n, bao g\u1ed3m ch\u00ednh th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Kepler, Michael Maestlin, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c Kepler \u0111\u01b0a v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0o thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0ng ch\u1eebng. Ismael Boulliau ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o elip nh\u01b0ng thay \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Kepler v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ed1ng (\u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi) c\u1ee7a elip, trong khi gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Seth Ward s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o elip v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Kepler, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t thi\u00ean v\u0103n. Hai l\u1ea7n \u0111i qua M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Sao Kim v\u00e0 Sao Th\u1ee7y cho ph\u00e9p ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, v\u00ec theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00f2n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Sao Th\u1ee7y b\u0103ng qua M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi n\u0103m 1631, Kepler h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 cho Sao Th\u1ee7y n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 trong sai s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y so v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n. Pierre Gassendi \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang ng\u00e0y d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Kepler. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Sao Th\u1ee7y b\u0103ng qua M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m quan s\u00e1t Sao Kim ngang qua M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh do sai s\u00f3t trong b\u1ea3ng Rudolf. Gassendi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Paris n\u01a1i \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng. Jeremiah Horrock, ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1639, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Kepler, ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Sao Kim v\u01b0\u1ee3t M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t n\u00f3. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Kepler."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1n Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Copernicus gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Kepler l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong gi\u1edbi thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Kepler sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa thi\u00ean v\u0103n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1630-1650, gi\u00fap cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o elip. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Kepler cho chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc r\u00fat t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Kepler-\u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Giovanni Alfonso Borelli v\u00e0 Robert Hooke-b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c h\u00fat (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1a tinh th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 Kepler \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t) v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m Descartes v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft tinh trong cu\u1ed1n Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (1687) c\u1ee7a Isaac Newton, trong \u0111\u00f3 Newton r\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Kepler v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh tinh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn."}
+{"text": "B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, Kepler c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc. Kepler v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Histoire des mathematiques (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, 1758) c\u1ee7a Jean-\u00c9tienne Montucla v\u00e0 Histoire de l\u2019astronomie moderne (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed thi\u00ean v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, 1821) c\u1ee7a Jean-Baptiste Delambre. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e3n quan Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai s\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn si\u00eau h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Kepler v\u1edbi \u00f3c ho\u00e0i nghi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19) coi ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. William Whewell, trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng History of the Inductive Sciences (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Khoa h\u1ecdc Quy n\u1ea1p, 1837) xem Kepler nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean t\u00e0i khoa h\u1ecdc quy n\u1ea1p; v\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed1n Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc Quy n\u1ea1p, 1840), Whewell ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c g\u1ecdi Kepler l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, Ernst Friedrich Apelt\u2014ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o Kepler, sau khi Ekaterina II c\u1ee7a Nga mua ch\u00fang\u2014x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Kepler l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc\". Apelt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m m\u0129 h\u1ecdc, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Kepler nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch bao qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p Kepler."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Kepler v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20, trong khi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1937 (v\u00e0 t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 21 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh), trong khi ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Kepler c\u1ee7a Max Caspar in n\u0103m 1948. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Alexandre Koyr\u00e9 v\u1ec1 Kepler m\u1edbi l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u m\u1ed1c quan tr\u1ecdng ti\u1ebfp theo, sau Apelt, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc Kepler v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930 v\u00e0 1940, Koyr\u00e9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng s\u1eed gia chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc. Koyr\u00e9 x\u1ebfp l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Kepler, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0o t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i sang hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Kepler t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 chi\u00eam tinh v\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n, giao ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1eed gia khoa h\u1ecdc"}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Kepler trong cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng s\u1ea3n sinh ra h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t cu\u1ed9c lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. Trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn The Sleepwalkers (Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u1ed9ng du, 1959) c\u1ee7a Arthur Koestler, trong \u0111\u00f3 Kepler r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng (c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, l\u1eabn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7) c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. C\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia khoa h\u1ecdc-nh\u01b0 Charles Sanders Peirce, Norwood Russell Hanson, Stephen Toulmin, v\u00e0 Karl Popper-li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi Kepler: c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 s\u00e1nh, suy lu\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i suy, t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Kepler. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Wolfgang Pauli th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng tranh c\u00e3i quy\u1ec1n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa Kepler v\u1edbi Robert Fludd \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao c\u1ee7a John Banville, Kepler (1981), kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt phi ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Koestler v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc. Ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m phi ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c, Heavenly Intrigue (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: M\u01b0u m\u00f4 B\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, 2004), \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng Kepler \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0u s\u00e1t Tycho Brahe \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Kepler mang m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh; t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc Carl Sagan m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \"nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh khoa h\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng\". Kepler c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng v\u1edf opera Die Harmonie der Welt v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n giao h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9ng t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Paul Hindemith."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 vinh danh Kepler, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc mang t\u00ean Kepler \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc trong b\u00e0i, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba danh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n,... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean \u00f4ng. \u1ede \u00c1o, n\u0103m 2002 h\u00ecnh \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng xu euro t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m, m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi s\u01b0u t\u1eadp g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng 10-euro b\u1ea1c Johannes Kepler. \u1ede New Zealand c\u00f3 d\u00e3y n\u00fai Kepler v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Kepler xuy\u00ean qua d\u00e3y n\u00fai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thu h\u00fat kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch.. T\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Kepler (Seattle), Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p Johannes Kepler (Praha), \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Johannes Kepler Linz,... \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean \u00f4ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 va ch\u1ea1m tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng, Sao H\u1ecfa, ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh 1134 Kepler, h\u00e0nh tinh ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi Kepler-22b ATV, \u0110\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng gian Kepler,..."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Max Caspar. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed m\u1edbi h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Caspar m\u00e0 \u00edt c\u00f3 th\u00eam nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ri\u00eang m\u1edbi n\u00e0o, do \u0111\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y. Ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb Caspar c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Arthur Koestler, Kitty Ferguson, v\u00e0 James A. Connor. \"The Eye of Heaven\" c\u1ee7a Owen Gingerich d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh Caspar, \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 sau t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Kepler. Trong khi c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Kepler \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh chi\u00eam tinh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u."}
+{"text": "Den Haag c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 H\u00e0 Lan, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p H\u00e0 Lan trao vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Amsterdam. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Eerste Kamer (Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 Tweede Kamer (H\u1ea1 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n) c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0 Lan. Ngo\u00e0i ra, N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Beatrix c\u0169ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m \u1edf Den Haag, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi T\u1ed1i cao Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0 Lan (Hoge Raad der Nederlanden) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang."}
+{"text": "Hague b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1230, khi Count Floris IV c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan mua \u0111\u1ea5t d\u1ecdc theo ao, Hofvijver ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng khu nh\u00e0 s\u0103n b\u1eafn. N\u0103m 1248, con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb William II, Vua c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3, \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng dinh th\u1ef1 t\u1edbi cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Binnenhof (T\u00f2a \u00e1n N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba). \u00d4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1256 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cung \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi con trai \u00f4ng Floris V, trong \u0111\u00f3 Ridderzaal (Knights 'Hall), v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, l\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1eeb ngai v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng gia H\u00e0 Lan. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 13 tr\u1edf \u0111i, \u0111\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng The Hague l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u Chi\u1ebfn tranh T\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda, v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u00e2y Ban Nha d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. N\u0103m 1575, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 Lan th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n coi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i, sau khi h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a William of Orange. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1588, The Hague c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gh\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a H\u00e0 Lan. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, The Hague ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trong lu\u1eadt h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \"quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1\" kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o n\u1eefa."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1ec9 trong n\u0103m 1806, khi V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c H\u00e0 Lan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ec khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1edfi Louis Bonaparte. c\u1ea5p. Sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Napoleon, B\u1ec9 v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p, Brussels v\u00e0 Amsterdam \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean nhau l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 m\u1ed7i hai n\u0103m, v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf The Hague. Sau khi t\u00e1ch B\u1ec9 n\u0103m 1830, Amsterdam v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan, trong khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u1eb1m \u1edf The Hague. Khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt h\u01a1n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i H\u00e0 Lan sau n\u0103m 1850, The Hague nhanh ch\u00f3ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan \u0111ang ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Loosduinen m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1903 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1923."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00f4ng qua th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 l\u1edbn b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1945, Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn n\u00e9m bom khu Bezuidenhout. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda V-2 trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Haagse Bos g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng do nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, bom \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Cu\u1ed9c b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 kh\u1eafp khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra 511 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed vong."}
+{"text": "Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, Den Haag tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ed3 \u1ea1t v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i nhanh ch\u00f3ng. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 600.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1965. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 1980, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh trung l\u01b0u da tr\u1eafng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n l\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u01b0 Voorburg, Leidschendam, Rijswijk, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 Zoetermeer. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb n\u00e0y v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 The Hague g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i H\u00e0 Lan, The Hague \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n l\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh m\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng."}
+{"text": "Hague \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh t\u00e1m qu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khu ph\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu ph\u1ed1 ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf The Hague. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 Statenkwartier, Belgisch Park, Marlot, Benoordenhout v\u00e0 Archipelbuurt th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n h\u01a1n, trong khi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng Nam nh\u01b0 Transvaal, Moerwijk v\u00e0 Schilderswijk th\u00ec ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Vinex-\u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Leidschenveen-Ypenburg v\u00e0 Wateringse Veld. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Hagenaars\" v\u00e0 n\u00f3i c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bekakt Haags (\"posh\"), \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi Hagenezen, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Haags (\"th\u00f4 t\u1ee5c\"); Xem Nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "Xeri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c J\u00f6ns Jakob Berzelius v\u00e0 Wilhelm Hisinger ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Bastn\u00e4s, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Martin Heinrich Klaproth t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1803. Xeri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Berzelius \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo h\u00e0nh tinh l\u00f9n Ceres, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 (1801). Nh\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, xeri th\u1ef1c ra \u1edf d\u1ea1ng \u00f4x\u00edt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Xeria, m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nung ch\u1ea3y khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm n\u00f3i chung. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc do Humphry Davy ch\u1ec9 sau \u0111\u00f3 5 n\u0103m v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 sinh ra c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a b\u00ean trong. Xeria, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4 l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1803, ch\u1ee9a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m Lantan c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong qu\u1eb7ng xerit t\u1eeb Bastn\u00e4s, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 45% c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 xeria tinh khi\u1ebft. Cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn khi Carl Gustaf Mosander th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf lantana v\u00e0 \"didymia\" v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1830 th\u00ec xeria m\u1edbi thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf d\u1ea1ng tinh khi\u1ebft. Wilhelm Hisinger l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 m\u1ecf gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho Berzelius. \u00d4ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ecf t\u1ea1i Bastn\u00e4s v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf \u0111i sau khi l\u1ea5y qu\u1eb7ng (\"Tungstein c\u1ee7a Bastn\u00e4s\") v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 xerit, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c khu m\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Mosander v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi Berzelius v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Berzelius thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u xeria."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a xeri (IV) (xeric) c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf cam hay \u00e1nh v\u00e0ng, trong khi c\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i xeri (III) (xer\u01a1) th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng hay kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u. C\u1ea3 hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00f4xi h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ef1c t\u00edm. Xeri (III) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ee7y tinh kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Xeri c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm b\u1eb1ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y: b\u1ed5 sung ammoniac v\u00e0 per\u00f4x\u00edt hi\u0111r\u00f4 v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p nh\u00f3m lantan s\u1ebd sinh ra m\u00e0u n\u00e2u s\u1eabm \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t xeri."}
+{"text": "Xeri c\u00f3 hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00f4xi h\u00f3a ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 +3 v\u00e0 +4. H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00f4x\u00edt xeri (IV) (CeO2), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \"ph\u1ea5n s\u00e1p c\u1ee7a th\u1ee3 kim ho\u00e0n\" c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong th\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00f2 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch. Hai t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u00f4xi h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 sulfat xeri (IV) amoni ((NH4)2Ce(SO4)3) v\u00e0 nitrat xeri (IV) amoni (hay CAN, (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6). Xeri c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c clorua nh\u01b0 CeCl3 t\u1ee9c clorua xeri (III), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u1edf c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m cacbonyl trong h\u00f3a h\u1eefu c\u01a1. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m cacbonat xeri (III) (Ce2(CO3)3), florua xeri (III) (CeF3), \u00f4x\u00edt xeri (III) (Ce2O3), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 sulfat xeri (IV) (sulfat xeric, Ce(SO4)2) v\u00e0 triflat xeri (III) (Ce(OSO2CF3)3)."}
+{"text": "Hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00f4xi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a xeri kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 baz\u01a1: xeri (III) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t baz\u01a1 m\u1ea1nh khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb ba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m Lantan, nh\u01b0ng xeri (IV) l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 baz\u01a1 y\u1ebfu. Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho ph\u00e9p d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ebf xeri nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m Lantan, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ch\u00fang kh\u1ecfi nhau. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ra theo th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3:"}
+{"text": "S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n trong chia t\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u01b0u th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf xeri t\u1eeb h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Xeri th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfm 45% trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm xerit hay monazit v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf n\u00f3 ra s\u1edbm s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n x\u1eed l\u00fd ti\u1ebfp (hay gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3). Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tinh ch\u1ebf xeri \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 baz\u01a1. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft tinh nitrat amoni xeric [hexanitratoxerat (IV) amoni] t\u1eeb ax\u00edt nitric l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tinh ch\u1ebf. Nitrat xeri (IV) (ax\u00edt hexanitratoxeric) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00e1ch ra h\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 dung m\u00f4i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tri-n-butyl ph\u1ed1tphat) so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m Lantan h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb +3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tinh ch\u1ebf xeri b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebft dung m\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng, \u1edf d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb +3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c trong nh\u00f3m Lantan."}
+{"text": "Xeri (IV) l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u00f4xi h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ax\u00edt nh\u01b0ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ki\u1ec1m. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ki\u1ec1m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 xeri (III) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed m\u1ea1nh, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb \u00f4xi h\u00f3a b\u1edfi \u00f4xy c\u00f3 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ki\u1ec1m l\u00e0m d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cho s\u1ef1 \u00f4xi h\u00f3a n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chia t\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f4i khi x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xeri trong h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb +3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Lantan trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n phong h\u00f3a nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi \"b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng xeri \u00e2m t\u00ednh\" hay t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt xerianit. \u00d4xi h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed cho xeri (III) trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec1m l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xeri (IV) \u0111\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng dung d\u1ecbch ax\u00edt."}
+{"text": "Xeri ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a 4 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh; bao g\u1ed3m Ce136, Ce138, Ce140, Ce142 v\u1edbi Ce140 l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t (88,48%). Ce136 v\u00e0 Ce142 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 beta k\u00e9p nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ce142 th\u00ec gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1ec1 chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 l\u00e0 5\u00d71016 n\u0103m hay 50 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ef7 n\u0103m). Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ce144 (chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 284,893 ng\u00e0y), Ce139 (137,64 ng\u00e0y), Ce141 (32,501 ng\u00e0y). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1edbi 4 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi 10 ph\u00fat. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 2 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Elizabeth I c\u1ee7a Anh (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Queen Elizabeth I of England; 7 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1533 \u2013 24 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1603) l\u00e0 N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 Ireland t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1558 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qua \u0111\u1eddi. B\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng danh hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed3ng trinh (The Virgin Queen), Gloriana, ho\u1eb7c Good Queen Bess, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t t\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00ean Faerie Queene trong thi\u00ean s\u1eed thi c\u00f9ng t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Edmund Spenser. Elizabeth I l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Tudor (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng Tudor \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i b\u00e1u l\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i Henry VII, cha Henry VIII, em trai c\u00f9ng cha kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 Edward VI, em g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Jane Grey v\u00e0 ch\u1ecb c\u00f9ng cha kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 Mary I). Th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Elizabeth I k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 45 n\u0103m, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1edbi hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n: V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o lu\u00f4n s\u1ee5c s\u00f4i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Elizabeth kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a William Cecil, Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc Burghley. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Elizabeth l\u00e0 quay sang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, v\u1edbi N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c T\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Anh gi\u00e1o. Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, Elizabeth kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 lu\u00f4n c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t khi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Lan, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Ireland, chi\u1ebfn t\u00edch n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha (Armada ) n\u0103m 1588 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1eebng l\u1eaby nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh."}
+{"text": "Elizabeth l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh, quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 h\u01a1n vua cha v\u00e0 vua em. C\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u00edch l\u00e0 \"video et taceo\" (T\u00f4i quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u00f4i im l\u1eb7ng). Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n c\u1ee9u N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng li\u00ean minh sai l\u1ea7m trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. Gi\u1ed1ng vua cha Henry VIII, b\u00e0 th\u00edch vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u01a1. N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ban Ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c Ho\u00e0ng gia (Royal Charter) cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trinity \u1edf Dublin (n\u0103m 1592) v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n Anh Qu\u1ed1c (1600)."}
+{"text": "Elizabeth Tudor l\u00e0 con duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Henry VIII v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eadu Anne Boleyn. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ed m\u1eadt k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1eefa m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1532 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1533. Elizabeth ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Placentia \u1edf Greenwich ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1533, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo b\u00e0 n\u1ed9i, Elizabeth x\u1ee9 York. Ngay khi ra \u0111\u1eddi, Elizabeth \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ngai b\u00e1u m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Henry VIII \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con g\u00e1i, Mary Tudor. C\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng Mary khi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00ec nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf h\u00f4n \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, Catherine x\u1ee9 Aragon, C\u00f4ng ch\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y Ban Nha."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Elizabeth l\u00e0 Margaret Bryan, m\u1ed9t n\u1eef h\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Muggie. L\u00fac b\u1ed1n tu\u1ed5i, Elizabeth c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 m\u1edbi, Katherine Champernowne, m\u00e0 c\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Kat\". Champernowne t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Elizabeth v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 th\u00e2n t\u00edn su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f4. Champernowne \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u cho h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Elizabeth, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u00e8m c\u1eb7p c\u1ee7a William Grindal, c\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Anh, ti\u1ebfng Latin v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u00dd, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p. Khi Grindal t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n n\u0103m 1548, Roger Ascham thay th\u1ebf Grindal h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00f4 trong h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi, bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00fa v\u1ecb. Matthew Parker, m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 c\u00f4, d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Elizabeth do Anne, khi \u1ea5y \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong kinh h\u00e3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft, \u1ee7y th\u00e1c Parker ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh cho con g\u00e1i. V\u1ec1 sau Parker tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh Canterbury sau khi Elizabeth \u0111\u0103ng quang n\u0103m 1558. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n t\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 Elizabeth th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ireland, Thomas Butler, v\u1ec1 sau l\u00e0 B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Ormonde (m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1615)."}
+{"text": "Khi vua em Edward l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch s\u00f9ng t\u00edn, c\u00f2n tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Elizabeth v\u1eabn c\u00f2n an to\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1553, Edward qua \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf tu\u1ed5i m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf. Edward \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t di ch\u00fac thay th\u1ebf di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a Henry. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt K\u1ebf v\u1ecb 1544, di ch\u00fac n\u00e0y lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf Mary v\u00e0 Elizabeth kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Lady Jane Grey, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thomas Seymour b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa Thomas v\u00e0 John Dudley, C\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c x\u1ee9 Northumberland, con trai c\u1ee7a John, Guilford Dudley, \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Jane. Lady Jane l\u00ean ngai, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 hai tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 sau \u0111\u00f3. Trong s\u1ef1 tung h\u00f4 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, Mary chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, v\u1edbi c\u00f4 em c\u00f9ng cha kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9, Elizabeth, \u1edf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa hai ch\u1ecb em kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. Mary quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ee9c tin Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Elizabeth ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n b\u00e9, v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 Misa. Elizabeth kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecf ra ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Song uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Mary s\u00fat gi\u1ea3m khi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang bi\u1ebft d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Felipe c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha (v\u1ec1 sau l\u00e0 vua Felipe II c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha) nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn cho phe C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o b\u00ean trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Sau cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Wyatt n\u0103m 1554 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa Mary v\u00e0 Felipe nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, Elizabeth b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m gi\u1eef trong Th\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u00ec b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi x\u1eed t\u1eed h\u00ecnh Elizabeth, nh\u01b0ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n Anh kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Tudor r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i. Quan Ch\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5n Stephen Gardiner mu\u1ed1n r\u00fat t\u00ean Elizabeth kh\u1ecfi danh s\u00e1ch k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 Mary l\u1eabn Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. Sau hai th\u00e1ng b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef, Elizabeth \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang ng\u00e0y m\u1eb9 c\u00f4 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 5, khi Elizabeth \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Woodstock \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n th\u00fac t\u1ea1i gia d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Sir Henry Bedingfield, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ee9ng hai b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hoan h\u00f4 c\u00f4."}
+{"text": "Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec \u00f4n h\u00f2a, Mary, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o s\u00f9ng t\u00edn, kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch m\u00e0 N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i de d\u1ecda cho th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. Do nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng phe Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb g\u00e1n cho bi\u1ec7t danh \"Mary kh\u00e1t m\u00e1u\". D\u00f9 b\u1ecb Mary thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o theo C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, Elizabeth kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o duy tr\u00ec l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u1ea5y, khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Mary c\u00f3 thai, Elizabeth \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh theo l\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Felipe. Do lo ng\u1ea1i N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebft khi sinh con, Felipe mu\u1ed1n Elizabeth, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, thay v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n Elizabeth nh\u1ea5t, N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng Mary c\u1ee7a Scotland. Mary l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong ho\u00e0ng cung Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00f4n \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Ph\u00e1p, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Felipe kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n Mary k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ngai b\u00e1u n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00ec s\u1ee3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Anh qua Mary."}
+{"text": "Elizabeth l\u00ean ng\u00f4i l\u00fac 25 tu\u1ed5i. Su\u1ed1t trong l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1559, Elizabeth \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n tung h\u00f4, h\u1ecd di\u1ec5n k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1 t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng nhan s\u1eafc v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u00fac \u1ea5y ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh Canterbury (\u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Anh) \u0111ang khuy\u1ebft; H\u1ed3ng y Reginald Pole v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tham d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang v\u00ec chi\u1ebfu theo gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Elizabeth, m\u1ed9t t\u00edn h\u1eefu Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch, b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc \u00edt ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m Owen Oglethorpe, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh Carlisle, \u0111\u1ebfn tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 trao v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n cho N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u1ec5 Ti\u1ec7c Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi tuy\u00ean \u00fay c\u1ee7a N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, trong cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111i qua kh\u1eafp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ngay v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang, Elizabeth \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i tung h\u00f4 t\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft di\u1ec5n ra theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch. S\u1ef1 duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1edfi m\u1edf c\u1ee7a Elizabeth l\u00e0m th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u00e0ng th\u00eam y\u00eau m\u1ebfn b\u00e0. H\u00f4m sau, t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec7n Westminster, Owen Oglethorpe, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Carlise, \u0111\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n cho Elizabeth. L\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n, trong \u00e2m thanh \u1ed3n \u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0n organ, s\u00e1o, k\u00e8n, tr\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 chu\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Elizabeth I khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ecb v\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n mu\u1ed1n N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb b\u1edfi Sir William Cecil. Elizabeth c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u00e0 l\u00e0 con h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Henry VIII v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Anh. N\u0103m 1559, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Edward VI, v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n Th\u1ee9 d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng g\u1eb7p ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n Qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, may m\u1eafn cho Elizabeth, nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb tr\u00ed Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111ang khuy\u1ebft, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh Canterbury. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7n Qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu khi bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t (Act of Uniformity) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n n\u0103m 1559, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng S\u00e1ch C\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n chung theo \u0111\u1ee9c tin Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. B\u00ed t\u00edch Th\u00e1nh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eadn danh hi\u1ec7u \"Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c T\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Anh\" thay v\u00ec \"\u0110\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i\"."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Quy\u1ec1n T\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103m 1559 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua tr\u00ean gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Nhi\u1ec1u Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Elizabeth b\u1ecb b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng. B\u00e0 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u01b0 v\u1ea5n m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Elizabeth, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chia r\u1ebd v\u00e0 tranh ch\u1ea5p do b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng, Sir William Cecil, \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao, v\u00e0 Sir Nicholas Bacon l\u00e0m Quan Ch\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5n."}
+{"text": "Ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1edbi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, chuy\u1ec7n h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Elizabeth ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng t\u1eebng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Fran\u00e7ois, C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Anjou. Tuy v\u1eady, Elizabeth kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i bang can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i t\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Mary. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 con n\u1ed1i d\u00f5i."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Elizabeth, nh\u01b0ng N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 xem x\u00e9t ba ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u1eeb thu\u1edf thi\u1ebfu th\u1eddi, Robert Dudley, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 may nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng Dudley \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 William Cecil, c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n th\u00e2n t\u00edn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Elizabeth, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y. N\u0103m 1560, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Amy Robstart, v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Dudley, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111o\u00e1n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, phong Dudley l\u00e0m B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Leicester v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng v\u00e0o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1 m\u1eadt, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "Sau Dudley, Elizabeth xem h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, xem \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n kh\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3n N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0 c\u1ee9 l\u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh. Khi Elizabeth m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a trong n\u0103m 1563, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u1ea9n n\u00e0i N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra khi b\u00e0 b\u0103ng h\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. N\u0103m 1570, khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong tri\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m, William Cecil ra s\u1ee9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a Elizabeth \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho b\u00e0: N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Elizabeth d\u1ea5y l\u00ean trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u00f2ng s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trinh. Trong thi ca c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Elizabeth ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Le Havre k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1562 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1563, khi phe Huguenot \u0111\u1ed3ng minh v\u1edbi Elizabeth li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi phe C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y. Elizabeth \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd trao \u0111\u1ed5i Le Havre \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y Calais m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1558. N\u0103m 1560, b\u00e0 g\u1edfi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Scotland \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. N\u0103m 1585, Elizabeth k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Nonsuch v\u1edbi H\u00e0 Lan nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda t\u1eeb T\u00e2y Ban Nha. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Anh Qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 Elizabeth c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n. Khi tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, 80% cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n. N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng phong t\u01b0\u1edbc cho Francis Drake sau chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u00f2ng quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1577 \u0111\u1ebfn 1580, v\u00e0 sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 khu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Virginia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m \u0103n b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tay phi\u00eau l\u01b0u tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u1eabn di\u1ec5n ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Elizabeth c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 nguy hi\u1ec3m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi em h\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Mary Stuart, N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng Scotland v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, Fran\u00e7ois II. N\u0103m 1559, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, Mary tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Elizabeth \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Scotland l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y do lo ng\u1ea1i \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u0103ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t Mary, N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng Scotland l\u00ean ngai b\u00e1u Anh Qu\u1ed1c. Elizabeth g\u1edfi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Scotland h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1560, Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Edinburgh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. N\u0103m 1561, khi Mary quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Scotland \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n th\u00ec gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Elizabeth h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn. Mary t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1565, Mary k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Hu\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbc Darnley, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ngai v\u00e0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Tuy v\u1eady, cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m khi\u1ebfn Mary m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0o tay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch Scotland v\u00e0 Elizabeth. Darnley b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 mang ti\u1ebfng x\u1ea5u khi x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ee5 \u00e1n m\u1ea1ng David Rizzio, m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 k\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd c\u1ee7a Mary. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1567, Darnley b\u1ecb James Hepburn, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Bothwell gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1657, Mary k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Bothwell, d\u1ea5y l\u00ean nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd cho r\u1eb1ng N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u01b0u gi\u1ebft ch\u1ed3ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1569, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 m\u01b0u v\u1ee5 N\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc \u00e2m m\u01b0u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t Mary v\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho b\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Thomas Howard, C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Norfork. Elizabeth cho b\u1eaft giam Howard. N\u0103m 1570, x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ee5 m\u01b0u ph\u1ea3n do Ridolfi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eb1m \u00e1m s\u00e1t Elizabeth \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n Mary l\u00ean ng\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1586 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ee5 m\u01b0u ph\u1ea3n Babington. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, Elizabeth ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1eed t\u1eed h\u00ecnh Mary, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ecbu nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n. Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1587, Mary b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Fotheringhay, Northamptonshire."}
+{"text": "Sau nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i trong v\u1ee5 Le Havre t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1562-1563, Elizabeth ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c2u ch\u00e2u m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1585, khi N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1eed m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng phi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Lan \u0111ang ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vua T\u00e2y Ban Nha Felipe II. Sau khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a Elizabeth, Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n Guillaume I c\u1ee7a Orange-Nassau, v\u00e0 Fran\u00e7ois (C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Anjou) t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n H\u00e0 Lan ch\u1ecbu th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c Alexander Farnese C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Parma, Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c H\u00e0 Lan thu\u1ed9c T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1584, li\u00ean minh gi\u1eefa Felipe II v\u00e0 Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Joinville l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Henri III c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, em c\u1ee7a Anjou, trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Lan. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha d\u1ecdc theo Eo bi\u1ec3n Manche tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1585, Anh v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u00fd k\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Nonsuch, theo \u0111\u00f3 Elizabeth cam k\u1ebft h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho H\u00e0 Lan. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Anh-T\u00e2y Ban Nha, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1604 khi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1588, Armada T\u00e2y Ban Nha, h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1eebng danh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha, giong bu\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ebfn eo bi\u1ec3n, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n tinh nhu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Parma, t\u1eeb H\u00e0 Lan ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f4ng nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Nh\u1edd th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng tin t\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o g\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb H\u00e0 Lan, h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Anh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u Armada T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb h\u1ecfa l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh. Do t\u00ednh to\u00e1n sai, thi\u1ebfu may m\u1eafn v\u00e0 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng con t\u00e0u l\u1eeda (nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u1eaft l\u1eeda, ph\u00f3ng h\u1ecfa v\u00e0 lao v\u00e0o h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecbch) c\u1ee7a Anh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 8, c\u00e1c t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha c\u1eafm neo trong h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng Graville b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1t l\u00ean ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, Armada b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. H\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u00e1c quay v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y Ban Nha sau khi g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n b\u00e3o d\u1eef tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n Ireland."}
+{"text": "Khi tho\u00e1t n\u1ea1n ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc vui m\u1eebng. Bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 T\u1ea1 \u01a1n \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c long tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1eebng danh c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng vang d\u1ed9i, cho Elizabeth v\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i Anh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Anh xem s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trinh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. Chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n, T\u00e2y Ban Nha ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t H\u00e0 Lan, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda x\u00e2m l\u0103ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Khi Henri IV, m\u1ed9t t\u00edn h\u1eefu Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch, l\u00ean ng\u00f4i b\u00e1u n\u0103m 1589, Elizabeth \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a Henri b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi Li\u00ean minh C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Felipe II, do \u0111\u00f3 Elizabeth e r\u1eb1ng T\u00e2y Ban Nha s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng d\u1ecdc eo bi\u1ec3n, song c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Anh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c k\u00e9m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Hu\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbc Willoughby, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng, xua 4.000 qu\u00e2n l\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0o. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1589, qu\u00e2n Anh ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i trong h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1. N\u0103m 1591, John Norreys d\u1eabn 3.000 qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn Bretagne \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh, Elizabeth kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn khi h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n th\u00eam qu\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n binh. Norreys ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n v\u1ec1 Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n, khi \u1ea5y qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0n s\u00e1t binh l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Craon, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1591. Th\u00e1ng 7, Elizabeth g\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Robert Devereux, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Essex, \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00fap Henri IV v\u00e2y h\u00e3m th\u00e0nh Rouen. L\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i: Devereux ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1592. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, Elizabeth kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh m\u1ed9t khi h\u1ecd \u0111em qu\u00e2n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. \"\u00d4ng ta \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec, tr\u1eabm kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hay bi\u1ebft.\" Elizabeth vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Devereux."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ireland l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Elizabeth, b\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u2013 trong nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb - \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Elizabeth l\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1eadu c\u1ee9 cho T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp, qu\u00e2n Anh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em. N\u0103m 1582, trong cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf Munster c\u1ee7a Gerald FitzGerald, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Desmond, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 30.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ireland b\u1ecb b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1594 \u0111\u1ebfn 1603 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t khi x\u1ea3y ra cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lo\u1ea1n Tyrone, hay Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Ch\u00edn n\u0103m do Hugh O\u2019Neill, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Tyrone l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha. M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1599, Elizabeth sai Robert Devereux, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Essex, \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1eb9p lo\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 \u00fd b\u1ecf v\u1ec1. Charles Blount, Hu\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbc Mountjoy, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn thay th\u1ebf Devereux, ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t ba n\u0103m m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n phi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n. N\u0103m 1603, O\u2019Neill ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, ch\u1ec9 \u00edt ng\u00e0y sau khi Elizabeth qua \u0111\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Elizabeth thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c v\u00e0 khi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Belphoebe hay Astraea, sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Armada, l\u00e0 Gloriana, c\u00f2n trong thi ca c\u1ee7a Edmund Spencer, l\u00e0 Faerie Queene, N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1i tr\u1ebb. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean si\u00eau th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ed \u1ea9n tr\u00f4ng tr\u1ebb trung h\u01a1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, da m\u1eb7t N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb r\u1ed7 hoa do m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a n\u0103m 1562, b\u00e0 b\u1ecb h\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00f3c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 m\u1ef9 ph\u1ea9m."}
+{"text": "Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Armada n\u0103m 1588 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac k\u1ebft th\u00fac tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Elizabeth. Tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ireland c\u1ee9 dai d\u1eb3ng, g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng thu\u1ebf m\u00e1 c\u00e0ng n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n, th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t m\u00f9a v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed chi\u1ebfn tranh. V\u1eadt gi\u00e1 c\u00e0ng leo thang m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00e0ng xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1591, Elizabeth cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Elizabeth ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc an b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch gia t\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Anh. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Elizabeth v\u1edbi \"Euphues\" c\u1ee7a John Lyly, v\u00e0 \"The Shepheardes Calender\" c\u1ee7a Edmund Spencer trong n\u0103m 1578. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1590, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Anh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 William Shakespeare v\u00e0 Christopher Marlowe. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Jacobe k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, n\u1ec1n k\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7 Anh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Elizabeth huy ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, k\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7, thi ca v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1598, c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Elizabeth, Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc Burghley, t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n. Con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Robert Cecil, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay th\u1ebf, sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Cecil l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n giao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u00eam th\u1eafm. Do Elizabeth kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m n\u00ean Cecil ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong b\u00ed m\u1eadt. Cecil th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o ri\u00eang v\u1edbi vua James VI c\u1ee7a Scotland, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Cecil, James c\u1ed1 l\u00e0m Elizabeth khu\u00e2y kh\u1ecfa v\u00e0 \"chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc ch\u00ed t\u00f4n\". Theo s\u1eed gia J. E. Neale, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng khai tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4i cho James, qu\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a Elizabeth v\u1eabn t\u1ed1t cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m 1602, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu khi\u1ebfn N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1603, c\u00f4 em h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n t\u00edn, Catherine Carey, N\u1eef C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Nottingham, qua \u0111\u1eddi; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00fa s\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u00e1ng 3, Elizabeth ng\u00e3 b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 v\u00f9i m\u00ecnh trong \"n\u1ed7i s\u1ea7u kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4n ngu\u00f4i\". Elizabeth m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1603 t\u1ea1i L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Richmond, kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa hai gi\u1edd v\u00e0 ba gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng. V\u00e0i gi\u1edd sau, Cecil v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 James Stuart c\u1ee7a Scotland tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vua James I c\u1ee7a Anh."}
+{"text": "D\u00f9 than kh\u00f3c ti\u1ebfc th\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u1eb9 nh\u00f5m khi N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng qua \u0111\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng T\u00e2y Ban Nha n\u0103m 1604 v\u00e0 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf. M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1612 khi Robert Cecil qua \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Tuy v\u1eady, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i James I kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n khi nh\u00e0 vua giao tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n t\u00edn; \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1620, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 Elizabeth v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i. N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef anh h\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim, trong khi h\u1ecd xem James l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, d\u01b0\u1edbi tay l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Elizabeth \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi v\u00e0 thanh danh c\u1ee7a N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e0ng l\u00ean cao. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Elizabeth \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng gia, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a trong s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Elizabeth \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 b\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. K\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng khi x\u1ea3y ra chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng Napoleon, l\u00fac \u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111ang c\u1eadn k\u1ec1 h\u1ecda ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Victoria, huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i Elizabeth h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, Elizabeth tr\u1edf n\u00ean bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n cho tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda ngo\u1ea1i bang. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 J. E. Neale (1934), v\u00e0 A. L. Rowse (1950) xem tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Elizabeth l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 Elizabeth. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn t\u00edch \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Armada, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1eadp k\u00edch nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha nh\u01b0 v\u1ee5 C\u00e1diz trong n\u0103m 1578 v\u00e0 1596, song m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1eed gia c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tr\u00ean b\u1edd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 v\u1ee5 \"Island voyage\" n\u0103m 1597. Cung c\u00e1ch Elizabeth gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf Ireland l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft \u1ed1 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. Do thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem Elizabeth l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ee9ng ra b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Habsburg. Th\u01b0\u1eddng khi N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 cung \u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u cho c\u00e1c l\u00e2n bang Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh h\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c Elizabeth thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Anh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. Song, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4n vinh b\u00e0 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u00e1c b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nghi th\u1ee9c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch s\u00f9ng t\u00edn xem \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Settlement and Uniformity n\u0103m 1559 c\u1ee7a N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, Elizabeth xem \u0111\u1ee9c tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n, theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Francis Bacon, \"th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea7m k\u00edn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\"."}
+{"text": "D\u00f9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Elizabeth ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng X\u00edtt\u00f4 V nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 b\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kinh ng\u1ea1c, \"[Elizabeth] ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, b\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Ph\u00e1p, [Th\u00e1nh ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3], v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3\". Trong th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft trong khi c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o \u0111ang b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a. Elizabeth l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Tudor th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Do \u0111\u00f3, N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u00f4n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 tin l\u00e0 d\u00e1m n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u2013 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Stuart \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. Trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1eed gia cho r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi may m\u1eafn, Elizabeth tin r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ph\u00f9 tr\u1ee3. T\u1ef1 h\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng tin r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean ch\u00e2n t\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n d\u00e0nh cho b\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Elizabeth."}
+{"text": "Niue l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c \u1edf Nam Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 \" \u0110\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e1 Polynesia\", v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e1\". Niue c\u00e1ch 2.400 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc New Zealand, trong m\u1ed9t tam gi\u00e1c gi\u1eefa Tonga \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam, Samoa \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Cook \u1edf \u0111\u00f4ng nam. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e0 260 km\u00b2 v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 1400 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Polynesia. Trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, Niue c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1ef1 do v\u1edbi New Zealand, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth II l\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Niue. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a New Zealand, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Niue. N\u0103m 2003, Niue l\u00e0 \"qu\u1ed1c gia WiFi\" \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Niue l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o r\u1ed9ng 269 km\u00b2 \u1edf Nam Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Tonga. T\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 19\u00b003\u203248\u2033S 169\u00b052\u203211\u2033W Niue l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o san h\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i d\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n trong khi cao nguy\u00ean trung t\u00e2m cao 60m so v\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c v\u1ec9a san h\u00f4 ng\u1ea7m bao quanh \u0111\u1ea3o ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u1edf ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea3o, g\u1ea7m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Alofi. \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u1eefa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf g\u1ea7n b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 18 km, c\u00f3 hai v\u1ecbnh l\u1edbn \u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, V\u1ecbnh Alofi \u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh t\u00e2y v\u00e0 V\u1ecbnh Avatebe \u1edf t\u00e2y nam. Gi\u1eefa hai v\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 M\u0169i Halagigie. \u0110a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang sinh s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, bao quanh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc. \u0110\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u phosphate, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n New Zealand l\u00e0 23 gi\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng \u1edf Nam B\u00e1n C\u1ea7u v\u00e0 24 gi\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n New Zealand \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u1edd m\u00f9a h\u00e8."}
+{"text": "Niue t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1ef1 do v\u1edbi New Zealand t\u1eeb 3/12/1974 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd. Niue ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Niue r\u1ea5t b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Niue ghi r\u00f5: \"Kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec trong \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y hay Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng New Zealand trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Niue\" H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n tai Wellington, New Zealand. Niue l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng Niue l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tham gia C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 Ch\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Ottawa, Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Rarotonga Niue \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12/12/2007. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc Niue c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay kh\u00f4ng. Theo th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7, c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a New Zealand, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa Th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Niue v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0i Loan trong th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa New Zealand V\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. New Zealand \"ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn\" quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0i Loan nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng Niue \"c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho to\u00e0n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c\" Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u Niue c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng qua li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1ef1 do v\u1edbi New Zealand \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay kh\u00f4ng khi h\u1ecd b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a New Zealand v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "Kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Niue c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, n\u0103m 2003 t\u1ed5ng GDP theo s\u1ee9c mua l\u00e0 17 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la New Zealand, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 10 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf xoay quanh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb New Zealand l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1ecb New Zealand gi\u1ea3m \u0111i 250.000 \u0111\u00f4la New Zealand ti\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong th\u1eddi gian s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. Niue c\u0169ng l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia Wifi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u00ean mi\u1ec1n.nu c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean mi\u1ec1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean Internet, \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n thu 3 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 t\u1eeb 1996 \u0111\u1ebfn 2005. Niue s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f4 la New Zealand."}
+{"text": "Du l\u1ecbch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean (hai l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf Niue. N\u0103m 2006, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 1,6 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0nh xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Niue. Niue s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. Air New Zealand l\u00e0 h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Niue, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Niue c\u0169ng th\u1eed thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh du l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf doanh nghi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y khoai n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi c\u00f3 r\u1ec5 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9t d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Khoai n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh, lo\u1ea1i khoai n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng \u0111ang chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng khoai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Australia v\u00e0 New Zealand. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i khoai n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1i Niue, v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu s\u00e2u b\u1ecd t\u1ed1t. S\u1eafn, c\u1ee7 t\u1eeb v\u00e0 khoai lang c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng chu\u1ed1i c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Ngo\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ea3o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 d\u1eeba trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c r\u1eebng r\u1eadm hay ven bi\u1ec3n."}
+{"text": "Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi (theo ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Homo sapiens, ti\u1ebfng La-tinh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i\" hay \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh\", n\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u00ed nh\u00e2n hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi tinh kh\u00f4n) l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng Hominini, thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t cao cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c suy lu\u1eadn tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m. \u0110i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng hai chi tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7m n\u1eafm, cho ph\u00e9p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0n, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb c\u1ecd x\u00e1t v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong giao ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau \u1edf t\u1eebng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Giao ti\u1ebfp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nghi th\u1ee9c, quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c."}
+{"text": "Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n di chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng hai ch\u00e2n sau, v\u00ec v\u1eady, hai chi tr\u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tay) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do linh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7m n\u1eafm m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng hai tay, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cong l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef S v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u00fac v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00f4ng so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u00f4ng m\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00f3c), d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e1ch v\u00e0 xung quanh c\u01a1 quan sinh d\u1ee5c h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i tinh tinh. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edt m\u00e0u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n, v\u00ec v\u1eady kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "M\u00e0u t\u00f3c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00e0u da \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 melanin. Da c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 t\u00f3c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng, m\u00e0u n\u00e2u, cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecf. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khoa h\u1ecdc gia cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u da sang m\u1ed9t m\u00e0u t\u1ed1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm v\u00ec melanin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u00e0u da c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm. Da con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111en \u0111i (r\u00e1m n\u1eafng) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n ng\u1ee7 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong kho\u1ea3ng 7 \u0111\u1ebfn 8 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u00e0 9 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ng\u1ee7 kho\u1ea3ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn 7 ti\u1ebfng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u1ea5c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian ng\u1ee7 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 4 ti\u1ebfng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t sinh l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, c\u00e1u g\u1eaft, kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ng\u1ee7 \u00edt h\u01a1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \"h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ea5t ng\u1ee7\""}
+{"text": "Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. M\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 23 c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 22 c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 1 c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt sinh s\u1ea3n h\u1eefu t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c, th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 tinh c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 tinh tr\u00f9ng, t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ee3p t\u1eed. Khi th\u1ee5 tinh th\u00ec h\u1ee3p t\u1eed th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0o quan t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ADN ty th\u1ec3 hay mtDNA. Tinh tr\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 g\u00f3p v\u00e0o ADN nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u00e0o quan,... b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ee3p t\u1eed. Khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 23 nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb cha v\u00e0 23 nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb m\u1eb9, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh 23 c\u1eb7p. Ri\u00eang c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u1edf nam l\u00e0 XY v\u00e0 \u1edf n\u1eef l\u00e0 XX, do \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 Y \u1edf nam ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb cha. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh X v\u00e0 Y c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u1edf c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p (NRY) v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 Y (hay Y-ADN)."}
+{"text": "V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khi nhau thai h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 tinh (\u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 tinh trong), m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Tr\u1ee9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 tinh trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh giao h\u1ee3p, hay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 tinh trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 tinh ph\u00e2n chia li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong t\u1eed cung ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0o thai. Sau m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 38 tu\u1ea7n, b\u00e0o thai \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, b\u00e0o thai ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ebd ra kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 h\u00edt th\u1edf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh\". V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 khi n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 trong t\u1eed cung ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9."}
+{"text": "So v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c sinh n\u1edf c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n \u0111au k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t 24 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 hay h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfm, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng hay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20 v\u00e0 21 trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 sinh s\u1ea3n m\u1edbi. Sinh s\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, tuy c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nguy hi\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t cao, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang thai kho\u1ea3ng 9 th\u00e1ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng kho\u1ea3ng 3\u20134 kg v\u00e0 cao 50\u201360 cm. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sinh d\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 18 tu\u1ed5i, trong khi tr\u1ebb em trai l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 21 tu\u1ed5i. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n quan tr\u1ecdng sau: s\u01a1 sinh, thi\u1ebfu nhi, d\u1eady th\u00ec, thanh ni\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 gi\u00e0. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean lu\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u00e0 \u0111i, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i trung b\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 40 tu\u1ed5i (cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf Monaco v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 45,1 tu\u1ed5i), nh\u01b0ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i trung b\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 15-20 tu\u1ed5i (th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf Uganda v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 14,8 n\u0103m). Tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 77,2 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. Tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd trung b\u00ecnh \u1edf Singapore l\u00e0 84,29 n\u0103m \u1edf n\u1eef v\u00e0 78,96 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nam, trong khi \u1edf Botswana, do d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh AIDS \u0111ang ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y cho n\u00ean tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 30,99 n\u0103m v\u1edbi nam v\u00e0 30,53 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1eef. C\u1ee9 n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ecd nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 60 tu\u1ed5i."}
+{"text": "Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u00f2n g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean hay \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u00e0u da v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t; ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c, trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Lo\u00e0i mang quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Homo sapiens l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i tinh tinh v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i tinh tinh l\u00f9n. So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 gen cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \"sau 6,5 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a theo nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa tinh tinh v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ea5p 10 l\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 10 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con chu\u1ed9t b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con chu\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng\". Tuy nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, s\u1ed1 gen con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng tinh tinh \u0111\u1ebfn 96%. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tinh tinh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 5 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m trong khi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9t l\u00e0 8 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng Sahelanthropus tchadensis \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 7 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean xa h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c 1.400 cm\u00b3; v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch, cao h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i tinh tinh hay kh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9t. Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c cho ph\u00e9p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u1edbn l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 r\u0103ng nanh gi\u1ea3m, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng di chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng hai ch\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y thanh v\u00e0 h\u1ed9p \u00e2m gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i. Ng\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111ang ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng lo\u00e0i Homo sapiens \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf ch\u00e2u Phi kho\u1ea3ng 200.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 250.000 n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i Homo erectus, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c1-\u00c2u v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 40.000 n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o 10.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 theo thuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Phi. Ch\u00fang thay th\u1ebf lo\u00e0i Homo neanderthalensis v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i Homo floresinesis v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i Homo erectus (ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1eafp l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c1-\u00c2u v\u00e0o h\u01a1n 2 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc) do c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c sinh s\u1ea3n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c \u0103n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u0103n b\u1eaft-h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m, m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf ch\u00e2u Phi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 sau b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ed1ng l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng du m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay b\u1eaft th\u00fa v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i l\u1ea5y th\u1ecbt. V\u1ec1 sau n\u1eefa, khi l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng ra \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0o l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0o t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 gieo tr\u1ed3ng hay kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i hay kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 s\u0103n b\u1eaft hay kh\u00f4ng). Tuy nhi\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c nhau. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u01a1i c\u01b0 sinh s\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "Khoa h\u1ecdc k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 sinh t\u1ed3n \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft. Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Nam C\u1ef1c, d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n s\u00e2u v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. V\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 6 t\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi (61%) s\u1ed1ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i chia \u0111\u1ec1u cho ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 (14%), ch\u00e2u Phi (13%) v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (12%). ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfm 0,5% (xem th\u00eam danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia theo d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia theo m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1)."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Nam C\u1ef1c hay ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng gian r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 13 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f9ng l\u00fac. Gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1969 v\u00e0 1972, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u00f9ng l\u00fac tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2006, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean tr\u1ea1m kh\u00f4ng gian qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2000. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1800 \u0111\u1ebfn 2000, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 6 l\u1ea7n: t\u1eeb 1 t\u1ec9 l\u00ean 5 t\u1ec9. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004, kho\u1ea3ng 2,5 t\u1ec9 tr\u00ean 6,3 t\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (39.7%) s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, v\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 21. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn \u0111ang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, t\u1ed9i \u00e1c v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c v\u00f9ng ven."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i n\u1ea1p v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Khi kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9c \u0103n s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1t. C\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi. B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 8 tu\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u1ee9c \u0103n, ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee1 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 4 ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e9o ph\u00ec \u0111ang t\u0103ng nhanh trong d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh, g\u00e2y nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 g\u00e2y gi\u1ea3m tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh qu\u1ed1c gia Hoa K\u1ef3 cho th\u1ea5y 32% ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tr\u00ean 20 tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0 b\u00e9o ph\u00ec, trong s\u1ed1 66.5% ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba c\u00e2n. B\u00e9o ph\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau g\u00e2y ra m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0103n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0103n t\u1ea1p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 Homo sapiens l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 s\u0103n- ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c \u0103n, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c h\u00e1i nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ecdc quanh, n\u1ea5m, tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y v\u00e0 lao v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i \u0111i s\u0103n hay b\u1ecb s\u0103n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n chay v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u1ecd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0103n th\u1ecbt v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0103n th\u1ee9c \u0103n ch\u00edn t\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi lo\u00e0i Homo erectus hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo th\u1eddi gian, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 18 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn, b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nh\u1ecbp tim, ti\u00eau h\u00f3a th\u1ee9c \u0103n,... v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 suy ngh\u0129, suy lu\u1eadn, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. B\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u1eadc cao v\u00e0 \"th\u00f4ng minh\" h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. Trong khi \u1edf nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng, hay c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, lu\u00f4n bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 do c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng."}
+{"text": "Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy lu\u1eadn tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 6 lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra g\u01b0\u01a1ng (nh\u1eadn ra b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u1edf trong g\u01b0\u01a1ng); trong khi 5 lo\u00e0i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 tinh tinh, tinh tinh l\u00f9n, kh\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111u\u00f4i, c\u00e1 heo v\u00e0 b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi 2 tu\u1ed5i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra g\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean.. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u00ed nh\u1edb + th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n nh\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a trong ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00edch nghi, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. R\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3i qua ch\u1ec9 ch\u1eebng 5 -10 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m trong khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i gi\u00e1n, lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 m\u1eadp,... t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. V\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \"t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, th\u00edch nghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nghi thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ef1 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t\"."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi qua c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong hay t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y song song tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh, t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 th\u00eam m\u00f4n th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u01b0 x\u1eed b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u00f4n t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7y tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o,..."}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. Ng\u00e0nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t k\u0129 c\u00e0ng. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong ng\u00e0nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. V\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, ng\u00e0nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 theo th\u1eddi gian. Ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh, t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch li\u00ean k\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f9ng nhau chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giao ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u00f4n t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt"}
+{"text": "Yeltsin \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn Putin l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng thay th\u1ebf cho Sergei Stepashin v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1999. Putin nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf Nga nh\u1edd cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t Nga-Chechnya th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1999 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a l\u1ea1i Chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1ea1i Dagestan v\u00e0 V\u1ee5 n\u00e9m bom nh\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga. Sau khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i th\u00e2n Putin gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n 1999, Yeltsin t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 Putin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi. Trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2000, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong m\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang Nga th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1eadu X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "Do gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Nga (kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 2 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c), Putin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o sang nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 3. Sau s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Dmitry Medvedev, trong cu\u1ed9c B\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Nga, 2008, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Medvedev \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Nga v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2008. N\u0103m 2012, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tranh c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 3. N\u0103m 2018, Putin gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 76% phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2018, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Nga trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 s\u00e1u n\u0103m s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2024."}
+{"text": "Putin l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nga gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Putin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n khen ng\u1ee3i v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga sau nh\u1eefng n\u0103m c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Boris Yeltsin. Trong t\u00e1m n\u0103m c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ra kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi GDP t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p s\u00e1u l\u1ea7n (72% PPP). \u00d4ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y v\u00e0 t\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf t\u00e0i phi\u1ec7t t\u1eebng l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nga trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Putin gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Nga, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \"b\u00e0y t\u1ecf lo ng\u1ea1i\" v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Nga, h\u1ecd bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i Putin \u0111\u00e3 \"vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n\", \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ra l\u1ec7nh \u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Putin \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1c c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00ean \u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111ang t\u1ecf ra \"\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3\" khi h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111em qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh can thi\u1ec7p ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Hillary Clinton v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Donald Trump trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 2016, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Putin \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2007, Putin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Time b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u0103m. N\u0103m 2015, Putin \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong danh s\u00e1ch 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Forbes \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn Putin l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong 4 n\u0103m li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2013 t\u1edbi n\u0103m 2016., v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u201cPutin v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i g\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ri\u00eang\"."}
+{"text": "Putin sinh t\u1ea1i Leningrad (St. Petersburg t\u1eeb 1991 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1914). Cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Ot Pervogo Litsa, d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh d\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 First Person (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, t\u1ef1a Vi\u1ec7t: Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t, Firstnews Tr\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t) d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Putin n\u0103m 2000 v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y chi ph\u00ed t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t c\u0103n h\u1ed9 chung c\u01b0 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9. Theo ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed, th\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t th\u00edch theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c \u00e2m m\u01b0u trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim trinh th\u00e1m c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft do c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 Vyacheslav Vasilyevich Tikhonov v\u00e0 Georgiy Stepanovich Zhzhonov th\u1ee7 vai."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, Putin n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t b\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Moskva n\u1ea5u \u0103n trong m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nh\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n (dacha) c\u1ee7a Stalin. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch The Court of the Red Tsar (Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Sa ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ecf) c\u1ee7a Simon Sebag Montefiore c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa th\u00edch t\u1ea1i trang 300 ghi r\u1eb1ng Putin \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i m\u00ecnh \u00edt khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1eefa \u0103n cho Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin khi \u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Lenin. M\u1eb9 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 cha \u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, t\u1ea1i h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930. Cha \u00f4ng sau n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n sang l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 binh trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ra \u0111\u1eddi gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930; m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau khi sinh; ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch h\u1ea7u trong th\u1eddi gian phong t\u1ecfa Leningrad."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb 1985 \u0111\u1ebfn 1990 KGB chuy\u1ec3n Putin sang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Dresden, \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5p. Sau khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, Putin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 Li\u00ean bang x\u00f4 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Leningrad, n\u01a1i v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1990 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i ban Quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Leningrad, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7u ph\u00f3. Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1991, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u1ee6y ban qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng St. Petersburg, v\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "Putin \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00f4i ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 b\u00ean trong ng\u00e0nh an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1991, khi KGB \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh s\u1edbm th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov. N\u0103m 1994 \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 St. Petersburg, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u00f4ng gi\u1eef cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u1edbi Moskva, th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1996, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao c\u1ea5p b\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c An ninh Li\u00ean bang Nga FSB (c\u01a1 quan k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c KGB) t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1998 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1999, v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Th\u01b0 k\u00fd \u1ee6y ban An ninh t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1999."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Putin (ti\u1ebfng Nga: \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c, ti\u1ebfng Anh: Putinism), c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Putin (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Putin regime), l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch Nga \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Vladimir Putin. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Nga d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Vladimir Putin tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng (2000 - 2008, 2012 -) v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng (gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba), n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi Siloviki - t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n trong gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 22 c\u01a1 quan an ninh v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 FSB, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng chung n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p (t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o) v\u1edbi Putin, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Putin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Yeltsin ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch (predsedatel, hay th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng) Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Li\u00ean bang Nga v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1999, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ee9 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m th\u00e1ng. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng Putin, m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u00edt ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef gh\u1ebf l\u00e2u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Yeltsin nh\u01b0 Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng Moskva Yuriy Mikhaylovich Luzhkov v\u00e0 c\u1ef1u Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Nga Yevgeniy Maksimovich Primakov \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m thay th\u1ebf v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e0 y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n Putin xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ng\u00e0nh an ninh ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng Chechnya (xem b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Putin \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng d\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7. Trong khi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o, Putin l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a phe Edinstvo (th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t) m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Duma th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1999. Putin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t cho cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng trong m\u00f9a h\u00e8 sau \u0111\u00f3. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u01a1n: ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1999, Yeltsin b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 theo hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, Putin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng (t\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n), tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Li\u00ean bang Nga. Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2000, trong \u0111\u00f3 Putin \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng c\u1eed ngay t\u1eeb v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Sau n\u00e0y Putin \u0111\u00e3 trao cho v\u1ecb c\u1ef1u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb truy t\u1ed1 (th\u00f4ng qua ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng). Ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, Yeltsin v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh \u0111ang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng Nga v\u00e0 Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 \u0111\u1eb7t nghi v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m b\u00ea b\u1ed1i, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi Yeltsin - v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e0 c\u1ea3, v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu - th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c Putin th\u1eafng c\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00ean nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edbi cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1eadu X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng c\u1eed kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1eadu tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf do nh\u00f3m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Yeltsin ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Putin nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ri\u00eang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Putin h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169 th\u1eddi Yeltsin \u2013 g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Aleksandr Staliyevich Voloshin v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Mikhail Mikhailovitch Kasyanov \u2013 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Putin c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eeb qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng Sankt-Peterburg c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin c\u1eady c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb siloviki. (Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan an ninh Nga, h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c tham lam, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Nga.) S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u2013 v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u2013 gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7m k\u00fd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Putin."}
+{"text": "Ngay khi tr\u00fang c\u1eed, Putin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m t\u00e1i l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Kremlin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Nga. Th\u1eddi Yeltsin, 89 v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi li\u00ean bang \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga (c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, v\u00f9ng, krai, Moskva v\u00e0 Sankt-Peterburg) \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Trong khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Yeltsin trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o li khai, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Chechnya. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Putin, nh\u1eb1m t\u00e1i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc\" \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean bang t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Putin th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3y v\u1ecb \"\u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n\" c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c si\u00eau v\u00f9ng v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Trong khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9c hai nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ki\u1ec3u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean bang th\u1eddi Yeltsin, v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, Putin c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Nga, \u1ee6y ban Li\u00ean bang. Putin v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c b\u1ea5t tu\u00e2n b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i tham nh\u0169ng, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Putin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh-c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eebng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u1ea3y ra trong n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Yeltsin \u2013 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 \"the Family\" (Gia \u0111\u00ecnh) \u2013 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t phe th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, do Vladimir Aleksandrovich Gusinsky, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4i Primakov/Luzhkov c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u. Gusinsky \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf nguy ng\u1eadp t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m \u0103n thua l\u1ed7 v\u00e0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1edd c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb Gazprom v\u00e0 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Moskva do Luzkhov ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m t\u1eeb khi Putin l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, Gusinsky t\u1eeb l\u00fac l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb giam v\u00e0o t\u00f9; \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng t\u1eebng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (Media-MOST) b\u1ecb chia r\u1ebd v\u00ec ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n do c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i l\u00e0m \u0103n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 hay d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 do t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0a ra. Th\u00e0nh t\u00edch \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Putin trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ngay khi v\u1eeba l\u00ean c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ef1c d\u1eady n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nga t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 suy tho\u00e1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m li\u1ec1n chuy\u1ec3n sang t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u01b0\u1edbc Nga b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ed3i sinh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Putin."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Putin ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3y ra th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2000, khi chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Nga Kursk \u0111\u1eafm ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Kola, l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng 118 th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 tr\u00ean t\u00e0u. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nga t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Sau nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng hoang mang, Putin c\u1eaft ng\u1eafn k\u00ec ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Moskva nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng. Cho t\u1edbi khi chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o l\u00ean, \u1ee7y ban \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a NATO (m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c li\u00ean minh b\u00e1c b\u1ecf). Tuy Putin b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang Nga v\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng trong l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Putin kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft ra kh\u1ecfi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga \u2014 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u1ee7a Yeltsin nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Nga. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nga v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nga hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Putin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u l\u00e1 c\u1edd \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n, ti\u00eau ng\u1eef \"Ng\u00f4i sao X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft\", v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c ca Li\u00ean X\u00f4 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean n\u1ec1n nh\u1ea1c) \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Nga. Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3, Putin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd l\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga - g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp th\u1eddi h\u1eadu X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3ng N\u01b0\u1edbc Nga th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Putin \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u00f4 ti\u1ec1n kho\u00e1ng h\u1eadu trong cu\u1ed9c B\u1ea7u c\u1eed Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Nga 2003. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0ng ghi ch\u00fa r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng l\u1edbn do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c gia Nga, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. Qu\u1ea3 v\u1eady, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Nga hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Kremlin. Trong khi c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c t\u1edd b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1edd ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Kremlin, trong khi s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. M\u1ed9t trong hai t\u1edd b\u00e1o th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ch\u00ednh, Kommersant, do Boris Abramovich Berezovsky tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, trong khi t\u1edd kia \u2013 t\u1edd Vedomosti v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u2013 thu\u1ed9c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a hai t\u1edd Financial Times v\u00e0 Wall Street Journal."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i Putin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c phi\u00ean t\u00f2a x\u1eed c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 Boris Abramovich Berezovsky, Vladimir Aleksandrovich Gusinsky, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Mikhail Borisovich Khodorkovsky nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Kremlin nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng Nga v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nga. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Putin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd l\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf tr\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m k\u00ecm ch\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nga sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ee3i."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2004, sau v\u1ee5 Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng con tin tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Beslan, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 Cherchnia v\u00e0o Moskva, Putin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eb1m thay th\u1ebf cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c v\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hay kh\u00f4ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Mikhail Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin, v\u00e0 Colin Powell, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc xa r\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf Nga v\u00e0 quay l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y t\u1eadp trung trung \u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft. C\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, Putin \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng khai \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban B\u1ea7u c\u1eed Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Duma d\u1ef1a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2005, Putin \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn, khi trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 coi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \"th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.\" L\u1eddi n\u00f3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc xung quanh nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch; sau n\u00e0y Putin \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n ca ng\u1ee3i Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft c\u0169 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e0y tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u0169 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n d\u00e2n c\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n g\u00e2y ra t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ch\u1ed1ng Nga t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00f3. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2005, ng\u00e0y k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi 7/11 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 l\u1ec5 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga. Tuy nhi\u00ean Putin \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2005 tr\u1edf \u0111i, ng\u00e0y 7/11 t\u1ea1i Nga ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111i l\u00e0m b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh g\u00e2y tranh lu\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Putin l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c truy t\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf Yukos. Trong khi \u0111a ph\u1ea7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Kremlin, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nga tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng Khodorkovsky tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi mua chu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n Nga, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ho\u00e1 Yukos, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gian d\u1ed1i (Yukos, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 30 t\u1ef7 dollar n\u0103m 2004, t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n cho Khodorkovsky ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 110 tri\u1ec7u dollar), v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1i t\u00ean Yukos-Menatep lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf t\u00e0i phi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c, t\u1eebng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi Kremlin, nh\u01b0 Roman Abramovich v\u00e0 Vladimir Potanin, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi v\u1ea5n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady."}
+{"text": "Khi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 2 s\u1eafp k\u1ebft th\u00fac, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Nga \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p Putin ra tranh c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 3. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga. Trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Duma n\u0103m 2007, \u0110\u1ea3ng N\u01b0\u1edbc Nga Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (\u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f) do \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u1edbi 64,5% s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00f4ng l\u00ean l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1eb7c Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Duma. Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2007, Putin tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Ph\u00f3 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Dmitry Medvedev tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m m\u00ecnh. Ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, Dmitry Medvedev \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Putin tr\u1edd th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng tr\u00fang c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 12, Putin tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd n\u1eafm ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng sau cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m t\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Kinh t\u1ebf Nga Alexei Ulyukayev c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea5p do \u0110i\u1ec7n Kremlin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch trong khi gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u v\u1eabn \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao. Ulyukayev \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Nga ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 2,5% - 3,0% t\u1eeb nay cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u0103m 2025. Khu v\u1ef1c d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nga chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 25% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i (GDP) v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 30% t\u1ed5ng thu nh\u1eadp ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia. Ngo\u00e0i ra, b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh, quan li\u00eau ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00ecnh to v\u00e0 chi ti\u00eau qu\u1ed1c gia thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2012, Putin \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Nga nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 3, v\u1edbi 63,6% s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u. Phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed b\u1ecb gian l\u1eadn. Nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng Putin \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra ngay trong v\u00e0 sau chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Kho\u1ea3ng 20.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Moscow v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 5 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c Putin n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 n\u1eefa. \u0110\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9, kho\u1ea3ng 30 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a 130.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Putin c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n ra khi \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Luzhinki \u1edf Moscow, tuy v\u1eady c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng do ch\u1ee7 c\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd tham gia v\u00ec l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n gian n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho \u00f4ng Putin"}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nga \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ucraina. Sau cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh Euromaidan v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ucraina Viktor Yanukovych, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Nga \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ukraine c\u1ee7a Crimea. Nga sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp Crimea sau cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd, khi m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Crimea b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y v\u00e0o Li\u00ean bang Nga. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u00e2n Nga \u1edf v\u00f9ng Donbass c\u1ee7a Ucraina \u0111\u00e3 leo thang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ucraina v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ly khai do Nga h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn t\u1ea1i Donetsk v\u00e0 Lugansk. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u00c2n x\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u00e1n Nga v\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf Ukraine sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c Nga vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ucraina. Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nga. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Crimea v\u00e0o Nga l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Putin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ukraine ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta (v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008, ch\u00ednh Putin \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng Crimea l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ukraine v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Nga kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ukraine) . Gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 2014, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng Putin \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt sau khi Nga s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Crimea. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Crimea, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nga \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed si\u00eau c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Theo TASS, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra VTSIOM c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 3/8/2017 cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng Vladimir Putin \u1edf c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Nga l\u00e0 83,5% v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 7/2017."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i 2014, Nga l\u00e2m v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m nhanh ch\u00f3ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u00fap Nga \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c trong n\u0103m 2014 v\u00e0 suy tho\u00e1i trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nga. Hai trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m kinh t\u1ebf Nga l\u00e0 do vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf do s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Nga \u1edf Ukraina v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a d\u1ea7u th\u00f4, l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Nga, gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 g\u1ea7n 50% so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c cao c\u1ee7a n\u0103m trong th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2014 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2014.. Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nga, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y, ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nga \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i. L\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Nga. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng do t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t t\u0103ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3m, ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p gia t\u0103ng, h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nga gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh trung l\u01b0u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga ngh\u00e8o."}
+{"text": "Theo b\u00e1o Pravda c\u1ee7a Nga cho l\u00e0 Qu\u1ef9 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 (NED - National Endowment for Democracy) c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Nga hi\u1ec7n nay, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \"trung t\u00e2m tin t\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\" \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Moskva \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01a1n 80 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \"trung t\u00e2m tin t\u1ee9c\" n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \"b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga\". Ch\u1ec9 trong n\u0103m 2010, NED ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n 278.300 USD \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga. Theo h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Frederick William Engdahl qua tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1edfi b\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec \"Washington kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n Moscow xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh. S\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Putin s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u... \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Washington, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga c\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 hay kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 - Putin\"."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2006, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nga \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, \u00c2n x\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Vi\u1ec7n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf... c\u00f9ng h\u01a1n 90 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (NGO). M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Nga c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c NGO. Tuy g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cphi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7\u201d nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o. T\u1edd The Economist \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0i NGO l\u00e0 b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1) ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 NGO trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y"}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2013, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Vladimir Putin \u0111\u00e3 ra b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u201ctuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh n\u1eef, l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1edbi\u201d cho tr\u1ebb v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh c\u0169ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u c\u1ed5 v\u0169 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nga tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, khi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga suy y\u1ebfu B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Duma Qu\u1ed1c gia Nga (H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n Nga) th\u00f4ng qua v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i 436 thu\u1eadn - 0 phi\u1ebfu ch\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 88% ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2015, Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Moskva v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Nga \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra Ng\u00e0y t\u00ecnh y\u00eau gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Nga Vladimir Putin l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i: \"V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh \u1edf Nga \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1t... T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ph\u1ea3n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong h\u00e0nh vi ph\u00e1p l\u00fd n\u00e0y. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb em s\u1ed1ng trong y\u00ean b\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p cho tr\u1ebb em m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb em nh\u1eadn ra m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ai v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u00ecnh. Tr\u1ebb em mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n phi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i\" Putin cho bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc: \"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111ang ch\u1ebft d\u1ea7n (do gi\u00e0 h\u00f3a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1)... v\u00e0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra tr\u1ebb em\", \"ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn cho ri\u00eang ch\u00fang t\u00f4i (n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga), v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i\"."}
+{"text": "Trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Duma m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m 1999, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang do Kremlin ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Putin kh\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1. Khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1999, Putin \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 t\u1edbi doanh tr\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nga \u1edf Chechnya; m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Nga th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111ang gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng con dao s\u0103n cho c\u00e1c binh s\u0129. Su\u1ed1t m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1999, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Putin th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf g\u1ea7n t\u1ea7m tay. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nga \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Grozny, sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c v\u00e2y h\u00e3m t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1999 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2000."}
+{"text": "Putin \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia Nga v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, khi ngay sau C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2001 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 li\u00ean minh t\u1ea1i Trung \u00c1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 trong khi di\u1ec5n ra cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 do M\u1ef9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o Afghanistan. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia Nga ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u00e0o t\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u0169, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng Putin s\u1ebd gi\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Trung \u00c1, hay \u00edt nh\u1ea5t bu\u1ed9c Washington ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u00fat qu\u00e2n ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Putin \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 , v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 chia bu\u1ed3n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 kinh ho\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Trong cu\u1ed9c Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng Iraq n\u0103m 2003, Putin ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Iraq c\u1ee7a Washington khi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c cho ph\u00e9p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 George W. Bush \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn Iraq. Putin \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y theo \u0111\u00fang tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1, cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t t\u1ea1i Iraq."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2008, Putin \u0111em qu\u00e2n can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Gruzia, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 hai t\u1ec9nh Nam Ossetia v\u00e0 Abkhazia ly khai kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng can thi\u1ec7p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Nga b\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2008, trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn, Nga \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Nam Ossetia v\u00e0 Abkhazia. Gruzia b\u00e1c b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 7 n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed1i G7 c\u0169ng l\u00ean \u00e1n Nga \u0111ang x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Gruzia khi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i hai t\u1ec9nh ly khai Nam Ossetia v\u00e0 Abkhazia c\u1ee7a Gruzia.. 189 tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 193 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Nga, Venezuela, Nicaragua, v\u00e0 Nauru) c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Nam Ossetia m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c xem l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Gruzia ."}
+{"text": "V\u1ee3 Putin l\u00e0 Lyudmila Putina, m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u ti\u1ebfp vi\u00ean h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c, sinh t\u1ea1i Kaliningrad, (tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia l\u00e0 K\u00f6nigsberg). H\u1ecd c\u00f3 hai con g\u00e1i, Maria (sinh 1985) v\u00e0 Yekaterina (Katya) (sinh 1986 t\u1ea1i Dresden). Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ecdc Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Moskva (Deutsche Schule Moskau) cho t\u1edbi khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. Tin ng\u00e0y 7.6.2013 tr\u00ean BBC cho bi\u1ebft, Putin v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ly d\u1ecb sau g\u1ea7n 30 n\u0103m chung s\u1ed1ng. Ng\u00e0y 02.04.2014, ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Putin, \u00f4ng Dmitri Peskow, loan b\u00e1o \u1edf Moskva 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ly d\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "Putin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o Nga. Cha c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n h\u0103ng h\u00e1i\" nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"t\u00edn h\u1eefu Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh\". D\u00f9 b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c linh \u1ea3nh t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0 d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i khi \u0111\u00f3. B\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho vi\u1ec7c Putin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1p t\u00eam h\u1ed3i nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng \u0111i d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5. Cha \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng ph\u1edbt l\u1edd \u0111i. Theo t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Putin, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra sau tai n\u1ea1n xe h\u01a1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 n\u0103m 1993 v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n sau m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y l\u1edbn nguy hi\u1ec3m t\u1edbi t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n dacha c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1996."}
+{"text": "Theo m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015 c\u1ee7a Gallup v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Putin tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 33% (trong khi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 43%), thua xa m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 y\u00eau th\u00edch m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi gi\u00e0nh cho T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Barack Obama (v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 53% v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 29%).. Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u00e0nh cho Putin cao nh\u1ea5t (76%) song con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn k\u00e9m hon so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t gi\u00e0nh cho \u00f4ng Obama (80%). Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng Obama ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 12% trong khi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nga \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng Putin \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 72%."}
+{"text": "Trong b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Quan s\u00e1t Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 31/01/2008, h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u \u0111ang c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Pakistan, Kenya, Nigeria, Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 Bahrain. Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Human Rights Watch l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Kenneth Roth n\u00f3i: \"N\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 Kenya, Pakistan hay Nigeria - \u0111ang kho\u00e1c l\u00ean m\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cho nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (EU) cho r\u1eb1ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t l\u1eafm, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh b\u1ecf qua v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\"."}
+{"text": "Putin ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u00e1n d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] C\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh cho r\u1eb1ng \u00c1nh h\u00e0o quang uy t\u00edn, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Putin t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1edd giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy gi\u1ea3m r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t qua th\u0103m d\u00f2 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn. N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Putin \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nan \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]. Theo m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016, ch\u1ec9 14% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi tin r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Nga \u0111ang \u0111i l\u00ean ."}
+{"text": "Putin d\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Putin l\u00e0 m\u00f4n v\u00f5 nhu \u0111\u1ea1o (judo). Putin \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eadp judo khi m\u1edbi 13 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n t\u1edbi t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay. Putin \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9 th\u00ed t\u1ea1i qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 Leningrad (hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 Sankt-Peterburg), g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch d\u00e0nh cho tr\u1ebb em t\u1ea1i Leningrad. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Yawara Dojo, v\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i Sankt-Peterburg n\u01a1i \u00f4ng t\u1eebng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch do Putin \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Judo: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed, L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "Putin ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2009, \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 Nga n\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thi h\u00e1t h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Putin c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c thi h\u00e1t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Intervision\" \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c thi h\u00e1t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u mang t\u00ean Eurovision. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nam, n\u1eef ca s\u0129 Trung Qu\u1ed1c tranh t\u00e0i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ca s\u0129 Uzbeek, Tadjik, Kazakh, Nga v\u00e0 Kyrgyzstan. Th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5n x\u00e3 Interfax t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Putin, n\u00f3i th\u00eam l\u00e0: \"Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thi h\u00e1t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, Intervision, s\u1ebd c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta.\" Cu\u1ed9c thi h\u00e1t h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Eurovision, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1956, \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1eefa. Moskva c\u0169ng sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c thi h\u00e1t Eurovision 2009 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2008."}
+{"text": "Putin c\u00f3 s\u1edf th\u00edch l\u00e0 c\u1edfi tr\u1ea7n khi \u0111i d\u00e3 ngo\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2009, Putin \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c anh h\u00f9ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i phim h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Hollywood khi \u0111i\u1ec7n Kremlin c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng c\u00e2u c\u00e1, b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i, ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a trong l\u00fac c\u1edfi tr\u1ea7n khoe ng\u1ef1c trong v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Siberi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a. Trong chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i \u1edf C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Tuva thu\u1ed9c Nga, v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1edfi \u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 c\u1ee7i, c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 b\u01a1i b\u01b0\u1edbm d\u01b0\u1edbi su\u1ed1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c m\u00e1y h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tha h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee5p."}
+{"text": "Hai \u0111\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga \u0111\u00e3 loan t\u1ea3i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd ph\u00fat h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Putin v\u00e0o t\u1ed1i ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 8, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i gi\u1edd, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 quan truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e0i BBC cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1edd b\u00e1o l\u00e1 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm tin - th\u00e1ng 8 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng \u00edt tin nh\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m. Gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n b\u1edfi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u trung t\u00e1 t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o KGB n\u00f3i n\u0103ng c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1i ngai c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Dmitry Medvedev, l\u1ea1i c\u1edfi \u00e1o khoe h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 h\u1ebft c\u1ea3, cho qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1edfi \u00e1o khoe th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Putin c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng s\u0103n \u0111u\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 Barack Obama v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p Nicolas Sarkozy. Ngay c\u1ea3 trang web chuy\u00ean b\u00e0n t\u00e1n \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0 gi\u1edbi t\u00e0i t\u1eed Hollywoood c\u0169ng nh\u1eadp cu\u1ed9c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5u c\u1ee3t ng\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. \"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng 56 tu\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khoe v\u00f5 kh\u00ed h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1eb7p v\u00fa, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a khi c\u1edfi tr\u1ea7n l\u00fac \u0111ang \u0111i ngh\u1ec9 \u1edf Siberi.\" T\u1edd National Post \u1edf Canada t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng Putin \"r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kho\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee5p h\u00ecnh... Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ef1u nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean KGB n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\""}
+{"text": "Putin mang ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tr\u1ec5 gi\u1edd, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c h\u1eb9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u00f4ng tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng M\u1ef9 John Kerry ph\u1ea3i \u0111i d\u1ea1o \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ecf ba gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p Putin, c\u00f2n c\u1ef1u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ukraina Viktor Yanukovych th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1eebng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i b\u1ed1n gi\u1edd. Hai l\u1ea7n h\u1ed9i ki\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phanxic\u00f4 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i tr\u1ec5. Danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i Putin khi h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1eef ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Anh Elizabeth II, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c Park Geun-hye hay Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ee9c Angela Merkel."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i ba n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng bao g\u1ed3m Vi\u1ec7t Nam, L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Campuchia, gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh v\u00e0 l\u00ea d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 bao g\u1ed3m l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c L\u00e0o, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Campuchia, trong Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p, b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a (Vi\u1ec7t Minh) c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a L\u00e0o (Pathet L\u00e0o) v\u00e0 Campuchia. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1946 khi Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ra l\u1ec7nh To\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1954 khi Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Geneva \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean xung \u0111\u1ed9t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945 khi qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p theo ch\u00e2n qu\u00e2n Anh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p tham gia cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi l\u00fd do mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m trong Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp - theo tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1945 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p Charles de Gaulle v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1946 - sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y Ph\u00e1p tham chi\u1ebfn mang t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t theo."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1858, H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o C\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng trong Tr\u1eadn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng (1858-1859) v\u00e0 Tr\u1eadn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng (1859-1860) v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. N\u0103m 1862, vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 ba t\u1ec9nh l\u00e2n c\u1eadn cho Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1869, Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm n\u1ed1t ba t\u1ec9nh k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Cochinchine (Nam K\u1ef3). \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1885, Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm xong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau, Ph\u00e1p chia Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh 3 ph\u1ea7n B\u1eafc - Trung - Nam k\u1ef3 v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau. Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cai tr\u1ecb Nam K\u1ef3, trong khi \"b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9\" B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Trung k\u1ef3 (n\u01a1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \"cai tr\u1ecb\"). N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \"s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh v\u1eeba gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u1eeba khai h\u00f3a\" cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t khi ba n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u00f3 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. Ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n. M\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \"\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p v\u0103n minh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\". Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh trao tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho ba n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 tham gia v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ban cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t \u00edt quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i v\u00e0 quan li\u00eau v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tham nh\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c khai th\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 cho chi ph\u00ed x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y cai tr\u1ecb. T\u1ea1i An Nam ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf - ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i An Nam. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd trao tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau khi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. H\u1ecd r\u1ea5t s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 c\u0103m gh\u00e9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, l\u1eadp ra nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 giam c\u1ea7m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. Nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e2ng cao d\u00e2n tr\u00ed, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p n\u1eafm m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i An Nam, th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Trung. \u1ede n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u00f2n \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, quan ch\u1ee9c cao c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 th\u1ecb d\u00e2n l\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1edbi. Trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i An Nam. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba tuy nhi\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi. N\u0103m 1937, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 10% s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, g\u1ea7n 90% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 m\u00f9 ch\u1eef; c\u1ee9 3 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb sinh ra th\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a ch\u1ebft. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1ea1i An Nam nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n cao su, m\u1ecf than, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c khai th\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi c\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u00e0o cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf quan ch\u1ee9c tham nh\u0169ng tr\u1ee5c l\u1ee3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho Ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00f2n \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp l\u1eabn vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1eeb khi Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p do vua, quan, s\u1ef9 phu ho\u1eb7c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, tuy nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920, \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y n\u1edf trong gi\u1edbi thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1927, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng (gi\u1ed1ng Trung Hoa Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng). \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1930, sau khi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Y\u00ean B\u00e1i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u vong sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx-Lenin th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng mau ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p khi b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 cao tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u0103m 1930-1931, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn B\u00ecnh d\u00e2n c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p (khi phe M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn B\u00ecnh d\u00e2n n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n th\u00ec Ph\u00e1p \u00e2n x\u00e1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng khi phe c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n th\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 c\u0169). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 tay sai c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n do d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u0103m gh\u00e9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Trong th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ecf c\u00f4ng khai ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn B\u00ecnh d\u00e2n n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu kh\u00e1c tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n lan r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p l\u01b0u vong do Charles de Gaulle \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecf ra mu\u1ed1n trao tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1943, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Charles de Gaulle \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n doanh \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c trang b\u1ecb cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i vi\u1ec5n chinh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o m\u00f9a thu 1944. Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ph\u00e1p mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong Kh\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh khi th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 II k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Tuy nhi\u00ean T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 Roosevelt l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb trao tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai qu\u1ea3n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i giao M\u1ef9 l\u1ea1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 s\u1ebd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c l\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 8/12/1943, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p l\u01b0u vong c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 ghi r\u00f5 \"\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ghi nh\u1edb th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ghi t\u1ea1c m\u00e3i m\u00e3i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i Lan, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng th\u1ee7y chung g\u1eafn b\u00f3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u00e1p. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ban h\u00e0nh trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t quy ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi theo \u0111\u00f3, trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean bang, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong Li\u00ean bang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh; t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 m\u1ea5t \u0111i d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch quy ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1ea5y, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch quy ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Li\u00ean bang - cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea3i quan v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng.\" Th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh trao tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb do Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1 ra cho kh\u1ed1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u00e1p trong khi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng phi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a \u0111ang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Anh, M\u1ef9 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c k\u00fd k\u1ebft Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trang b\u1ecb cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i vi\u1ec5n chinh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh ph\u1edbt l\u1edd v\u00ec chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Anh - M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 Ph\u00e1p tham gia. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Roosevelt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Roosevelt b\u00e1o cho B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao M\u1ef9 bi\u1ebft M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf B\u1ed9 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. Anh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 n\u00ean \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1943, t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Tehran T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Franklin D. Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7t \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin, Winston Churchill v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Franklin D. Roosevelt b\u00e0y t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a v\u1edbi Anh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p. Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Franklin D. Roosevelt trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng Winston Churchill th\u00ec l\u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 ho\u1eb7c B\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ed3ng minh c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. T\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Yalta quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thay th\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n \u1ee7y tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n \u1ee7y tr\u1ecb khi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd"}
+{"text": "Sau khi Roosevelt qua \u0111\u1eddi (12/4/1945), Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Truman l\u00ean thay. C\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 im l\u1eb7ng, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Truman c\u0169ng th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Trong \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn do B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao M\u1ef9 ng\u00e0y 29/5/1945 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c Patrick J. Hurley \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng M\u1ef9 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111ang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7y tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao M\u1ef9 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Truman n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba . \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1947, theo \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn s\u1ed1 1737 ng\u00e0y 13/5/1947 c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng M\u1ef9 George Marshall g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Paris th\u00ec l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \"c\u00f9ng h\u1ed9i c\u00f9ng thuy\u1ec1n\" v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Anh v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00ec lo s\u1ee3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi ra th\u00ec c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng Li\u00ean \u00c1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n s\u1ebd gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c (ch\u1ec9 Anh, Ph\u00e1p, H\u00e0 Lan) \"t\u1eeb l\u00e2u ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\". \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \"v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p\". N\u0103m 1947, Hoa K\u1ef3 k\u00fd b\u1ea3n tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p cho Ph\u00e1p 160 tri\u1ec7u USD \u0111\u1ec3 mua xe c\u1ed9 v\u00e0 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb cho qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Theo Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc V\u0169 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trung Qu\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u Trung Qu\u1ed1c mong mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n Ph\u00e1p d\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c sau n\u00e0y. T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean b\u00e0n H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1940, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vichy \u1edf Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 Nh\u1eadt to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1945 khi Nh\u1eadt l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt sau khi \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 (c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 L\u00e0o) v\u00e0o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p. Ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1945, t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Nh\u1eadt Matsumoto trao cho \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Decoux m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u01b0 \u0111\u00f2i c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt. Sau 2 gi\u1edd, khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Decoux, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong v\u00f2ng 48 gi\u1edd, t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Decoux \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 b\u1ecf t\u00f9 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb t\u1eadp trung l\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3, ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1945, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Charles de Gaulle tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p, bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103m qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ri\u00eang trong Li\u00ean bang, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i do Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n; v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 do Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f2n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. Li\u00ean bang s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang ri\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u0169ng trong tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, Ph\u00e1p cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tham gia c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3i chung (t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp...). \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1945, B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i k\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1ee5 s\u1ed1 5 chu\u1ea9n y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 5 gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7n D\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u Trung K\u1ef3. Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1945, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i c\u0169ng x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, theo \u0111\u1ea1o D\u1ee5 s\u1ed1 1 c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung \"1.Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb nay c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \"D\u00e2n vi qu\u00ed\". 2. Trong ch\u00ednh gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd chi\u00eau l\u1eadp c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng qu\u1ed1c gia cho x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1. 3.Tr\u1eabm s\u1ebd t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n\"."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \"\u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1\" v\u1ed1n do Nh\u1eadt t\u1ea1o ra, v\u00e0 5 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch: Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n mu\u1ed1n l\u00f4i k\u00e9o c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4n t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1eaft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nh\u1eadn l\u1ef1c, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 Nh\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng Anh, M\u1ef9, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c, b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n t\u1ed1i cao Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd, trong khi vua B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 lo vui ch\u01a1i, s\u0103n b\u1eafn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 8, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ed3ng minh. Ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 8, vua B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd duy tr\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau khi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p De Gaulle \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \"ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tinh th\u1ea7n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng\". Tuy nhi\u00ean De Gaulle kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed3i \u00e2m, \u00f4ng ta d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \"\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\", m\u00e0 l\u00e0 V\u0129nh San, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"Gaullist\" (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 de Gaulle)."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 8, Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 8 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y. Theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao, B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i c\u0169ng g\u1eedi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p cho T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Truman, vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, Th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Trung Hoa T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i \u00e2m, b\u1edfi theo Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Cairo, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0o do Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng. \u0110\u1ebfn 24 th\u00e1ng 8, trong cao tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m, B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u01a1 m\u1eadt: quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb \"\u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc\". Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y tan r\u00e3."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t Minh (vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i) do H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1941 v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y do \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1944, \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Cao B\u1eb1ng. Kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p - kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt - li\u00ean Hoa - \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a phe \u0110\u1ed3ng minh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa d\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c, theo Philippe Devillers \"b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 100.000 \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn Nguyen Kai Thau\". H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y M\u1ef9 \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p n\u1ea1n trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, c\u01a1 quan t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Hoa K\u1ef3 OSS (U.S. Office of Strategic Services) gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 y t\u1ebf, c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf cho Vi\u1ec7t Minh, v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1945, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn OSS m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \"Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, Vi\u1ec7t Minh, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sau \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean:"}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1945, Vi\u1ec7t Nam r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n do kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111ang lo ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng minh Anh-M\u1ef9. C\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim l\u1eabn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh. Theo Peter A. Pull, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u n\u00ean qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y l\u00faa g\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c, b\u1eaft d\u00e2n ph\u00e1 l\u00faa tr\u1ed3ng \u0111ay \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn tranh, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam thi\u00ean tai, n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i (N\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i \u1ea4t D\u1eadu) \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Trung k\u1ef3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng hai tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00ec n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00e2m sai Phan K\u1ebf To\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p Nguy\u1ec5n Khang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi do X\u1ee9 \u1ee6y B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 c\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Minh tham gia Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 ng\u1eebng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng Nguy\u1ec5n Khang b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp U\u1ef7 ban Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh. \u1ee6y ban n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Minh: \"\u0110\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u1eafng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh s\u1ebd v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 15km l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c \u00f4ng, c\u00f2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n s\u0129, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ee9ng ra giao d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh\". \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t: \"giao d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh l\u00fac n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i Vi\u1ec7t Minh kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ea3\"."}
+{"text": "Sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m, Vi\u1ec7t Minh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 \u1ee6y ban D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n ng\u00e0y 16 v\u00e0 17-8-1945 t\u1ea1i T\u00e2n Tr\u00e0o. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f2n Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. \u00d4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt. C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i c\u0169ng g\u1eedi cho l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh lo ng\u1ea1i v\u00ec l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i. Theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u n\u00ean Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00e2m th\u1eddi l\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 duy nh\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u1ef9, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c M\u1ef9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u00d4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m M\u1ef9 tin r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u1ed1c gia - X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mong mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i bang."}
+{"text": "Th\u00f4ng qua OSS, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh g\u1eedi 9 b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n cho Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 tay g\u1eedi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Harry S. Truman \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1eb7t quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00e2m th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00e2m th\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong \u1ee6y ban Li\u00ean t\u1ecbch c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Vi\u1ec7t Minh hy v\u1ecdng tranh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 trong cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec hai n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nguy h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00e2m th\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Vi\u1ec7t Minh lo ng\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ebd l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch, Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 huy OSS t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, Archimedes L.A Patti, r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Lenin, tham gia th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 xin gia nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ec7 Tam Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec v\u00ec n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 xem \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, \"b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Moscow\" v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf Moscow nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 M\u1ef9 hi\u1ec3u, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1946, M\u1ef9 r\u00fat t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng g\u1eedi th\u01b0 cho Stalin \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Li\u00ean X\u00f4 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1p. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c Li\u00ean X\u00f4 sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam"}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c Stalin c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cTito ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u2019\u2019, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Stalin."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam, sau khi \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p, ng\u00e0y 14/8/1945, Nh\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i c\u1eed m\u1ed9t Kh\u00e2m sai \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i Nam K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t thu\u1ed9c M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n do c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Nh\u1eadt t\u1ed1ng giam. Ng\u00e0y 16/8/1945, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Ng\u00e0y 19/8/1945, Kh\u00e2m sai Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n S\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Nh\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n giao v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp ng\u00e0y 22/8/1945 c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i trong M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n giao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00ec M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt c\u00f2n Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u1ea1i \u0111ang thu\u1ed9c phe \u0111\u1ed3ng minh (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 M\u1ef9 OSS) ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0y 23/8/1945, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00fat lui, nh\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cho Vi\u1ec7t Minh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 do Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch. Ng\u00e0y 25/8/1945, t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, Vi\u1ec7t Minh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 g\u1ed3m 9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Minh. \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 ra tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Sau \u0111\u00f3, theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, \u1ee6y ban h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Nam B\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi K\u1ef3 b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Minh g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i: \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, T\u00e2n D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, T\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, Thanh ni\u00ean Ti\u1ec1n phong, Vi\u1ec7t Nam qu\u1ed1c gia, Cao \u0110\u00e0i h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c \u0111o\u00e0n (K\u1ef3 b\u1ed9 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh), Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Thanh ni\u00ean ngh\u0129a d\u0169ng \u0111o\u00e0n h\u1ecdp b\u00e0n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Nam B\u1ed9"}
+{"text": "\u1ede H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a T\u1ed5ng h\u1ed9i sinh vi\u00ean k\u00eau g\u1ecdi B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Vi\u1ec7t Minh th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00e2m th\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7t Minh ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u01b0\u1edbp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3, B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i m\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Minh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 5/1945, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t D\u00e2n ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng (Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c) g\u1eb7p nhau t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m l\u01b0u vong trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t D\u00e2n ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea3ng s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. Khi Nh\u1eadt tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8/1945, \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u00e0y 17/8/1945, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Anh, \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb 250 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Tuy nhi\u00ean ng\u00e0y 19/8/1945, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Minh c\u01b0\u1edbp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t-x\u00edt Nh\u1eadt t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. T\u1ed1i h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ecdp nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i do l\u0169 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t r\u00fat v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ch\u1edd di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "S\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 8, hai ph\u00e1i vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Huy Li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 C\u00f9 Huy C\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Hu\u1ebf. Theo l\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4ng n\u00e0y, chi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1945, B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda Ng\u1ecd M\u00f4n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 trao \u1ea5n t\u00edn, qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng tri\u1ec1u cho \u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n Huy Li\u1ec7u. \u00d4ng tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb v\u1edbi l\u00fd do \"H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u1ea5y, Tr\u1eabm \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng hy sinh h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u1ea5y n\u00ean Tr\u1eabm mu\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 hy sinh c\u1ee7a Tr\u1eabm ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. X\u00e9t th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ed5 \u00edch nh\u1ea5t cho T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n, Tr\u1eabm \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 8 v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i r\u1eb1ng trong gi\u1edd nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 chia r\u1ebd l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. Nay th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n B\u1eafc b\u1ed9 l\u00ean qu\u00e1 cao, n\u1ebfu Tr\u1eabm c\u1ee9 ng\u1ed3i y\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee3i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi n\u1ea1n Nam B\u1eafc ph\u00e2n tranh, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 cho qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n l\u1ea1i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng, cho n\u00ean m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u Tr\u1eabm h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng lao Li\u1ec7t Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0o sinh ra t\u1eed trong g\u1ea7n b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf mang giang s\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u Tr\u1eabm h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u00f9i ng\u00f9i cho n\u1ed7i l\u00e0m vua trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m m\u1edbi g\u1ea7n g\u0169i qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y th\u00e1ng ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng Tr\u1eabm mu\u1ed1n, Tr\u1eabm c\u0169ng qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n l\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed9t Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a...\". \u00d4ng c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a: \"\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i s\u00e1t theo phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, Tr\u1eabm mong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u00f4n h\u00f2a x\u1eed tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp \u1edf tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n.\". \u00d4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \"c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n V\u0129nh Th\u1ee5y\". Trong b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \"Tr\u1eabm mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m D\u00e2n m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do, h\u01a1n l\u00e0m Vua m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb\""}
+{"text": "Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, gi\u1eef tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o cho to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ee3i ng\u00e0y tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eed ra m\u1ed9t Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c\"."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e2n s\u0129 v\u00e0 thay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n do d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea7u ra. Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p trung l\u01b0u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. Vi\u1ec7c chia l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecf hoang, \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ecbch thu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t x\u00edt. T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 22/9/1945, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb 5 m\u1eabu tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf, vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Thu\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u00f4n b\u00e0i b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf. Thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n, c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, m\u00e3i d\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ed5 sai b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m 8 gi\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thanh ni\u00ean (v\u00e0o \u0110o\u00e0n Thanh ni\u00ean C\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam). Tuy nhi\u00ean \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thanh tr\u1eebng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \"ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t x\u00edt\", chia \u0111\u1ea5t cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, t\u1ecbch thu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u, ngo\u00e0i mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh (ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh) nh\u01b0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \"Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb t\u1eeb v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\"."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau khi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3i t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t l\u1edbn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f2n ph\u00e1i m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban v\u00e0o Nam b\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n g\u1ea1o ra B\u1eafc. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i bu\u00f4n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tham gia v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1eeb Nam ra B\u1eafc. Vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n g\u1ea1o t\u1eeb Nam ra B\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 30.000 t\u1ea5n do chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 khi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0o Nam K\u1ef3. Trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean B\u00e1o C\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y 28-9-1945, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh vi\u1ebft: \"L\u00fac ch\u00fang ta n\u00e2ng b\u00e1t c\u01a1m m\u00e0 \u0103n, ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3i kh\u1ed5, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng. V\u1eady t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i xin th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc: C\u1ee9 10 ng\u00e0y nh\u1ecbn \u0103n m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa, m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng nh\u1ecbn ba b\u1eefa. \u0110em g\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3 (m\u1ed7i b\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u01a1) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o\". Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng chi ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u00ea b\u1ecb v\u1ee1, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1eafp th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00ea m\u1edbi. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1946, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00ea t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda xong."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u0103ng gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n cho m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn tr\u1ed1ng quanh nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u ban \u0111\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1945 \u0111\u1ea7u 1946 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u1eefa, n\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u1ec3 tranh th\u1ee7 tr\u1ed3ng li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp hai v\u1ee5 m\u00e0u (khoai lang, \u0111\u1eadu, b\u1eafp...) b\u00f9 cho ph\u1ea7n l\u00faa thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p 4 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1945. Ch\u1ec9 trong 5 th\u00e1ng t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 11/1945 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5/1946 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t 614.000 t\u1ea5n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 506.000 t\u1ea5n l\u00faa, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 m\u00f9a n\u0103m 1945."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a non tr\u1ebb l\u00e0 x\u00f3a m\u00f9 ch\u1eef. N\u0103m 1945, c\u00f3 95% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00f9 ch\u1eef. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a m\u00f9 ch\u1eef, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ra c\u00e1c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh: S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1 17 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n h\u1ecdc v\u1ee5 trong to\u00e0n c\u00f5i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1 19 l\u1eadp cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i, S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1 20 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef t\u1eeb nay b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch xo\u00e1 m\u00f9 ch\u1eef, Nha B\u00ecnh d\u00e2n h\u1ecdc v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945. Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1945, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ra l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc g\u1eedi t\u1edbi to\u00e0n d\u00e2n: \"...Mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef v\u1eefng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc, bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef h\u00e3y d\u1ea1y cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef, h\u00e3y g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n h\u1ecdc v\u1ee5\u2026Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef h\u00e3y g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft \u0111i.\" C\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc B\u00ecnh d\u00e2n h\u1ecdc v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ea3 ba mi\u1ec1n thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i, m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef d\u1ea1y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1946, phong tr\u00e0o B\u00ecnh d\u00e2n h\u1ecdc v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 75.000 l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi tr\u00ean 95.000 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, tr\u00ean 2.500.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong tr\u00e0o d\u1ea1y bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc, bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "Theo Quy\u1ebft ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ng\u00e0y 4/9/1945, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 N\u1ed9i v\u1ee5 V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p thay m\u1eb7t Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, k\u00fd ban h\u00e0nh S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1 4 l\u1eadp \"Qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\" v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \"\u0111\u1ec3 thu nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c m\u00f3n ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng quy\u00ean gi\u00fap Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c gia\". Ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 Qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \"Tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 V\u00e0ng\" t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 17 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 24/9/1945. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi th\u01b0 cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp \"Tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 V\u00e0ng\", n\u00eau r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp qu\u1ef9 l\u00e0 \"thu g\u00f3p s\u1ed1 v\u00e0ng trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng\". Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 20 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 370 kg v\u00e0ng. Ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, trong \"Tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 v\u00e0ng\" nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2.201 l\u1ea1ng v\u00e0ng, 920 t\u1ea1 th\u00f3c c\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 l\u00ean 7 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 mua v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch thu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh Trung Hoa \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Theo Archimedes L.A Patti, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf v\u1edbi \u00f4ng s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1ea1i xung quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam hay kh\u00f4ng. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh kh\u00f4ng tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 do giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0o Ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean \u00c1 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung."}
+{"text": "Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Minh, tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y sau kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t Minh bao g\u1ed3m \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 B\u1eafc S\u01a1n, Nam K\u1ef3. Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1945 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \"t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n\" (trong khi chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i Nam B\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t \u00e1c li\u1ec7t) \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i tr\u00ean b\u00e1o C\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh ng\u00e0y 12, k\u00e8m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y sinh T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n. T\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u0103ng ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Trung Hoa, cho bi\u1ebft H\u1ed3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch tham d\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 do H\u1ed9i V\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n treo c\u1edd hai n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u00e1o c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \"ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o\". Ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 11 b\u00e1o C\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh \"V\u00ec nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u1ed1 \u00fd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh, phao tin trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 d\u00e8m pha v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng minh r\u1eb1ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00fang g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 gieo m\u1ed1i ho\u00e0i nghi tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\". Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e1o C\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng thay cho M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi l\u00fd do \"\u0110\u00e3 bao n\u0103m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1ch ph\u00e1t x\u00edt Nh\u1eadt - Ph\u00e1p ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp th\u00f3c, c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1n k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p; ngo\u00e0i ra bi\u1ebft bao c\u00e1c t\u1eebng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u chung m\u1ed9t tai n\u1ea1n ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i ch\u1ebft r\u00e9t. Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c t\u1eebng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ebb th\u00f9 chung, gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 do cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c... Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nhau, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhau, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u1ebft\"."}
+{"text": "Theo H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Potsdam, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh g\u1ed3m qu\u00e2n Anh v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p v\u0169 kh\u00ed Nh\u1eadt. M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt. Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i Anglo-Saxon, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng n\u00ean Anh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p. Theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn, Anh v\u00e0 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh, b\u1edfi \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00f3i ri\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Hoa. Theo Vi\u1ec7t Minh, Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c mu\u1ed1n h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. Vi\u1ec7t Minh c\u0169ng xem quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Anh tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tin r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p, Anh, Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd g\u00e2y nguy h\u1ea1i cho phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c. \u00d4ng lo ng\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 th\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i. \u00d4ng mong mu\u1ed1n M\u1ef9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m tra qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y mua b\u00e1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0ng thu l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "\u1ede mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, ng\u00e0y 20/8/1945, h\u01a1n 20 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a phe \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt. Theo Vi\u1ec7t Minh, \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n n\u00e0y mang theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Di\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng C\u1ea7m H\u1ed3. \u0110\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \"ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n\" \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda Nam \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.. Trong h\u1ed3i k\u00fd Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o qu\u00ean V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n 62 c\u1ee7a V\u0169 Kim Th\u00e0nh (\u0111i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch) t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 su\u1ed1t d\u1ecdc mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc B\u1eafc K\u1ef3; l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh (Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng) v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng Tam (\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t) \u0111i theo qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n 93 V\u00e2n Nam, c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, d\u1ecdc theo h\u00e0nh lang T\u00e2y B\u1eafc t\u1eeb L\u00e0o Cai \u0111\u1ebfn Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 Ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecd su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0ng Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Trong l\u1ec5 ch\u00e0o m\u1eebng qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p Nh\u1eadt do Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y 10/9/1945, t\u01b0\u1edbng Ti\u00eau V\u0103n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n, B\u1ed9 Ch\u1ec9 huy Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng theo m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0ng thu l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n theo gi\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. T\u01b0\u1edbng Ti\u00eau V\u0103n c\u0169ng \"g\u1ee3i \u00fd\" r\u1eb1ng \u1edf m\u1ed7i B\u1ed9 trong Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t s\u0129 quan chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n li\u00ean l\u1ea1c. Khi g\u1ee3i \u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tin r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n x\u1ea5u. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y ngay nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 gi\u00e0u hay ngh\u00e8o. T\u01b0\u1edbng L\u01b0 H\u00e1n t\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef7 gi\u00e1 h\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e1i l\u00e0 14 quan kim \u0103n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a trong khi \u0111\u1ed3ng quan kim \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p cho r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Theo quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, Trung Hoa Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong ph\u1ea1m vi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn L\u01b0 H\u00e1n v\u00e0 Ti\u00eau V\u0103n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh coi c\u1ea3 hai nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u01b0\u1edbp, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf t\u00f9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 che \u0111\u1eady cho vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng). H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tin r\u1eb1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n do \u00f4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p th\u00ec m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf x\u1ee9 s\u1edf m\u00e0 \u0111i, t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 cho Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang ra s\u1ee9c thu v\u00e9n l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\" nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng Trung Hoa Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4 v\u1ebd cho nhi\u1ec1u \"t\u00ean ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t\"."}
+{"text": "T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u00f4ng \u00e9p Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n do \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch gi\u1eefa Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p n\u1ebfu Ph\u00e1p mu\u1ed1n quay l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00ednh l\u00edu v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00ec Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c trong kh\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh. \u00d4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u00fat h\u1ebft qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngay sau khi gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p Nh\u1eadt. Trong Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1edd Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 25/8/1945 \u1edf C\u00f4n Minh c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n:"}
+{"text": "T\u01b0\u1edbng L\u01b0 H\u00e1n xem l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn v\u00ec \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c cam k\u1ebft \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. L\u01b0 H\u00e1n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1eb7t Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, L\u01b0 H\u00e1n d\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c, Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n tham gia v\u00e0o l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong kh\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 huy Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u01b0 H\u00e1n c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 De Gaulle. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn OSS c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i gi\u00fap c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 huy Ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh dinh t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 OSS \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Franklin D. Roosevelt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho Ph\u00e1p t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p v\u0169 kh\u00ed hay ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf cho Ph\u00e1p ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1 Quang B\u1eedu cho r\u1eb1ng: m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 T\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng trung l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn c\u00f3 hai l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi nhau. Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e9p Paris ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 L\u01b0 H\u00e1n, l\u1ea1i coi vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t, g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra v\u00f9ng ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch 14 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 4 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i cho t\u01b0\u1edbng L\u01b0 H\u00e1n v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 gi\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 phong tr\u00e0o Qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n xong v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p. Theo \u00f4ng, khi n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n th\u00ec Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Anh do Thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng Douglas D. Gracey ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Anh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy thu\u1ed9c H\u00e0nh dinh T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n Nam c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u00f9 binh v\u00e0 t\u00f9 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt, duy tr\u00ec lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, ch\u1ec9 huy c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1eef tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nhu c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt n\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh T\u1ed1i cao qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Anh s\u1ebd do qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng Gracey xem nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i Nam K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh. \u00d4ng ra l\u1ec7nh cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111u\u1ed5i \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 ra kh\u1ecfi Dinh To\u00e0n Quy\u1ec1n \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng khai \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t. \u00d4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n th\u00ec s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng, b\u00e3i th\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u01a1 t\u00e1n d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng ra l\u1ec7nh cho Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam, c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 Anh kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9. Ng\u00e0y 8/9/1945, Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u ra l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Nam K\u1ef3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh theo ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh."}
+{"text": "L\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 28/9/1945. Kh\u00e1ch m\u1eddi bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh, c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan OSS, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan Ph\u00e1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1. T\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 c\u00f3 treo c\u1edd M\u1ef9, Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Anh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng treo c\u1edd Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ph\u00eda Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbng L\u01b0 H\u00e1n treo c\u1edd Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng n\u00e0y t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00fd do \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang c\u00f3 phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p. Sau khi t\u01b0\u1edbng Nh\u1eadt Tsuchihashi k\u00fd v\u00e0o B\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh, v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd t\u1ecf ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat g\u00ec mu\u1ed1n \"gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t\" cho thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c M\u1ef9 ba l\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cam k\u1ebft \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Quy\u1ec1n B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao M\u1ef9 Welles \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 13-4-1943, trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho Henri Haye, \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Washington: \"Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf H\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i... (v\u00e0) n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t hy v\u1ecdng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p\"; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11, m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c cao c\u1ea5p thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi, Robert Murphy, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho Giraud r\u1eb1ng \"Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u1edd n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 tung bay v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1939. Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Clark - Darlan v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o B\u1eafc Phi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd \"gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9\" \u0110\u1ed3ng minh trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p\"."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945, c\u1ef1u ho\u00e0ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac V\u0129nh San sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c De Gaulle \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t th\u1eb3ng th\u1eebng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ba k\u1ef3 (B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, Trung K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Nam K\u1ef3), n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng qua th\u1eddi gian, li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Campuchia v\u00e0 L\u00e0o. De Gaulle \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1945, v\u1edbi mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, c\u1ef1u ho\u00e0ng Duy T\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi De Gaulle, mong mu\u1ed1n l\u00e1 c\u1edd Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u1edd ba m\u00e0u v\u00e0 ba thanh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ba k\u1ef3 s\u1ebd bay \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 12, m\u00e1y bay ch\u1edf Duy T\u00e2n g\u1eb7p n\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i Trung Phi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng. Ngay sau v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n, De Gaulle n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Palewski: \"\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i.\". S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00ednh gi\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Minh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 8, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t Cao \u1ee7y Ph\u00e1p b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \"\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y trong t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u n\u0103m n\u0103m v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m\" v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 8 Ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 kh\u00fac d\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u \"\u0111\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng\" v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi s\u1ebd l\u00e0m r\u00f5 \"nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p\"."}
+{"text": "\u1ede mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u1ec9 4 ng\u00e0y sau khi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, theo sau l\u00e0 li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Anh-Ph\u00e1p. Qu\u00e2n Anh theo l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh v\u00e0o gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o Nam B\u1ed9. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. Ng\u00e0y 19, Ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam. Ng\u00e0y 23, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Anh, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5 s\u00fang chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t S\u00e0i G\u00f2n (ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t Nam g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y Nam B\u1ed9 Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn). N\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eeba gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n \"Nam ti\u1ebfn\" c\u1ee7a V\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c \u0111o\u00e0n (qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o Nam ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00ecnh, Nguy\u1ec5n S\u01a1n... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1c c\u1eed v\u00e0o Nam. Trong hai th\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1945 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1946, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Nam B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat ra nh\u1eefng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y v\u00e0 r\u1eebng n\u00fai, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chi\u1ebfn khu \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u00e2u d\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1945, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i Qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c tuy c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 chung n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng quan h\u1ec7 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1924 - 1927, \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111a d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau, v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1941 \u0111\u1ebfn 1944 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng (Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c) v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i (Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch) c\u00f9ng tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f4i khi t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft c\u00f3c ho\u1eb7c \u00e1m s\u00e1t l\u1eabn nhau. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, thu nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u01b0u vong gia t\u0103ng. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng t\u1eebng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist t\u1ea1i Nam K\u1ef3 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1933-1937. C\u00e1c b\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nhau ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1ee9 ba (\u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng) v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist) c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1945 th\u00ec c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng l\u1eabn nhau. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00ec Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng, Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist, B\u00ecnh Xuy\u00ean, H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o, Cao \u0110\u00e0i... b\u1ecb chia r\u1ebd nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, xoay quanh c\u00e1c tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam, s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist \u0111ang ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ng\u00e0nh c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o, Cao \u0110\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u1eadt h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n phong tr\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Cao \u0110\u00e0i \u0111\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3, h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y v\u1ea1n l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m binh l\u00ednh. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Cao \u0110\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea3ng Ph\u1ee5c Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Quang Vinh. H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf H\u1eadu Giang, t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n. H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 D\u00e2n X\u00e3 \u0110\u1ea3ng. Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung l\u00ean S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang cho Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ea3ng. Phe Trotskyist kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh Trotskyist l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh H\u1ed3 V\u0129nh K\u00fd, Hu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u S\u1edf M\u1eadt th\u00e1m v\u00e0 S\u1edf C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t Nam K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 n\u0103m, b\u1ea3y tr\u0103m, v\u00e0i ba ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi S\u1edf Sen \u0111\u1ea7m Kempeitai c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u1ecdc Th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Nam K\u1ef3 Minoda Fujio v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng l\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 Nh\u1eadt Ida m\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Thanh ni\u00ean Ti\u1ec1n phong. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 20 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n 1 tri\u1ec7u \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean trong to\u00e0n c\u00f5i Nam K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1945, nh\u00f3m Trotskyist ra tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00ean \u00e1n \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u00f3m Stalinist c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m m\u00ecnh th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \"d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\", ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \"cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e1 c\u1edd c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1ee9 t\u01b0\", \"\u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\". \u00dd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i Nam K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u0169 trang qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh ngay c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f2n Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u1eabn ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u0169, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Theo Tr\u1ea7n Huy Li\u1ec7u, t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i T\u00e2n Tr\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8/1945 \u1edf T\u00e2n Tr\u00e0o, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i tham d\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1ebd theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 ra m\u1eaft \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh. Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 14/8/1945, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp quy t\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng, Thanh ni\u00ean Ti\u1ec1n phong, T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01b0 s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o, Cao \u0110\u00e0i, Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c, nh\u00f3m Tranh \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist... Ng\u00e0y 21/8/1945, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Ng\u00e0y 22/8/1945, Thanh ni\u00ean Ti\u1ec1n phong r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gia nh\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7t Minh. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, Vi\u1ec7t Minh treo bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef \"Ch\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Minh\" kh\u1eafp S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, r\u1ea3i truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phe \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n do Vi\u1ec7t Minh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean ch\u1ebft. B\u00e1o D\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh, t\u00e1i l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00ean \u00e1n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \"nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\". D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ea1ch Mai, \u1ee6y vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c gia T\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 Cu\u1ed9c, ra l\u1ec7nh t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a hai gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Cao \u0110\u00e0i v\u00e0 H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. C\u00e1c b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c n\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Sainteny nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh, vi\u1ec7c Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eabn nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh ho\u1eb7c Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00eam 22/8/1945, \u1ee6y vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Nam K\u1ef3 (thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 De Gaulle) Jean C\u00e9dile nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 xu\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a v\u00e0 b\u1ecb n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u1eaft gi\u1eef giao cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 ra. Ng\u00e0y 27/8/1945, C\u00e9dile g\u1eb7p Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00e9dile \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 24/3/1945 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p (theo \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng), c\u00f2n Gi\u00e0u gi\u1eef quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi b\u00e0n t\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. Hai b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Khi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u00e0 b\u00e1n m\u00ecnh cho Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u00e1ng 8/1945, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Cao \u0110\u00e0i, H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o, B\u00ecnh Xuy\u00ean khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 chia nhau ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 b\u1ecb n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n gi\u1ebft. Vi\u1ec7t Minh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \"ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc\"."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 2/9/1945, t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, theo ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 nh\u00e2n Ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Minh kinh ng\u1ea1c khi th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00e1m qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang kho\u1ea3ng 20 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh d\u1ecdc ph\u1ed1 Catinat, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh li\u00ean minh mi\u1ec1n Nam, tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef, b\u00edch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tranh gi\u00e0nh chia r\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh t\u00f2a \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n th\u00ec c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng s\u00fang n\u1ed5 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda C\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p. Cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 s\u00fang, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft ngay h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. B\u1ecdn l\u01b0u manh th\u1eeba c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i nghi ng\u1edd nhau \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 s\u00fang l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 14 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 s\u00fang."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 7/9/1945, t\u1edd B\u00e1o Tranh \u0111\u1ea5u, c\u01a1 quan ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist \u0111\u0103ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i x\u00e3 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n cho cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 2/9/1945 t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y 8/9/1945, Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u thay m\u1eb7t \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi ra th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb khi\u00eau kh\u00edch (\u00e1m ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 2/9/1945, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f2i v\u0169 trang cho qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. B\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh v\u1eabn c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh t\u1edbi. T\u1ed5ng h\u00e0nh dinh Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n tr\u1ecb an, c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ed5ng H\u00e0nh dinh Nh\u1eadt, t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00e3y tin c\u1eady \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c l\u00f4i k\u00e9o. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n gi\u1eefa phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh m\u1edbi thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 9/9/1945, Vi\u1ec7t Minh c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi. Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n B\u1ea1ch. S\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u00fat t\u1eeb 6 (trong s\u1ed1 9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 4 (trong s\u1ed1 13 ng\u01b0\u1eddi). Trong \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 1 thu\u1ed9c Cao \u0110\u00e0i, 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist, 2 thu\u1ed9c H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o, 3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho mi\u1ec1n Nam. \u1ee6y ban m\u1edbi nhanh ch\u00f3ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 2 tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 sau do c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh xem nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e2n Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch, Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 b\u1ecdn qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u00d4ng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tranh gi\u00e0nh nhau, t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5. Theo s\u1eed gia Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim th\u00ec Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c, Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c nh\u1edd qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. S\u0129 quan OSS (c\u01a1 quan t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o M\u1ef9) Archimedes L.A Patti m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: \"h\u1ecd mang theo cao v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ebd n\u1eafm tr\u1ecdn quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ra h\u1ed3n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 che ch\u1edf c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1t Khu\u00ea v\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p. Li\u00ean minh \u0110\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng. Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi li\u00ean minh v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u00e0nh cho m\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o... S\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam su\u1ed1t trong 6 th\u00e1ng sau v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh c\u00f4 l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n.\""}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 II, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i (Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch) m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u01b0u vong t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1t Khu\u00ea, t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n khu IV (Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng - Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y). Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 5/1945, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Minh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam - Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y danh ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch khi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1edbng Ti\u00eau V\u0103n (c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1t Khu\u00ea ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng) kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu. Ti\u00eau V\u0103n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec t\u1eebng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u) t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u vong \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh, T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch giao cho L\u01b0 H\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt. L\u01b0 H\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i l\u01b0u vong kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cho Ti\u00eau V\u0103n tham gia qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Trong hai ng\u00e0y 18 v\u00e0 19 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945, Vi\u1ec7t Minh h\u1ecdp b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch (ng\u00e0y 18/9/1945) v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c (ng\u00e0y 19/9/1945). Trong hai cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp n\u00e0y, Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng Tam \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c. Qua \u0111\u00f3, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a do Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c. V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. Theo \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt th\u00e0, n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec thay th\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1ebd \"ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ecbu b\u00e1n r\u1ebb s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f4 la Trung Qu\u1ed1c\"."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 9/1945, V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c, sau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf t\u1eeb V\u00e2n Nam, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y 20/10/1945. Trong khi \u00f4ng v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban nh\u1eb1m t\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c. V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng Tam \u1edf l\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong su\u1ed1t n\u0103m 1945 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady t\u00e0i n\u0103ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Tam kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n B\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u00e0y 15/11/1945, tr\u00ean trang nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng hy sinh n\u0103m 1930 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh quay l\u01b0ng v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (1942-1945) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8/1945. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m. Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111ang \"theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m, thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, v\u00ec theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c \u0111oan n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u1ed5i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n Nam\". Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Minh h\u00e3y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tham lam, \u00edch k\u1ef7. Trong 6 tu\u1ea7n sau, B\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ebfm khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 d\u00f9ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 trong ngo\u1eb7c k\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ca c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. H\u1ecd bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u00e0 b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1t x\u00edt v\u00e0 v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tranh bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o T\u1ed5ng b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp, t\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n, b\u1eaft c\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u0169 trang v\u00e0o v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch B\u00e1o C\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh. B\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam r\u1ea5t \u00edt n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00ean \u00e1n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng an ninh v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 Tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n. B\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh vi\u00ean \u1edf S\u1edf B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ecbch thu B\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e1o n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i v\u0169 trang nh\u01b0 \"Th\u1ea7n l\u00f4i \u0111o\u00e0n\", \"Thi\u1ebft huy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e0n\", \"H\u00f9m x\u00e1m\"... C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang, b\u1eaft c\u00f3c, t\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u00e1m s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng Ba Vi\u00ean (Ba Vi\u00ean b\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0 gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, sau khi g\u1eb7p H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, Ba Vi\u00ean quay v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 Giang, b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng), r\u1ed3i tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an ninh tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1edf H\u00e0 n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u1ed9. Khi Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i Nam K\u1ef3, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 khi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i. Khi H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a AFP v\u00e0 AP r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n Ph\u00e1p n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd t\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch r\u1ea3i truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Minh c\u1ea5u k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00ec \"ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 b\u00e8 l\u0169 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi\" c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. H\u1ecd ca ng\u1ee3i l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 \"tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam\", trong khi Vi\u1ec7t Minh t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i t\u1ecf ra th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \"Vi\u1ec7t Minh s\u1ebd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam\"."}
+{"text": "Jean C\u00e9dile \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh nh\u1eb1m l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00e9dile c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng trao tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ngay sau khi \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, C\u00e9dile \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u01b0ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 24/3/1945. C\u00e9dile \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang Ph\u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 b\u0103ng, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n, ch\u1ee7 m\u1ecf, quan ch\u1ee9c, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia Nam K\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, Vi\u1ec7t, Hoa ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u00f4ng v\u1edbi l\u00fd do \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 do nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 9-1945 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 10-1946 khi r\u1eddi Nam K\u1ef3, C\u00e9dile \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a D'Argenlieu-Pignon ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i Nam K\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Nam K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i th\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Nam K\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a B\u00e9ziat. Jean C\u00e9dile cho l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n Nam K\u1ef3 (Conseil consultatif de Cochinchine) v\u1edbi 12 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ed3m 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 8 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Ph\u00e1p. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0y 22-23/9/1945 \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y 3-6-1946 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Nam K\u1ef3 v\u1edbi b\u00e1c s\u0129 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thinh th\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u00e1ch Nam K\u00ec ra kh\u1ecfi Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 16/9/1945, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n Jean C\u00e9dile - Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n B\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Theo ph\u00eda Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p tham gia \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m c\u00f3 th\u00eam th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u1edd qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng Leclerc \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n B\u1ea1ch do ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng khai l\u00ean \u00e1n Anh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban. Sau khi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1p, \u1ee6y ban t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 17/9/1945 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e2m m\u01b0u Ph\u00e1p - Anh nh\u1eb1m l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau khi t\u01b0\u1edbng Douglas D. Gracey, ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh, \u0111\u1ebfn S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111u\u1ed5i \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 ra kh\u1ecfi Dinh To\u00e0n Quy\u1ec1n \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt, Th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Terauchi, \u0111i\u1ec1u 7 ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0o S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00f2i \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Cao \u0110\u00e0i, H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o v\u00e0 B\u00ecnh Xuy\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f2n Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng do \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c treo c\u1edd Ph\u00e1p l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng s\u1edf v\u00e0 xe qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n B\u1ea1ch g\u1eedi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n OSS m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n thay m\u1eb7t \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh ch\u1ee9ng minh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng Douglas D. Gracey, ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh cung c\u1ea5p v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbng Mounbatten nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec tr\u1ecb an v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh trong vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Gracey tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb cho \u00f4ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh ng\u00e0y 6/9/1945 c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda Anh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i, d\u00e2n qu\u00e2n, c\u00f4ng an v\u00e0 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn Ph\u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng leo thang, C\u00e9dile nh\u1edd Thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1 A. Peter Dewey, ch\u1ec9 huy OSS t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecd kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. \u0110\u00eam 18/9/1945, A. Peter Dewey b\u00ed m\u1eadt g\u1eb7p Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u, Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n B\u1ea1ch, D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ea1ch Mai, Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u1ecdc Th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u1ea1o. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u00eau c\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf t\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \"Hi\u1ec7n nay, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Minh m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p\"."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 21/9/1945, Thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng Anh Gracey ra b\u1ea3n Th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o s\u1ed1 1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd duy tr\u00ec ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00eda Nam v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 16. \u00d4ng c\u1ea5m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u00e1o v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a tin s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eeb \u0111\u00e0i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. Trong 24 gi\u1edd sau, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, h\u00e0nh hung, b\u1eaft c\u00f3c,... do c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda Ph\u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t g\u00e2y ra b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh, ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0\u1edbng Gracey ra l\u1ec7nh thi\u1ebft qu\u00e2n lu\u1eadt. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edbi nghi\u00eam; c\u1ea5m t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng khai; h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111i l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c; c\u1ea5m mang v\u0169 kh\u00ed; thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp to\u00e0 \u00e1n binh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi ph\u1ea1m tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, x\u1eed t\u1eed h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i. Gracey c\u0169ng cho s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00eam 21/9/1945, t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p SLFEO b\u00e1o cho C\u00e9dile bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111ang c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh. C\u00e9dile l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p Gracey \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u00f4ng n\u00e0y trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 tr\u00ed cho 14.000 t\u00f9 binh Ph\u00e1p (thu\u1ed9c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vichy) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n Anh gi\u1eef tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Gracey \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. Ngay sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 ra, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 De Gaulle, s\u1ed1 l\u00ednh n\u00e0y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e9dile mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1i l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Ng\u00e0y 22/9/1945, C\u00e9dile cho l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, Kho b\u1ea1c, S\u1edf M\u1eadt th\u00e1m, B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n. Vi\u1ec7t Minh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n OSS r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh v\u00ec n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u00f9 l\u1ec7nh thi\u1ebft qu\u00e2n lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Anh c\u1ea5m bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh. Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u1ecdc Th\u1ea1ch n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh mu\u1ed1n kh\u00edch cho Anh Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "R\u1ea1ng s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 23/9/1945, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng To\u00e0 Th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9, b\u1eaft to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y. Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. D\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00e1p xem \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9. T\u1eebng to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p x\u00f4ng ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ed1 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u00ecn ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p. Ch\u1ec9 huy OSS, A. Peter Dewey, xin g\u1eb7p Gracey \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i Anh, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, Dewey b\u1ecb Gracey tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi S\u00e0i G\u00f2n."}
+{"text": "C\u00e9dile mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng ra l\u1ec7nh ng\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft b\u1edb nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 B\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 24/3/1945 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng cho th\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eeba b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. B\u00e1o ch\u00ed qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch gay g\u1eaft. Gracey ra l\u1ec7nh cho C\u00e9dile t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u00f9 binh Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0 giao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 giam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh. Ng\u00e0y 24/9/1945, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 kho t\u00e0ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1, \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb c\u1eaft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb d\u00e2n qu\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u0169 trang t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng phi tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2n S\u01a1n Nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t t\u00e0u Ph\u00e1p \u1edf c\u1ea3ng, ph\u00e1 nh\u00e0 giam, th\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eeba b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. \u0110\u1ebfn tr\u01b0a ch\u1ee3 B\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y. Ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1. S\u00e0i G\u00f2n ch\u00ecm trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Continental, n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. C\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh. Khi b\u1ecb Anh khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng l\u00ednh Nh\u1eadt s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd can thi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00eam 24/9/1945, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u00ecnh Xuy\u00ean t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng khu H\u00e9rault t\u1ea1i T\u00e2n \u0110\u1ecbnh, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n b\u1eaft c\u00f3c 300 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00e1p. Kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 sau khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3, Gracey m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a C\u00e9dile c\u1ea5p v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho t\u00f9 binh Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n lan r\u1ed9ng ra to\u00e0n mi\u1ec1n Nam. Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u ra l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed5ng b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng; s\u01a1 t\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi S\u00e0i G\u00f2n; c\u1ea5m b\u00e1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cho Ph\u00e1p; \u0111\u1eb7t S\u00e0i G\u00f2n trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Gi\u00e0u \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y S\u00e0i G\u00f2n n\u1ebfu Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf v\u0169 kh\u00ed, r\u00fat lui v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra v\u00e0o tr\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 M\u1ef9. H\u1ecd b\u1eafn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, trong v\u00f9ng do Nh\u1eadt ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 26/9/1945, Thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 huy OSS t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n A. Peter Dewey b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft v\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. Tin n\u00e0y lan kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m x\u1ea5u \u0111i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1 OSS Archimedes L.A Patti \u0111ang c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \"H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1eefng tin n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1 cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u1ef9.\". Sau \u0111\u00f3 Gracey ra l\u1ec7nh b\u1eaft ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt Th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e9rauchi v\u00ec \u00f4ng n\u00e0y b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 1/10/1945, Gracey n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9. Hai b\u00ean t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn. Ph\u00eda Anh nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch trung l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng theo s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh, Anh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c con tin b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1 Dewey tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ph\u00eda Vi\u1ec7t Nam y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p trao tr\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n cho \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao l\u1ea1i cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n m\u1edbi v\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh."}
+{"text": "Trong khi th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i xung quanh S\u00e0i G\u00f2n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda Nam th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ho\u00e0ng Qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn li\u00ean l\u1ea1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi \u1ee6y ban Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb cho Gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 B\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap Ph\u00e1p n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n, ch\u1ec9 sau 24 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i s\u1ebd g\u1eedi qu\u00e2n t\u0103ng vi\u1ec7n cho mi\u1ec1n Nam. Do lo ng\u1ea1i b\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, ph\u00eda Ph\u00e1p y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Anh can thi\u1ec7p. T\u01b0\u1edbng Mounbatten g\u1eb7p Th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 B\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn th\u00eam 48 gi\u1edd. Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u1ecdc Th\u1ea1ch cho r\u1eb1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n c\u00e3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 quy ch\u1ebf cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0ng b\u1eafn."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 3/10/1945, 10.000 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p do Leclerc ch\u1ee7 huy \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Ng\u00e0y 9/10/1945, Ph\u00e1p Anh k\u00fd th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Anh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p trong vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 16. \u0110\u00eam ng\u00e0y 10/10/1945, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng s\u00e2n bay T\u00e2n S\u01a1n Nh\u1ea5t. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam giao chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Anh, Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 v\u00e0o S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Nh\u1eadt h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd tham chi\u1ebfn. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Anh, Ph\u00e1p, Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 cu\u1ed9c phong t\u1ecfa S\u00e0i G\u00f2n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau hai tu\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Ng\u00e0y 16/10/1945, ph\u00eda Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u1eebng bao v\u00e2y S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n do l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Anh, Ph\u00e1p, Nh\u1eadt qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh. Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng gia Anh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u00e9m bom v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "\u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u01a1 t\u00e1n v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n s\u0129 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc theo l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ra 4 s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n d\u00e2n qu\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi trang b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o m\u00e1c, t\u1ea7m v\u00f4ng v\u1ea1t nh\u1ecdn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00edt s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t nh\u01b0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a V\u1ec7 binh v\u00e0 B\u00ecnh Xuy\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan Qu\u1ed1c gia T\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 Cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t gian c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y b\u1ecb t\u1ed1ng giam ho\u1eb7c x\u1eed b\u1eafn. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u00f2n l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, tr\u1ea5n l\u1ed9t; n\u1ebfu ai ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t gian r\u1ed3i th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau. Tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia xa l\u00e1nh Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Qu\u1ed1c gia Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p. Th\u00e1ng 12/1945, t\u01b0\u1edbng Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1eed v\u00e0o Nam l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Nam B\u1ed9. \u00d4ng l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp t\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 x\u00e9t x\u1eed t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng danh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chi \u0111\u1ed9i V\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c \u0111o\u00e0n."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 20/8/1945, Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch c\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ng\u00e0y 30/9/1945, Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1edbi g\u1eb7p Ti\u00eau V\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ti\u00eau V\u0103n t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 10/1945, b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n k\u00fd b\u1ea3n \"\u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft tinh th\u1ea7n\" v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh theo \u0111\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch s\u1ebd li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Tuy nhi\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd b\u1ea3n \"\u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft tinh th\u1ea7n\". Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng khai b\u00e1c b\u1ecf vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch x\u1ea3y ra khi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang b\u1ecb s\u1ed1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu. Ti\u00eau V\u0103n g\u00e2y s\u1ee9c \u00e9p l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "Tuy nghi ng\u1edd, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn g\u1eb7p nhau th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n k\u00fd k\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn. Ng\u00e0y 29/9/1945, Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eb1ng (Vi\u1ec7t Minh) v\u00e0 Chu B\u00e1 Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c) g\u1eb7p nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t xung \u0111\u1ed9t, th\u1ea3 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u1eebng l\u00ean \u00e1n nhau c\u00f4ng khai. Ng\u00e0y 19/11/1945, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p. Ng\u00e0y 24/11/1945, sau bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Minh, Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch, Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c k\u00fd b\u1ea3n ghi nh\u1edb cam k\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u00ean s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng l\u1eabn nhau, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Nam B\u1ed9 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "Sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y, B\u00e1o C\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c coi b\u1ea3n ghi nh\u1edb ng\u00e0y 24/11/1945 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c l\u00ean \u00e1n vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n hoang mang, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ho\u00e0i nghi m\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i trong 3 tu\u1ea7n n\u1eefa; \u00f4ng c\u0169ng m\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng c\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00f4ng k\u00edch nhau b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i khai m\u1ea1c. B\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch H\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \"kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i\"."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 23/12/1945, T\u01b0\u1edbng Ti\u00eau V\u0103n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p. T\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp n\u00e0y, Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c, Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 bao g\u1ed3m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c, Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch, Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c. Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0m Ph\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch. Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c, Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch, Vi\u1ec7t Minh, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef 1/4 s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7; 1/4 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i nh\u1ecf n\u1eafm. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng Trung Hoa lo s\u1ee3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh t\u1eebng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Minh c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 cho bi\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n B\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1945 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1eb1m trong Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd (vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n) theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c gh\u1ebf b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n chia nh\u01b0 sau: Vi\u1ec7t Minh 2 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam (c\u0169ng tham gia Vi\u1ec7t Minh) 2 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c 2 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch 2 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, phi \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i 2 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00ec Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi t\u00ean n\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e3n 2 tu\u1ea7n. V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2m th\u1eddi. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c huy. Hai \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 tham m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 50 gh\u1ebf c\u00f2n Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch 20 gh\u1ebf trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tranh c\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng 2 \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Sau khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn, c\u00e1c b\u00ean ra l\u1ec7nh cho c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u1eebng xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ea3nh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e0n. Tuy v\u1eady c\u00e1c b\u00ean v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nhau. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 huy Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng ra l\u00e0m trung gian gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c, Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p. T\u1ea1i Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m trung gian \u0111\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0ng hai b\u00ean ng\u1eebng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u s\u00fang v\u1edbi nhau t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee3 khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb l\u00ean H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean b\u1eaft c\u00f3c nhi\u1ec1u con tin, khi\u1ebfn giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u00ean n\u00e0o l\u1eafng nghe nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc cao ni\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u01b0\u1edbng V\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e9p hai b\u00ean ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn, cu\u1ed9c ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4 th\u00e1ng."}
+{"text": "Do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00ean H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd lo\u1ea1i V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Huy Li\u1ec7u ra kh\u1ecfi n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c. C\u00e1c b\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ecdp nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ai s\u1ebd n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng N\u1ed9i v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o chia s\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong V\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n. Phan Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng tuy anh trai \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Minh. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp hy v\u1ecdng Phan Anh s\u1ebd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c Vi\u1ec7t Minh c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u1eafm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng tham m\u01b0u V\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u0169ng xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 Hu\u1ef3nh Th\u00fac Kh\u00e1ng, Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m, B\u00f9i B\u1eb1ng \u0110o\u00e0n v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u00ecnh Nam xem ai th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho v\u1ecb tr\u00ed B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i v\u1ee5. Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i v\u00ec qu\u00e1 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f2n B\u00f9i B\u1eb1ng \u0110o\u00e0n qu\u00e1 th\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Minh. Trong 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn Hu\u1ef3nh Th\u00fac Kh\u00e1ng. \u00d4ng g\u1eedi \u0111i\u1ec7n cho Kh\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u1eed s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p \u00f4ng n\u00e0y. Hu\u1ef3nh Th\u00fac Kh\u00e1ng mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. Kh\u00f4ng ai ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i Hu\u1ef3nh Th\u00fac Kh\u00e1ng l\u00e0m B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng N\u1ed9i v\u1ee5 v\u00ec \u00f4ng c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn g\u1ed3m 9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh l\u00e0m Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1946 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p L\u00e2m th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp thay th\u1ebf Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a 2 \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c. Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ng\u00e0y 23/12/1945, n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 14 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 2 th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi lo v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t danh s\u00e1ch nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1, qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1, s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n c\u00f2n c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i Qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 g\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham d\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh th\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Sau khi Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho h\u1ecd, Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c, Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam khi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam quay l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1946, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p L\u00e2m th\u1eddi do Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea7u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tham gia T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y cho l\u00e0 \"tr\u00fang c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Minh c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\", \"ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trong tay n\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Minh mu\u1ed1n ai tr\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\". Hai \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp trong Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng (Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c) v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ed3ng minh h\u1ed9i (Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch) kh\u00f4ng tham gia b\u1ea7u c\u1eed d\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi th\u01b0 cho Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n (l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch) v\u00e0 V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh (l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c) m\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch tham gia T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb hai b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch nhau b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i khai m\u1ea1c. C\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00e0 theo quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a s\u1eed gia Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim th\u00ec c\u00f3 n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch b\u1ea7u cho Vi\u1ec7t Minh. Nh\u01b0ng theo Vi\u1ec7t Minh, cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed di\u1ec5n ra c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1ea9y chay cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i (\u1edf khu Ng\u0169 X\u00e1, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m v\u0169 trang c\u1ea3 s\u00fang li\u00ean thanh \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n d\u00e2n ph\u1ed1 \u0111i b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, c\u1ea5m treo c\u1edd \u0111\u1ecf sao v\u00e0ng, c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00f2m phi\u1ebfu; \u1edf H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng x\u1ea3y ra c\u01b0\u1edbp h\u00f2m phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh hung c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 an ninh, \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n m\u00e1y bay Ph\u00e1p b\u1eafn v\u00e0o d\u00e2n \u0111i b\u1ea7u c\u1eed), nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tranh c\u1eed c\u00f4ng khai, t\u1ef1 do di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. \u0110a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u tr\u00fang c\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Minh Trong h\u1ed3i k\u00fd \"Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o qu\u00ean\", \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y lo s\u1ee3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Minh n\u00ean t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tham gia b\u1ea7u c\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u, ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1946, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p L\u00e2m th\u1eddi. \u1ede c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong n\u0103m 1946. Theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh, phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ed3ng minh h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng tham gia T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm 70 gh\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i (Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c 50 gh\u1ebf, Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch 20 gh\u1ebf) c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng do ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p. H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1eafc Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n Lu\u1eadt \u1ee9ng c\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Ng\u00e0y 2/3/1946, qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp phi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0ng Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n l\u00e0m Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc, Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh Tri c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Theo David G. Marr H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m Ph\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec Th\u1ea7n t\u1eebng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7c Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n l\u00e0m Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd b\u00ean trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho Vi\u1ec7t Minh."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 non tr\u1ebb. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c... H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh giao cho V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Ho\u00e0n, sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng C\u00f4ng an, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh do Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i: \"Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb b\u1ecdn ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i... Nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh khi\u00eau kh\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1edbn\". V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p d\u00f9ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i C\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Khi c\u00f3 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n, l\u00ednh Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eafn ch\u1ec9 thi\u00ean, x\u00f4ng v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1m bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e3n h\u1ed3i tr\u1ecb an. Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Minh nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd mong \u0111\u1ee3i. \u00d4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Thanh, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i: \"Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Trung Hoa \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\""}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh, tr\u00ean b\u00e1o S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c: k\u1ebb th\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng Ph\u00e1p. Ch\u00fang \u0111ang uy hi\u1ebfp ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ta ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ta, d\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: chia r\u1ebd. Chia r\u1ebd d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c: \u0111em ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh. Chia r\u1ebd Nam B\u1eafc: ph\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o Nam B\u1ed9 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o B\u1eafc B\u1ed9. Chia r\u1ebd giai c\u1ea5p: l\u00e0m cho gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi nhau, h\u1eb1n gh\u00e9t nhau. Chia r\u1ebd t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o: xui gi\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng, xui l\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o; g\u00e2y nghi ng\u1edd gi\u1eefa l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o. Chia r\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i: l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t gian ch\u1ed1ng phe y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng kia. Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1 ra kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \"Trung, Nam, B\u1eafc m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0\". Ch\u00fang ta l\u1eadp m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn to\u00e0n d\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, giai c\u1ea5p, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ch\u00fang ta tham gia H\u1ed9i li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam.. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \"\u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\", theo H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 li\u00ean minh c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 15/6/1946, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch M\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ed3ng minh h\u1ed9i m\u1ea5t ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 do b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t m\u00f9ng 6 th\u00e1ng 3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh th\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1edfng do V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u01b0u vong sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u1eabn \u1edf l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1edd th\u1eddi c\u01a1. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng Minh Gi\u00e1m nh\u01b0ng Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng Tam v\u1eabn th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac. Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng Tam v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i giao d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a tham gia H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb tr\u00f9 b\u1ecb t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n. Theo \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p, do b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng Tam \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tham gia h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp c\u00f2n theo David G. Marr Tam l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n trong \u0111o\u00e0n.. Sau \u0111\u00f3 Tam c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tham gia H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Fontainebleau, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng r\u1eddi b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00eau Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng Tam thi\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh, bi\u1ec3n th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng qu\u1ef9, ti\u1ec1n chi ph\u00ed cho ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n sang Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7m ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng theo s\u1eed gia David G. Marr vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00ec Tam kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1eef ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n)."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t n\u0103m 1946, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hai b\u00ean c\u00f9ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho chi\u1ebfn tranh, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft m\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y lui th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5 ra cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh. Th\u00e1ng 2/1946, t\u1ea1i Lai Ch\u00e2u, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 V\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t giao tranh nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p. Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c r\u00fat v\u1ec1 L\u00e0o Cai c\u00f2n V\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n r\u00fat v\u1ec1 S\u01a1n La. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u00e1p k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Hoa-Ph\u00e1p th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Trung Hoa ng\u00e0y 28 Th\u00e1ng Hai, 1946 \u0111\u1ec3 Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 16 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n phe \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh gi\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa s\u1ebd r\u00fat v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho Ph\u00e1p, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a k\u00fd v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t (1946) cho ph\u00e9p Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 trong Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed1i Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o th\u00ec qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng s\u1ebd v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a phe \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh trong khi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u00ean ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0o."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng (khi \u0111\u00f3 lui v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt), Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1946 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00ec n\u1ebfu Ph\u00e1p cho \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb th\u00ec ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu cho \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 th\u00ec h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 tan \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a \"b\u1ecdn T\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, b\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 b\u1ecdn ph\u00e1t x\u00edt Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i\". Ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 3 (sau khi Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd) ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i \"ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4 l\u1eadp chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng (th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, b\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc)\", t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \"c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\". \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a 2 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd cho 15.000 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfn ra B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nguy c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a 20 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1edfng."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 2, Jean Sainteny g\u1eb7p H\u1ed3 ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \"t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb\" sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 6 th\u00e1ng Ba, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \"t\u1ef1 do\" thay cho c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \"\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\" hay \"t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb\". Vi\u1ec7t Minh mu\u1ed1n Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, trong khi ph\u00eda Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p - l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c. L\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh, Marius Moute mu\u1ed1n Nam K\u1ef3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1946, Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa Jean Sainteny, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f9ng V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh (gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee6y ban Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn), \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh k\u00fd k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y. Tuy tham d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 k\u00fd k\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0ng Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng Tam t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u00f2n V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh sau \u0111\u00e2y:"}
+{"text": "Sau khi k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9, trong cu\u1ed9c mitting ng\u00e0y 7/3/1945, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c k\u00fd k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \"Ch\u00fang ta tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 8/1945, nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00fd v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn lao. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 15000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u1edf l\u1ea1i trong 5 n\u0103m n\u1eefa, sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Ch\u1ecdn th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay v\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh nhau ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, v\u00ec sao l\u1ea1i \u0111i hy sinh 50 ho\u1eb7c 100 ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trong 5 n\u0103m\". C\u00f2n V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \"Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadt l\u1ec7nh, tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd ho\u1eb7c ngo\u00e0i c\u1eeda mi\u1ec7ng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u01b0\u01a1ng nhu t\u00f9y l\u00fac... Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, nh\u1eb1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee3i ch\u1edd c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n\". Ng\u00e0y 12/3/1946, b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1i giao Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng Tam tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \"Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u1edf Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng... Trong l\u00fac ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c\"."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t gi\u00fap h\u1ecd danh ch\u00ednh ng\u00f4n thu\u1eadn khi \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ra mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u1edf Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Hoa-Ph\u00e1p gi\u00fap h\u1ecd tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh Trung Hoa Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng; \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ef1 do trong Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed1i Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ri\u00eang. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc K\u1ef3. Sainteny kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd k\u00fd m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb \"\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\", \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb \"Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do\". Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh cho r\u1eb1ng \"Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do\" c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu hai t\u1ea7ng \"xi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch\" c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Theo Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9, 20 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ed1n d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa n\u00ean hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ea3nh tay tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p h\u1ecd. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn khi V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh k\u00fd k\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t. H\u1ecdc vi\u00ean v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n Khanh. T\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p Ban ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Khanh l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i v\u00ec ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c c\u00e1ch xa H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p. Ban ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c c\u1eed L\u00ea Khang t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3ng."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t hoang mang v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. T\u1ea1i ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p. Trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nguy c\u01a1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i h\u01a1n t\u1eeb 20 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u00f2n qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i:"}
+{"text": "Th\u1ef1c ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt ng\u00e0y, ng\u00e0y 28/2/1946, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh (Trung Qu\u1ed1c), theo \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam (t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1-31/3/1946), b\u00f9 l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00f4 gi\u1edbi \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. D\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 th\u00ec qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn ra mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc thay th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa. Do v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi lo ng\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u00e1p l\u00fd l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u201cm\u1edf ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m cho qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ta, s\u1ebd d\u1eabn ta \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d."}
+{"text": "Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 x\u00e9t t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb hay \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f2i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Nam K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. \u0110i\u1ec3m g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ph\u00e9p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Nam K\u1ef3 qu\u1ed1c theo tinh th\u1ea7n Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1945 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng De Gaulle, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf hai mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Trung. Ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 5 Cao \u1ee7y \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Georges D'Argenlieu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp X\u1ee9 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nam \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, chia c\u1eaft Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p Marius Moutet kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Trong khi Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1ecf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, Ho\u00e0ng Minh Gi\u00e1m v\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ea1ch Mai n\u00e1n l\u1ea1i Paris. Nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ngh\u1ecb \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o chi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y 11 v\u00e0 trao cho Marius Moutet. Ba ng\u00e0y sau, 14 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1946, Marius Moutet h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ngh\u1ecb \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 dinh c\u1ee7a Marius Moutet l\u00fac n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1946 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00fd v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c T\u1ea1m \u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t - Ph\u00e1p (Modus vivendi)."}
+{"text": "Trong b\u1ea3n T\u1ea1m \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, hai b\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a hai b\u00ean; th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0: ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ebf quan v\u00e0 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee7y ban t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam cam k\u1ebft \u01b0u ti\u00ean d\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n ho\u1eb7c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, v\u00e0 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t, v\u0169 l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nhau, ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng truy b\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u00ean kia, v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n hai b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i nhau. T\u1ea1m \u01b0\u1edbc cam k\u1ebft s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt do Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn n\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 hai b\u00ean s\u1ebd s\u1edbm ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n (ch\u1eadm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1947) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch k\u00fd k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn ri\u00eang nh\u1eb1m d\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc chung d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t. T\u1ea1m \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 10, 1946."}
+{"text": "Sau khi k\u00fd T\u1ea1m \u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Ph\u00e1p, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh b\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c. T\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 2 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f3a I, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n T\u1ea1m \u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Ph\u00e1p, bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c m\u1edbi. T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam, ng\u00e0y 28/10/1946, \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 theo ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ra tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c thi h\u00e0nh T\u1ea1m \u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i T\u1ea1m \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang gi\u1eef k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng khi\u00eau kh\u00edch."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a th\u00f4ng qua Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1946 (l\u00fac n\u00e0y Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m: Marxist, Vi\u1ec7t Minh, D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c, Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch, T\u1ed5ng li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o C\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \"C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i t\u1eeb t\u1ea3 sang h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi\". \u1ee6y ban Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t - Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, tuy nhi\u00ean ph\u00eda Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p vi ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1947, khi chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1eabn g\u1eedi th\u01b0 - th\u00f4ng qua L\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 Anh - \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft \"...ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p; ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vinh danh cho c\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam\"."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i ra, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f2n g\u1eedi th\u01b0 cho nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tranh th\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i \u00e2m (T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 Harry S. Truman, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 Stalin, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p L\u00e9on Blum, b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p Marius Moutet v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p,\u2026). T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 10/1945 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 3/1946, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn cho T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee6y ban \u0110\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd do nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n do Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef9 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1p. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho Stalin th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1p. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u h\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n qua nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 tay sai trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Ng\u00e0y 5/12/1946, khi A.B. Moffat, V\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edfng V\u1ee5 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i giao M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao M\u1ef9 Acheson c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p g\u1eb7p H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \"ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng H\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tay sai c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\"."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau khi k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y 6/3/1946, do B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng Tam g\u1ee3i \u00fd, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n ngo\u1ea1i giao bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t - Trung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103m d\u00f2 vi\u1ec7c T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch mu\u1ed1n hai n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o sau khi k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Hoa-Ph\u00e1p. Th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao Nghi\u00eam K\u1ebf T\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n, 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Minh. Theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng Tam, \u0111\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi 3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u1eed C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n V\u0129nh Th\u1ee5y (B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i) \u0111i c\u00f9ng. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3 Nghi\u00eam K\u1ebf T\u1ed5 v\u00e0 B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng sau khi h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng Tam v\u00e0 V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh h\u1ecd thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. Theo David G. Marr, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh mu\u1ed1n ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1edbng Leclerc l\u00f4i k\u00e9o B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a phe Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Ng\u00e0y 13/4/1946, \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f2n B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i v\u1eabn \u1edf l\u1ea1i Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh r\u1ed3i sang H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c gia l\u01b0u vong kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1947."}
+{"text": "Sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt ng\u00e0y 9/3/1945, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y tr\u00e1nh l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 t\u00ea li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a S\u1edf Li\u00eam ph\u00f3ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng do c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m t\u00f9. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i th\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng khai, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, th\u0103m d\u00f2 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 phe \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00ean \u00e1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i th\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 7/1945, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gia t\u0103ng nh\u01b0ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1eabn g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1945, sau khi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m do Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh r\u1ea5t ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 v\u00ec th\u1ea5y Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb tay Vi\u1ec7t Minh. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, bao g\u1ed3m: tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c can thi\u1ec7p, \u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a."}
+{"text": "Theo \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ngay sau khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tay sai trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5u k\u1ebft, bao v\u00e2y, ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 h\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng 8, nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eeba gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1edfng, qu\u00e2n Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p m\u1ea1nh tay v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i mu\u1ed1n ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e2m th\u1eddi ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, v\u1edbi l\u00fd do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \"t\u01b0 th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c\", l\u00e0m \"ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam\" (nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng...) nh\u1eb1m k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi \"tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb b\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n non tr\u1ebb\" \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 9, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u1eaft giam V\u00f5 V\u0103n C\u1ea7m, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0110\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam Thanh ni\u00ean \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i danh d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt t\u00ecm \u0111\u00e1nh Vi\u1ec7t Minh. B\u00e1o C\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c, s\u1ed1 ra ng\u00e0y 7/9/1945 \u0111\u0103ng tin c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \"D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 n\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn sai l\u1ea7m, n\u00ean v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ch\u1ed7 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tha th\u1ee9 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t...\"."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa (T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch) l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp th\u00e2n Trung Hoa nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i. Hai \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 tranh th\u1ee7 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Minh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i th\u00ec c\u00f2n xa m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i khi\u1ebfn V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p r\u1ea5t t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 thu nh\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng t\u1edd truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp th\u00e2n Trung Hoa r\u1ea3i tr\u00ean ph\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Hoa g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf v\u00e0 b\u1ecb r\u0103n \u0111e. V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 y\u00ean t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00ec \"n\u00e9m chu\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh v\u1ee1 b\u00ecnh qu\u00fd\", ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i s\u1ee3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u00ec h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, \"nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ch\u1ed1ng l\u01b0ng\" (h\u00e0m \u00fd l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u00edn nh\u1ecbn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch)."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3/1946, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd ra mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc thay th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp th\u00e2n Trung Hoa s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a. Theo Jean Sainteny, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ed9t k\u1ebb gi\u1ea5u m\u1eb7t th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e9m m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 l\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, may m\u1eafn l\u00e0 k\u1ebb n\u00e0y qu\u00ean r\u00fat ch\u1ed1t l\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1n C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ng\u00e0y 7/3/1946, khi h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 nghe H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u th\u00ec m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 l\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1n t\u1eeb trong \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng n\u00e9m l\u00ean nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5. Th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00f9m \u00e1m s\u00e1t Gi\u00e1o M\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 k\u1ebb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u00e9m l\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1n l\u00e0 V\u0103n. Ch\u1ed7 \u1edf b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng b\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u1ea7n ra, nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1 ph\u00e1ch tan t\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111i h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1c."}
+{"text": "Khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y 15/6/1946, V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p th\u1ea5y th\u1eddi c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i e ng\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p. V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau r\u1ea3i kh\u1eafp: Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trung Hoa Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng , nh\u00f3m qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p, nh\u00f3m C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o mang t\u00ean \"chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o\". V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y. Nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o Nguy\u1ec5n K\u1ef3 Nam cho r\u1eb1ng khi sang Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p \u1edf l\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p y\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 19/6/1946, B\u00e1o C\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u0103ng x\u00e3 lu\u1eadn k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \"b\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t m\u00f9ng 6 th\u00e1ng 3\". Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch truy qu\u00e9t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng an v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i do Vi\u1ec7t Minh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c binh l\u00ednh, s\u0129 quan Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n \u1edf l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0169 kh\u00ed do Ph\u00e1p cung c\u1ea5p (\u1edf H\u00f2n Gai qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p cung c\u1ea5p cho Vi\u1ec7t Minh nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed do qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef) trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y. Theo David G. Marr, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00f9 h\u1eadn, ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i, tranh \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c. Cho t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1946, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a, ho\u1eb7c bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u vong. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, sau c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11/1946, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 9/1945, r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp ba mi\u1ec1n, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp chi\u1ebfn khu \u1edf K\u00e9p (B\u1eafc Giang), L\u1ea1c Tri\u1ec7u (B\u1eafc Giang), Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, Di Linh (huy\u1ec7n N\u00f4ng C\u1ed1ng, Thanh H\u00f3a), An \u0110i\u1ec1n (huy\u1ec7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u1ec9nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh), An Th\u00e0nh (V\u0129nh Long), v\u00e0 Ba R\u00e0i (M\u1ef9 Tho) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a do Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Ri\u00eang \u1edf L\u1ea1c Tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0 Y\u00ean B\u00e1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n s\u0129 quan. Chi\u1ebfn khu \u1edf K\u00e9p (B\u1eafc Giang) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e1p l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \"s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \"d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p\" s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 Ph\u1ee7 (tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a)\"."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u00e1ng 9 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1945, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau ho\u1eb7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Duy d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Ninh B\u00ecnh, Tuy\u00ean Quang, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd, H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean... Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Anh l\u1ea9n tr\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 truy n\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng an Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong su\u1ed1t n\u0103m 1946, c\u00f4ng an ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c truy l\u00f9ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. Theo David G. Marr, nh\u1edd tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u00e0m d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tay sai cho ph\u00e1t x\u00edt Nh\u1eadt d\u00f9 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y 9/3/1945 khi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, sau ng\u00e0y 9/3/1945 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Nh\u1eadt. Sau khi Ph\u00e1p t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1946 th\u00ec Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Anh \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t t\u00edch, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi l\u00e0 \u00f4ng b\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Minh th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau khi c\u1ea5m \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist (nh\u00f3m La Lutte v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m Li\u00ean minh C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nhau l\u00e0 tay sai \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1945 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft, truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n. Sau n\u0103m 1945, hai nh\u00f3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o Nam K\u1ef3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0169 trang qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. c\u00f2n \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng mu\u1ed1n thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng: gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ea1ch Mai b\u1eaft giam nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Binh l\u00ednh Anh t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd \u0111\u00eam 22/9/1945 v\u00e0 giao n\u1ed9p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Anh, Ph\u00e1p theo l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Nam B\u1ed9 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn Nam B\u1ed9 do Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t t\u1ed5ng r\u00fat qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn Nam B\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 10/1945, \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 truy l\u00f9ng, b\u1eaft gi\u1eef ho\u1eb7c x\u1eed b\u1eafn kho\u1ea3ng 20 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a phe Trotskyist. Nguy\u1ec5n Long Th\u00e0nh Nam (t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o, c\u1ef1u quan ch\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a) cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng an do Vi\u1ec7t Minh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft v\u00e0 x\u1eed b\u1eafn 68 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a phe Trotskyist trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u1ea1ch, Phan V\u0103n H\u00f9m, Phan V\u0103n Ch\u00e1nh, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n S\u1ed5, H\u1ed3 V\u0129nh K\u00fd, Hu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng khi h\u1ecd \u0111ang h\u1ecdp \u1edf Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00ec phe Trotskyist kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh l\u1ec7nh r\u00fat lui v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, l\u1ea5y n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh L\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Trotskyist b\u1ecb c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u0169 trang t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111ang c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1m s\u00e1t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Phan V\u0103n H\u00f9m b\u1ecb \"t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng\" t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ki\u1ec1u \u0110\u1eafc Th\u1eafng gi\u1ebft). Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Trotskyist kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u1eaft giam nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist tuy Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng ra v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o c\u1ea5m l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1946, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trotskyist n\u00e0o b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. Tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, t\u1eeb Trotskyist v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng khai ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1ng hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi, Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho \u00f4ng ta trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng H\u1ed3 l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 n\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u00fd v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23/10/1945. Trong khi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Minh, Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c, Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 chung \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p th\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat, c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nhau gay g\u1eaft. Tr\u00ean b\u00e1o C\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c, 7 Th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn 1945 Vi\u1ec7t Minh t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch \"H\u1ed9i \u1ea5y c\u0169ng n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00e1i kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i Ph\u00e1p - Nh\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec? Trong cu\u1ed9c v\u00f5 trang kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o hai k\u1ebb th\u00f9, gi\u1eefa l\u00fac ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f2n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khi \u0111\u00e3 tan r\u00e3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Minh... Su\u1ed1t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng ai nghe n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh h\u1ed9i. V\u1eeba \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u00edt ng\u00e0y, h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y m\u1edbi m\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t b\u1ecdn th\u1ed5 ph\u1ec9 k\u00e9o v\u00e0o M\u00f3ng C\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p Nh\u1eadt (\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat lui)\". B\u1ed9 Tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn ban bi\u00ean t\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1edd b\u00e1o m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n Nam ti\u1ebfn chi vi\u1ec7n cho mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i \u00f4ng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. B\u00e1o ch\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. C\u00f4ng an Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1eaft gi\u1eef c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch v\u00ec t\u1ed9i t\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hoa ki\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch x\u00e9 \u00e1p ph\u00edch c\u1ee7a nhau, \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7. B\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n Lu\u1eadt, nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch, \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1946. M\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, B\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n Lu\u1eadt b\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch b\u1eafn tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng may m\u1eafn tho\u00e1t ch\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "B\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m lu m\u1edd v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea5t \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, th\u00e1ng 3/1946, Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1eadp trung b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb x\u00e3 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c gia nh\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c, s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i gia nh\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7t Minh. Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4/1946. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 4/1946, Ph\u00e1p khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 12 thi h\u00e0i t\u1ea1i t\u1ea7ng h\u1ea7m tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 2 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p m\u1ea5t t\u00edch ng\u00e0y 24/12/1945. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 5/1946, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1eafc Th\u00e0nh tham gia M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Li\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Y\u00ean v\u00e0 M\u00f3ng C\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat qua Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 6/1946. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 10/1946, b\u00e1o \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0a tin v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi b\u1ed9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch tham gia k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. C\u00f4ng an thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch t\u1edbi th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam ho\u1eb7c r\u1eddi sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c th\u00ec h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i., v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 B\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n Lu\u1eadt (nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ee5 khanh trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau khi Vi\u1ec7t Minh gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ng\u00e0y 19/8/1945, L\u00ea Khang d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c r\u1eddi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn V\u0129nh Y\u00ean n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft L\u00e0o Cai - H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ea3o an binh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tham gia. Ng\u00e0y 29/8/1945, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Minh thu\u1ed9c 3 huy\u1ec7n l\u00e2n c\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i V\u0129nh Y\u00ean k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c tham gia m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh xuy\u00ean qua th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n. Khi b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, h\u1ecd b\u1eafn v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c. Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eafn tr\u1ea3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1eaft gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng 150 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb l\u1eeba khi tham gia bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n b\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c giam gi\u1eef, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong khi hai b\u00ean th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, Vi\u1ec7t Minh c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cho th\u1ecb x\u00e3 V\u0129nh Y\u00ean khi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 18/9/1945, Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n \u0110\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1eeb H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn V\u0129nh Y\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, L\u00ea Khang t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Ph\u00fac Y\u00ean nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng V\u0129nh Y\u00ean nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb x\u00e3 n\u00e0y. Sau \u0111\u00f3 hai b\u00ean ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn trong v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng. Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng tranh gi\u00e0nh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i Tam L\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i V\u0129nh Y\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 12/1945, Vi\u1ec7t Minh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Tam L\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft m\u1ed1i mua chu\u1ed9c Qu\u1ed1c Chung (th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00e0m Quang Trung, ch\u1ec9 huy v\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c \u0111o\u00e0n) \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0m Trung \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n b\u1eaft Qu\u1ed1c Chung t\u1ea1i c\u01a1 quan, khi \u0111ang mang trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi hai kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u00e1m s\u00e1t. Ban \u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \"H\u00f9m x\u00e1m\" \u0111\u00e3 giao cho Nghi\u00eam Xu\u00e2n Chi \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t th\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p - nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p, Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 8 ph\u1ed1 L\u00fd Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng Chi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng Thu\u1ef7 T\u1ea1 khi \u0111ang ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u00edt tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 8 Vua L\u00ea n\u1eefa m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 \u1edf t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 nh\u1ecf s\u00e1t \u0111\u00ea B\u01b0\u1edfi, c\u00e1ch d\u1ed1c C\u1ed1ng V\u1ecb kho\u1ea3ng 300 m\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 9/1945, Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fay Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Vi\u00ean theo \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00ednh kh\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd theo Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fay Vi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7p vi\u00ean hai mang c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c ngay sau khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 11, Vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 Giang g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u1eefng binh s\u0129 \u0111\u00e0o ng\u0169 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00ednh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 Giang gi\u00fap Vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n kho\u1ea3ng 400 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Minh t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Giang m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nhau khi\u1ebfn Vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p. Sau khi g\u1eb7p H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, Vi\u00ean tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 Giang, cho qu\u00e2n b\u1eaft gi\u1eef c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 x\u1eed b\u1eafn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i g\u1ea7n th\u1ecb x\u00e3. Th\u00e1ng 4/1946, Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1m s\u00e1t \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "B\u00e1o S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1945 \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 ng\u1ecf c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i g\u1eedi c\u00e1c anh em trong Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng: \"...Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3, Cao \u0111\u00e0i, Ph\u1eadt th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t gian c\u1ea3. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed trung th\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea7m theo b\u1ecdn l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Vi\u1ec7t gian. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed 100 ph\u1ea7n 100 ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c, l\u1ea9n sau nh\u1eefng chi\u00eau b\u00e0i Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. C\u00e1c anh dung t\u00fang h\u1ecd v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa nh\u1eadn h\u1ecd trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169; th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c anh t\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd v\u1edbi d\u00e2n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai chia r\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c anh \u0111\u00e2u...Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 chi nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n xa x\u00f4i, h\u00e3y n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a hay \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd: B\u1eafc S\u01a1n, Nam K\u1ef3, \u0110\u00f4 L\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed3ng 9 th\u00e1ng ba, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a 19 Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m. Trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd ph\u00fat thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c anh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?... Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u1ec1 ra ba nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:1. \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00f4 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1edbi b\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c. 2. S\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng chung. 3. C\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho \u0111\u1ecbch, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e8m pha cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 m\u1ea1t s\u00e1t Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn.\""}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 6/1946, khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u00fat v\u1ec1 V\u00e2n Nam, d\u00e2n qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh c\u00f4 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ecb x\u00e3 do Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Ng\u00e0y 18/6/1946, V\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Tr\u00ec. Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1n sau 4 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat lui. V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh ch\u1ec9 huy 350 l\u00ednh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Tr\u00ec trong 9 ng\u00e0y r\u1ed3i r\u00fat lui v\u1ec1 Y\u00ean B\u00e1i. Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf V\u0129nh Y\u00ean do \u0110\u1ed7 \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn trong 2 th\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1ed7 \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o V\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i V\u0129nh Y\u00ean. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n V\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. \u0110\u1ed7 \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u00e1ng 5 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 6/1946, B\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Vi\u1ec7t Minh ng\u1eebng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 6 t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 n\u00ean th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh, r\u00fat lui v\u1ec1 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi hay t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Anh, \u0111\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111ang l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh di\u1ec5u binh quanh h\u1ed3 Ho\u00e0n Ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p (14/7/1789) khi\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng an ninh Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a lo ng\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh. V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Jean Cr\u00e9pin v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p n\u1ebfu Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh (T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, khi \u0111\u00f3 r\u00fat v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt, ch\u1ee9c danh c\u00f4ng khai l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed9i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nha C\u00f4ng an Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u00e2u k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9."}
+{"text": "S\u00e1ng s\u1edbm ng\u00e0y 12/7/1946, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng an do L\u00ea H\u1eefu Qua ch\u1ec9 huy bao v\u00e2y kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 132 Duvigneau, do nghi ng\u1edd \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ea5u k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p \u00e2m m\u01b0u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p 14/7/1946 khi\u1ebfn l\u00ednh canh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. Khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c bao v\u00e2y kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t n\u00e0y, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng an ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian r\u00fat v\u00e0o b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ea9u t\u00e1n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n, hi\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. T\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng an \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n, hi\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp t\u1ea9u t\u00e1n c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u s\u00fang \u1ed1ng, l\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1n. C\u00f4ng an c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1eef k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Anh, theo \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd qu\u0103ng l\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1n v\u00e0o l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p g\u1ed1c Phi trong ng\u00e0y di\u1ec5u binh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd b\u1eaft gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Anh s\u1ebd c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi. L\u00ea Gi\u1ea3n, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Nha C\u00f4ng an B\u1eafc b\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y cho Quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc Hu\u1ef3nh Th\u00fac Kh\u00e1ng. \u00d4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecdc r\u1ed3i n\u00f3i gi\u1eadn d\u1eef: \"Ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ch\u00fang! Qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch to\u00e0n b\u1ed9! L\u0169 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i! \u0110\u1ed3 ch\u00f3 m\u00e1!\". Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o do Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Anh vi\u1ebft tay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eedi cho Ph\u00e1p, L\u00ea Gi\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh h\u1ee5t ng\u00e0y 14/7/1946 ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c Sainteny ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c di\u1ec5u binh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3. L\u00ea Gi\u1ea3n t\u00ecm V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh."}
+{"text": "Sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u00fac 7h s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 12/7/1946, Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00f4ng an v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1 v\u1ee5 \u00e1n ph\u1ed1 \u00d4n Nh\u01b0 H\u1ea7u. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng an ph\u00e1 v\u1ee5 \u00e1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng L\u00ea Gi\u1ea3n (Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Nha C\u00f4ng an B\u1eafc b\u1ed9), Nguy\u1ec5n Tu\u1ea5n Th\u1ee9c (Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c C\u00f4ng an H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i) v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea1o (Tr\u01b0\u1edfng nha \u0110i\u1ec7p b\u00e1o C\u00f4ng an Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng). L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng an xung phong \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng (7 c\u0103n nh\u00e0) t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, b\u1eaft t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u tang v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n, v\u0169 kh\u00ed, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3... H\u01a1n 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f3a I l\u00e0 Phan K\u00edch Nam. Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a Nha c\u00f4ng an, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng khi\u00eau kh\u00edch r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. D\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5c s\u1eb5n d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p di\u1ec5u qua nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p, b\u1eafn s\u00fang, n\u00e9m l\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i tung truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n h\u00f4 h\u00e0o l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ra b\u1eaft tay v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Theo David G. Marr, n\u1ebfu th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 Ph\u00e1p mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh (h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 ho\u00e3n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Anh kh\u01a1i ng\u00f2i, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng cho Anh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. C\u00f4ng an c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh l\u1eadp l\u1edd gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng do Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Anh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng do Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng Tam v\u00e0 V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o khi nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o t\u00f2a so\u1ea1n B\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng. Sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u00ean \u00e1n c\u00f4ng khai Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh, m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i khi b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Sau khi r\u00fat lui v\u1ec1 Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee7 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn. Vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf t\u1eeb L\u00e0o Cai g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00ec Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. T\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 11, L\u00e0o Cai b\u1ecb V\u1ec7 Qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n bao v\u00e2y v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c s\u1eafp h\u1ebft. V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 t\u00e1n sang V\u00e2n Nam v\u00e0 ra l\u1ec7nh h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft 2 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00ec c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng d\u1eabn h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. Th\u00e1ng 10/1947, khi qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9 xu\u1ed1ng Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd, c\u00f4ng an Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c x\u1eed b\u1eafn h\u01a1n 100 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 sau, Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1ng \u00fd h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng tham gia ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Chu B\u00e1 Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng (nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 Kinh t\u1ebf trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. Nh\u00f3m kia th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1949 th\u00ec nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh 2 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng: m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ed1ng B\u1ea3o \u00d0\u1ea1i v\u00ec quy\u1ebft gi\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i quay sang h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh. Nh\u00f3m h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 Nghi\u00eam Xu\u00e2n Thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1949."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1946, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u00ecm \u1edf c\u1ea3ng H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1edf x\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 giao cho Vi\u1ec7t Minh. V\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. Sau cu\u1ed9c ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1946, Ph\u00e1p g\u1eedi t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u01b0 cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, \u0111\u00f2i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Minh ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 trao th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i cho Ph\u00e1p. Ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1946, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i y\u00eau s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng v\u1edbi xe t\u0103ng, ph\u00e1o binh v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1o t\u1eeb tu\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1m Suffren, \u0111\u1ec3 \"d\u1ea1y Vi\u1ec7t Minh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc\", nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, t\u01b0\u1edbng Jean-\u00c9tienne Valluy n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qua radio."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 11, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Pierre Louis D\u00e8bes g\u1eedi t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ra kh\u1ecfi khu ph\u1ed1 T\u00e0u c\u1ee7a H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 v\u0169 kh\u00ed. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i, D\u00e8bes l\u1ec7nh cho t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft h\u01a1n 6.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n 2.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c.. Sau \u0111\u00f3, kho\u1ea3ng 2.000 l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong khi ph\u00e1o ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4. M\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom v\u00e0 oanh t\u1ea1c c\u01a1 Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1eadn y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 binh ti\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c khu ph\u1ed1, t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Tin chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 lan ra to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n h\u00e3y b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p T\u01b0\u1edbng Moli\u00e8re (T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam) v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 27/11/1946 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n. M\u00e3i t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y 29/11, T\u01b0\u1edbng Moli\u00e8re m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1p. Khi n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n, T\u01b0\u1edbng Moli\u00e8re n\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 5 (n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u1edbi H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. N\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n g\u00ec h\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hy v\u1ecdng g\u00ec th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn tranh. T\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb r\u00fat lui ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u00e2u d\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "Sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian s\u01a1 t\u00e1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t doanh tr\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4. B\u00f9 l\u1ea1i, trong n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 10.000 du k\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u00f4 s\u01a1 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn l\u00ednh L\u00ea d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3ng trong Th\u00e0nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng xen k\u1ebd t\u1ea1i 45 \u0111i\u1ec3m trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ee7 To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n, ga H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, nh\u00e0 b\u0103ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed3n Th\u1ee7y, c\u1ea7u Long Bi\u00ean, v\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay Gia L\u00e2m."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u00ed m\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u0169y ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 12, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Ph\u00e1p r\u00fat v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 11, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i. Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o h\u00f4m sau, H\u1ed3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam hy v\u1ecdng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn tranh - c\u00e1i s\u1ebd g\u00e2y \u0111au kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn cho c\u1ea3 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc. \"Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh\", \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, \"ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\"."}
+{"text": "Trong khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang do d\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Cao \u1ee7y \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Georges D'Argenlieu v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, Valluy, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 chung quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m v\u1edbi d'Argenlieu v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i khi\u00eau kh\u00edch H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a Paris v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ed3i. Ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 12, \u00f4ng l\u1ec7nh cho t\u01b0\u1edbng Morli\u00e8re ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt m\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Minh d\u1ef1ng trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Khi b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh g\u1eedi Brum v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, Vallue vi\u1ebft th\u00eam b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd nguy hi\u1ec3m n\u1ebfu tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m sau. \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 19, b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn Paris, khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra r\u1ed3i."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 12, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi xe t\u0103ng y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Minh d\u1ef1ng trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, g\u00e2y ra v\u1ee5 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t \u1edf ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0ng B\u00fan (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i), r\u1ed3i d\u00e0n qu\u00e2n ra ch\u1ed1t gi\u1eef t\u1eeb c\u1ed5ng th\u00e0nh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u1ea7u Long Bi\u00ean v\u00e0 bao v\u00e2y g\u00e2y s\u1ee9c \u00e9p \u0111\u1ed3n C\u00f4ng an qu\u1eadn 2 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. H\u00f4m sau, Ph\u00e1p ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u01b0 \u0111\u00f2i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t d\u1ef1ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt tr\u00ean ph\u1ed1. Chi\u1ec1u h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u00e1p ra t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u01b0 th\u1ee9 hai tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 20, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb an \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, t\u1ed1i h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eb7n m\u1ecdi ng\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. S\u00e1ng h\u00f4m sau (ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 12), Ph\u00e1p ra t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u01b0 th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u00f2i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn tranh, t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n T\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 trao cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec an ninh trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "Leclerc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 6 th\u00e1ng Ba, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1947, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 \"Chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng\" c\u00f3 n\u00eau \"\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng trong Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p (...) tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a (c\u00e1c) c\u0103n c\u1ee9 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Nam K\u1ef3, nh\u01b0ng \"ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n\" \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh.\""}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed3i th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 D\u00e8bes c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ra c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. S\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 12, H\u1ed3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ra l\u1ec7nh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o h\u00f4m sau. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n g\u1eedi Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Brum c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i, \u00f4ng g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1eb3ng t\u1edbi Paris. S\u00e1ng 19, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, H\u1ed3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u1eed c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n ngo\u1ea1i giao Ho\u00e0ng Minh Gi\u00e1m t\u1edbi g\u1eb7p Sainteny \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n \"t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i\". Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin Sainteny t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i g\u1eb7p Ho\u00e0ng Minh Gi\u00e1m, H\u1ed3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u00d0\u1ea3ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng V\u1ea1n Ph\u00fac, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i L\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft, th\u00f4ng qua v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \"To\u00e0n d\u00e2n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn\" do T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5 s\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 8 gi\u1edd t\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y. Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a (l\u1ea5y t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 1950) ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \"To\u00e0n d\u00e2n-to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n-tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn\", g\u1ed3m hai \u0111i\u1ec1u: \u0111\u00e1nh ti\u00eau hao, ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbch v\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u00e0nh th\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ecbch v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3. Khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd tung \u0111\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1edbn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf, t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan binh l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t huy hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 sau \u0111\u00f3. Tuy \"\u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n\" nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edbng De Castries \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ee6y ban \u0110i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng Ph\u00e1p r\u1eb1ng: \"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\"."}
+{"text": "Tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean, t\u1eeb 1945, qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f5 trang b\u1eb1ng g\u1eady t\u1ea7m v\u00f4ng, m\u00e3 t\u1ea5u, dao g\u0103m, c\u00e2y ph\u1ea1ng, l\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u00fang c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i (s\u00fang Mousqueton), c\u00f9ng s\u00fang l\u1ee5c Rouleau do h\u00e3ng St. Etienne b\u00ean Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c, trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 g\u00ec d\u00f9ng n\u1ea5y. V\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u1ed1ng t\u0103ng chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 bom ba c\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00ecn ch\u1ed1ng t\u0103ng g\u1eafn tr\u00ean c\u00e1n g\u1eady thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 1 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u1edbi 2 \u0111\u1ea1i li\u00ean, 1-2 s\u00fang c\u1ed1i 60mm, t\u00e1m trung li\u00ean, 140 \u0111\u1ebfn 160 s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u (Nh\u1eadt, Nga, Ph\u00e1p), m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00fang m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u00f4 s\u01a1 nh\u01b0 n\u1ecf, gi\u00e1o m\u00e1c v\u00e0 dao ki\u1ebfm..."}
+{"text": "V\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn n\u00ean ngay t\u1eeb 1946, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1eadt khu, qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 cho thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u00f4 s\u01a1, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u00edt b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a s\u00fang l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 khi c\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i trung - \u0111\u1ea1i li\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o l\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i h\u00f3a. Ng\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n kh\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i Ngh\u0129a, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111ang \u1edf Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng mang v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ph\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eadt ch\u1ed1ng t\u0103ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1947."}
+{"text": "Cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1950, qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00f4 s\u01a1, h\u1ecd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt ti\u00eau th\u1ed5 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, ph\u00e1 h\u1ebft nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, ph\u1ed1 x\u00e1 \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb; c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u00f4n qu\u00ea th\u00ec tre v\u00f3t nh\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eafm tua t\u1ee7a kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c b\u00e3i \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9. \u1ee6y ban H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c x\u00e3, qu\u1eadn g\u00f3p ti\u1ec1n mua \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7. V\u1edbi th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o n\u00e0y, x\u00e3 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111ua nhau quy\u00ean g\u00f3p ti\u1ec1n trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi \u0111i. Nh\u01b0ng ngu\u1ed3n cung h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, n\u00ean du k\u00edch m\u1ed7i x\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang Mousqueton \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ec9 s\u00e9t v\u1edbi 5 vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi c\u1ea3 n\u0103m vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u."}
+{"text": "\u1ede ngo\u00e0i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, g\u1eady t\u1ea7m v\u00f4ng v\u00f3t nh\u1ecdn v\u00e0 dao g\u0103m l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u00ednh, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1951 - 1952, g\u1eady t\u1ea7m v\u00f4ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u1ee3i h\u1ea1i trong tay Vi\u1ec7t Minh, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch ban \u0111\u00eam n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 binh s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ecb g\u1eady t\u1ea7m v\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2m xuy\u00ean, c\u00f2n l\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed3n, n\u00e9m qua l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2u mai, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ee9t xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p tr\u00fa \u1ea9n. Nh\u1edd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m n\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p ch\u1ec9 huy t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1edf l\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u00fang l\u1ee5c mang b\u00ean h\u00f4ng, c\u00f2n \u1edf h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang s\u00fang l\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 cao c\u1ea5p, c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5p khu. Chi\u1ebfn tranh khi \u0111\u00f3 mang m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u00f4 s\u01a1, v\u1eeba du k\u00edch, v\u1eeba c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00eda Vi\u1ec7t Minh."}
+{"text": "Sau Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 1950, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam - Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed, qu\u00e2n trang, qu\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c. T\u1eeb 1953-1954, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3, ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nh\u1edd t\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p n\u00ean g\u1eady t\u1ea7m v\u00f4ng v\u00f3t nh\u1ecdn bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, m\u00e3 t\u1ea5u dao g\u0103m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2n qu\u00e2n du k\u00edch \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f9ng, c\u00f2n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh quy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f5 trang \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1954, Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9i xe v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i d\u00f9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n \u00edt (chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 628 xe v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 xe \u0111\u1ea1p th\u1ed3). Tuy v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00ec Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 binh mang v\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 xe t\u0103ng, xe thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e1o binh c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n (trong tr\u1eadn \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t th\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00e1o binh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eafn t\u1eeb 5 vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u00e1o 105mm tr\u1edf l\u00ean)."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Ph\u00e1p, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi: c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1eabu h\u1ea1m, t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn, m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom, c\u00f3 xe t\u0103ng - xe thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c 105-155 ly do Hoa K\u1ef3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3. B\u1ed9 binh trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng M-36, s\u00fang FM, s\u00fang trung li\u00ean Bar, ti\u1ec3u li\u00ean Thompson, s\u00fang c\u1ed1i 60-120 ly, s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i li\u00ean 12,7 ly, ph\u00e1o li\u00ean thanh 20mm v.v... Ngo\u00e0i 3.600 t\u1ef7 Fr\u0103ng chi\u1ebfn ph\u00ed t\u1ef1 chi tr\u1ea3, Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hoa K\u1ef3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kho\u1ea3ng 3 t\u1ef7 USD v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng 40 t\u1ef7 USD theo th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 n\u0103m 2017). V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 trong tr\u1eadn \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea3 d\u00f9 4.500 l\u00ednh trong v\u00f2ng 2 ng\u00e0y, b\u1eafn 110 ng\u00e0n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u00e1o 105mm tr\u1edf l\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u00e9m tr\u00ean 5.000 t\u1ea5n bom. Nh\u1edd c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n, d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n, n\u00ean trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1946-1950, tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb Nam ch\u00ed B\u1eafc, Ph\u00e1p n\u1eafm th\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f2n Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u1eabn \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt du k\u00edch, ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 \"d\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb\"."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u00e1c li\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eadt t\u1eebng con ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong l\u1edbn, kho\u1ea3ng 100 l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, 45 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng, 200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t t\u00edch Trong m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 v\u0169 kh\u00ed, sau 57 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ngoan c\u01b0\u1eddng trong l\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00eam 17 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1947 Trung \u0111o\u00e0n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u00f4 m\u1edbi r\u00fat ra kh\u1ecfi n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh. Theo l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ven c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng t\u1ea3n c\u01b0 v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng do Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1eddn kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ed5 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng kh\u00f4ng cho Ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Ngay ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a r\u1ea3i truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1edbi \"nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p\" r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh trong Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p, r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1ed5 ra l\u00e0 do \"b\u1ecdn th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch chia r\u1ebd v\u00e0 g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn\", r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n Ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00ec th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa hai d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, \u0111\u00e0i Vi\u1ec7t Minh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00ec ph\u00e1t c\u00e1c l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi t\u00e1i \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n. Ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1946, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho Marius Moutet, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y sau, \u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i Paris trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 h\u1ed3i th\u00e1ng 3."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marius Moutet \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n. Nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c d'Argenlieu, Moutet tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \"v\u1ee1 m\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn c\u1ee7a th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c...\", v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng: \"Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 do gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam... Tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1\". Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ramadier - m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam: \"\u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p [v\u00e0] li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a ba n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n An Nam mong mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3\" v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi T\u01b0\u1edbng Georges Catroux v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1947 \u1edf Moscow, b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao Li\u00ean X\u00f4 Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn khi\u1ebfn cho c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng,\u201d v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft \u201cm\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n\u201d. Li\u00ean X\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c. C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m 1947, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Li\u00ean X\u00f4 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, cung c\u1ea5p chuy\u00ean gia qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 gi\u00fap Vi\u1ec7t Nam tham gia Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ph\u1edbt l\u1edd nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u00e1ng hai, n\u0103m 1947, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. H\u1ed3 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eebng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p, \"N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u1ecd ch\u0103ng?... Trong Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t\". Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1947, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p: \"M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 long tr\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cam k\u1ebft b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00e1p..\"."}
+{"text": "Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n. Emile Bollaert, Cao \u1ee7y Ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1947, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbng Leclerc khuy\u00ean \"\u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1\". Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Pierre Messmer v\u00e0 Paul Mus c\u0169ng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 1.000 binh s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t t\u00edch, v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a - Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i t\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Minh, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1eafm \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "Theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng n\u1ed7i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 \"\u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam\". \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c D'Argenlieu \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1947, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb Moskva: \"Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean X\u00f4.\" C\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ch\u00fa \u00fd tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1947 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng Leclerc: \"Ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.\" V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Ph\u00e1p ng\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c n\u1ebfu Ph\u00e1p trao cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \"Khi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd lui v\u1ec1 l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tham v\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, danh d\u1ef1\"."}
+{"text": "M\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1947, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 60.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 du k\u00edch \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u0169 kh\u00ed thi\u1ebfu, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 h\u1ecfa l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn c\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. Qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh quy c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eeba k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n qu\u00e2n du k\u00edch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 b\u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, n\u1eeda b\u00ed m\u1eadt n\u1eeda c\u00f4ng khai, s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0, v\u1eeba l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng v\u1eeba chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecbch."}
+{"text": "Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh r\u1ed9ng ra v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, Ph\u00e1p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng l\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1edbm k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh. Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1947, cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n L\u00e9a t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn khu Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfn nhanh nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng du k\u00edch v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn, b\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch, \u0111\u00e1nh ti\u00eau hao qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c hi\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu. Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u0103n c\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 4 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Trung, c\u00f4 l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh du k\u00edch t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u1edbn cho Ph\u00e1p. \u1ede m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i, tuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n, thu thu\u1ebf. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i t\u1ec1 (ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ec3 che m\u1eaft Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo Vi\u1ec7t Minh. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang g\u00e1nh th\u00f3c g\u1ea1o t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng do Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111i \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i du k\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng do Ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho Vi\u1ec7t Minh."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng bi\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh du k\u00edch th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u00ednh quy b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1edf h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee3t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. H\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p \u1edf quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i trung \u0111o\u00e0n. H\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n sang gi\u00fap phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u01b0 L\u00e0o, Campuchia, Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1949, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p trong m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, khi t\u01b0\u1edbng Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00ecnh - T\u1ed5ng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i Nam B\u1ed9 ra s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh quy th\u00e0nh V\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c \u0111o\u00e0n. Trong n\u0103m 1947, sau nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau khi gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o Hu\u1ef3nh Ph\u00fa S\u1ed5 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch (H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o cho r\u1eb1ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau Hu\u1ef3nh Ph\u00fa S\u1ed5) c\u1ea3 hai gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Cao \u0110\u00e0i v\u00e0 H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh. N\u0103m 1948, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u00ecnh Xuy\u00ean c\u0169ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Minh."}
+{"text": "Sau chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch L\u00e9a, xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1eb7ng xu\u1ed1ng. Thi\u1ebfu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1eadp trung, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00eam c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i du k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e1n c\u00f4ng khai, s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0, v\u1eeba l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng v\u1eeba chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u1eabn \u0111i l\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n, thu thu\u1ebf trong v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed1c men, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, v\u1ea3i v\u00f3c... cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn khu, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u0103n c\u1ee9, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u00e2u d\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Trung Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1eeb H\u1ed9i An \u0111\u1ebfn M\u0169i \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00e3nh, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ng\u0103n \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n Nam, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n do l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u1edf xa v\u00e0 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00ecnh b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn khu trong v\u00f9ng ng\u1eadp m\u1eb7n v\u00e0 r\u1eebng n\u00fai, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 Cao \u0110\u00e0i, H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o, B\u00ecnh Xuy\u00ean. N\u0103m 1948, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n V\u00e9ga nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e3o kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Nam B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1949, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u1edbng M. Carpentier m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1950, Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c g\u1eedi vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1951 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 20 xe t\u0103ng M24, 40 kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o 105-mm v\u00e0 250 qu\u1ea3 bom th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 bom napalm c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 1/1953, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 900 xe thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 15.000 xe v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, g\u1ea7n 2.500 kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o, 24.000 v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, 75.000 v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n 9.000 m\u00e1y radio. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 160 m\u00e1y bay F6F Hellcat v\u00e0 F8F Bearcat, 41 m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom B-26 Invader, 28 m\u00e1y bay v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i C-47 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 155 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 93.000 qu\u1ea3 bom. Cho t\u1edbi khi Ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00ec ph\u00eda M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 tr\u00ean 1 t\u1ef7 USD m\u1ed7i n\u0103m (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng 5,8 t\u1ef7 USD theo th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 n\u0103m 2004) v\u00e0 chi tr\u1ea3 78% chi ph\u00ed chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n l\u00e1o c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e1c x\u00edt. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c. Sao g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n chi ph\u1ed1i. H\u1ecfi: C\u1ee5 c\u00f3 s\u1ee3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng? Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: Kh\u00f4ng, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3. H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u1edf \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi cho Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, ph\u00e1 ph\u00e1ch x\u1ee9 s\u1edf ch\u00fang t\u00f4i."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o M\u1ef9 A. Steele c\u1ee7a t\u1edd New York Herald Tribune (th\u00e1ng 10/1949), H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u00f3i: \"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n Vi\u1ec7t Minh, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. S\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m cho m\u1ecdi phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n... T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecfi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 mong \u00f4ng cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u1ef9: N\u1ebfu Ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ai kh\u00e1c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c M\u1ef9, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, th\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\""}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean b\u00e1o C\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh k\u00eau g\u1ecdi: \"L\u00e2u nay \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng khai can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u00e2u nay th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Cao Mi\u00ean v\u00e0 Ai Lao l\u00e0 nh\u1edd ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 theo ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9... Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00ec c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh tan th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ecdn can thi\u1ec7p M\u1ef9. Ch\u00fang can thi\u1ec7p c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh, ta c\u00e0ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. Ta ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1edf v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb t\u1ea1m chi\u1ebfm. Ta ph\u1ea3i l\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 tan b\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi cam t\u00e2m l\u00e0m ch\u00f3 s\u01cen cho \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp, chia r\u1ebd nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c anh em Mi\u00ean, L\u00e0o th\u00ec s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1nh tan th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ecdn can thi\u1ec7p M\u1ef9. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u00fang ta g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u01cen. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i.\""}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1947, D'Argenlieu b\u1ecb tri\u1ec7u h\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc do b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p c\u0103m gh\u00e9t. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ramadier - m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam: \"\u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p [v\u00e0] li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a ba n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n An Nam mong mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3\" v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i \"v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam\"."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Qu\u1ed1c gia Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u00e1ng 5/1947, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Qu\u1ed1c gia Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u1eed ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u00f4ng n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u00e1p c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n g\u1eb7p B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Qu\u1ed1c gia Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Cao \u0110\u00e0i, Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o, Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ed3ng minh H\u1ed9i, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1eebng tham gia ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a hay h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng do xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n sang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Theo s\u1eed gia William Duiker, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c M\u1ef9 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1edfi trong hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \"\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\" c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t \u2013 Ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1947, B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecbnh H\u1ea1 Long, trong \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u00e1p cam k\u1ebft m\u1eadp m\u1edd v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia trong M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Qu\u1ed1c gia Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u00e9m qu\u00e1 xa so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1948, B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Bollaert k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh V\u1ecbnh H\u1ea1 Long th\u1ee9 hai, Ph\u00e1p \"long tr\u1ecdng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\" c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c giao ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n sang nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1948, B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Bollaert k\u00fd k\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i V\u1ecbnh H\u1ea1 Long trong \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \"tr\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecdng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam\", nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sau. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam (Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam) ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh g\u00ec. Vi\u1ec7t Minh ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u xaai?, t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eadt \u1edf H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Fontainebleu nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Sau khi k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i sang ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ng\u00e0y 25/8/1948, B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1o cho ph\u00eda Ph\u00e1p bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ebfu ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf Paris ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \"th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 h\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta\". C\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 \"vua h\u1ed9p \u0111\u00eam\" nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1edfng. B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Elys\u00e9e \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ed9t khi n\u1eafm ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i v\u00e1n b\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf theo ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. L.A Patti nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a."}
+{"text": "Theo hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao cho Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u00e0y v\u1eabn do c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 huy nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf d\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o s\u0129 quan do Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 M\u1ef9. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn, \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Nam sang h\u1ecdc \u1edf M\u1ef9. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ri\u00eang, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t chung d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u0129 quan Ph\u00e1p. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n k\u00e9m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u0129 quan ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ea5p cao ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t."}
+{"text": "Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ecbu s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 xoa d\u1ecbu m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, Ph\u00e1p d\u1ea7n k\u00fd nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc trao cho Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, thu\u1ebf quan, xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh... C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng do Ph\u00e1p n\u1eafm gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao cho Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] Tuy nhi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n cung t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t U\u1ef7 ban qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u0129 quan Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c Ph\u00e1p coi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 do t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf th\u00fac \u00e9p, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y. N\u0103m 1949, T\u1ed5ng tham m\u01b0u tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng Revers sau chuy\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh m\u1eadt trong \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ebft: \"V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00ec t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ung th\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham nh\u0169ng, bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1c, bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng, nh\u1eefng khu ch\u1ee9a c\u1edd b\u1ea1c \u0111\u0129 \u0111i\u1ebfm...\" (Trung t\u00e2m du h\u00ed \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi \u1edf Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f4ng khai s\u00f2ng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e1c). B\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb l\u1ed9 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p \"mu\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t\", v\u00e0 Revers b\u1ecb cho v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u non sau khi ra khai tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed1i cao qu\u00e2n l\u1ef1c. b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng: \"C\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i h\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p.\""}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 10/1951, ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 John F. Kennedy - v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 - \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng cho chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng Kennedy t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: t\u1ea1i sao vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng? \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi t\u01b0\u1edbng De Lattre, Cao \u1ee7y ki\u00eam T\u1ed5ng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng mong ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam (Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam) chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u (ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Minh) \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p?\". V\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, Kennedy ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u ng\u00e0y 15/11/1951 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh:"}
+{"text": "Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u00e1ng 3/1948 khi th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o tin B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \"\u00d4ng V\u0129nh Thu\u1ef5 (t\u00ean th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i) l\u00e0 C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. V\u1ea3 ch\u01ceng, n\u1ebfu qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp h\u1eb3n v\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i b\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eadn, C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n V\u0129nh Thu\u1ef5 c\u0169ng v\u1eady. H\u01a1n 80 n\u01cem d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa.\""}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1950, Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. N\u0103m 1948, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a Vi\u1ec7t Minh nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p u\u1ef7 kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i c\u00f4ng k\u00edch Hoa K\u1ef3 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i trung l\u1eadp. Ng\u00e0y 18/1/1950, Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Stalin c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, xua tan nghi ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a Stalin v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t hai m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh khi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u00e0y 30/1/1950, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho h\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p. C\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ea3ng ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb b\u00ed m\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1950, t\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Stalin \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trung l\u1eadp theo ki\u1ec3u Tito. Ng\u00e0y 20/7/1950, khi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng khai l\u00ean \u00e1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 M\u1ef9 \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng. Trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u1edbi Moscow, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh h\u1ebft l\u1eddi ca ng\u1ee3i Stalin v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Stalin, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ca ng\u1ee3i Stalin."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1950, di\u1ec5n ra trong ba \u0111\u1ee3t. \u0110\u1ee3t 1, ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 9, Vi\u1ec7t Minh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng ki\u00ean quy m\u00f4 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c binh ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0110\u00f4ng Kh\u00ea nh\u1eb1m c\u00f4 l\u1eadp Cao B\u1eb1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 18, c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0110\u00f4ng Kh\u00ea ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 d\u00f9 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t m\u1eaft x\u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 4 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Sang \u0111\u1ee3t hai, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Cao B\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c \"h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n k\u00e9p\", g\u1eedi ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n qua Th\u1ea5t Kh\u00ea nh\u1eb1m t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u00f4ng Kh\u00ea. Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed th\u1ebf tr\u1eadn ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch, bao v\u00e2y sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb Th\u1ea5t Kh\u00ea l\u00ean l\u1eabn t\u1eeb Cao B\u1eb1ng r\u00fat v\u1ec1. Qua \u0111\u1ee3t ba, Vi\u1ec7t Minh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh truy k\u00edch qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p r\u00fat ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng cho h\u1ecd chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n cho m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Cao-B\u1eafc-L\u1ea1ng."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc, khai th\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi d\u00e0i, n\u1ed1i Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3. V\u00e0nh \u0111ai \u0111\u1ed3n b\u1ed1t bao v\u00e2y Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1edbng Jean de Lattre de Tassigny l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1950, Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn theo ki\u1ec3u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Trung du, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng 18 v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Nam Ninh b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p do t\u01b0\u1edbng Jean de Lattre de Tassigny ch\u1ec9 huy. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh m\u00e0 de Lattre m\u1edf v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1951 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \"c\u1ed1i xay th\u1ecbt\" \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean. Khi tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1952, Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ecbu th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o trong v\u00f2ng cung ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1951, Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u00f2ng tuy\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai v\u00e0 trung du v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9. H\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kho\u1ea3ng 800 l\u00f4 c\u1ed1t. Xung quanh c\u00e1c l\u00f4 c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 v\u00e0nh \u0111ai tr\u1eafng c\u00f3 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh 5\u201310 km. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00e0nh \u0111ai tr\u1eafng Ph\u00e1p t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf cho Vi\u1ec7t Minh. Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n m\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm di\u1ec7t Vi\u1ec7t Minh. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t n\u00e0y qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, h\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp, gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Minh."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1953, Navarre m\u1edf Cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n Moutte v\u00e0o Ninh B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Thanh H\u00f3a h\u00f2ng gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng 1953-1954 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ra h\u1ed3i th\u00e1ng 9, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p. Cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n Moutte di\u1ec5n ra l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy \u0111o\u00e1n sai c\u1ee7a Navarre c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i m\u1eadt m\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1953, Navarre m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n Castor \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 - Khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eb7n gi\u1eefa tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam sang L\u00e0o. Navarre xem c\u0103n c\u1ee9 n\u00e0y v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00f3a ch\u1eb7n, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1eaby \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1edbn theo ki\u1ec3u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t b\u1edfi ph\u00e1o binh v\u00e0 h\u1ecfa l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Navarre \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 - v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t thung l\u0169ng l\u1edbn, c\u00e1ch H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 200 d\u1eb7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chi vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng 400 m\u00e1y bay. Qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p sau nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh n\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m cao xung quanh cho Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Navarre cho r\u1eb1ng khi \u0111\u00f3 Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ph\u00e1o l\u00ean \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 n\u00ean s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy hi\u1ec3m g\u00ec t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m cao. \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Navarre xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"c\u00e1i nh\u1ecdt t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9c\", h\u00fat h\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "Khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p \u0111ang ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean L\u00e0o th\u1ecdc qua Campuchia. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0o chi vi\u1ec7n b\u1ed5 sung cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u1edf Nam B\u1ed9. Trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1953 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edf Chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f4ng-xu\u00e2n 1953-1954 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9 l\u1ebb kh\u1ed1i qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang co c\u1ee5m \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf Lai Ch\u00e2u, Trung-H\u1ea1 L\u00e0o v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c xuy\u00ean L\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u00f4ng qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o \"b\u1eaby\", v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 4 s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ph\u00e1o x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7, d\u00f9 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u00e1o kh\u00e1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p; ph\u1ea7n Trung Qu\u1ed1c vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf do n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111ang tham chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean). Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng cho Ph\u00e1p t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng c\u1ee9u \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc tham chi\u1ebfn. M\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh bao v\u00e2y qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c v\u00e2y h\u00e3m \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 3 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 5 th\u00ec qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng. Trong th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch, Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng xoay chuy\u1ec3n t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb M\u1ef9 c\u1ee9u vi\u1ec7n. T\u1ea1i Washington \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 n\u00ean tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp can thi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u vi\u1ec7n cho Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb th\u1ea3 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed xu\u1ed1ng \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Eisenhower \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 s\u1ebd th\u1ea3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n cho qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "C\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m trong v\u00e0 sau Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kho\u1ea3ng 2/3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 r\u1eebng n\u00fai, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ecb x\u00e3 nh\u1ecf, ch\u01b0a ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. Ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng tranh ch\u1ea5p. Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam (tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u1ecb x\u00e3 nh\u01b0 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, V\u0129nh Y\u00ean, M\u00f3ng C\u00e1i...), h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft B\u1eafc Trung B\u1ed9 (tr\u1eeb duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i nh\u1ecf Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3ng Nam), h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft Trung Trung B\u1ed9 (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i, Quy Nh\u01a1n...), v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf Nam T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ef1c Nam Trung B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Nam B\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 L\u00e0o (v\u00f9ng n\u00fai ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng), m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Campuchia (\u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai t\u00e2y v\u00e0 t\u00e2y nam, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng nam) c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i L\u00e0o. T\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Nam B\u1ed9, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh n\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Minh ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n."}
+{"text": "Sau 56 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam, c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 18.000 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh. \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p. Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn: l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Tr\u1eadn thua l\u1edbn \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u00fd ch\u00ed duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 5, h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Geneva b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdp b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Sau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngo\u1ea1i giao t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh, k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. N\u0103m 1949, Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t-Trung, ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, b\u00e0n giao l\u1ea1i cho Qu\u00e2n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1950, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Theo Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u00ednh chung, t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 6-1950 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 6-1954, Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 21.517 t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 34 tri\u1ec7u r\u00fap Nga (~34 tri\u1ec7u USD theo th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd). C\u00f2n theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec ch\u01b0a t\u00ednh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4, ri\u00eang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u01a1n 140.000 t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 26.000 t\u1ea5n d\u1ea7u, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n 155.000 kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, 57,85 tri\u1ec7u vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n, 3.692 kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o v\u00e0 s\u00fang c\u1ed1i, h\u01a1n 1,08 tri\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1n c\u1ed1i, h\u01a1n 840.000 qu\u1ea3 l\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1n, 1.231 \u00f4 t\u00f4, h\u01a1n 1,4 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao \"nh\u1ea5t bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o\", ng\u00e3 v\u1ec1 phe X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a do Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi M\u1ef9, coi M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n tham chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111em qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham chi\u1ebfn. Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 1, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh b\u00ed m\u1eadt sang B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i Moskva g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 Stalin v\u00e0 Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng, Chu \u00c2n Lai \u0111ang \u1edf th\u0103m Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Stalin v\u00e0 Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7n trang b\u1ecb 10 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng Ph\u00e1p, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft h\u00e3y trang b\u1ecb cho 6 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ngay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb sang nh\u1eadn v\u0169 kh\u00ed tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Archimedes Patti, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 M\u1ef9 t\u1eebng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t x\u00edt Nh\u1eadt, trong h\u1ed3i k\u00fd vi\u1ebft: \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1950, Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf trong th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4, m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n b\u00f3ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "Ngay th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1950, hai Trung \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n 308 sang M\u00f4ng T\u1ef1, V\u00e2n Nam, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Trung \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n 312 sang Hoa \u0110\u1ed3ng, Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y nh\u1eadn v\u0169 kh\u00ed. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ng\u00e0y 6-8-1950, T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c H\u1eadu c\u1ea7n Qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u1edf Nam Ninh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hai Ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng binh v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u0129 quan l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n sang h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c trang b\u1ecb l\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n th\u00eam v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea1n th\u1eadt n\u00ean ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t nhanh."}
+{"text": "Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 4 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 14.000 s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u00fang l\u1ee5c, 1.700 s\u00fang m\u00e1y v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u li\u00ean, 150 s\u00fang c\u1ed1i, 60 kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o, 300 bazooka, c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c, thu\u1ed1c, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 2.800 t\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c. Ri\u00eang chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 200 \u00f4 t\u00f4, h\u01a1n 10.000 th\u00f9ng d\u1ea7u, h\u01a1n 3.000 kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, 2.400.000 vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n, h\u01a1n 100 kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, h\u01a1n 60.000 vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u00e1o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1n h\u1ecfa ti\u1ec5n, 1.700 t\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn thu\u1ed1c men, kh\u00ed t\u00e0i, thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5.."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua, m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 ch\u1ec9 m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang trong tay. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u00fang m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u1ecfa l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a trung \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ed9 binh ta \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thay \u0111\u1ed5i so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 6-1950, s\u1ed1 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u00e0 3.100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (trong \u0111\u00f3 650 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5 t\u00fac trung v\u00e0 s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p, 1.200 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, ch\u1ec9 huy b\u1ed9 binh s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 binh ch\u1ee7ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1o binh, c\u00f4ng binh..."}
+{"text": "Trong hai n\u0103m 1951-1952, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 7-1952 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 1-1953, Trung \u0111o\u00e0n 45, Trung \u0111o\u00e0n ph\u00e1o binh h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u1edf M\u00f4ng T\u1ef1 (V\u00e2n Nam, Trung Qu\u1ed1c); Trung \u0111o\u00e0n ph\u00e1o cao x\u1ea1 367 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 1-4-1953, sau 6 th\u00e1ng hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u1edf T\u00e2n D\u01b0\u01a1ng (Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Trung Qu\u1ed1c), cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1953 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tham gia chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7. Li\u00ean X\u00f4 gi\u00fap trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n cho hai trung \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 chi vi\u1ec7n cho 3.600 vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u00e1o 105 ly, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111i theo 24 kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1953, chi\u1ebfm 18% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u00e1o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n chuy\u1ec3n th\u00eam cho 7.400 vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n 105mm nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n gi\u00fap th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n DKZ 75mm v\u00e0 12 ph\u00e1o h\u1ecfa ti\u1ec5n H6, k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi tham gia \u0111\u1ee3t t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng di\u1ec5n ra chi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1954, ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n c\u1eed \u0110o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c Hoa Nam g\u1ed3m 79 ng\u01b0\u1eddi do Vi Qu\u1ed1c Thanh l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n. Ng\u00e0y 9-8-1950 \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb Nam Ninh, ng\u00e0y 12-8 \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3ng Uy\u00ean, Cao B\u1eb1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1eed m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t huy tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c c\u00e1nh sinh, ph\u00e1t huy t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n gian kh\u1ed5 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c giao cho \u0111o\u00e0n 2 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn, \u0111u\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c; hai l\u00e0, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh quy. Ngo\u00e0i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n c\u1eed Tr\u1ea7n Canh (nguy\u00ean Ph\u00f3 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y Nam, T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n khu V\u00e2n Nam) c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0m c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Thu \u0110\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1950."}
+{"text": "B\u00e0 H\u1ee9a K\u1ef3 S\u1ea3nh, phu nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng Vi Qu\u1ed1c Thanh trong bu\u1ed5i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam Ph\u00f9ng Quang Thanh \u0111\u00e3 cho bi\u1ebft: T\u00f4i c\u00f2n nh\u1edb r\u1ea5t r\u00f5, theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 50 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Hoa m\u1edbi v\u1eeba th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed Vi Qu\u1ed1c Thanh, \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed Tr\u1ea7n Canh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed La Qu\u00fd Ba v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed trong \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n Trung Qu\u1ed1c sang gi\u00fap Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng c\u0103n d\u1eb7n: \"C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3i coi s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. Ng\u00e0y 3/2/1950, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi Indonesia (sau Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a 3 ng\u00e0y), song th\u00e1ng 1/1953 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u0111i Jakarta, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n 2 n\u0103m sau t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 4/11/1954, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 m\u1edbi c\u1eed Lavraschev - \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Theo ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t M\u1ef9 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00eam v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, vi\u1ec7c M\u1ef9 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh phi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a g\u1eb7p xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 lan r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tham v\u1ecdng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh NATO kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3 th\u00ec li\u00ean minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y s\u1ebd tan r\u00e3. G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec1u tin r\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.."}
+{"text": "Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sau chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 II. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945, Washington \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfp l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p n\u1ea1n trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, c\u01a1 quan t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Hoa K\u1ef3 OSS (U.S Office of Strategic Services), ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a CIA, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 y t\u1ebf, c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf cho Vi\u1ec7t Minh."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, McCarthy v\u00e0 Hoover th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng theo d\u00f5i, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, sa th\u1ea3i, kh\u1edfi t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft giam nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u tra qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Hoa K\u1ef3. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y nguy h\u1ea1i cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940 v\u00e0 1950, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Truman v\u00e0 Eisenhower ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng khi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Indonesia (1945-1950), cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p (1945-1954), v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp (1952) v\u00e0 Iran (1951) \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 lo l\u1eafng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp s\u1ebd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Li\u00ean X\u00f4, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Do v\u1eady, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c g\u00f3i c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1949, sau khi N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ebft th\u00fac, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00e2n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch M\u1ef9 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y lo s\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u0111i theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba. Trong \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn s\u1ed1 831 ng\u00e0y 3/2/1947 g\u1eedi cho \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Paris, b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao M\u1ef9 George Marshall nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \"ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch g\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c n\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Kremlin v\u00e0 do Kremlin ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.\" Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0a ra Thuy\u1ebft domino, theo \u0111\u00f3 M\u1ef9 tin r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i theo Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e2n c\u1eadn s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho Ph\u00e1p trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Minh (ch\u1ec9 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a), m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c/ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Th\u00e1ng 5-1949, Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng M\u1ef9 Dean Acheson, d\u00f9 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1edbi Kremlin, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Minh, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd sau \u0111\u00e2y: \"Qua hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng H\u1ed3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n \u00f4ng H\u1ed3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 v\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u00f4ng H\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Moscow v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao trong b\u00e1o ch\u00ed qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a l\u00e1 c\u1edd \u0111\u1ecf v\u1edbi ng\u00f4i sao v\u00e0ng.\""}
+{"text": "M\u1ef9 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \"\u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1\" trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \"l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\", h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \"nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc phi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\" \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong khu v\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Theo thuy\u1ebft Domino, M\u1ef9 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 \"l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n mu\u1ed1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2u \u00c1 d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u00eau b\u00e0i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\". M\u1ef9 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho Ph\u00e1p v\u00ec s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u0111\u1ed3ng minh tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda lo l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 g\u1ed3m 2 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch: m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh - t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c M\u1ef9 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p sau khi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng s\u1ebd - \"m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch cao c\u1ea3\" - r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng"}
+{"text": "Theo F\u00e9lix Green, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra cho k\u1ebb n\u00e0o th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao M\u1ef9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam... \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u00e1 n\u00e0o\" M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u00e2n M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m \"ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3n ch\u1ed1ng Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\", m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n duy tr\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \"Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\" M\u1ef9 l\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 (xem th\u00eam Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n m\u1edbi)."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng phi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ho\u00e1 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 1949, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, Ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c M\u1ef9 r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang \"ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng\" ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Ng\u00e0y 16/2/1950, B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao Ph\u00e1p g\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Paris \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng \"do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng \u00edt ra th\u00ec C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh... c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1n \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 M\u1ef9 m\u1edbi cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng... r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng.\""}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1950, Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1eedi vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Do chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c M\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho Ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1951 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 20 xe t\u0103ng M24, 40 kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o 105-mm v\u00e0 250 qu\u1ea3 bom th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 bom napalm c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 1/1953, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 900 xe thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 15.000 xe v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, g\u1ea7n 2.500 kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o, 24.000 v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, 75.000 v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n 9.000 m\u00e1y radio. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 160 m\u00e1y bay F6F Hellcat v\u00e0 F8F Bearcat, 41 m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom B-26 Invader, 28 m\u00e1y bay v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i C-47 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 155 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 93.000 qu\u1ea3 bom. Cho t\u1edbi khi Ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00ec ph\u00eda M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 tr\u00ean 1 t\u1ef7 USD m\u1ed7i n\u0103m (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng 5,8 t\u1ef7 USD theo th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 n\u0103m 2004) v\u00e0 chi tr\u1ea3 78% chi ph\u00ed chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 M\u1ef9 mong mu\u1ed1n. Robert Blum, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 cho Ph\u00e1p, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \"Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a g\u1ea7n 2 n\u0103m (1950 - 1952). M\u1ef9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 lao v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p s\u1eb7c m\u00f9i \"th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n\" nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i v\u00e0 chia r\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i hai b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng minh \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng... T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 th\u1eadt xa x\u00f4i\"."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfn tranh, g\u1ea7n 80% chi\u1ebfn ph\u00ed ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p do M\u1ef9 cung c\u1ea5p, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1,5 t\u1ef7 USD. Cu\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfn tranh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1edf kho\u1ea3ng 16 ng\u00e0n qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n cho qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 1-1954, ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng 360 m\u00e1y bay, 1.400 xe t\u0103ng v\u00e0 xe b\u1ecdc th\u00e9p, 390 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u00e0u qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, 16.000 xe qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i, 175.000 s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u00fang m\u00e1y. Nh\u1edd s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "Do s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4, \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh mang l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd \u00edt h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Tuy ba n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e0o, Campuchia v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1ecb t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi chia \u0111\u00f4i th\u00e0nh hai khu v\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 hai b\u00ean qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, t\u1eadp k\u1ebft. Qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd r\u00fat d\u1ea7n kh\u1ecfi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong v\u00f2ng 2 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 22-7-1954, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ra l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi: \"\u0110\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 gian kh\u1ed5\" v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \"Trung, Nam, B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1edd c\u00f5i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, n\u01b0\u1edbc ta nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\". C\u0169ng trong ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m ra l\u1ec7nh treo c\u1edd r\u1ee7 to\u00e0n Mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u1eeb v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 17 tr\u1edf v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 chia \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng: \"Nh\u1eefng ai y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1eefng ai y\u00eau s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3c h\u00f4m nay. H\u00e3y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft h\u00f4m nay, th\u00ec 2 n\u0103m n\u1eefa s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 l\u00e0m trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3. N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed5 ra trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb (Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam) nh\u1ecf ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y\"."}
+{"text": "Chi ph\u00ed cho cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u0103ng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n. N\u0103m 1945: 3 t\u1ef7 Franc; n\u0103m 1946: 27 t\u1ef7 Franc; n\u0103m 1947: 53 t\u1ef7 Franc; n\u0103m 1948: 89 t\u1ef7 Franc; n\u0103m 1949: 130 t\u1ef7 Franc; n\u0103m 1950: 201 t\u1ef7 Franc; n\u0103m 1951: 308 t\u1ef7 Franc; n\u0103m 1952: 535 t\u1ef7 Franc. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u00ed 3.370 t\u1ef7 Franc (v\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn 2.385 t\u1ef7 Franc), t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ea7n 60 t\u1ef7 USD theo th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 2008, (trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 1 t\u1ec9 Franc/ng\u00e0y), b\u1eb1ng 28% gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb GDP c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1953. (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1950 tr\u1edf \u0111i, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn ph\u00ed v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9). Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p thay \u0111\u1ed5i 20 l\u1ea7n, trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i 7 th\u00e1ng (c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong 7 ng\u00e0y). 7 l\u1ea7n cao u\u1ef7 Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb tri\u1ec7u h\u1ed3i, 8 t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau b\u1ecb thua tr\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, L\u00e0o, Campuchia c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi chi\u1ebfn tranh."}
+{"text": "Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Geneva, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 2 n\u1eeda v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u1ef9 tuy\u1ebfn 17. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eeba gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eadp k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n Nam. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Campuchia. Tr\u00ean 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 di c\u01b0 v\u00e0o Nam (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 800.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 2/3 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc), v\u00e0 140.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh) t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u1eadp k\u1ebft ra B\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Campuchia, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a hai n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Hai n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o. Ng\u00e0y 23 v\u00e0 24 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1954 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn Path\u00e9t L\u00e0o Kaison (Kaysone Phomvihane) v\u00e0 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf Path\u00e9t L\u00e0o T\u1ea1 Xu\u00e2n Thu, T\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n Kh\u01a1me \u00cdtxar\u1eafc Si\u00eau Heng (Sieu Heng), \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i Kh\u01a1me Nguy\u1ec5n Thanh S\u01a1n ra l\u1ec7nh ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn t\u1eeb 6 v\u00e0 7 th\u00e1ng 8 \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u0103m 1955 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c L\u00e0o, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Campuchia ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh trung l\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "S\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a (Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed l\u1edbp nh\u1ea5t - Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Tr\u1ecdng & Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc Dung) xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1966 c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean do Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a coi Vi\u1ec7t Minh l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Minh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i chung chung l\u00e0 \"kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n\", c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam (ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a) m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i chung chung l\u00e0 \"Ph\u00e1p m\u1eddi vua B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 qu\u1ed1c gia\":"}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \"b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i\", n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i Alg\u00e9rie (thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eb1m d\u1eadp t\u1eaft phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Alg\u00e9rie, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p sa l\u1ea7y t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u1ed5 ra \u1edf Cameroon, Tuynidi, Maroc. S\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n b\u1edfi Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u00f9ng l\u00fac."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1958, C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u00e1p khai sinh v\u00e0 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u 86 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Ph\u00e1p (n\u0103m 1958) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp sau khi k\u00fd k\u1ebft c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eabn l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed1i. T\u1ea1i Alg\u00e9rie, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, nay thu\u1ed9c C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Alg\u00e9rie, Tunisia v\u00e0 Maroc l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t k\u00fd k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1967, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh trao tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Paris n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1eb7p nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 10, Paris \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia, c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12, Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14, Paris l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, 17, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed."}
+{"text": "N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, Paris l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 du l\u1ecbch thu h\u00fat nh\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Paris m\u1ed7i n\u0103m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 30 tri\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi trang cao c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u khu ph\u1ed1 xa x\u1ec9 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn. L\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 OECD, UNESCO... c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, kinh doanh, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m trung chuy\u1ec3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n \"th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u\" c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi New York, Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u00e0 Tokyo."}
+{"text": "Paris n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"Kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\", v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \"Ville lumi\u00e8re\", d\u1ecbch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng trong ti\u1ebfng Anh: The City of Lights. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ngh\u0129a \u0111en c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, trung t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Paris Gabriel Nicolas de La Reynie ra l\u1ec7nh th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi Paris n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a, tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u00ean t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Venezia, Paris c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed l\u00e0 \"Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\". Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau th\u00edch Paris c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n th\u00eam hai ch\u1eef c\u00e1i, Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, th\u00eam hai ch\u1eef a v\u00e0 d, Paris th\u00e0nh Paradis, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1eeb \"parisien\" trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Paris, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \"parisien\" c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb l\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 nh\u01b0 Victor Hugo, Eug\u00e8ne Sue hay Balzac s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho t\u1edbi th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u00e2n m\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Paris l\u00e0 \"Paname\" t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 khi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u0169 panama ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e0o con k\u00eanh Panama, lo\u1ea1i m\u0169 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Paris, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc panama v\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. C\u0169 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Paris v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 l\u00e0 Pantin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00f3ng l\u00e0 \"Pantruche\" theo t\u00ean c\u00f4ng ty t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Carnaval c\u1ee7a Paris: Compagnie Carnavalesque Parisienne \"les Fumantes de Pantruche\". \"Parigot\" c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb l\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Paris, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh ch\u00e2m ch\u1ecdc, ch\u1ebf gi\u1ec5u."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u1ed3n Paris, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, Paris n\u1eb1m hai b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Seine. Hai \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean trung t\u00e2m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1: \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u00cele Saint-Louis \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. T\u1eeb t\u00e2m n\u00e0y, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng ra xung quanh, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch Paris \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc - t\u1ee9c h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng Seine - r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n b\u00ean t\u1ea3 ng\u1ea1n ph\u00eda nam r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. C\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean s\u00f4ng Seine, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi \u0111\u00e1 th\u1ea1ch cao nh\u00f4 l\u00ean th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3i nh\u1ecf. \u1ede h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n: \u0111\u1ed3i Montmartre c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u00e0 131 m\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Saint-Pierre; Belleville cao 128,5 m t\u1ea1i ph\u1ed1 T\u00e9l\u00e9graphe; M\u00e9nilmontant 108 m; c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Buttes-Chaumont 103 m; Passy 71 m. B\u00ean t\u1ea3 ng\u1ea1n: Montparnasse cao 66 m; Butte aux Cailles 63 m; \u0111\u1ed3i Sainte-Genevi\u00e8ve 61 m."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1844, n\u1ed9i \u00f4 Paris (Paris intra-muros) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh Thiers. T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1860, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 qu\u1eadn xung quanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. C\u00f2n ng\u00e0y nay, Paris \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 v\u00e0nh \u0111ai d\u00e0i 35 km. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Qu\u1eadn 15 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ranh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y t\u1edbi s\u00e2n bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng Issy-les-Moulineaux. Qu\u1eadn 16 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 r\u1eebng Boulogne r\u1ed9ng 846 hecta \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. C\u00f2n r\u1eebng Vincennes r\u1ed9ng 995 hecta thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1eadn 12 \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng chu vi c\u1ee7a Paris d\u00e0i t\u1edbi 54,74 km."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3n Paris t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu so s\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Georges Cuvier. B\u1ed3n Paris \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 41 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed3n th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i n\u00fai t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 sinh nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed1i n\u00fai Vosges, kh\u1ed1i n\u00fai Massif central, kh\u1ed1i n\u00fai Armorica. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y Alps, b\u1ed3n Paris b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1edf ra ph\u00eda bi\u1ec3n Manche v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u00f3 b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Loire v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Seine. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf Oligocen, b\u1ed3n Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb K\u1ef7 \u0110\u1ec7 Tam ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp b\u1edfi s\u00f4ng Seine v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Trocad\u00e9ro, Qu\u1eadn 16 ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u01b0ng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng Lutetia v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecdng gi\u00e0u th\u1ea1ch cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i. T\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean ti\u1ebfng La Tinh c\u1ee7a Paris: Lutetia. L\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Paris mang nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i, th\u1ea1ch cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i silic. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf H\u1ea7m m\u1ed9 Paris, ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf c\u1eeda m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e1 v\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c cho t\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 \u1edf t\u1ea3 ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng Seine, t\u1eeb qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Italie t\u1edbi ph\u1ed1 Vaugirard. Ng\u00e0y nay s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 Oise. C\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c th\u1ea1ch cao t\u1eebng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Montmartre v\u00e0 Bagneux."}
+{"text": "D\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Seine ch\u1ea3y qua Paris theo h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh cung: v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam v\u00e0 ra kh\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc. H\u01a1n 30 c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Paris b\u1eafc qua d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 hai d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y kh\u00e1c qua Paris. S\u00f4ng Bi\u00e8vre ph\u00eda nam, ng\u00e0y nay ng\u1ea7m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t. K\u00eanh Saint-Martin ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh 1825 d\u00e0i 4,5 km, n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed3n Villette v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc. K\u00eanh Saint-Martin ch\u1ea3y ng\u1ea7m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t cho t\u1edbi ph\u1ed1 Faubourg-du-Temple \u1edf qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Bastille r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ea3y l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u00f4ng Seine \u1edf ph\u00eda th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o \u00cele Saint-Louis. M\u1ed9t con k\u00eanh kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Saint-Denis, c\u0169ng n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed3n Villette theo h\u01b0\u1edbng Saint-Denis, d\u00e0i 4,5 km v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1821. Con k\u00eanh n\u00e0y g\u1eb7p s\u00f4ng Seine \u1edf ph\u1ea7n h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i qua Paris. M\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng n\u1eefa l\u00e0 Marne, ch\u1ea3y g\u1ea7n Paris qua Seine-Saint-Denis, Val-de-Marne v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p s\u00f4ng Seine \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "Paris c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0: m\u00f9a h\u00e8 m\u00e1t, trung b\u00ecnh 18\u00b0C; m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh, trung b\u00ecnh 6 \u00b0C; c\u00e1c m\u00f9a \u0111\u1ec1u m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a trung b\u00ecnh \u1edf Paris l\u00e0 641 mm. M\u01b0a tuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u00e1ng 1, th\u00e1ng 2, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u00e0o t\u1eadn th\u00e1ng 4. Tuy v\u1eady kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Paris c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1948, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 40,4 \u00b0C. C\u00f2n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t ghi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1879, xu\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi -23,9 \u00b0C. M\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 2003, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Paris c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn n\u1eafng n\u00f3ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Paris c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parisii thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Gaulois, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1. T\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6, vua Clovis I l\u1ea5y Paris l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 cho v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Franc. Tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean l\u1ee5c, Paris v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. T\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u1ed5 ra C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u1eddi Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, Paris b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ho\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Napol\u00e9on III. Sau C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Paris, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Belle \u00c9poque v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Qua hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Paris \u00edt b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn. Ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 40.000 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u00cele-de-France, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Seine. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 4.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 3.800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u1edf b\u1edd tr\u00e1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u0169 c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Seine, thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1eadn 12 ng\u00e0y nay. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed cho t\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Gaule La M\u00e3."}
+{"text": "Sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gaulois, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Lutetia. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf b\u1edd tr\u00e1i s\u00f4ng Seine theo b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ki\u1ec3u Hippodamos. Lutetia ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 5 t\u1edbi 6 ng\u00e0n d\u00e2n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao. Trong \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, so s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi Lugdunum v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 50.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 80.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u00ec Th\u00e1nh Denis, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 250, \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 300, Lutetia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Paris. N\u0103m 451, tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hung v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Attila, Th\u00e1nh Genevi\u00e8ve - m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o khi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e1nh b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Paris - \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Paris kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u1eadn Chalons."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung C\u1ed5, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Attila trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn r\u1ed3i Child\u00e9ric I t\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0o n\u0103m 464. N\u0103m 508, sau khi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3, Clovis I - con trai c\u1ee7a Child\u00e9ric I - l\u1ea5y Paris l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Franc v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u1edbi khi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 511. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian sau \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 9, c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean b\u00ean \u1edf h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o khu Saint-Gervais v\u00e0 Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois. N\u0103m 845, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Viking t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh Paris l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi b\u1ecf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 10 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1edfi h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Saint-Clair-sur-Epte n\u0103m 911."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 987, d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Capet l\u00ean tr\u1ecb v\u00ec. Khi \u0111\u00f3, Paris v\u00e0 Orl\u00e9ans l\u00e0 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Capet \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn Orl\u00e9ans. Hugues Capet, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 nh\u01b0ng \u00edt khi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Robert II th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn Paris th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11, Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ho\u00e0ng gia d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung \u1edf Paris v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi vua Louis VI, r\u1ed3i Philippe Auguste. L\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m giao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u1edbn, Paris tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1edd th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. L\u00faa m\u00ec v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eeb ph\u1ed1 Saint-Honor\u00e9, d\u1ea1 \u1edf ph\u1ed1 Saint-Denis, v\u00e0 c\u00e1 t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n Manche \u0111\u1ebfn Paris \u1edf ph\u1ed1 Poissonniers... V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1150, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Paris \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 50.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1163, gi\u00e1o m\u1ee5c Maurice de Sully x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9. S\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean, Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1eabn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. T\u1ea3 ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng Seine v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. C\u00f2n h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Philippe II, n\u0103m 1215, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Vua Saint Louis l\u00ean ng\u00f4i n\u0103m 1226, cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Sainte-Chapelle v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0. Kho\u1ea3ng 1328, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Paris \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 200.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m v\u00e0o 1348, n\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14, b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a vua Charles V bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Qu\u1eadn 3 v\u00e0 Qu\u1eadn 4 ng\u00e0y nay, v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i t\u1eeb c\u1ea7u Pont Royal t\u1edbi c\u1eeda \u00f4 Saint-Denis."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1337 n\u1ed5 ra cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m n\u0103m. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a quan th\u00e1i th\u00fa \u00c9tienne Marcel g\u00e2y n\u00ean ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1358. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf trong trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 t\u1edbi H\u00f4tel Saint-Pol, r\u1ed3i H\u00f4tel des Tournelles, n\u01a1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tho\u00e1t khi c\u00f3 binh bi\u1ebfn. N\u0103m 1407 n\u1ed5 ra cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa hai phe Armagnacs v\u00e0 Bourguignons, t\u1edbi 1420 m\u1edbi k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u0103m n\u0103m v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, Paris n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. N\u0103m 1429, Jeanne d'Arc th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh l\u00e0 Bourguignons r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1431. T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1453, th\u1eddi vua Charles VII, chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Nh\u01b0ng Charles VII v\u00e0 con trai l\u00e0 Louis XI l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Val de Loire."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb 1562 t\u1edbi 1598 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian Chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi 8 cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp. Ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1572, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Charles IX, \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ee5 Th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t Ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Th\u00e1nh Barth\u00e9lemy. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u00e0n s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u00e1ng C\u00e1ch kh\u1eafp Paris v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n trong kho\u1ea3ng 2 ng\u00e0n t\u1edbi 10 ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Paris, n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vua Henri III v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1588. Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1589, Henri III b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t, Henri de Navarre tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vua Henri IV c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1589. Paris, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t v\u00e0 hoang t\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho nh\u00e0 vua cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn 1594. N\u0103m 1610, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn \u00e1m s\u00e1t Henri IV tr\u00ean ph\u1ed1 Ferronnerie, Paris."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Louis XIII, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Louis XIV, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Ph\u00e1p chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Versailles. N\u0103m 1682 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 Versailles, Jean-Baptiste Colbert tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Paris. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Versailles n\u1eb1m r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n Paris, nh\u01b0ng trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec Louis XIV ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn Paris 24 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. N\u0103m 1715, c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Philippe II, khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh, r\u1eddi Versailles v\u1ec1 Palais-Royal trong Paris. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ecb vua tr\u1ebb Louis XV s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Tuileries. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh quay v\u1ec1 Paris. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb 1722, Louis XV l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Versailles."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m tri th\u1ee9c, n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n sinh nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Khai s\u00e1ng, l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Paris ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng nhanh, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 640.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u1ed5 ra C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 khi \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 6 qu\u1eadn trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Paris hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u01b0\u1eddn Luxembourg \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ranh gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. Tuy \u1edf Versailles, Louis XV v\u1eabn y\u00eau th\u00edch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Louis XV - t\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Concorde - c\u00f9ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u00c9cole militaire v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1752. V\u00e0 h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u1edf Sainte-Genevi\u00e8ve v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1754, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec7n Panth\u00e9on."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm ng\u1ee5c Bastille ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1789 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Jacques de Flesselles - pr\u00e9v\u00f4t des marchands c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng - b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 7, nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n Jean Sylvain Bailly t\u1edbi T\u00f2a th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Paris. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 7 th\u00ec tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lan ra kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 8, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn. Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 10, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady t\u1edbi Versailles v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i. S\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 6, h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfm l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 vua ph\u1ea3i quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Paris, tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 \u1edf cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Tuileries. Sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u1edf Tuileries ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 10."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1790, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i F\u00e9d\u00e9ration \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf Champ-de-Mars m\u1eebng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m ng\u00e0y ph\u00e1 ng\u1ee5c Bastille. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. \u0110a s\u1ed1 v\u1eabn \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn cho vua Louis l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea9y Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi \u00c1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1792, Ph\u00e1p khai chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u00c1o, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00eam 9 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1792, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng chi\u1ebfm T\u00f2a th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trong ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 8, \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e2y h\u00e3m cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Tuileries v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1edbi. Vua Louis XVI c\u00f9ng ho\u00e0ng gia b\u1ecb t\u1ed1ng giam \u1edf Tour du Temple. Ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1792, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 1, t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Louis XV - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng - Louis XVI b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft b\u1edfi t\u1ed9i danh \u00e2m m\u01b0u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 an ninh chung. Sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1edbi Marie-Antoinette, Danton, Lavoisier v\u00e0 Robespierre c\u00f9ng kho\u1ea3ng 1200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, l\u0129nh \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Paris c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u0103m 1825, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u00eanh Saint-Martin ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. Ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1837, tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, n\u1ed1i Paris v\u1edbi Saint-Germain-en-Laye. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ga Saint-Lazare, Gare du Nord, c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Paris-Orl\u00e9ans, Paris-Rouen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1edf ra k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. N\u0103m 1825, chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed gaz \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vend\u00f4me. V\u00e0 t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1843, chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Concorde. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh qua c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Balzac, Victor Hugo hay Eug\u00e8ne Sue."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1852. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Napol\u00e9on III, Paris c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. Trong v\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn 20 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u0169, Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Napol\u00e9on III c\u00f9ng Nam t\u01b0\u1edbc Haussmann c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 quy ho\u1ea1ch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1: c\u00e1c con ph\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0, b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian xanh... Ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng n\u0103m 1860, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t h\u1ea1t xung quanh v\u1edbi Paris. T\u1eeb 12 qu\u1eadn v\u1edbi 3.288 hecta, Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh 20 qu\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 7.088 hecta. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Belle \u00c9poque, Paris c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u0103m 1913, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ty v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi quan 1900 t\u1edbi 1913, sau s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh, 175 r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf \u1edf Paris. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Le Bon March\u00e9, r\u1ed3i t\u1edbi La Samaritaine, Galeries Lafayette... Hai cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1889 v\u00e0 1900 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a Belle \u00c9poque. Th\u00e1p Eiffel x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e2n tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m n\u0103m 1889, k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 100 n\u0103m C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. Tuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f9ng Grand Palais, Petit Palais v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u Alexandre-III ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1900. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n ra ngo\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh: h\u00e3ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 Renault \u1edf Boulogne-Billancourt v\u00e0 Citro\u00ebn \u1edf Suresnes. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0nh in v\u00e0 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, v\u1eabn \u1edf l\u1ea1i trong n\u1ed9i \u00f4 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Belle \u00c9poque c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 l\u1edbn c\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, h\u1ecda s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1edbi Paris."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1910, s\u00f4ng Seine v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn l\u1ee5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi ba t\u1ef7 franc. Trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Paris tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u00e9m bom v\u00e0 n\u00e3 ph\u00e1o c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c. Tuy v\u1eady c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u00e9m bom n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u1ebb t\u1ebb v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u00e2m l\u00fd. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa hai cu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u1edf, nh\u1eefng chung c\u01b0 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp n\u00ean. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1921, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Paris l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 2.906.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1956, Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 sinh \u0111\u00f4i c\u1ee7a Roma, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. Trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Charles de Gaulle, t\u1eeb 1958 t\u1edbi 1969, nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4. Ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1961, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Alg\u00e9rie b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 32 t\u1edbi 325 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft. T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1968, m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o sinh vi\u00ean, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Nanterre lan d\u1ea7n t\u1edbi khu ph\u1ed1 La Tinh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngay 13 th\u00e1ng 5, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi 800.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t. Ph\u1ea3i sau hai th\u00e1ng, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi y\u00ean t\u0129nh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng n\u0103m 2015, hai k\u1ebb H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u1ef1c \u0111oan t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o Charlie Hebdo v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft m\u01b0\u1eddi ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 1, m\u1ed9t t\u00ean kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ISIS, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft b\u1ed1n con tin trong cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1p h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf Porte de Vincennes. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10 v\u00e0 11 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2015 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Charlie Hebdo, v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 s\u00fang t\u1ea1i Montrouge, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng con tin Porte de Vincennes, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1. C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee3t tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1944, khi Paris \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi tay \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai."}
+{"text": "Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Paris c\u0169ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Los Angeles v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, hay Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u00e0 New York v\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a INSEE v\u00e0o 31 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2004, v\u00f9ng \u00cele-de-France c\u00f3 18.548 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 847.802 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 4.476.415 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 50% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 7.600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00cele-de-France \u0111\u1ea1t 750 tri\u1ec7u euro. \u1ede c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 67,25 t\u1ef7 euro v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0: s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, xe h\u01a1i, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng... C\u00f2n ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 328,225 t\u1ef7 euro, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 82,8%."}
+{"text": "N\u1ed9i \u00f4 Paris t\u1eadp trung m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, g\u1ea7n 1.650.600 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004, chi\u1ebfm 31% s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng. Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Hauts-de-Seine v\u1edbi 848.200, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 16% . V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002, m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng trung b\u00ecnh \u1edf Paris l\u00e0 19 euro m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd, cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat so v\u1edbi to\u00e0n \u00cele-de-France: 18,2 euro. So v\u1edbi trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 13,1 euro m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1 xa. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch l\u1edbn: 10% nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea5p b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n 10% h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f2n to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 3,7 v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 2,6. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd: \u1edf Qu\u1eadn 8, l\u01b0\u01a1ng trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd l\u00e0 24,2 euro, cao h\u01a1n 82% so v\u1edbi Qu\u1eadn 20: 13,3 euro. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch l\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 6%, trong khi \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 10 %."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, khu v\u1ef1c La D\u00e9fense \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u00e1p Areva, th\u00e1p EDF, th\u00e1p Gan... c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 3 tri\u1ec7u m\u00b2 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung 150.000 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a 1.500 c\u00f4ng ty, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 14 trong 20 c\u00f4ng ty h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 15 trong 50 c\u00f4ng ty h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb 2010 \u0111\u1ebfn 2015. M\u1ed9t khu ph\u1ed1 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, quanh nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Op\u00e9ra Garnier. Tuy c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n qu\u00e1 cao v\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng r\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n."}
+{"text": "L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c du l\u1ecbch hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Paris, chi\u1ebfm 12,8% nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, t\u1ee9c 147.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c du kh\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfm 50% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi th\u0103m b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, 8% doanh s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng Paris RATP, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 60% kh\u00e1ch tr\u1ecd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n. N\u0103m 2005, to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng \u00cele-de-France c\u00f3 2.508 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n v\u1edbi 154.745 ph\u00f2ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 1.534 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n n\u1eb1m trong Paris. Tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n 2 sao c\u1ee7a Paris l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 17 tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 20 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n sang tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Paris l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t, sau Gen\u00e8ve."}
+{"text": "Tuy l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 thu h\u00fat nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng Paris l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 k\u00e9m hi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch. Theo cu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Global Market Insite v\u1ec1 60 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, qua \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a 14.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Paris \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t, n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 52 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n phim ng\u1eafn t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf gi\u1ec5u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh k\u00e9m hi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Paris."}
+{"text": "T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n hay New York, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 trung b\u00ecnh d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp m\u1edbi kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. \u1ede Paris, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 Qu\u1eadn 10 hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 nh\u01b0 Montreuil thu\u1ed9c Seine-Saint-Denis. Paris l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 12 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n: 34,5 h\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 1.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. N\u0103m 2006, 73.362 gia \u0111\u00ecnh khai thu\u1ebf t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean 1.961.667 euro. V\u1edbi 27.400 euro thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o 2001, c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Paris \u1edf m\u1ee9c sung t\u00fac nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. B\u1ed1n t\u1ec9nh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u00cele-de-France: Hauts-de-Seine, Yvelines, Essonne v\u00e0 Val-de-Marne. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c cao \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Paris."}
+{"text": "Nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Paris mang h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cao v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ngay trong n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh Paris th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. Thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Qu\u1eadn 7 cao nh\u1ea5t, 31.521 euro tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t n\u0103m v\u00e0o 2001. C\u00f2n \u1edf Qu\u1eadn 19, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 13.759 euro. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c Qu\u1eadn 6, 7, 8 v\u00e0 16 c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1c Qu\u1eadn 10, 18, 19, 20 - l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1eadn k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf Paris: Trong n\u0103m 2012, 14 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt h\u01a1n \u20ac 977 m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ngh\u00e8o. 25% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong qu\u1eadn 19 s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5; 24% trong qu\u1eadn 18, 22% trong qu\u1eadn 20 v\u00e0 18% trong qu\u1eadn 10. Trong khu ph\u1ed1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, qu\u1eadn 7, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 7% s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5; 8% trong qu\u1eadn 6; v\u00e0 9% trong qu\u1eadn 16"}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f2n mang c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c: 32,6% c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Paris c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c ngo\u00e0i Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u1edf m\u1ee9c ngh\u00e8o, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 con s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 9,7 %. C\u00e1c Qu\u1eadn 18, 19 v\u00e0 20 t\u1eadp trung t\u1edbi 40% d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o c\u1ee7a Paris v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u khu ph\u1ed1 c\u00f2n k\u00e8m theo c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p cao, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf c\u0169ng k\u00e9m h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Phi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ea7n Sahara. Ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 theo \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u00f2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ra c\u1ea3 ngo\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4. C\u00e1c x\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c Hauts-de-Seine g\u1ea7n Qu\u1eadn 16 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c x\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c Seine-Saint-Denis g\u1ea7n Qu\u1eadn 19."}
+{"text": "T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Paris c\u0169ng cao h\u01a1n trung b\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999, trong khi c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 19% th\u00ec \u1edf Paris l\u00e0 27%, chi\u1ebfm 7,7% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ly h\u00f4n c\u0169ng cao: tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 100 c\u1eb7p k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u00f3 55 c\u1eb7p ly h\u00f4n sau \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh c\u1ee7a Paris cao h\u01a1n trung b\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p: 14,8 ca sinh tr\u00ean 1.000 d\u00e2n so v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 13,2 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh 1,75 con tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Paris th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh 1,87 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 1,86 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Trong \u0111\u00f3 50% s\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh Paris ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con v\u00e0 17% c\u00f3 ba con ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n. L\u00fd do b\u1edfi gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n cao, c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p."}
+{"text": "H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda - 58,1% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999 - s\u1ed1 c\u0103n h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Paris ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai ph\u00f2ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn d\u00e2n Paris s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p kh\u00f4ng con. V\u1edbi l\u00fd do c\u00e1c c\u0103n h\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n qu\u00e1 cao khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u gia \u0111\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n ra s\u1ed1ng ngo\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y k\u00e9o theo nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n: d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng, t\u00e2m l\u00fd stress c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf, k\u00e9m an ninh... V\u1ec1 th\u00e2m ni\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999, 55,4% \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1949, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 3,8% x\u00e2y sau 1990."}
+{"text": "Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 thu th\u1eadp nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i sinh. Qua nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Paris l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111a v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Theo cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra n\u0103m 2011, c\u00f3 23,1% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 sinh ngo\u00e0i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p C\u0169ng theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, 4,2% d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng Paris l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, t\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 1990 \u0111\u1ebfn 1999, trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, v\u00f9ng Paris c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 15% l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0n s\u00f3ng nh\u1eadn c\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 Paris \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1820 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1edbi, ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 kh\u00e1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1edbi t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd v\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga sau c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Nga n\u0103m 1917, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa hai cu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Phi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 t\u1edbi 1970, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i sau khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc Phi d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 t\u1edbi sau chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng \u00edt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Marcel Proust v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Sarah Bernhardt \u0111\u1ec1u mang m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u00e1u Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i danh kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan Marie Curie, sau khi m\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n Panth\u00e9on v\u00e0 in tr\u00ean t\u1edd 500 franc c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. C\u1ef1u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p Nicolas Sarkozy tuy sinh \u1edf Paris nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Hungary. C\u00f2n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u1ee7a Paris l\u00e0 Bertrand Delano\u00eb sinh t\u1ea1i Tunisia v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tunisia."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Paris. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005, theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n INSEE, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 8.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0. N\u1ebfu so s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c th\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 \u1edf Paris kh\u00f4ng cao. T\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, c\u00f3 50.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 7 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n. T\u1ea1i Berlin, c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1ea5t ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch, t\u1eeb 4.000 t\u1edbi 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 3,5 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n. C\u00f2n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006, con s\u1ed1 \u1edf New York l\u00e0 33.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "\u1ede Paris, 17% ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 3 n\u1eef v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e8m theo con nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng. 57% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 8% c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ly h\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c g\u00f3a. 24% s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u01b0 gia c\u01b0 sinh trong v\u00f9ng \u00cele-de-France, 37% sinh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n 40% sinh \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. V\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i, 48% c\u00e1c n\u1eef v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 18 t\u1edbi 30 tu\u1ed5i. Con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf nam gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 22%, v\u00e0 57% \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 trong kho\u1ea3ng 31 t\u1edbi 50 tu\u1ed5i. V\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng k\u00e9m, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, c\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn t\u00e2m l\u00fd. 15% c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi r\u01b0\u1ee3u, 20% c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 7% v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd. 59% nam v\u00e0 78% n\u1eef v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0103n tr\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 b\u00e1nh m\u1ef3 k\u1eb9p. C\u00f2n 16% nam v\u00e0 10% n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eefa tr\u01b0a n\u00e0o v\u00e0o tu\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, Paris t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12, Paris \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m tri th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u0103m 1200 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris, d\u1ef1a theo m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a vua Philippe II. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khoa xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3i Sainte-Genevi\u00e8ve, thu\u1ed9c khu ph\u1ed1 La Tinh ng\u00e0y nay. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn hi\u1ec7n nay. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi s\u00e1u khoa lu\u1eadt, y, d\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u0103n, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh vi\u00ean t\u0103ng nhanh. Sau cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean n\u0103m 1968, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh 13 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp: Paris I t\u1edbi Paris XIII nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris X Nanterre n\u0103m 1964. C\u00f9ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi trung t\u00e2m, t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n ngo\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh. Cao nguy\u00ean nh\u1ecf Saclay \u1edf ph\u00eda nam th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng. Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1ed9ng, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eadp trung \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris XI, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 B\u00e1ch khoa, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i HEC c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y nay, n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh Paris v\u1eabn l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris t\u1eeb I \u0111\u1ebfn VII \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong n\u1ed9i \u00f4, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Paris-Dauphine n\u1eb1m h\u01a1i l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y b\u00ean t\u1ea3 ng\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n. Khu ph\u1ed1 La Tinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Sorbonne v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m (\u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure), Tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ecf (\u00c9cole des Mines) c\u00f9ng Coll\u00e8ge de France... T\u1ea1i Qu\u1eadn 13, g\u1ea7n th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Fran\u00e7ois-Mitterrand, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y th\u00eam c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Paris c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec b\u1ea3y c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. B\u1ed1n trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e0nh cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00c9cole Boulle v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u00c9cole Estienne v\u1ec1 h\u1ecda h\u00ecnh, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u00eca s\u00e1ch. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2004, to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng \u00cele-de-France c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 600.000 sinh vi\u00ean, chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. Trong \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda sinh vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh Paris. C\u01a1 quan v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sinh vi\u00ean, CROUS c\u1ee7a Paris c\u00f3 600 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, v\u1edbi ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch 70 tri\u1ec7u euro. CROUS Paris qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd 30 k\u00fd t\u00fac x\u00e1, 16 c\u0103ng tin v\u00e0 20 qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 thao, m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m. C\u01b0 x\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Paris l\u00e0 Cit\u00e9 internationale universitaire g\u1ed3m 40 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi 5.000 ch\u1ed7. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00cele-de-France do CROUS Cr\u00e9teil v\u00e0 CROUS Versailles qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam l\u00fd do l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5, giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 Paris kh\u00e1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c xe c\u1ed9 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Haussmann t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 v\u00e0nh \u0111ai v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1eeda \u00f4 c\u1ee7a Paris, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9, xa l\u1ed9 t\u1ecfa \u0111i kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eadu xe \u1edf Paris c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n. C\u00f2n m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi taxi, \u0111\u1ea7u 2007 to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 15.500 chi\u1ebfc v\u00e0 trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 200.000 chuy\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i 1990, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 xe \u0111\u1ea1p. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ch\u1ea1y chung v\u1edbi xe bu\u00fdt, \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i xe \u0111\u1ea1p c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng d\u00e0i 371 km. V\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo Rennes v\u00e0 Lyon, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2007, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Paris \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 xe \u0111\u1ea1p t\u1ef1 do v\u1edbi t\u00ean V\u00e9lib'. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi xe \u0111\u1ea1p d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u1edbi 20.000 chi\u1ebfc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i 2007, 1.400 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed7 trong Paris c\u00e1ch nhau trung b\u00ecnh 300 m."}
+{"text": "Giao th\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Paris c\u00f3 hai s\u00e2n bay ch\u00ednh, Charles-de-Gaulle \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc v\u00e0 Orly \u1edf ph\u00eda nam. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2017 Charles-de-Gaulle l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n th\u1ee9 5 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Sau Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, Paris l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch trung chuy\u1ec3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, 82,5 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0 2,24 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a trong 2006. N\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch Paris 25 km, s\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Charles-de-Gaulle \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c, xe bu\u00fdt v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn RER B. T\u1ea1i s\u00e2n bay c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ga v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u v\u00e0 TGV t\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh. V\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1y bay ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u0103m 2006 Charles-de-Gaulle x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1edbi 541.566 chuy\u1ebfn bay. Orly v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Paris tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Charles-de-Gaulle. Ng\u00e0y nay, ngo\u00e0i t\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, Orly ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 Caribe. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u00f9ng Paris v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i s\u00e2n bay nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Le Bourget, Beauvais m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng."}
+{"text": "S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed (Parc des Princes) c\u1ee7a Paris \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1897 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1972 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i. S\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a 45.500 ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u00e2n nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i Paris Saint-Germain. Khu th\u1ec3 thao li\u00ean h\u1ee3p Paris-Bercy n\u1eb1m \u1edf Qu\u1eadn 12 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1984. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 thao, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u bu\u1ed5i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c l\u1edbn. S\u00e2n Stade Charl\u00e9ty \u1edf Qu\u1eadn 13, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1939 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y l\u1ea1i n\u0103m 1994, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i th\u1ec3 thao c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Stade Charl\u00e9ty bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1n kinh 20.000 ch\u1ed7 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng \u0111a th\u1ec3 thao v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a 1.500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u00e2n Stade de France \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 1998 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a 80.000 ch\u1ed7 t\u1ea1i Saint-Denis, ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Paris. Ngo\u00e0i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1, s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn b\u00f3ng b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c quan tr\u1ecdng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o quy ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a nam t\u01b0\u1edbc Haussmann d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. Haussmann \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n nay, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Saint-Germain, \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 S\u00e9bastopol... Trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Paris l\u00e0 khu Ch\u00e2telet. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m giao nhau \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Khu v\u1ef1c trung t\u00e2m Paris kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c b\u1edfi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang Manhattan c\u1ee7a New York v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 26.000 ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t km\u00b2 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi trung t\u00e2m Paris. L\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hai b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng, ri\u00eang trong n\u1ed9i \u00f4 Paris c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 37 c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u b\u1eafc qua s\u00f4ng Seine. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m ch\u1ea1y d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u1edf Paris, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u1ea3 c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n trong quang c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Paris cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t xa. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u1edf qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Italie, nh\u00ecn d\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Gobelins c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec7n Panth\u00e9on. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n Panth\u00e9on nh\u00ecn d\u1ecdc ph\u1ed1 Soufflot v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda v\u01b0\u1eddn Luxembourg s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y th\u00e1p Eiffel. Khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn th\u00e1p Eiffel l\u00e0 s\u00e2n gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a Palais de Chaillot, c\u1ea1nh qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trocad\u00e9ro. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf ch\u00e2n th\u00e1p Eiffel, b\u00e3i c\u1ecf Champ-de-Mars, nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u00c9cole militaire s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y th\u00e1p Montparnasse. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Madeleine nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda s\u00f4ng Seine s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 Ob\u00e9lisque \u1edf gi\u1eefa qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Concorde, v\u00e0 b\u00ean kia s\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Palais Bourbon. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n Invalides nh\u00ecn d\u1ecdc c\u1ea7u Alexandre-III c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Grand Palais v\u00e0 Petit Palais \u1edf hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Winston-Churchill..."}
+{"text": "Nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ee5c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Paris l\u00e0 Axe historique. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng vua Louis XIV c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a trong s\u00e2n Napol\u00e9on c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Louvre, tr\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111i qua r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1: Kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n m\u00f4n Carrousel, v\u01b0\u1eddn Tuileries, qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Concorde v\u1edbi c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 Ob\u00e9lisque, \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Champs \u00c9lys\u00e9es, qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00c9toile v\u1edbi Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n, \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Grande Arm\u00e9e. V\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, Axe historique c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi t\u1eadn khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i La D\u00e9fense v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh Grande Arche. Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p k\u00ednh Louvre kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y l\u1ec7nh sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ef9 quan, m\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u1edf Paris ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, ki\u1ec3u c\u1eeda s\u1ed5... V\u00e0 t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u, Paris \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0. Ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao tr\u00ean 37 m\u00e9t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1eadn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n chi\u1ec1u cao n\u00e0y c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n th\u1ebf. Th\u00e1p Montparnasse \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1973 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh cao nh\u1ea5t Paris v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef t\u1edbi n\u0103m 2010, khi nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i khu La D\u00e9fense: Tour Phare 300 m, v\u00e0 Tour Generali s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 318 m tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 cao nh\u1ea5t T\u00e2y \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 Paris n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng mang nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang. \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es g\u1ea7n Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng, lu\u00f4n tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch. Ph\u1ed1 Rivoli t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp \u1edf trung t\u00e2m ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng Seine ngang qua c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng T\u00f2a th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh, b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Louvre, Kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n m\u00f4n Carrousel, v\u01b0\u1eddn Tuileries. \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Saint-Michel thu\u1ed9c khu ph\u1ed1 La Tinh \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac sinh vi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Op\u00e9ra g\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Op\u00e9ra Garnier v\u00e0 khu mua s\u1eafm Galeries Lafayette, Printemps... l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, du l\u1ecbch. Ph\u1ed1 Mouffetard c\u1ed5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng, qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Clichy l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, h\u1ed9p \u0111\u00eam, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Moulin Rouge. \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Montaigne l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eeda hi\u1ec7u th\u1eddi trang cao c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n sang tr\u1ecdng Plaza Ath\u00e9n\u00e9e..."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng Paris c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n 500 qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Concorde, r\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p - sau qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Quinconces \u1edf Bordeaux - v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 11 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u1ede gi\u1eefa qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 Ob\u00e9lisque, c\u00f2n xung quanh qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n Hoa K\u1ef3, kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Crillon. Concorde kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a giao th\u00f4ng Paris, m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Vend\u00f4me. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Concorde, Vend\u00f4me g\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. N\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, Vend\u00f4me kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1ed9ng. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Ritz danh ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng xa x\u1ec9. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0: qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Bastille l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 ng\u1ee5c Bastille b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng; qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00c9toile, n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n; qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trocad\u00e9ro n\u1eb1m \u1edf khu ph\u1ed1 sang tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh ng\u1eafm th\u00e1p Eiffel..."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 t\u1eadp trung c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0 mang phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Gothic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 t\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Paris, tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u c\u00e2y s\u1ed1 0 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec7n Conciergerie t\u1eebng l\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia cho t\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Charles V v\u00e0o n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 giam gi\u1eef c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn khi n\u1ed5 ra C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. Sainte-Chapelle, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng g\u1ea7n Conciergerie, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Gothic. C\u1ea7u Pont Neuf, n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Paris c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1edbi nay."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 danh ti\u1ebfng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ghi l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 Paris nh\u01b0: Guimard, Plumet hay Lavirotte v\u1edbi phong c\u00e1ch T\u00e2n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 Mallet-Stevens, Roux-Spitz, Dudok, Henri Sauvage, Le Corbusier, Auguste Perret v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa hai cu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Paris \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Trung t\u00e2m Pompidou, x\u00e2y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang; th\u00e1p Montparnasse cao 210 m\u00e9t, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n trong qu\u1ea3ng c\u1ea3nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y t\u1eeb 1969 t\u1edbi 1972; Vi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp (Institut du monde arabe) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1987. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u1edd t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand nh\u01b0 Grande Arche \u1edf khu La D\u00e9fense, nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Op\u00e9ra Bastille - thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f9ng Op\u00e9ra Garnier; Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p k\u00ednh Louvre - t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Ieoh Ming Pei; v\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand thu\u1ed9c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i khu Paris Rive Gauche. M\u1edbi h\u01a1n c\u1ea3, b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Branly v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u Phi, \u00c1, \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1edfi Jean Nouvel ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh 2006 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng th\u00eam ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a Paris."}
+{"text": "T\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian xanh tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Jean-Charles Alphand v\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u0129 phong c\u1ea3nh Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps, c\u00e1c khu v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a Paris m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay. R\u1eebng Boulogne v\u00e0 r\u1eebng Vincennes, n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i Paris, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c t\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u01b0\u1eddn kh\u00e1c trong trung t\u00e2m c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian tho\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra \u1edf c\u00e1c khu ph\u1ed1. \u1ede c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn m\u1edbi h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ho\u1ea1ch: Monceau, Montsouris, Buttes-Chaumont \u0111\u1ec1u do ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on III d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c mang c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng gian xanh. Theo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Bernard Tschumi, m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c l\u00f2 m\u1ed5 c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean La Villette - c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong n\u1ed9i \u00f4 Paris hi\u1ec7n nay. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Bercy, c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Belleville c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu v\u01b0\u1eddn gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u1eb1m b\u00ean v\u00e0nh \u0111ai d\u1ecdc tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft c\u0169 Petite Ceinture. V\u01b0\u1eddn \u00c9ole ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 2007 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Paris v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, Promenade des Berges de la Seine \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u khu ph\u1ed1 Paris mang nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a ri\u00eang. Qu\u1eadn La Tinh l\u00e0 khu ph\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Caf\u00e9 de Flore \u1edf Saint-Germain-des-Pr\u00e9s t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n sinh. \u0110\u1ed3i Montmartre ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, Montparnasse c\u0169ng t\u1eebng thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecda s\u0129, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu ph\u1ed1 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng. Ch\u1ee3 T\u00e0u Paris v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 khu ph\u1ed1 T\u00e0u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ed1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 George-V, Montaigne... l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng th\u1eddi trang cao c\u1ea5p, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sang tr\u1ecdng Plaza Ath\u00e9n\u00e9e, George V..."}
+{"text": "C\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Louvre, n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Mona Lisa, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n V\u1ec7 N\u1eef... V\u1edbi k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c 8,3 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch trong n\u0103m 2006, Louvre l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt thu h\u00fat nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c: Orsay, s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, H\u1eadu \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m trong trung t\u00e2m Pompidou. \u1ede ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4, l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Versailles, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi vua Louis XIV l\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u00e0 18, c\u0169ng thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i n\u0103m v\u1edbi 18.000 m\u00b2 d\u00e0nh cho b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u00e1p. M\u1edbi m\u1edf c\u1eeda n\u0103m 2006, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Quai Branly (Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly) v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u Phi, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi 2.175.000 l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch th\u0103m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Picasso, Kh\u00f4ng gian Dal\u00ed, b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Rodin, b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix."}
+{"text": "Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eb1m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf Paris, v\u1edbi hai \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh: \" Richelieu \" \u1edf Qu\u1eadn 2 v\u00e0 \" Fran\u00e7ois-Mitterrand \" \u1edf Qu\u1eadn 13. Trong \u0111\u00f3 \" Richelieu \" l\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ed5, nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m, c\u00f2n \" Fran\u00e7ois-Mitterrand \" l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng \u1edf khu Paris Rive Gauche. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 30 tri\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. C\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u vua Fran\u00e7ois \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Paris qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd 55 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 10 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Paris, kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1871, n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, \u1ea3nh, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ho\u1eb7c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Fran\u00e7ois-Truffaut v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh quan tr\u1ecdng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p hay th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Mazarine, c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5m v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, truy\u1ec7n tranh... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1ef1 do, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c \u0111\u0129a nh\u1ea1c, video th\u00ec c\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n trong trung t\u00e2m Georges-Pompidou. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ca s\u0129 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 \u00c9dith Piaf, Maurice Chevalier, Georges Brassens v\u00e0 Charles Aznavour \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh ti\u1ebfng \u1edf nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Paris: Bobino, Olympia, La Cigale ho\u1eb7c Le Splendid. Salle Pleyel l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u bu\u1ed5i nh\u1ea1c giao h\u01b0\u1edfng, Salle Gaveau d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1ea1c th\u00ednh ph\u00f2ng, Maison de Radio France c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u bu\u1ed5i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c l\u1edbn mang nhi\u1ec1u phong c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. New Morning l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c lu\u00f4n d\u00e0nh cho jazz, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c. Le Z\u00e9nith \u1edf khu La Villette v\u1edbi 6.000 ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Philharmonie de Paris, ph\u00f2ng h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c giao h\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Paris, m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2015. Ngo\u00e0i ra khu th\u1ec3 thao li\u00ean h\u1ee3p Paris-Bercy \u1edf khu Bercy, s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Stade de France \u1edf Saint-Denis thu\u1ed9c ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4, v\u00e0 s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed... c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c qu\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c t\u1eebng l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed Paris tr\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. Ngay t\u1eeb n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u1edf Paris \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1n Moulin de la galette v\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c \u00c9lys\u00e9e Montmartre c\u00f9ng Ch\u00e2teau-Rouge. C\u00e1c ban nh\u1ea1c b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea3y m\u00faa t\u1ea1i qu\u00e1n nh\u1ea1c Apollo hay khi\u00eau v\u0169 \u0111i\u1ec7u Java t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Temple v\u00e0 Belleville. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfp theo m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng s\u00e0n nh\u1ea3y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 Le Palace - \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda - t\u1eebng r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf Paris. Ng\u00e0y nay, trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 \u1edf Paris, nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9p \u0111\u00eam Queen, v\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1eddng L'\u00c9toile, Le Cab r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch. C\u00e1c s\u00e0n v\u1edbi nh\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed nh\u01b0 Le Rex, Batofar - m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ed9p \u0111\u00eam, hay The Pulp c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng DJ h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, phim Hollywood chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c r\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a Paris. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim Ph\u00e1p, nh\u1eefng phim ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh ch\u00e2u \u00c1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. N\u0103m 2007, Paris c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 374 ph\u00f2ng chi\u1ebfu phim. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n 30 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n nh\u01b0 UGC, Gaumont s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c r\u1ea1p \u1edf kh\u1eafp Paris. T\u1eeb 1990, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m chi\u1ebfu phim l\u1edbn, t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 20 ph\u00f2ng chi\u1ebfu. UGC c\u00f3 ba trung t\u00e2m quan tr\u1ecdng, t\u1ea1i Les Halles, Bercy v\u00e0 La D\u00e9fense. Gaumont t\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng chi\u1ebfu l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Paris \u1edf qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Italie, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda. Ph\u00f2ng chi\u1ebfu r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 Le Grand Rex v\u1edbi 2.800 ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i. C\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng chi\u1ebfu c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 1.000 ch\u1ed7. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 Op\u00e9ra, Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, Montparnasse l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim."}
+{"text": "Qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Paris l\u00e0 R\u00e9gence, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1688 t\u1ea1i khu Palais-Royal. Sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m t\u1edbi qu\u00e1n Caf\u00e9 Procope \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf \u1edf b\u00ean t\u1ea3 ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng Seine. R\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng, c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Paris. Nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u01b0\u1eddn t\u1eebng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \" terrasses de caf\u00e9 \" - c\u00e0 ph\u00ea th\u1ec1m - \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Paris. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, vi\u1ec7c quy ho\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 l\u1edbn v\u1edbi v\u1ec9a h\u00e8 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho nh\u1eefng \" terrasses de caf\u00e9 \". Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf kh\u1eafp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u1eebng khu v\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 trong qu\u1eadn La Tinh, n\u01a1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 Montmartre, Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Caf\u00e9 Procope hay Caf\u00e9 de Flore t\u1eebng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u danh nh\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, Paris \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u00f3n \u0103n ngon, th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb r\u1ea5t t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng sang tr\u1ecdng, La Taverne Anglaise, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1786 trong khu v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a Palais-Royal b\u1edfi Antoine Beauvilliers; n\u00f3 g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng \u0103n thanh l\u1ecbch, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n phong ph\u00fa, kh\u0103n tr\u1ea3i b\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ea3i lanh, m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang h\u1ea3o h\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t; La Taverne Anglaise \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng \u1edf Paris trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1edd giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh t\u1edbi th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 mang theo nh\u1eefng phong c\u00e1ch \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang. Chez Jenny l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c v\u00f9ng Grand Est, Aux Lyonnais v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f3n t\u1eeb Lyon... Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u00fap cho \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c Paris th\u00eam \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 \u00dd, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Th\u00e1i Lan... Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c, Paris c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Maxim's - nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed theo phong c\u00e1ch T\u00e2n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1eebng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, hay nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng Jules Verne n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean t\u1ea7ng hai c\u1ee7a th\u00e1p Eiffel."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, Paris x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00eam r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn du kh\u00e1ch t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Ritz tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vend\u00f4me m\u1edf c\u1eeda n\u0103m 1898 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Crillon tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Concorde n\u0103m 1909. Ng\u00e0y nay hai kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u1ea1ng \" palace \" - \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sang tr\u1ecdng - c\u00f9ng n\u0103m kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c: Bristol, George V, Meurice, Plaza Ath\u00e9n\u00e9e v\u00e0 Fouquet's Barri\u00e8re. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Hilton, Accor c\u0169ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u1edf kh\u1eafp Paris."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p 14 th\u00e1ng b\u1ea3y l\u00e0 d\u1ecbp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c duy\u1ec7t binh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es. C\u0169ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng n\u00e0y, Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es l\u00e0 ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua xe \u0111\u1ea1p Tour de France. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2002, trong v\u00f2ng hai th\u00e1ng b\u1ea3y v\u00e0 t\u00e1m, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Paris-Plage, thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Seine th\u00e0nh b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi c\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gh\u1ebf v\u1ea3i g\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u1ec1 \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1c n\u0103m ch\u1eb5n. Th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i - FIAC, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb 2002 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Nuit Blanche - \u0110\u00eam tr\u1eafng - v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y tu\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ea1i Montmartre c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i h\u00e1i nho."}
+{"text": "Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Paris v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1edd b\u00e1o ri\u00eang. Le Parisien l\u00e0 nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Paris. 20 ph\u00fat v\u00e0 M\u00e9tro l\u00e0 hai nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf Paris, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c t\u1edd b\u00e1o mi\u1ec1n ph\u00ed tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. V\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, c\u00f3 t\u1edd L'Officiel des spectacles \u0111\u0103ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 t\u1edd Paris frimousse ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a cho thi\u1ebfu nhi. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n hai t\u1edd b\u00e1o kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u0103ng tin t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Zurban v\u00e0 Le Pariscope."}
+{"text": "Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Paris l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n sinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, Paris l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Khai s\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng Rousseau, Voltaire. T\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Alexandre Dumas, Honor\u00e9 de Balzac, Victor Hugo \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00ecm t\u1edbi Paris. V\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 Chopin, Van Gogh, Heine. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, H\u1eadu \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, Paris ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n sinh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Marcel Proust, Andr\u00e9 Gide... v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Pablo Picasso, Marc Chagall, Henri Matisse, James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, Albert Camus, Beckett. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 nh\u01b0 Marie Curie, Chu \u00c2n Lai, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh... c\u00f9ng t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u1edf Paris."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m tri th\u1ee9c, Paris l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Honor\u00e9 de Balzac, Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas... c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, Baudelaire... Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u01b0 Chopin, Heine... c\u0169ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfc n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda. N\u0103m 1872, b\u1ee9c tranh \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc (Impression soleil levant) c\u1ee7a Claude Monet m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1edfi 8 tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m kh\u00e1c \u1edf Paris. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 quy t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi: Vincent van Gogh, Paul C\u00e9zanne, Auguste Rodin, Alfred Sisley, Paul Gauguin, Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro... Ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1895, bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfu phim \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a anh em Auguste v\u00e0 Louis Lumi\u00e8re t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Salon Indien n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng h\u1ea7m qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea Grand Caf\u00e9 \u1edf Paris \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh."}
+{"text": "Sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm t\u1edbi Paris. T\u1ea1i Montmartre, Georges Braque v\u00e0 Pablo Picasso kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a L\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Henri Matisse, Salvador Dal\u00ed, Marc Chagall \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1edbi Paris. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft. T\u1eeb 1913 t\u1edbi 1927, b\u1ed9 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u0110i t\u00ecm th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t (\u00c0 la recherche du temps perdu) c\u1ee7a Marcel Proust l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u1edf Paris. N\u0103m 1922, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Anh Ulysses c\u1ee7a James Joyce c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1edfi Sylvia Beach \u1edf Paris, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef9. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ph\u00e1p, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u1edbn n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u1edbi Paris v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 Ernest Hemingway, Henry Miller, Gertrude Stein..."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi trang khi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0103n m\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Versailles \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u1eefng du kh\u00e1ch t\u1edbi Paris v\u00e0 mang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 may \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1edbi khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00fap \u0111i l\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm t\u1edbi Paris \u0111\u1ec3 mua s\u1eafm qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 may Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0103n m\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Paris g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "T\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Belle \u00c9poque, qua c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, th\u1eddi trang Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, th\u1eddi trang may \u0111o cao c\u1ea5p Haute couture xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Paris m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Charles Frederick Worth, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 may ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Haute couture \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u1ea1o m\u1eabu \u1edf Paris nh\u01b0 Lanvin, Chanel, Dior... n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn, trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u1ea1o m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a Paris th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau nh\u01b0 Yves Saint Laurent, Pierre Cardin, Givenchy... ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh th\u1eddi trang."}
+{"text": "Paris c\u0169ng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a mua s\u1eafm v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Galeries Lafayette, Printemps... c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Les Halles, La D\u00e9fense... V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Paris nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u, ghi gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian r\u1ed9ng, sang tr\u1ecdng... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i ti\u00ean phong b\u1edfi Le Bon March\u00e9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1852. K\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng La Samaritaine, Galeries Lafayette... Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Emile Zola trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Au Bonheur des Dames n\u0103m 1883 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng. Ng\u00e0y nay, Paris c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng: Galeries Lafayette, Printemps, Le Bon March\u00e9, La Samaritaine v\u00e0 BHV."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u, Paris \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, Fran\u00e7ois Villon \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Paris trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: Le Testament. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t Paris hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u0169ng thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn trong vi\u1ec7c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1edbi phong c\u00e1ch mang t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. D\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1ec1n Qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u00e1ng b\u1ea3y, Honor\u00e9 de Balzac ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda b\u1ee9c tranh chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p trong b\u1ed9 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 T\u1ea5n tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eddi (La Com\u00e9die Humaine). G\u1ed3m h\u01a1n 100 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn, ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn... T\u1ea5n tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u1edf Paris, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Alexandre Dumas v\u1edbi Ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh ng\u1ef1 l\u00e2m c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t Paris kh\u00e1c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Trong khi Balzac quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cao c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Paris. B\u00ed m\u1eadt th\u00e0nh Paris (Les Myst\u00e8res de Paris) c\u1ee7a Eug\u00e8ne Sue v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u0103ng t\u1eebng k\u1ef3 tr\u00ean b\u00e1o t\u1eeb 1842 t\u1edbi 1843 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Paris, Victor Hugo \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 (Les Mis\u00e9rables), t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, khi\u1ebfn Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Victor Hugo, Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0 Paris (Notre-Dame de Paris) ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Paris sau nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Haussmann \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00c9mile Zola mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 trong b\u1ed9 Les Rougon-Macquart v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Le Ventre de Paris, Nana, Au Bonheur des Dames. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Op\u00e9ra Garnier c\u1ee7a Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft B\u00f3ng ma trong nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t (Le Fant\u00f4me de l'Op\u00e9ra) c\u1ee7a Gaston Leroux. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 v\u1edf nh\u1ea1c k\u1ecbch The Phantom of the Opera c\u1ee7a Andrew Lloyd Webber tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u Broadway n\u0103m 1986, r\u1ed3i b\u1ed9 phim c\u00f9ng t\u00ean n\u0103m 2004. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n bi\u1ebfn Paris th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i v\u00e0 n\u1ef1c c\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 trong Zazie dans le m\u00e9tro c\u1ee7a Raymond Queneau. Hay m\u1ed9t Paris \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp nh\u1eefng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m trong Je me souviens c\u1ee7a Georges Perec. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Colombia Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez trong truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn D\u1ea5u m\u00e1u em tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebft (El Rastro de tu Sangre en la Nieve) c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1eefa Paris v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Paris m\u1edbi thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129. Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot d\u1ef1ng gi\u00e1 v\u1ebd b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Seine; Claude Monet t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed m\u1edd h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ga Saint-Lazare; Auguste Renoir mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng khu ph\u1ed1 Montmartre v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n Moulin de la galette, Moulin Rouge; Camille Pissarro v\u1ebd c\u1ea7u Pont Neuf v\u00e0 Alfred Sisley v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea3o \u00cele Saint-Louis. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, Georges Seurat, Paul Gauguin, Paul C\u00e9zanne v\u00e0 Van Gogh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n Paris trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f2n Toulouse-Lautrec b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat b\u1edfi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n cabaret c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, \u1edf Paris th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi Fran\u00e7ois Rude v\u1edbi b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau La Marseillaise tr\u00ean Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n, hay Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 danh ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 trang ho\u00e0ng cho Paris: Auguste Rodin, Aim\u00e9-Jules Dalou t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1eddn Luxembourg v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nation, Antoine Bourdelle \u1edf Palais de Tokyo, Aristide Maillol \u1edf v\u01b0\u1eddn Tuileries v\u00e0 Paul Landowski v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00e1nh Genevi\u00e8ve \u1edf c\u1ea7u Tournelle. T\u00e2n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng trang tr\u00ed cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Paris nh\u1edd Hector Guimard. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf Palais-Royal v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2y c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc Daniel Buren hay \u1edf Trung t\u00e2m Pompidou v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc Stravinski c\u1ee7a Jean Tinguely v\u00e0 Niki de Saint Phalle."}
+{"text": "Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u1edf Paris b\u1eaft t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111a \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u Notre-Dame ra \u0111\u1eddi. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Fran\u00e7ois I, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 in \u1ea5n m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c ca kh\u00fac tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Th\u1eddi Louis XIV, nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edf opera l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u1edf Paris. Nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 g\u1ed1c \u00dd Jean-Baptiste Lully t\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Paris v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c tr\u00e1ch \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c v\u1edf ba l\u00ea c\u1ee7a Lully \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n t\u1ea1i cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Louvre t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1655. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, Jean-Philippe Rameau l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c trong c\u00e1c v\u1edf opera-ba l\u00ea. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Paris. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 Carmagnole tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ca kh\u00fac bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1792. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, Paris tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 nh\u01b0 Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin, Hector Berlioz hay Charles Gounod."}
+{"text": "\u00c2m nh\u1ea1c cho khi\u00eau v\u0169 c\u1ee7a Paris trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Carnaval Paris, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1o Johann Strauss I, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o 1837. Sau n\u0103m 1870, Paul Dukas, Camille Saint-Sa\u00ebns hay Georges Bizet \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ba l\u00ea. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Maurice Ravel v\u00e0 Claude Debussy - c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ca s\u0129 \u1ee9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n cabaret Le Chat noir \u1edf Montmartre l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1880, \" la divine \" Sarah Bernhardt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 n\u1eef ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb Paris \u0111i l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Nga."}
+{"text": "Trong danh s\u00e1ch d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim Ph\u00e1p quay \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. H\u00f4tel du Nord (1938) l\u00e0 khung c\u1ea3nh cho l\u1eddi tho\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Arletty: \" Atmosph\u00e8re, atmosph\u00e8re, est-ce que j'ai une gueule d'atmosph\u00e8re? \". Tuy b\u1ed9 phim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng quay, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf b\u00ean con k\u00eanh Saint-Martin v\u1eabn tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh. La Travers\u00e9e de Paris (1956) c\u00f9ng Le Dernier M\u00e9tro (1980) g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng n\u0103m 1943, v\u00e0 Paris br\u00fble t-il? (1966) v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Paris v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1944. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000, Le Fabuleux Destin d'Am\u00e9lie Poulain (2001) l\u00e0 c\u00e2u qu\u1eadn hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng trong m\u1ed9t Paris huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng. B\u1ed9 phim n\u00e0y gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh t\u1edbi Montmartre \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh quay."}
+{"text": "\u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng ghi d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim v\u1ec1 Paris. N\u0103m 1951, b\u1ed9 phim ca nh\u1ea1c An American in Paris, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 tr\u1ebb \u1edf Paris, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Oscar cho phim hay nh\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 1957, T\u00ecnh y\u00eau ban chi\u1ec1u (Love in the Afternoon) m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh Paris tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4i y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Audrey Hepburn g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 Gary Cooper t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Ritz. Trong Last Tango in Paris n\u0103m 1972, Marlon Brando trong vai m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng trung ni\u00ean g\u1eb7p c\u00f4 g\u00e1i tr\u1ebb Maria Schneider t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng sang tr\u1ecdng \u1edf qu\u1eadn 16. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 phim ca nh\u1ea1c Everyone Says I Love You (1996) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n Woody Allen."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000, trong Moulin Rouge! (2001), Nicole Kidman v\u00e0o vai c\u00f4 ca s\u0129 Satine c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1n Moulin Rouge y\u00eau ch\u00e0ng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Christian do Ewan McGregor di\u1ec5n. N\u0103m 2004, B\u00f3ng ma trong nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t (The Phantom of the Opera) chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Gaston Leroux l\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t Paris c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u th\u1eddi Belle \u00c9poque. Da Vinci code (2006) ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ecdn Paris l\u00e0m b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cho b\u1ed9 phim. M\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m 2007, v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c, Paris l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong b\u1ed9 phim ho\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh M\u1ef9 Ch\u00fa chu\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp (Ratatouille). Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, c\u1ea3nh Paris v\u1edbi th\u00e1p Eiffel b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c phim khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh James Cook l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1774 trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e0 \"New Caledonia\", do ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn Scotland. Nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Jean-Fran\u00e7ois de Galaup ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Grande Terre v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1788, ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t t\u00edch, c\u00f2n qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Loyaut\u00e9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1796. T\u1eeb sau \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1840, ch\u1ec9 ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o. Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n sau n\u0103m 1840, do m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e0n h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1853, theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Napol\u00e9on III, \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Febvrier Despointes gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie v\u00e0 Port-de-France (Noum\u00e9a) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1854. V\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ebfn duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1860 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1897, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3n 22.000 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a sang Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie. Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des prisons v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1888 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng 10.428 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, bao g\u1ed3m 2.329 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch, \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1888, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa s\u1ed1 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i t\u00f9 h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Paris, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Henri Rochefort v\u00e0 Louise Michel. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1873 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1876, 4.200 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 40 trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n x\u00e1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1879 v\u00e0 1880."}
+{"text": "C\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi kinh t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n khai m\u1ecf, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1878 khi t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea5p cao Atal c\u1ee7a La Foa th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n trung v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh du k\u00edch, khi\u1ebfn 200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 1.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kanak thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a v\u00e0 s\u1edfi, khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kanak gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 60.000 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1878 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 27.100 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1921, v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1940, sau khi Ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c T\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9 v\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c th\u00e2n Vichy b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1942, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00dac gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u0103n c\u1ee9 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh, v\u00e0 Noum\u00e9a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n quan c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i Nam Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea9y lui l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n Coral v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1942 c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i Noum\u00e9a. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng binh s\u0129 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn 50.000, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c \u00c2u v\u00e0 Polynesia d\u1ea7n t\u0103ng l\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 niken 1969\u20131972, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Melanesia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, song v\u1eabn l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1976 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1988, Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1988 khi x\u1ea3y ra cu\u1ed9c b\u1eaft c\u00f3c con tin \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u t\u1ea1i Ouv\u00e9a. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Matignon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1988 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Hi\u1ec7p ngh\u1ecb Noum\u00e9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1998, \u0111\u1ecbnh ra c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho 20 n\u0103m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i, theo \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n giao th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Kanak c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ea7ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7, t\u1eeb 4.000-5000 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c t\u00e1m khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 341 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u00f9 bang t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 (chefferies). Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n T\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kanak, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Kanak. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kanak s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee5c t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eadn nu\u00f4i, th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0a ra. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie FANC g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng 2.000 binh s\u0129, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai t\u1ea1i Koumac, Nanda\u00ef, Tontouta, Plum, v\u00e0 Noum\u00e9a. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t trung \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n l\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n g\u1ed3m hai t\u00e0u tu\u1ea7n tra l\u1edbp P400, m\u1ed9t t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 l\u1edbp BATRAL, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0u tu\u1ea7n tra c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn binh H\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i. Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ba m\u00e1y bay chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf Casa, b\u1ed1n m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng Puma v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng Fennec, c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i Tontouta. Ngo\u00e0i ra, 760 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean hi\u1ebfn binh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o."}
+{"text": "T\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n theo hi\u1ec7p ngh\u1ecb, theo \u0111\u00f3 \"m\u1ed9t danh x\u01b0ng, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u k\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ca, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y s\u1ebd do to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng nhau t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, nh\u1eb1m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Kanak v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai do to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i chia s\u1ebb.\" Tuy nhi\u00ean, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi m\u1edbi cho l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. Trong th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2010, Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u k\u1ef3 Kanak, c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u1edd tam t\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p trong vai tr\u00f2 hi\u1ec7u k\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u00f3 hai hi\u1ec7u k\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "New Calesdonia c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, m\u00f9a n\u00f3ng \u1ea9m k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 11 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 3 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb 27 \u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn 30 \u00b0C, m\u00f9a m\u00e1t kh\u00f4 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb 20 \u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn 23 \u00b0C. Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4n ho\u00e0 cao \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n 80%. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m l\u00e0 23 \u00b0C, c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 2,3 \u00b0C v\u00e0 39,1 \u00b0C. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a 3.000 mm ghi nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Galarino cao g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n trung b\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a El Ni\u00f1o. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 12 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 4, \u00e1p th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 b\u00e3o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra gi\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 100 km/h, gi\u1eadt 250 km/h v\u00e0 m\u01b0a r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c khi qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi Gondwana h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Trong s\u1ed1 44 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00f3 43 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ea1t k\u00edn k\u00fd sinh duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n (Parasitaxus usta). Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong s\u1ed1 35 lo\u00e0i Araucaria \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 13 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie. Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie c\u0169ng c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Amborella trichopoda, \u1edf t\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa."}
+{"text": "Lo\u00e0i d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 Cyathea intermedia c\u0169ng l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie. N\u00f3 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh a x\u00edt, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdc cao kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e9t m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u1ea1i duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t hoang ho\u1eb7c trong r\u1eebng th\u01b0a. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9 m\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 Cyathea novae-caledoniae. Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i g\u1ed7 s\u1ed3i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam (Nothofagus) b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u r\u1eebng c\u00e2y b\u1ee5i ri\u00eang tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a kim lo\u1ea1i, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam. \u0110\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e1 si\u00eau mafic (\u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh m\u1ecf) l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n cho nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba do t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ngo\u1ea1i lai."}
+{"text": "Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie \u0111\u1ea1t 268.767. Trong \u0111\u00f3, 17.436 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Loyaut\u00e9, 45.137 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh B\u1eafc, v\u00e0 183.007 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh Nam. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, song v\u1eabn \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 1,7% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1996 \u0111\u1ebfn 2009. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean chi\u1ebfm 85% t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, 15% c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1edd di c\u01b0 thu\u1ea7n. T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh Nam (2,3% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1996 \u0111\u1ebfn 2009), v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh B\u1eafc (0,7%), song \u00e2m t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Loyaut\u00e9. Tr\u00ean 40% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1edbi 20 tu\u1ed5i (2012), song t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i trong t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111ang t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Hai ph\u1ea7n ba c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i Noum\u00e9a. Ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 sinh t\u1ea1i Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie. T\u1ed5ng t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t sinh gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 3,2 tr\u1ebb tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1eef gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990 xu\u1ed1ng 2,2 tr\u1ebb v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kanak thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m Melanesia, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c \"\u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n\" hay \"bi\u1ec3n\" tu\u1ef3 theo v\u1ecb tr\u00ed qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean h\u1ecd. Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 2009, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kanak chi\u1ebfm 94% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Loyaut\u00e9, 74% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh B\u1eafc v\u00e0 27% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh Nam. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kanak c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1edf v\u1ecb th\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c \u00c2u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c \u00c2u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie l\u00e0 khi Ph\u00e1p l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o. Khi c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n \u00e1n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra n\u0103m 2009, trong s\u1ed1 71.721 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c \u00c2u t\u1ea1i Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie, c\u00f3 32.354 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o, 33.551 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 5.816 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh v\u00e0i nh\u00f3m: Caldoche th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh t\u1ea1i Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n thu\u1ed9c duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 khi c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p nay c\u00f2n th\u00e2m ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh nh\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1953, song c\u0169ng l\u00e0 do nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra n\u0103m 2009, 97,3% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 15 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, trong khi ch\u1ec9 1,1% t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c di d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Wallis v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Java."}
+{"text": "28 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Kanak \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1ea1i Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie, ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Nam \u0110\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Kanak \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y t\u1eeb m\u1ea7m non (b\u1ed1n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eadc c\u1eed nh\u00e2n) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn ch\u00fang. Ba ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Drehu (n\u00f3i t\u1ea1i Lifou), Nengone (n\u00f3i t\u1ea1i Mar\u00e9) v\u00e0 Paic\u00ee (ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Grande Terre). Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra n\u0103m 2009, 35,8% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 15 tr\u1edf l\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i (kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft) m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, trong khi 58,7% t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang."}
+{"text": "T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie l\u00e0 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o; m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, g\u1ed3m h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c \u00c2u, Ouv\u00e9a, Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 Melanesia v\u00e0 Polynesia. C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn. Tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Tin L\u00e0nh, trong \u0111\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u00fac \u00c2m T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u00fac \u00c2m t\u1ea1i Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Loyaut\u00e9 c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t; th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Melanesia. Tin L\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Nam Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 GDP \u0111\u1ea1t 9,89 t\u1ef7 USD v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011. GDP danh ngh\u0129a b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 38.921 USD (theo t\u1ef7 gi\u1ea3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi New Zealand, song t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i thu nh\u1eadp, v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u00e9o d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa t\u1ec9nh Nam chi ph\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi t\u1ec9nh B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Loyaut\u00e9 k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie l\u00e0 franc CFP, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo euro v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 1.000 CFP \u0111\u1ed5i 8,38 euro. Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 n\u00e0y do T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh H\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 3,8% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010 v\u00e0 3,2% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o gi\u00e1 niken tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba gia t\u0103ng khi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u0103ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u t\u01b0 kinh doanh m\u1ea1nh. N\u0103m 2011, xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u1eeb Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie \u0111\u1ea1t 2,11 t\u1ef7 USD, 75,6% trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 qu\u1eb7ng niken v\u00e0 fero-nicken). Nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1t 5,22 t\u1ef7 USD. 22,1% nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, 16,1% \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c trong Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, 14,6% \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Singapore (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u), 9,6% \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u00dac. Nh\u1eadp si\u00eau h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3,11 t\u1ef7 USD trong n\u0103m 2011."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 15% GDP, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Du l\u1ecbch c\u00f2n k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 100.000 du kh\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, so v\u1edbi 400.000 t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Cook v\u00e0 200.000 t\u1ea1i Vanuatu. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 20% nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. Theo FAOSTAT, Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1: khoai lang; khoai m\u00f4n; chu\u1ed1i t\u00e1o qu\u1ea1; d\u1eeba. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie r\u1ed9ng 1,4 tri\u1ec7u km\u00b2. L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 12% GDP, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 9,9% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010. Ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, d\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo."}
+{"text": "Kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 g\u1ed7 houp (Montrouziera cauliflora), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u1eadt t\u1ed5, m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1, khung c\u1eeda, ho\u1eb7c fl\u00e8che fa\u00eeti\u00e8re, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00ean trang tr\u00ed m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kanak. \u0110an r\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eef gi\u1edbi b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c l\u00e0m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Trung t\u00e2m V\u0103n ho\u00e1 Jean-Marie Tjibaou do ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd Renzo Piano thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998, l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Kanak. Kaneka l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb reggae v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980. Mw\u00e2 Ka l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ecdc v\u1eadt t\u1ed5 cao 12m k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c Ph\u00e1p s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005."}
+{"text": "Les Nouvelles Cal\u00e9doniennes l\u00e0 nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o. M\u1ed9t nguy\u1ec7t san l\u00e0 Le Chien bleu nh\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tin t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie. Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh: RFO radio Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie, Oc\u00e9ane FM, NRJ, Radio Djiido, v\u00e0 Radio Rythmes Bleus. Hai \u0111\u00e0i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kanak. H\u00e3ng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng France T\u00e9l\u00e9vision v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng mang t\u00ean R\u00e9seau Outre-Mer 1re, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t c\u00e1c k\u00eanh France 2, France 3, France 4, France 5, France \u00d4, France 24 v\u00e0 Arte. Canal Plus Cal\u00e9donie v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh 17 k\u00eanh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, bao g\u1ed3m Canal+ v\u00e0 TF1. Ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh analogue k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2011, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i New Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie. Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do, song Ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u00eau quan ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111e do\u1ea1 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean RFO."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 thao l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111ua xe ch\u00e2u \u00c1 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng FIA (APRC). \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1950, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o FIFA v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gia nh\u1eadp FIFA, Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ecd t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Th\u1ec3 thao Nam Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 t\u1eebng x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 ba t\u1ea1i C\u00fap b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110ua ng\u1ef1a c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ecf bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn cricket c\u1ee7a n\u1eef gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng n\u00e9m Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie t\u1eebng v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008."}
+{"text": "Canada (phi\u00ean \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: Ca-na-\u0111a; ph\u00e1t \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Anh: /\u02c8k\u00e6n\u0259d\u0259/, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: [kanad\u0251]) hay Gia N\u00e3 \u0110\u1ea1i (\u52a0\u62ff\u5927), l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u1ef1c b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Canada g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ec9nh bang v\u00e0 ba v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 li\u00ean bang, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng sang Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1p B\u1eafc B\u0103ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, Canada gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1; v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc, Canada gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi ti\u1ec3u bang Alaska c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. \u1ede ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Canada l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Greenland thu\u1ed9c V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110an M\u1ea1ch. \u1ede ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ea3o Newfoundland c\u1ee7a Canada c\u00f3 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Saint-Pierre v\u00e0 Miquelon thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p. Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi chung c\u1ee7a Canada v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 nay l\u00e0 Canada trong h\u00e0ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c. Sau c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c nhau, Anh Qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII th\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c Canada ng\u00e0y nay. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 thu\u1ed9c Anh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1867, ba thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba li\u00ean bang t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Canada. Sau \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb d\u1ea7n s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp th\u00eam c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. N\u0103m 1931, theo Quy ch\u1ebf Westminster 1931, Anh Qu\u1ed1c trao cho Canada t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. C\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1982 theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Canada 1982."}
+{"text": "Canada l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn, N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth II l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia. Canada l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung Anh. Canada l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia song ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c (ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p) t\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p li\u00ean bang. Do ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, Canada l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111a d\u1ea1ng s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 35 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2012. Canada c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, kinh t\u1ebf Canada d\u1ef1a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao. Canada c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia."}
+{"text": "Canada l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao th\u1ee9 11. Canada \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng cao nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c so s\u00e1nh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ed9 minh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh ho\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf. Canada tham gia v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf: G8, G20, Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 do B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c Kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Canada l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng (NATO)."}
+{"text": "T\u00ean g\u1ecdi Canada b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb kanata trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Iroquois Saint Lawrence, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"l\u00e0ng\" hay \"khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0\". N\u0103m 1535, c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c nay l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Qu\u00e9bec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Jacques Cartier \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0ng Stadacona. Cartier sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb Canada \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu v\u1ef1c l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Donnacona (t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i Stadacona); \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1545, c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ecdi khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Canada."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, \"Canada\" n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo s\u00f4ng Saint-Laurent thu\u1ed9c T\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u1eb1m tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t vi\u1ec7c M\u01b0\u1eddi ba thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1, Anh Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Canada theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Quebec 1774, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed3 k\u00e9o xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng Ohio. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00eam v\u00e0o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao cho Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1783, song Canada thu\u1ed9c Anh v\u1eabn gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed3 (t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn Ontario hi\u1ec7n nay). N\u0103m 1791, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u1ecbnh danh khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Canada v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 H\u1ea1 Canada, ch\u00fang t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh Canada v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1841."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i b\u1eafc b\u1ed9 khu v\u1ef1c Yukon t\u1eeb 24.500 TCN, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i nam b\u1ed9 Ontario t\u1eeb 7500 TCN. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c nay l\u00e0 Canada th\u00f4ng qua Beringia theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Bering. C\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Da \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i (Paleo-Indian) t\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean Old Crow v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng Bluefish l\u00e0 hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Canada. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Canada g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o l\u00fac nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1edd c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Canada \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 200.000 \u0111\u1ebfn hai tri\u1ec7u, c\u00f2n U\u1ef7 ban Ho\u00e0ng gia Canada v\u1ec1 S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn con s\u1ed1 500.000. Do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Canada ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t do c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 d\u1ecbch c\u00fam, d\u1ecbch s\u1edfi, d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a (do Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean), k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 40-80% trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Canada ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean (First Nations), Inuit, v\u00e0 M\u00e9tis. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e9tis l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ed7n huy\u1ebft, h\u1ecd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inuit k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u00ecn chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inuit c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eb1m thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 nay l\u00e0 Canada c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Norse \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn t\u1ea1i L'Anse aux Meadows thu\u1ed9c Newfoundland v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1000 CN. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1497, khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd John Cabot kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Canada cho V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh. C\u00e1c th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Basque v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3n s\u0103n b\u1eaft c\u00e1 voi v\u00e0 c\u00e1 d\u1ecdc theo v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Canada v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI. N\u0103m 1534, nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Jacques Cartier kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra s\u00f4ng St. Lawrence, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 7 \u00f4ng c\u1eafm m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao 10 m\u00e9t (33 ft) mang d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef \"Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ea1n tu\u1ebf\", v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n danh Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Fran\u00e7ois I."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1583, nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Humphrey Gilbert tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi St. John's, Newfoundland, n\u01a1i n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Anh t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 theo \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a N\u1eef v\u01b0\u01a1ng Elizabeth I. Nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Samuel de Champlain \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1603, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1ea1i Port Royal v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1605 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Qu\u00e9bec v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1608. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i T\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u1ea1i thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng St. Lawrence v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Acadia \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i (Maritimes) ng\u00e0y nay, trong khi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n da l\u00f4ng th\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c th\u0103m d\u00f2 Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed3, v\u1ecbnh Hudson, v\u00e0 l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Mississippi \u0111\u1ebfn Louisiana. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh H\u1ea3i ly b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII do tranh ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch da l\u00f4ng th\u00fa t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u00eam c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i Cupids v\u00e0 Ferryland tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Newfoundland, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1610. M\u01b0\u1eddi ba thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ngay sau \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t b\u1ed1n cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1689 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1763; c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn sau c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1ea3y n\u0103m. Nova Scotia \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh theo Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Utrecht 1713; Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris (1763) nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i Canada v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft T\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p cho \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1ea3y n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5t 1763 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1ec9nh Quebec t\u1eeb T\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea3o Cape Breton v\u00e0o Nova Scotia. \u0110\u1ea3o St. John's (nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Prince Edward) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1769. Nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u1ea1i Qu\u00e9bec, Anh Qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Qu\u00e9bec v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1774, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e9bec \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed3 v\u00e0 thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Ohio. Anh Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng t\u00e1i l\u1eadp ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ee9c tin C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 d\u00e2n lu\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec1u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n M\u01b0\u1eddi ba Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ch\u1ed1ng Anh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Theo Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris 1783, Anh Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1edf ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed3 cho Hoa K\u1ef3. New Brunswick t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi Nova Scotia trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 trung th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i The Maritime. Nh\u1eb1m h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh trung th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Quebec, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 1791 chia t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh H\u1ea1 Canada (sau l\u00e0 Qu\u00e9bec) Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Canada (sau l\u00e0 Ontario) Anh ng\u1eef, trao cho m\u1ed7i n\u01a1i quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 ri\u00eang h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Hai thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u0103m 1812 gi\u1eefa Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c. Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3o Anh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Ireland b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1815. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1825 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1846, 626.628 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i Canada. H\u1ecd g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ireland ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n N\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i l\u1edbn Ireland c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scot n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Gael ph\u1ea3i d\u1eddi \u0111i theo Thanh tr\u1eeb Cao \u0111\u1ecba (Highland Clearances). Kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Canada tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1891 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng do c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m."}
+{"text": "Nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed5i d\u1eady n\u0103m 1837 song k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o Durham sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada g\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a Anh. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Li\u00ean minh 1840 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 H\u1ea1 Canada th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh Canada th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 thu\u1ed9c Anh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1849. Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Oregon v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1846, qua \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac tranh ch\u1ea5p bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Oregon, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y d\u1ecdc theo v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 49\u00b0 B\u1eafc. Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea3o Vancouver (1849) v\u00e0 British Columbia (1858)."}
+{"text": "Sau m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 1867 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Li\u00ean minh Canada v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1867, ban \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n t\u1ec9nh \u2013 Ontario, Qu\u00e9bec, Nova Scotia, v\u00e0 New Brunswick. Canada \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0110\u1ea5t Rupert v\u00e0 L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y-B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1c L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc, t\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e9tis b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t th\u00e0nh N\u1ed5i d\u1eady Red River v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh Manitoba v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1870. British Columbia v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3o Vancouver (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1866) gia nh\u1eadp Li\u00ean minh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1871, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o Prince Edward gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1873."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng John A. Macdonald v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf quan nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00f2n non tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a Canada. \u0110\u1ec3 khai th\u00f4ng ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ba tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft xuy\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, m\u1edf c\u1eeda c\u00e1c th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp K\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh T\u00e2y-B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y. N\u0103m 1898, trong C\u01a1n s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng Klondike t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Canada l\u1eadp ra L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Yukon. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Wilfrid Laurier, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean, r\u1ed3i Alberta v\u00e0 Saskatchewan tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1905."}
+{"text": "Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Canada theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Li\u00ean minh, do v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1914 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0a Canada v\u00e0o Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ph\u00eda T\u00e2y v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n Canada. Qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong tr\u1eadn cao \u0111i\u1ec3m Vimy v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng giao chi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. Trong s\u1ed1 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 625.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 60.000 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 173.000 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng T\u00f2ng qu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1917 n\u1ed5 ra khi Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng B\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 Robert Borden cho ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1eef d\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u00e9bec Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Quebec, t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ed1 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef v\u00e0 chia r\u1ebd t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea3ng T\u1ef1 do. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a Robert Borden bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ef1 do Anh ng\u1eef, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1edbn trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1917. N\u0103m 1919, Canada gia nh\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi Anh, Quy ch\u1ebf Westminster 1931 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Canada."}
+{"text": "Trong \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i Canada v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1930, kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ecb suy tho\u00e1i, khi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c g\u1eb7p c\u1ea3nh gian kh\u1ed5. Ba ng\u00e0y sau khi Anh Qu\u1ed1c tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng William Lyon Mackenzie King tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Canada \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1939. Qu\u00e2n Canada \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Tr\u1eadn Dieppe n\u0103m 1942, \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u00dd, \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 Normandie, tr\u1eadn Normandie, v\u00e0 tr\u1eadn Scheldt v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1944. Canada cung c\u1ea5p n\u01a1i t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n cho qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 H\u00e0 Lan khi qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3. Kinh t\u1ebf Canada b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 trong chi\u1ebfn tranh khi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho Canada, Anh Qu\u1ed1c, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00f2ng qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Qu\u00e9bec v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1944, song Canada k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i l\u1edbn v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh."}
+{"text": "T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Canada l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Canada m\u1edbi, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 l\u00e1 phong hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1965, thi h\u00e0nh song ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c (ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1969, v\u00e0 l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1971. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Medicare (b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m y t\u1ebf), K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p Canada, v\u00e0 Cho vay sinh vi\u00ean Canada, song ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Quebec v\u00e0 Alberta, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec n\u00f3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea1m vi quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Quebec tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf s\u00e2u s\u1eafc do C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Y\u00ean t\u0129nh trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, s\u1ea3n sinh ra m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Qu\u00e9bec (FLQ) c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng Kh\u1ee7ng tho\u1ea3ng Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh bom v\u00e0 b\u1eaft c\u00f3c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1970, \u0110\u1ea3ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u00e9bec \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed trong cu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed t\u1ea1i Qu\u00e9bec n\u0103m 1976, h\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n-li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1980. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Qu\u00e9bec b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng qua H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3 Meech \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u1ed1i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u00e9bec t\u1ea1i Qu\u00e9bec v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Canada t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y b\u1ed9 Canada. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1995, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecfng manh. N\u0103m 1997, T\u1ed1i cao ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ly khai \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u vi hi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Canada th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng (Clarity Act), ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n t\u1eeb Li\u00ean minh."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e9bec, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Canada v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960. Ch\u00fang g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Chuy\u1ebfn bay 182 c\u1ee7a Air India ph\u00e1t n\u1ed5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1985, v\u1ee5 m\u01b0u s\u00e1t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Canada; Th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa \u00c9cole v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 x\u1ea3 s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1eef sinh; v\u00e0 Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng Oka n\u0103m 1990, l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n. Canada tham gia trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh V\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh n\u0103m 1990 v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean minh do Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh g\u00ecn gi\u1eef h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1990, bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh UNPROFOR t\u1ea1i Nam T\u01b0 c\u0169. Canada c\u1eed qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Afghanistan v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001, song t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tham gia cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Iraq do Hoa K\u1ef3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003. N\u0103m 2009, kinh t\u1ebf Canada ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t trong \u0110\u1ea1i suy tho\u00e1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, song \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. N\u0103m 2011, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Canada tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c can thi\u1ec7p do NATO d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Libya."}
+{"text": "Canada chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 \u1edf ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 bang Alaska c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc. Canada tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc l\u00e0 B\u1eafc B\u0103ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Greenland thu\u1ed9c V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110an M\u1ea1ch n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, c\u00f2n Saint Pierre v\u00e0 Miquelon thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p th\u00ec n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ea3o Newfoundland c\u1ee7a Canada. Theo t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, Canada l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, sau Nga. Theo di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t, Canada x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 t\u01b0. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 41\u00b0B v\u00e0 84\u00b0B, v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kinh \u0111\u1ed9 52\u00b0 T v\u00e0 141\u00b0T."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1925, Canada tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa 60\u00b0T v\u00e0 141\u00b0T, song y\u00eau s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Canada l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 vi\u1ec5n b\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1m Alert c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Canada, n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u0169i ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Ellesmere \u2013 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 82,5\u00b0B \u2013 c\u00e1ch B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c 817 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t (508 mi). Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c Canada b\u1ecb b\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng v\u0129nh c\u1eedu bao ph\u1ee7. Canada c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u00e0 202.080 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t (125.570 mi); th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Canada-Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i 8.891 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t (5.525 mi)."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb khi k\u1ef7 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac, Canada g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 t\u00e1m mi\u1ec1n r\u1eebng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 r\u1eebng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean khi\u00ean Canada. Canada c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 31.700 h\u1ed3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 3 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng (300 ha), nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt tr\u00ean D\u00e3y n\u00fai Rocky c\u1ee7a Canada v\u00e0 D\u00e3y n\u00fai Coast. Canada l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 n\u00fai Meager, n\u00fai Garibaldi, n\u00fai Cayley, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p n\u00fai l\u1eeda n\u00fai Edziza. V\u1ee5 Tseax Cone phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1775 n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Canada, s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i 2.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nisga'a v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Nass \u1edf b\u1eafc b\u1ed9 British Columbia. V\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y nham th\u1ea1ch d\u00e0i 22,5 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t (14,0 mi), v\u00e0 theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nisga'a th\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1eb7n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Nass. M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Canada l\u00e0 3,3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean kil\u00f4m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng (8,5 /sq mi), n\u1eb1m v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh lang Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Qu\u00e9bec \u2013 Windsor, n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Nam b\u1ed9 Qu\u00e9bec v\u00e0 Nam b\u1ed9 Ontario d\u1ecdc theo Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed3 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng St. Lawrence."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i cao trung b\u00ecnh m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u00f9a h\u00e8 t\u1ea1i Canada kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c. M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong v\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u221215 \u00b0C (5 \u00b0F), song c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u221240 \u00b0C (\u221240 \u00b0F) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 l\u1ea1nh d\u1eef d\u1ed9i. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m ven bi\u1ec3n, tuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao ph\u1ee7 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, trong khi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dai d\u1eb3ng quanh n\u0103m. British Columbia Duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u00f4n h\u00f2a, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng \u00f4n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u. \u1ede c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i cao trung b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9 C, trong khi t\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u1ea1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 25 \u0111\u1ebfn 30 \u00b0C (77 \u0111\u1ebfn 86 \u00b0F), nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i \u1edf n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F)."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Canada l\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Ngo\u00e0i ra, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Canada \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. S\u1edf giao d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Toronto l\u00e0 s\u1edf giao d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi 1.577 c\u00f4ng ty ni\u00eam y\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012. Canada l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 10 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi GDP danh ngh\u0129a n\u0103m 2012 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1.532.340 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf (OECD) v\u00e0 G8, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a cao \u0111\u1ed9. Canada c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng tr\u00ean Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Heritage Foundation (T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Di s\u1ea3n), v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i qua b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng thu nh\u1eadp \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p. N\u0103m 2008, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Canada c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean 442,9 t\u1ef7 CAD, trong \u0111\u00f3 280,8 t\u1ef7 CAD b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3, 11,7 t\u1ef7 CAD b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 11,3 t\u1ef7 CAD b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Anh Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ed5ng th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Canada v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009 l\u00e0 4,8 t\u1ef7 CAD, trong khi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 46,9 t\u1ef7 CAD."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, khai m\u1ecf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i Canada t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn sang n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 chi ph\u1ed1i kinh t\u1ebf Canada, cung c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho kho\u1ea3ng ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Canada c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c s\u01a1 khai, m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1n g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf l\u00e0 hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Canada l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong v\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u r\u00f2ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Canada \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ecf kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 Alberta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c m\u1ecf c\u00e1t d\u1ea7u Athabasca v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c khi\u1ebfn Canada s\u1edf h\u1eefu 13% tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, sau Venezuela v\u00e0 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Canada c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 cung c\u1ea5p n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; C\u00e1c th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean Canada l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 l\u00faa m\u00ec, c\u1ea3i d\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Canada l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfc v\u00e0 urani, v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 v\u00e0ng, niken, nh\u00f4m, th\u00e9p, qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft, than c\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 ch\u00ec. T\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n t\u1ea1i b\u1eafc b\u1ed9 Canada, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ecf kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e2n c\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed7. Canada c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i nam b\u1ed9 Ontario v\u00e0 Qu\u00e9bec, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf Canada v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh M\u1eadu d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u00f4 t\u00f4 (APTA) n\u0103m 1965 m\u1edf c\u1eeda bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi cho m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch trong ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Pierre Trudeau ban h\u00e0nh Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia (NEP) v\u00e0 C\u01a1 quan \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i (FIRA). Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Brian Mulroney thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn B\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf NEP v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean FIRA th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 quan \"\u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 Canada\", nh\u1eb1m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do Canada \u2013 Hoa K\u1ef3 (FTA) n\u0103m 1988 \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb thu\u1ebf quan gi\u1eefa hai qu\u1ed1c gia, trong khi Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 do B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 (NAFTA) m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 M\u00e9xico v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Jean Chr\u00e9tien b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3 b\u1edbt n\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c gia."}
+{"text": "Canada l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean tham gia trong tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ISS), v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean phong trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng gian, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c tay m\u00e1y robot Canadarm, Canadarm2 v\u00e0 Dextre cho ISS v\u00e0 cho t\u00e0u con thoi c\u1ee7a NASA. T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Canada \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u v\u1ec7 tinh, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Radarsat-1 v\u00e0 2, ISIS v\u00e0 MOST. Canada c\u0169ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u00ean l\u1eeda th\u00e1m kh\u00f4ng Black Brant; tr\u00ean 1.000 t\u00ean l\u1eeda Black Brants \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1961."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ph\u00f3 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c tham gia tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c cai tr\u1ecb. Trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p theo ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00fang ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, do Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Canada l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Justin Trudeau). Trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n hay qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a theo c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n theo th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7 s\u1ebd b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111a s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng (PMO) do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n, ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c, tham ngh\u1ecb s\u0129, th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n t\u00f2a \u00e1n li\u00ean bang, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty qu\u1ed1c doanh (Crown corporations), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 hai th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh 'L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a B\u1ec7 h\u1ea1' v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 308 ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 t\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u theo \u0111a s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed. T\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed ph\u1ea3i do to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, theo c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng trong v\u00f2ng b\u1ed1n n\u0103m t\u00ednh t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. 105 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Tham ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia theo m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n, h\u1ecd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i 75. N\u0103m ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n li\u00ean bang trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 2011: \u0110\u1ea3ng B\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 (\u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u00e8n), \u0110\u1ea3ng T\u00e2n D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (\u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c), \u0110\u1ea3ng T\u1ef1 do, Kh\u1ed1i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Qu\u00e9bec, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Xanh."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Canada l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh v\u0103n. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 1867 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1982 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 thu\u1ed9c Anh), kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh. Quy ch\u1ebf Westminster 1931 trao \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 1982 k\u1ebft th\u00fac to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p gi\u1eefa Canada v\u1edbi Anh Qu\u1ed1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c tu ch\u00ednh hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Canada v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 do. Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 theo th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0o-tuy th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n tuy nhi\u00ean cho ph\u00e9p ngh\u1ecb li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 5 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t, c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 ban \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inuit t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi Da \u0111\u1ecf (Indian Act), c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00e1n l\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t 11 hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Canada v\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Canada t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1871 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1921. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Xu m\u1eadt vi\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Canada, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd theo lu\u1eadt Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Canada, v\u00e0 do B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng S\u1ef1 v\u1ee5 d\u00e2n nguy\u00ean tr\u00fa v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh qua \u0110i\u1ec1u 35 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 1982. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 y t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Canada \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang vi hi\u1ebfn. T\u1ed1i cao ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n Canada l\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u01a1i ph\u00e2n x\u1eed cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2017 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f2a l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh \u00e1n Richard Wagner . Ch\u00edn th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u1ed1i cao ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n do to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m theo c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u1edf c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ph\u00fac th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m sau khi h\u1ed9i \u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c li\u00ean bang c\u0169ng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c t\u00f2a c\u1ea5p cao c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "Canada v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhau. Canada tuy v\u1eady v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1edbi Cuba v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tham gia trong Cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Iraq n\u0103m 2003. Canada c\u0169ng duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng qua t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a minh trong Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef. Canada c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1edbi H\u00e0 Lan, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do Canada t\u1eebng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng H\u00e0 Lan trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai."}
+{"text": "Canada g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh v\u00e0 Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung, do v\u1eady qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y tham gia nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Anh Qu\u1ed1c trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Boer l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Canada ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. Canada l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a NATO v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1949. Trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh, Canada l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 NORAD nh\u1eb1m h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4."}
+{"text": "Trong Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng K\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o Suez n\u0103m 1956, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai Lester B. Pearson l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t tri\u1ec3n khai L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00ecn gi\u1eef h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1957. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh g\u00ecn gi\u1eef h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, do v\u1eady Lester B. Pearson th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Canada tham gia trong 50 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh g\u00ecn gi\u1eef h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1989, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Rwanda, Nam T\u01b0 c\u0169, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c; Canada th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u00ednh l\u00edu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 trong V\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c Somalia n\u0103m 1993."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2007, Canada, \u00dd, Anh Qu\u1ed1c, Na Uy, v\u00e0 Nga tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 cam k\u1ebft chung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n 1,5 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eafc-xin cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng tham gia. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2007, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Canada b\u1ecb th\u1eed th\u00e1ch sau khi Nga ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfm th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c; k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1925 th\u00ec Canada nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2011, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Canada tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a NATO do Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c \u1ee7y th\u00e1c trong N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Libya."}
+{"text": "Canada l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean bang g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ba l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n v\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh: T\u00e2y b\u1ed9 Canada, Trung b\u1ed9 Canada, Canada \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 B\u1eafc b\u1ed9 Canada (\"\u0110\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 Canada\" n\u00f3i chung Trung b\u1ed9 Canada v\u00e0 Canada \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng). C\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i. T\u1ed5ng thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n chi ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Y t\u1ebf Canada; c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn \u1edf ngo\u00e0i ch\u00fang, song hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0m v\u1eady tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang th\u1ef1c thi thanh to\u00e1n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e0u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Canada s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 d\u01b0\u1edbi 150 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t (93 mi). X\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 80% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh lang th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Qu\u00e9bec \u2013Windsor, Lower Mainland t\u1ea1i British Columbia, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh lang Calgary\u2013Edmonton t\u1ea1i Alberta. Canada tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 83\u00b0B \u0111\u1ebfn 41\u00b0B, v\u00e0 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 95% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi 55\u00b0B. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c, Canada \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 gi\u00e0 h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 2006, tu\u1ed5i trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Canada l\u00e0 39,5; n\u0103m 2011, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u0103ng l\u00ean x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 39,9. N\u0103m 2013, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada l\u00e0 81."}
+{"text": "D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Canada \u0111ang t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p hai l\u1ea7n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 4% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Canada tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n trong n\u0103m 2006. 16,2% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh (visible minority) phi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n. N\u0103m 2016, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam \u00c1 (5,6%), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa (5%) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Da \u0111en (3,5%) . T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2011 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2016, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 18,4% . N\u0103m 1961, d\u01b0\u1edbi 2% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Canada (kho\u1ea3ng 300.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi 1% l\u00e0 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n. N\u0103m 2007, g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m (19,8%) ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada sinh ra t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 60% t\u00e2n di d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng). C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn Canada hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Philippines v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Theo c\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Canada, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Canada v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2031."}
+{"text": "Canada l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt n\u00f3i c\u00f3 260.400 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Canada trong n\u0103m 2014 . Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Canada d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 280.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 305.000 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa m\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2015 , m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Toronto, Montreal v\u00e0 Vancouver. Canada c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n, chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 10% t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u m\u1ed7i n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Canada l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c. Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra n\u0103m 2011, 67,3% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u00edn h\u1eefu Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o; trong \u0111\u00f3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi 38,7% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Tin L\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfm 27% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t Canada (6,1%), ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 Anh gi\u00e1o (5,0%), v\u00e0 B\u00e1p-t\u00edt (1,9%). N\u0103m 2011, kho\u1ea3ng 23,9% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Canada coi r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, so v\u1edbi 16,5% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001. C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, 8,8% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Canada l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o (3,2%) v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o (1,5%)."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Canada ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi t\u1eeb 5\u20137 \u0111\u1ebfn 16\u201318 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef l\u00e0 99%. N\u0103m 2011, 88% ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 25 \u0111\u1ebfn 64 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p trung h\u1ecdc, trong khi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chung c\u1ee7a OECD l\u00e0 74%. N\u0103m 2002, 43% ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada t\u1eeb 25 \u0111\u1ebfn 64 tu\u1ed5i s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c sau trung h\u1ecdc; trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 25 \u0111\u1ebfn 34, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c sau trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1t 51%. Theo m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a NBC n\u0103m 2012, Canada l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u1ecdc sinh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (PISA) ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc sinh Canada bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a OECD, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "Canada c\u00f3 hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, theo \u0111i\u1ec1u 16 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Canada v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Canada th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n song ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, do U\u1ef7 vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh. Ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ngang nhau trong c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n li\u00ean bang, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan li\u00ean bang. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n, \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ee7 nhu c\u1ea7u, nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang t\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef 1977 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e9bec. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u01a1n 85% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Qu\u00e9bec, song c\u0169ng c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i Ontario, Alberta, v\u00e0 nam b\u1ed9 Manitoba; Ontario l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef nh\u1ea5t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Qu\u00e9bec. New Brunswick l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c song ng\u1eef duy nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 Acadia n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm 33% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Acadia t\u1ea1i t\u00e2y nam b\u1ed9 Nova Scotia, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Cape Breton, v\u00e0 qua trung b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u00e2y b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3o Prince Edward."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, song ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, trong t\u00f2a \u00e1n, v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Anh. Manitoba, Ontario, v\u00e0 Qu\u00e9bec cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3i c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. T\u1ea1i Ontario, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, song kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. C\u00f3 11 nh\u00f3m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n 65 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00f4n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Cree, Inuktitut v\u00e0 Ojibway l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i C\u00e1c L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc. Inuktitut l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i Nunavut, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n h\u00f3a Canada r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 theo hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p.. Qu\u00e9bec l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc m\u1ea1nh h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a Qu\u00e9bec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a Canada Anh ng\u1eef. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, Canada \u1edf trong thuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3m v\u0103n h\u00f3a- m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n, th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng khai ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, \u00e1p thu\u1ebf cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng n\u00f4c l\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u00fang nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Canada."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Canada ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Anh Qu\u1ed1c, Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n. Th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Canada. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada xem tr\u1ecdng \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn Canada v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed M\u1ef9 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i, t\u1ea1i Canada Anh ng\u1eef; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Canada th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a Canada ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng ty Ph\u00e1t thanh-Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Canada (CBC), C\u1ee5c \u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Qu\u1ed1c gia Canada (NFB), v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban Ph\u00e1t thanh-Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng Canada (CRTC)."}
+{"text": "Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c Canada ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 Tom Thomson \u2013 h\u1ecda s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u2013 hay Group of Seven (nh\u00f3m 7 h\u1ecda s\u0129). S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda phong c\u1ea3nh Canada c\u1ee7a Tom Thomson k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1917 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 39. Group of Seven l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 mang m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 duy t\u00e2m ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, h\u1ecd tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1920. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 theo t\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, song n\u0103m h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u2013 Lawren Harris, A. Y. Jackson, Arthur Lismer, J. E. H. MacDonald, v\u00e0 Frederick Varley \u2013 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00f3m. Frank Johnston, v\u00e0 Franklin Carmichael c\u0169ng t\u1eebng tham gia Nh\u00f3m. A. J. Casson tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Nh\u00f3m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1926. M\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Canada n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Group of Seven, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Emily Carr, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda phong c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n dung v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i T\u00e2y B\u1eafc Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Inuit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Canada d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng cho gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c c\u1ea5p cao."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Canada s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c, nh\u1ea1c s\u0129, ban nh\u1ea1c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf t\u1ea7m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Canada ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng thu \u00e2m to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 Nelly Furtado, Avril Lavigne, Michael Bubl\u00e9, Drake, The Weeknd v\u00e0 Justin Bieber \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7m cao m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c M\u1ef9. \u1ee6y ban Ph\u00e1t thanh-Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng Canada quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Canada v\u1ec1 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc Ghi \u00e2m trao gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Juno cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Canada, gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1970. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Canada \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean 200 n\u0103m, khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c Anh Qu\u1ed1c, tr\u00ean 50 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 The Bold Canadian (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada D\u0169ng c\u1ea3m), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1812. Qu\u1ed1c ca c\u1ee7a Canada l\u00e0 \"O Canada\" ban \u0111\u1ea7u do Ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c Qu\u00e9bec Th\u00e9odore Robitaille \u0111\u1eb7t s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c cho ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Th\u00e1nh Jean-Baptiste n\u0103m 1880, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1980. Calixa Lavall\u00e9e l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft nh\u1ea1c, ph\u1ed5 theo m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c do Adolphe-Basile Routhier s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c. Nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n l\u1eddi b\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1906."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Canada kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1770. C\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Canada l\u00e0 kh\u00fac c\u00f4n c\u1ea7u tr\u00ean b\u0103ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng v\u1ee3t. B\u1ea3y trong s\u1ed1 t\u00e1m v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Canada \u2013 Toronto, Montr\u00e9al, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton v\u00e0 Winnipeg \u2013 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch tham gia Gi\u1ea3i kh\u00fac c\u00f4n c\u1ea7u Qu\u1ed1c gia (NHL). C\u00e1c m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Canada g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 bi \u0111\u00e1 tr\u00ean b\u0103ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 Canada; gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 [ki\u1ec3u Canada] Canada (CFL) l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. Golf, qu\u1ea7n v\u1ee3t, b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft, cricket, b\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec1n, b\u00f3ng b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c ki\u1ec3u li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p, b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u trong gi\u1edbi thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ee9c nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0, song c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Canada c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 Toronto Blue Jays, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 Toronto Raptors. Canada tham gia v\u00e0o h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi k\u1ef3 Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u tham gia v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900, v\u00e0 t\u1eebng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 thao qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cao c\u1ea5p, bao g\u1ed3m Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i M\u00f9a h\u00e8 1976 t\u1ea1i Montr\u00e9al, Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng 1988 t\u1ea1i Calgary, Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng 2010 t\u1ea1i Vancouver v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 1994 v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 U-20 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 2007. Canada s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 World Cup khi s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Mexico t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2026."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n d\u1eabn t\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Iraq x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Kuwait ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1990, sau khi Iraq cho r\u1eb1ng (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) Kuwait \u0111\u00e3 \"khoan nghi\u00eang\" gi\u1ebfng d\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Iraq. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm l\u00e0 Iraq ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1991, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi 1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, bu\u1ed9c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Iraq ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Kuwait v\u1edbi t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 b\u00ean trong Iraq, Kuwait v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng gi\u00e1p bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Iraq/Kuwait/\u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, d\u00f9 Iraq \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eafn t\u00ean l\u1eeda v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Israel."}
+{"text": "\"Chi\u1ebfn tranh V\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh\" v\u00e0 \"Chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0\" l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. T\u1eeb \"Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Iraq t\u1ef1 do\" ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2003 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Hoa K\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Iraq, cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u0103m 1991 hi\u1ec7n nay th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Chi\u1ebfn tranh V\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t\". T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \"L\u00e1 ch\u1eafn sa m\u1ea1c\" (Desert Shield) v\u00e0 \"B\u00e3o t\u00e1p sa m\u1ea1c\" (Desert Storm) v\u00e0 \u1edf Anh l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Granby. T\u1ea1i Kuwait v\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Harb Tahrir al-Kuwait hay \"Chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Kuwait\". T\u1ea1i Iraq, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Um M'a\u0101rak - \"Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn\"."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, theo Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Anh-Ottoman n\u0103m 1913, Kuwait b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"caza t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb\" b\u00ean trong Iraq c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman. Sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, Kuwait thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y coi Kuwait v\u00e0 Iraq l\u00e0 hai qu\u1ed1c gia ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e1c Ti\u1ec3u V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng quan ch\u1ee9c Iraq kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Kuwait hay ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Emir t\u1ea1i Kuwait. Iraq kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Kuwait v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 Anh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec3n khai qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Kuwait kh\u1ecfi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Iraq."}
+{"text": "Trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Iran-Iraq \u1edf th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, Kuwait l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a Iraq, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Iraq b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Shi'ite \u1edf Iran. Sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, Iraq n\u1ee3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n l\u1edbn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 14 t\u1ef7 dollar n\u1ee3 Kuwait. Iraq hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3 khi l\u00e0m t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a OPEC, nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Kuwait l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho vi\u1ec7c tranh ch\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Iraq b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i Kuwait \u0111\u00e3 khoan nghi\u00eang v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng d\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec Iraq l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec7m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Iran b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp n\u00ean Kuwait v\u00e0 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n hay h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 cho chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Iraq. Hai l\u00fd do ban \u0111\u1ea7u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Iraq Saddam Hussein \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c Kuwait t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Iraq v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n t\u00e1ch ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u00e0 Iraq s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Kuwait \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \"ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n kinh t\u1ebf\" khi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Kuwait tr\u01b0\u1edbc Iran c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c Kuwait \u0111\u00e3 khoan nghi\u00eang v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng d\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Kuwait \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. Kuwait t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Iraq v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Anh t\u00e1ch ra. Vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Kuwait \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p \u1ea2 R\u1eadp r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra. Hussein coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Babylon theo c\u00e1ch khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia. Cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u1edf v\u00f9ng Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. Phong tr\u00e0o Intifada l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Palestine \u0111ang \u1edf cao tr\u00e0o, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Kuwait, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp, \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf Saddam xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Israel v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3, Iran-Iraq c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Iraq t\u1eebng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft. Hoa K\u1ef3 lo ng\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Iraq v\u1edbi Israel v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i Iraq h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m chi\u1ebfn binh \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0 Palestine nh\u01b0 Abu Nidal, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1979. Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1eabn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 trung l\u1eadp khi Chi\u1ebfn tranh Iran-Iraq x\u1ea3y ra, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd t\u1eebng b\u1ecb b\u1ebd m\u1eb7t b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng con tin Iran d\u00e0i 444 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng Iran s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1982, Iran b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i (\"Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn\"). Trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m m\u1edf ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1edbi Iraq, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi danh s\u00e1ch \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1. B\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y nh\u1edd \u1edf s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Iraq, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ef1u Tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng Hoa K\u1ef3 Noel Koch sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng \"Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c [ng\u01b0\u1eddi Iraq] ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1... L\u00fd do th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Iran.\""}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Iran trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7, vi\u1ec7c mua b\u00e1n v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c (nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Ph\u00e1p, Ai C\u1eadp, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103m 1982, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa M\u1ef9-Iraq - Abu Nidal ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Baghdad. Khi nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t sang Syria v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1983, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Reagan \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed Donald Rumsfeld l\u00e0m ph\u00e1i vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sang Iraq nh\u1eb1m thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7."}
+{"text": "V\u00ec s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Iran c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Iraq v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung \u0110\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c, Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho Iraq. T\u1eeb 1983 \u0111\u1ebfn 1990, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n kho\u1ea3ng 200 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho Iraq, theo Vi\u1ec7n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Stockholm (SIPRI). Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi 1% t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n cho Iraq \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng b\u00e1n m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Iraq \u0111em ra s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Iran."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1994 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng B\u1ed9 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n, cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111a t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng cho Iraq h\u1ed3i gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 khu\u1ea9n b\u1ec7nh than (anthrax), sau n\u00e0y b\u1ecb L\u1ea7u N\u0103m G\u00f3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u0169 kh\u00ed sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Iraq, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Clostridium botulinum, Histoplasma capsulatum, Brucella melitensis v\u00e0 Clostridium perfringens. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \"nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong chi\u1ebfn tranh\". C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Iraq \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \"h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y\" trong cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t Iran-Iraq ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1983. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch U\u1ef7 ban th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, Don Riegle, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \"Nh\u00e1nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n 771 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u kh\u00e1c nhau cho vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cho Iraq. T\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c kinh kh\u1ee7ng\". C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y Iraq t\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed sinh h\u1ecdc trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n sinh h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o trong b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o tr\u00ean c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 cung c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf cho Iraq. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Iraq v\u1edbi Iran v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd - h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Iraq r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 cho ph\u00e9p Hussein ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc cho chi\u1ebfn tranh. T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1983 v\u00e0 1990, Iraq \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5 t\u1ef7 dollar t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Commodity Credit Corporation m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Hoa K\u1ef3, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf m\u1ee9c 400 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed9t n\u0103m n\u0103m 1983 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng t\u1edbi h\u01a1n 1 t\u1ef7 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m n\u0103m 1988 v\u00e0 1989, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n 500 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m 1990. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p cho Hussein c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m 1985 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 684 tri\u1ec7u dollar t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng cho Iraq \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn d\u1ea7u qua Jordan v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Bechtel Corporation c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i California ."}
+{"text": "Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Iraq v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf g\u00ec cho t\u1edbi khi Iraq t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn Kuwait. Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1989, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng George H. W. Bush k\u00fd m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb m\u1eadt s\u1ed1 26 v\u1ec1 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng, \"Vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf \u1edf V\u1ecbnh P\u00e9c x\u00edch v\u00e0 an ninh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong v\u00f9ng l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi an ninh Hoa K\u1ef3.\" \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Iraq, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng \"Nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Iraq s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf c\u1ea3 V\u1ecbnh P\u00e9c x\u00edch v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng.\""}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1990, khi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa Iraq v\u00e0 Kuwait sa l\u1ea7y, Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Iraq t\u1eadp trung t\u1edbi v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi Kuwait v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Hoa K\u1ef3 April Glaspie t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u1edbi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Iraq Saddam Hussein. Hai v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o ra, c\u1ea3 hai r\u1ea5t tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau. Theo nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3, Saddam ph\u00e1c ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kuwait, trong khi h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Kuwait tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn kh\u00e1c. \u1ede v\u0103n b\u1ea3n do b\u00e1o The New York Times \u0111\u01b0a ra ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1990, Glaspie b\u00e0y t\u1ecf lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i:"}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ngo\u1ea1i giao th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \"b\u1eadt \u0111\u00e8n xanh\" c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 cho cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm. D\u00f9 b\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i giao kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn (hay ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn) t\u00edch x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n tin t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 cho r\u1eb1ng Glaspie \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \"theo ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o\" (ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ednh trung l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Iraq-Kuwait) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadt \u0111\u00e8n xanh cho T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Iraq Saddam Hussein v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, khi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tr\u00f9 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Saddam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u00ec th\u1ebf b\u1ea3n ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Glaspie ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng ta (Saddam) c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec Hoa K\u1ef3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u1edf b\u00ean trong. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 Kenneth Pollack, tin r\u1eb1ng Sadddam kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3, hay r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1989, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c CIA William Webster g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u01a1 quan an ninh Kuwait, Thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng Fahd Ahmed Al-Fahd. Sau khi Iraq x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Kuwait, Iraq tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi nh\u1edb li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd. T\u1edd The Washington Post \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao Kuwait \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea5t x\u1ec9u khi tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec9nh \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8. Sau n\u00e0y, Iraq cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n ghi nh\u1edb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a CIA v\u00e0 Kuwait nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Iraq. CIA v\u00e0 Kuwait \u0111\u00e3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ghi nh\u1edb ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 sau:"}
+{"text": "R\u1ea1ng s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1990, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Iraq v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Kuwait v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 binh v\u00e0 xe b\u1ecdc th\u00e9p, chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Kuwait, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Emir. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Kuwait nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng k\u00ecm ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian cho Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Kuwait bay sang tr\u1ed1n \u1edf \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eef d\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5t di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Cung Emir, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ho\u00e0ng gia chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u1ecdc h\u1eadu cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u00e0ng gia t\u1ea9u tho\u00e1t. Anh (Em) c\u1ee7a Emir, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3, n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Iraq c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c c\u00e1c kho th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c men d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef, giam gi\u1eef h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 h\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Iraq v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n Kuwait. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Iraq \u0111\u00e3 giam gi\u1eef h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0m con tin v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111em h\u1ecd ra l\u00e0m v\u1eadt trao \u0111\u1ed5i. Sau m\u1ed9t khi l\u1eadp n\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn do Alaa Hussein Ali l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, Iraq s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Kuwait. Sau \u0111\u00f3 Hussein l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c t\u1ec9nh m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Iraq, g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\" kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Emir c\u1ee7a Kuwait, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n trong chi\u1ebfn tranh."}
+{"text": "Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i gi\u1edd sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Kuwait v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp, th\u00f4ng qua Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 660, l\u00ean \u00e1n cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Iraq r\u00fat qu\u00e2n. Ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 8, Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp th\u00f4ng qua ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh l\u00ean \u00e1n cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i Iraq r\u00fat qu\u00e2n. Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp c\u0169ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 8, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an th\u00f4ng qua Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 661, \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf l\u00ean Iraq."}
+{"text": "Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Iraq th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n Iraq x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi Kuwait, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c Iraq \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi Kuwait. Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Iraq tr\u01b0\u1edbc Kuwait khi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Iraq \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng d\u1ea7u \u1edf Hama, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Vi\u1ec7c Iraq ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean d\u1ea7u l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a Iraq v\u00e0 Kuwait s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean d\u1ea7u l\u1eeda th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau ch\u00ednh \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, Hoa K\u1ef3, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n coi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u01b0 n\u1eb1m ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean binh l\u00ednh nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n Iraq \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai \u1edf ph\u00eda nam Kuwait. R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 Iraq s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng d\u1ea7u \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi n\u00e0o h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Riyadh, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. C\u00e1c s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p Iraq c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai t\u1edbi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng d\u1ea7u g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i, v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ed9t sa m\u1ea1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra d\u01b0\u1edbi bom c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat."}
+{"text": "Iraq c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. M\u1ed1i lo v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh Iran - Iraq l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00ec Iraq n\u1ee3 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 26 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9. Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi sa m\u1ea1c d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ngay sau khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u1edf Kuwait, X\u00e1t-\u0111am b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng k\u00edch v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u do M\u1ef9 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb tr\u00f4ng coi b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 linh thi\u00eang nh\u01b0 Mecca v\u00e0 Medina. X\u00e1t-\u0111am g\u1ed9p c\u1ea3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111ang chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u1edf Afghanistan th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 Iran t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef Allahu Akbar (Th\u00e1nh Ala v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i) v\u00e0o l\u00e1 c\u1edd Iraq v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh X\u00e1t-\u0111am \u0111ang c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n \u1edf Kuwait \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00f4i k\u00e9o s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb Nh\u00f3m huynh \u0111\u1ec7 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 chia r\u1ebd nh\u00f3m H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Mu-gia-h\u00edt-\u0111in v\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n leo thang l\u00ean m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng hai nh\u00f3m t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn, USS Dwight D. Eisenhower v\u00e0 USS Independence t\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 8. C\u0169ng trong ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, 48 chi\u1ebfc F-15 thu\u1ed9c Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb 1st Fighter Wing t\u1ea1i C\u0103n c\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Langley, Virginia, \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh xu\u1ed1ng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tu\u1ea7n tra tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1eadn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0 Iraq nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Iraq. Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p h\u1ea1m USS Missouri v\u00e0 USS Wisconsin v\u00e0o trong v\u00f9ng, sau n\u00e0y ch\u00fang s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. Vi\u1ec7c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ra, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 500.000 qu\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed r\u1eb1ng t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 10, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 trong v\u00f9ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) c\u1ee7a Iraq v\u00e0o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat."}
+{"text": "Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng James Baker, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Iraq, g\u1ed3m l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb 34 n\u01b0\u1edbc: Afghanistan, Argentina, \u00dac, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Canada, Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc, \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, Ai C\u1eadp, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, Hy L\u1ea1p, Hungary, Honduras, \u00dd, Kuwait, Maroc, H\u00e0 Lan, New Zealand, Niger, Na Uy, Oman, Pakistan, Ba Lan, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, Qatar, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Syria, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, C\u00e1c Ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, Anh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Hoa K\u1ef3. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 chi\u1ebfm 74% trong s\u1ed1 660.000 l\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 ph\u1ea3i tham gia; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, hay lo ng\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u1edf Kuwait. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c khi ch\u1ee9ng khi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Iraq \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3m n\u1ee3."}
+{"text": "Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do bi\u1ec7n minh cho vi\u1ec7c d\u00ednh l\u00edu v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t. L\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean minh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \"Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e1u l\u1ea5y d\u1ea7u\" \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi t\u1ea7m cao nh\u01b0 phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfn trong chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam. L\u00fd do ti\u1ebfp sau cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Iraq d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Saddam Hussein, nguy c\u01a1 Iraq c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n hay v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng \"s\u1ef1 g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n l\u1ed9 li\u1ec5u s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng\" (naked aggression will not stand)."}
+{"text": "D\u00f9 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Iraq tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Kuwait \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Kuwait \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Ngay sau khi Iraq chi\u1ebfm Kuwait, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cho m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Kuwait t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf M\u1ef9. N\u00f3 thu\u00ea c\u00f4ng ty quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang Hill and Knowlton v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 11 tri\u1ec7u dollar do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Kuwait cung c\u1ea5p. C\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 Iraq l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ra kh\u1ecfi l\u1ed3ng \u1ea5p trong c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Kuwait v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ch\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00e0n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e1 ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u00e0ng gia Kuwait s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Paris khi x\u1ea3y ra chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf Iraq v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c. (Xem Nurse Nayirah.)"}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Iraq, l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c r\u00fat qu\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ra kh\u1ecfi Kuwait. Iraq nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c r\u00fat qu\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi Kuwait ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \"g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi\" s\u1ef1 r\u00fat qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Syria ra kh\u1ecfi Liban v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Israel ra kh\u1ecfi B\u1edd T\u00e2y, D\u1ea3i Gaza, Cao nguy\u00ean Golan, v\u00e0 Nam Liban. Maroc v\u00e0 Jordan \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng Syria, Israel v\u00e0 li\u00ean minh ch\u1ed1ng Iraq ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Kuwait. Syria \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o li\u00ean qu\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Saddam nh\u01b0ng Israel v\u1eabn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 trung l\u1eadp d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda v\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n Israel. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Bush \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Israel \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3, trong khi T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Palestine d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Yasser Arafat ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Saddam Hussein, sau n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t giao trong quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Palestine-Kuwait, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Palestine ra kh\u1ecfi Kuwait."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y sau th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ch\u00f3t do Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1eb7t ra, li\u00ean minh tung ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n \u1ed3 \u1ea1t v\u1edbi m\u1eadt danh \"Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch b\u00e3o t\u00e1p sa m\u1ea1c\" v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 1.000 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t k\u00edch m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1991. N\u0103m ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh qu\u1ed1c gia Bagdad ph\u00e1t \u0111i m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Saddam Hussein tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \"Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u00ecnh minh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n khi cu\u1ed9c th\u1eed th\u00e1ch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn.\""}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c (hay \"bom th\u00f4ng minh\"), bom b\u1ea7y, BLU-82 \"daisy cutters\" v\u00e0 t\u00ean l\u1eeda h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh. Iraq tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00f3ng 8 t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud v\u00e0o Israel ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Iraq. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhanh ch\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian x\u1ea3y ra cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n li\u00ean minh h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0o khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. D\u00f9 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Iraq t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, li\u00ean minh ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y bay trong ng\u00e0y m\u1edf m\u00e0n chi\u1ebfn tranh. M\u00e1y bay t\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng SAM d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a Iraq; khi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y xong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u m\u00e1y bay kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n cao h\u01a1n. \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c phi v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0 s\u00e1u nh\u00f3m t\u00e0u s\u00e2n bay c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh \u1edf V\u1ecbnh P\u00e9c-x\u00edch."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a li\u00ean qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1edf ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u00ean ph\u00eda li\u00ean qu\u00e2n hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Iraq s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. Trong tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Iraq \u00edt khi xu\u1ea5t k\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, 38 m\u00e1y bay MiG c\u1ee7a Iraq \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n li\u00ean qu\u00e2n b\u1eafn h\u1ea1. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Iraq b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n sang Iran, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 115 t\u1edbi 140 chi\u1ebfc. Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y \u1ed3 \u1ea1t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Iraq sang Iran khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean qu\u00e2n r\u1ea5t kinh ng\u1ea1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay Iraq \u0111\u00e3 \"an to\u00e0n\" t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c s\u00e2n bay Iran. Iran kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u00f3 cho Iraq v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o n\u0103m sau. Ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 1, Iraq b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed5 g\u1ea7n 1 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n d\u1ea7u th\u00f4 xu\u1ed1ng v\u1ecbnh, g\u00e2y ra v\u1ee5 tr\u00e0n d\u1ea7u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Iraq v\u00e0 Kuwait: c\u00e1c b\u1ec7 ph\u00f3ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n. Kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba kh\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c li\u00ean qu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c b\u1ec7 ph\u00f3ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean c\u00e1c xe t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho c\u1ea3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1: c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. T\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c 4% so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh. Bom \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eadp ch\u00ednh, \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1m b\u01a1m ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Iraq \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea9n n\u00e1u khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef."}
+{"text": "Trong \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, li\u00ean qu\u00e2n tr\u00e1nh g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1991, hai qu\u1ea3 bom th\u00f4ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng tia laser \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y l\u00f4 c\u1ed1t Amiriyah m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Iraq cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tr\u00e1nh bom c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n. C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c M\u1ef9 cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00f4 c\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m th\u00f4ng tin qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1edbi nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \"B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i: Th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o\", Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n tin t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho th\u1ea5y l\u00f4 c\u1ed1t n\u00e0y \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, K\u1ebb ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o bom c\u1ee7a Saddam, c\u1ef1u gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Iraq, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t sang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng l\u00f4 c\u1ed1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u1ea3 hai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00fa \u1ea9n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i l\u00f4 c\u1ed1t.... Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb b\u1ecbt k\u00edn.... L\u00f4 c\u1ed1t c\u00f3 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn, v\u00f2i n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng, m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n ri\u00eang, v\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch v\u00e0o trong, b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra v\u00e0i chi\u1ebfc limousine \u0111en ch\u1ea1y ra ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o qua c\u00e1nh c\u1ed5ng ng\u1ea7m \u1edf ph\u00eda sau. T\u00f4i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf xung quanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 huy. Sau khi xem x\u00e9t n\u00f3 k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a X\u00e1t-\u0111am."}
+{"text": "Iraq \u0111\u00e3 tung ra c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a li\u00ean qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0 Israel, v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng bu\u1ed9c Israel tham gia cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp kh\u00e1c r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3. Chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Israel kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o li\u00ean qu\u00e2n, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi li\u00ean qu\u00e2n tr\u1eeb Jordan, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1eabn gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 trung l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra r\u1ea5t \u00edt thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 2 v\u1edbi 28 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng khi m\u1ed9t t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y doanh tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i Dhahran. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o Israel kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi t\u0103ng t\u1ea7m b\u1eafn, t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1t th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 1, Iraq d\u00f9ng xe t\u0103ng, b\u1ed9 binh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Khafji c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00fac \u1ea5y dang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00ednh th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ed9 trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Tr\u1eadn Khafji \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac khi qu\u00e2n Iraq ph\u1ea3i l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u00ednh th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 hai ng\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3. Ngay sau khi Iraq x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Kuwait, Khafji \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a Iraq khi \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p v\u00e0o Khafji v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9ng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0m b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Iraq kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ea7u \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 tri\u1ec3n khai d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u00f5 n\u00e9t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u01b0u m\u1eb9o m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n c\u00e1c s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n ra, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Serbia t\u1ea1i Kosovo. C\u00e1c b\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfn c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00f9ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Afghanistan khi qu\u00e2n Taliban r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf. Chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Iraq khi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Iraq r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Kurdistan thu\u1ed9c Iraq v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y, Qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n VII Hoa K\u1ef3 tung ra cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u1ed3 \u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng xe b\u1ecdc th\u00e9p v\u00e0o Iraq, t\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Kuwait, khi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n Iraq ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. S\u01b0\u1eddn tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ecdc th\u00e9p h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9 s\u1ed1 6 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n L\u00ea d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p), v\u00e0 s\u01b0\u1eddn ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi S\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p s\u1ed1 1 Ho\u00e0ng gia Anh. Khi li\u00ean qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Iraq, h\u1ecd quay sang ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, tung ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng V\u1ec7 binh c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Iraq. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn xe t\u0103ng n\u1ed5 ra khi V\u1ec7 binh c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch r\u00fat lui, khi\u1ebfn cho li\u00ean qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Khi Iraq \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c gi\u1ebfng d\u1ea7u ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Iraq tri\u1ec3n khai xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Kuwait v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u00e2n d\u1ecdc theo bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Kuwait c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Iraq m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Th\u1ee9 hai, khi \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tri\u1ec3n khai qu\u00e2n d\u1ecdc bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u00f3 ra c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u1ed3 \u1ea1t v\u00e0o s\u01b0\u1eddn. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Iraq kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00e0i d\u1ecdc theo bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Kuwait v\u00e0 t\u00e2y nam Iraq. V\u00ec th\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 thu h\u1eb9p m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 \u1edf ph\u00eda nam Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Kuwait v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Basra. Iraq ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean qu\u00e2n \u1edf s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1o binh. \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p binh Iraq \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o b\u1eb1ng xe v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Iraq mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch v\u00e0 giao chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ecdc th\u1ee7ng hay \u0111\u00e1nh ngang s\u01b0\u1eddn."}
+{"text": "\u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a li\u00ean qu\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00ec qu\u00e2n Iraq kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng nh\u00f2m h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c xe M1 Abrams. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe t\u0103ng li\u00ean qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c xe t\u0103ng Iraq t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a xe t\u0103ng Iraq. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Iraq c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb - chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u00ean trong Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Kuwait, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. Chi\u1ebfn tranh trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea7m chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a li\u00ean qu\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb n\u1ed5i d\u1eady Iraq trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb sau Cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Iraq n\u0103m 2003. C\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a li\u00ean qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u1edf t\u1ea7m xa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean qu\u00e2n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Iraq b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng. T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, Iraq \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng v\u0169 trang trong ph\u00eda bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 do nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn sau, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 - v\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang Iraq - l\u1ea1i quay sang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Shiite \u1edf ph\u00eda nam. T\u1ea1i ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi nh\u1eefng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi n\u01a1i, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh Iraq c\u00f2n trung th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p d\u00e3 man qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd. H\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y qua c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd t\u1ea1i Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Iran. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u1ea5m bay \u1edf c\u1ea3 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam Iraq. T\u1ea1i Kuwait, gia \u0111\u00ecnh Emir \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Iraq b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, h\u01a1n 400.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Palestine (v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi Saddam Hussein)."}
+{"text": "Chi ph\u00ed chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 do H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u00e0 $61,1 t\u1ef7. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00ean t\u1edbi $71 t\u1ef7. Kho\u1ea3ng $53 t\u1ef7 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 do c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c chi tr\u1ea3: $36 t\u1ef7 do Kuwait, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c; $16 t\u1ef7 b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (hai n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng g\u1eedi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai). Kho\u1ea3ng 25% s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh to\u00e1n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 cung c\u1ea5p cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean qu\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd l\u1ebd cho r\u1eb1ng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ea3 g\u00e1i m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u00f3m \"b\u1ed9 ba l\u1edbn\" \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi tin t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a tin v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn: Peter Jennings c\u1ee7a ABC, Dan Rather c\u1ee7a CBS v\u00e0 Tom Brokaw c\u1ee7a NBC d\u1eabn c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng tin bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1991. Ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ABC News Gary Shepard, b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb Baghdad, n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Jennings v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng sau, Shepard \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00e1nh ch\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea1ch l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea1n xung quanh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Tr\u00ean k\u00eanh CBS, kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i b\u1ea3n tin c\u1ee7a ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean Allen Pizzey, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a tin t\u1eeb Baghdad, khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Sau khi b\u1ea3n tin k\u1ebft th\u00fac l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tin t\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i Baghdad ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. Trong b\u1ea3n tin \"NBC Nightly News\", ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean Mike Boettcher th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u1edf Dhahran. V\u00e0i ph\u00fat sau, Brokaw n\u00f3i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh k\u00eanh CNN \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo d\u00f5i nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean CNN, John Holliman v\u00e0 Peter Arnett c\u00f9ng CNN ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa Bernard Shaw \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Al-Rashid khi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng k\u00edch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u00e1o ch\u00ed kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0a tin v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed TIME \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1991, d\u00f2ng t\u00edt \"CHI\u1ebeN TRANH V\u00d9NG V\u1ecaNH\" n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt ngo\u00e0i trang b\u00eca v\u1edbi b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p Baghdad khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u1edf Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a L\u1ea7u N\u0103m G\u00f3c t\u00ean l\u00e0 Annex Foxtrot. \u0110a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u1edbi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn hay ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n binh s\u0129. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 cho Iraq nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin g\u00e2y r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a tin nhanh nh\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi m\u1ebb. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn \u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Baghdad c\u1ee7a Iraq trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh t\u00ean l\u1eeda bay \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n tin v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u00eanh tin t\u1ee9c qua truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u00e1p nh\u01b0 CNN. M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a k\u00eanh CBS News (David Green v\u00e0 Andy Thompson), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra. H\u1ecd t\u1edbi Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Kuwait m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp (v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o kh\u00e1c!) ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau."}
+{"text": "Theo sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1ea5m bay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Shi'ite \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u1ea5m bay n\u00e0y (b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 36 B\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 32 Nam) ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Anh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tham gia \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u. C\u1ea5u k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn bay thanh s\u00e1t trong v\u00f2ng 11 n\u0103m sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh. Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn thanh s\u00e1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed9i bom g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y v\u00e0o t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u00fang cao x\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafn h\u1ea1 m\u00e1y bay. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bom l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong hai chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch k\u00e9o d\u00e0i: Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch T\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng sa m\u1ea1c, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1996, v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Con c\u00e1o sa m\u1ea1c, th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1998. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, v\u00f9ng c\u1ea5m bay trong khu v\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd, \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng an ninh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Saddam Hussein n\u0103m 2003, khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n (khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Iraq trong Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Iraq). Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t mi\u1ec1n Nam, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Shi'ite c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady."}
+{"text": "C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Iraq. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc khi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng Tigris, v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 sinh ho\u1ea1t d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n v\u1ed1n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Saddam s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00ec l\u00fd do t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c thanh s\u00e1t v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u00e0 Iraq ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Sau n\u00e0y Iraq \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ed5i d\u1ea7u l\u1ea5y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c. A 1998 b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a UNICEF cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t khi\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 t\u1eed vong \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y t\u0103ng th\u00eam 90.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t Iraq v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u1edf \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m x\u1ea5u \u0111i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1997, Iraq tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u00ean trong ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n thanh s\u00e1t v\u0169 kh\u00ed, c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c r\u1eb1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p; c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a UNSCOM th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef v\u0169 kh\u00ed. \u0110\u1ed9i thanh s\u00e1t v\u0169 kh\u00ed ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c quay l\u1ea1i Iraq trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1997 v\u00e0 1999 v\u00e0 c\u00f2n g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i h\u01a1n n\u1eefa; m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ed9i thanh s\u00e1t, Scott Ritter thu\u1ed9c H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1998, cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Clinton \u0111ang c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thanh s\u00e1t v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi Iraq. N\u0103m 1999, \u0111\u1ed9i thanh s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi UNMOVIC, c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2002. N\u0103m 2002, Iraq - v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Saddam Hussein - tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau trong Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Iraq n\u0103m 2003, do Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0, \u1edf t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, Anh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh V\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh, theo Gilles Kepel, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Saddam b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi li\u00ean minh gi\u1eefa \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng ph\u00eda v\u1edbi Israel c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat m\u1ea5t uy t\u00edn trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat t\u0103ng l\u00ean d\u1eef d\u1ed9i. Trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u00e3 chi th\u00eam ti\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat \u0111\u00e3 chi ti\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1n Qur'an cho d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. T\u1ea1i Afghanistan ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho Taliban trong cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u binh s\u0129 li\u00ean qu\u00e2n quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i sau khi tham chi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng V\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh (s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ebb sinh ra trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh binh l\u00ednh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau hay nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng l\u00ean t\u1edbi 67%, theo m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u do S\u1edf C\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh Hoa K\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh). M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1994 c\u1ee7a V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cho r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi 21 lo\u1ea1i \"ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi sinh s\u1ea3n\" ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 ra l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, kh\u00f3i d\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc xin b\u1ec7nh than s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 nhanh d\u00f9ng cho binh s\u0129 (c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc xin th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng)."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1998, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Iraq \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean qu\u00e2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng urani ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t v\u1ee5 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh v\u00e0 ung th\u01b0 trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Iraq, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa urani ngh\u00e8o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadn tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi Basra v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra l\u00fd do g\u00e2y ra t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ung th\u01b0 cao \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Iraq, nh\u01b0ng Saddam \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a urani ngh\u00e8o t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n n\u0103m 2001 t\u1edbi Kosovo. M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u0103m 2001 c\u1ee7a WHO v\u1ec1 urani ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: \"b\u1edfi v\u00ec urani ngh\u00e8o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 y\u1ebfu, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u00edt v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn b\u1ee5i (\u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 gam) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 ung th\u01b0 ph\u1ed5i \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nguy c\u01a1. Nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 v\u1ec1 ung th\u01b0 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ung th\u01b0 ph\u1ed5i.\" H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \"kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c hay ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi\" v\u00ec l\u00fd do ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a urani ngh\u00e8o."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 urani ngh\u00e8o. N\u00f3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \"T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y urani ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb\" v\u00e0 \"urani ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Iraq s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1980 v\u00e0 1990 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf tr\u1ebb em Iraq.\" V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i g\u00e2y ra ung th\u01b0, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 cho r\u1eb1ng \"theo nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t y t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a urani hay urani ngh\u00e8o\", v\u00e0 \"t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ung th\u01b0 trong s\u1ed1 19.000 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi urani ngh\u00e8o \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u1edf Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c gia Oak Ridge trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1943 v\u00e0 1947 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ung th\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn n\u0103m 1974. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1ecbch t\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ung th\u01b0 ph\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y urani v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y gia c\u00f4ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng hay s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t sinh ung th\u01b0 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft ngo\u00e0i urani, nh\u01b0 radon.\""}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c (PGMs, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"bom th\u00f4ng minh\"), nh\u01b0 t\u00ean l\u1eeda AGM-130 c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u00ednh cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ra v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nh\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Baghdad c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh lao t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n 7.4% to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1 bom li\u00ean minh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i bom kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m bom ch\u00f9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ee1 ra th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ea3 bom nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 bom BLU-82 n\u1eb7ng 15.000 pound c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt trong b\u00e1n k\u00ednh h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m yard."}
+{"text": "T\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud l\u00e0 t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt do Li\u00ean bang x\u00f4 vi\u1ebft ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1eebng tri\u1ec3n khai cho nh\u1eefng s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n H\u1ed3ng Qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u00f4ng tin, trung t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 l\u00e0m tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh, c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Iraq \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud, ph\u00f3ng ch\u00fang t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 \u1ea2 r\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00fat v\u00e0 Israel. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ea3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong, s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 lo ng\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c Iraq c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc hay sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng khi mang c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bay \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n Mach 5 l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn t\u00ednh \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc mang theo. C\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ed1n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh. T\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 mang c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn t\u1edbi t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u01b0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 t\u00ean l\u1eeda Patriot c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 t\u00ean l\u1eeda n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t cao ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n cho li\u00ean qu\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh sau n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Patriot r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 0%. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng. Nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3i m\u1eadt v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 so v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eafn \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5, b\u1eafn tr\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e2n v\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u00ean l\u1eeda Scud \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed5 tung khi \u0111ang bay. Nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n b\u1eafn ch\u1eb7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t t\u00ean l\u1eeda b\u1eafn tr\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c t\u00ean l\u1eeda Al-Hussein (g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Scud) n\u1ed5 khi \u0111ang bay \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edt d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n d\u00f2 t\u00ecm radar c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed m\u1eadt trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m n\u1eefa. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Patriot \u0111\u00e3 \"ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7u\" trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh V\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh."}
+{"text": "N\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 3,1% t\u1edbi 3,8%. Khi s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt \u0111\u1ed5 ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng hay g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng \u0111ang tan ch\u1ea3y th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n nh\u1ea1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. N\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n nh\u1ea1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i v\u1ecbnh Ph\u1ea7n Lan, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n Baltic. Bi\u1ec3n h\u1edf m\u1eb7n nh\u1ea5t (n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 mu\u1ed1i cao nh\u1ea5t) l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecf (H\u1ed3ng H\u1ea3i), do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i cao c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y nh\u1ecf. \u0110\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n trong c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n c\u00f4 l\u1eadp (bi\u1ec3n k\u00edn) nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3n Ch\u1ebft cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3."}
+{"text": "T\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng 1.020 t\u1edbi 1.030 kg/m\u00b3 t\u1ea1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f2n s\u00e2u trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao, n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng ri\u00eang t\u1edbi 1.050 kg/m\u00b3hay cao h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt (n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt tinh khi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng ri\u00eang t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 1.000 g/ml \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 4 \u00b0C) do tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3o. \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng khi \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng -2 \u00b0C (28,4 \u00b0F) \u1edf n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 35\u2030. Do \u0111\u1ec7m h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed9 pH c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong kho\u1ea3ng 7,5 t\u1edbi 8,4. V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e2m thanh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1.500 m\u2022s\u22121 v\u00e0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "N\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n gi\u00e0u c\u00e1c ion h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n kho\u1ea3ng 2,8 l\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c bicacbonat h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed gam, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a bicacbonat trong n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n tr\u00ean t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ion l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng do c\u00e1c ion bicacbonat chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 48% c\u00e1c ion c\u00f3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng trong khi ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 0,41% c\u00e1c ion c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 do th\u1eddi gian c\u01b0 tr\u00fa kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n; c\u00e1c ion natri v\u00e0 clorua c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian c\u01b0 tr\u00fa l\u00e2u h\u01a1n, trong khi c\u00e1c ion canxi (thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh cacbonat) c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea7m l\u1eafng nhanh h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a mu\u1ed1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Edmond Halley v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1715, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra bi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c con s\u00f4ng, do ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecdc qua c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1edd m\u01b0a. Khi ra t\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7c h\u01a1n nh\u1edd qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bay h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc (xem Chu tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y h\u1ecdc). Halley c\u0169ng l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t ra \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng (nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3n Ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n Caspi) ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9a mu\u1ed1i cao. Halley \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \"phong h\u00f3a l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba\"."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 do h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc/ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o l\u00e0m cho mu\u1ed1i b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7m l\u1eafng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7m l\u1eafng natri v\u00e0 clorua bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch evaporit v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi bazan \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u00ec natri kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecdc ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch che ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho mu\u1ed1i b\u1ecb giam h\u00e3m ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m l\u1ecdc d\u1ea7n t\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t."}
+{"text": "\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra do l\u01b0\u1ee3ng clorua natri trong m\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng h\u1eb9p ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 9 g/L (0,9% theo tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng). U\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 3,5% c\u00e1c ion clorua v\u00e0 natri h\u00f2a tan) nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gia t\u0103ng n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ion n\u00e0y trong m\u00e1u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y k\u00edch th\u00edch th\u1eadn gia t\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft natri, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 natri c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f4 t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a th\u1eadn. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gia t\u0103ng th\u00eam n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n th\u00ec n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 natri trong m\u00e1u s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng g\u00e2y ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c, n\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho truy\u1ec1n d\u1eabn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea7n kinh; g\u00e2y ra ng\u1eadp m\u00e1u v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1n nh\u1ecbp tim, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ed9i r\u1eeda nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. H\u01a1n 90% c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh \u1edf H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ed9i r\u1eeda b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 v\u00e0 1970 khi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng do d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Anh (th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3) t\u0103ng l\u00ean. M\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd (trong c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u00ean t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n hay \u0111\u1ea3o \u1edf gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \"thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc\", T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt. N\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed mu\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i flash hay c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 t\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng do n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan trong n\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t cao."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi 2 c\u1ed1c m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu tr\u1ed9n n\u00f3 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 2:3, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. B\u00e1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Alain Bombard (1924-2005) tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t sau chuy\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00e8 m\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c trong c\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd. Tr\u00ean b\u00e8 Kon-Tiki n\u0103m 1947, Thor Heyerdahl (1914-2002) th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 40/60%. N\u0103m 1954, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 William Willis (1897-1968) \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 u\u1ed1ng 2 c\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y trong v\u00f2ng 70 ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt."}
+{"text": "Puerto Rico (phi\u00ean \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: Pu-\u00e9c-t\u00f4 Ri-c\u00f4), t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung Puerto Rico (ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng qu\u1ed1c h\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o Hoa K\u1ef3. Puerto Rico n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Caribbean, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Dominicana v\u00e0 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Virgin. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Puerto Rico bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh Puerto Rico v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n xung quanh, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Vieques, Culebra v\u00e0 Mona. Trong nh\u00f3m 4 \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i Antilles (bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica v\u00e0 Puerto Rico), Puerto Rico l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2008, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Puerto Rico \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n 4 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Puerto Rico b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng da \u0111\u1ecf b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Taino c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. N\u0103m 1493, Christopher Columbus \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Puerto Rico trong chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n da \u0111\u1ecf Taino d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 da \u0111en \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Phi. Trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh M\u1ef9-T\u00e2y Ban Nha 1898, M\u1ef9 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea3o Puerto Rico l\u00e0m thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Ng\u00e0y nay Puerto Rico l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Puerto Rico c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y vi\u00ean c\u01b0 d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft (non-voting resident commissioner) t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Puerto Rico \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3. Tuy nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Puerto Rico kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh Puerto Rico nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed hay tranh c\u1eed t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ti\u1ec3u bang n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5."}
+{"text": "T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, bao g\u1ed3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n c\u00e3i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea1i Puerto Rico. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1967, c\u1eed tri Puerto Rico \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n tham gia tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 gi\u1eef t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 c\u0169 cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd n\u0103m 2012. Cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2012. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u1eed tri Puerto Rico \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf s\u00edt sao t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t) v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u01b0ng \u00fd (c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1ee9 hai)."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Puerto Rico l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n da \u0111\u1ecf thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Ortoiroid l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 s\u1eafn b\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng di ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ortoiroid, hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arcaico \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 2000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Trong kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 120 v\u00e0 400 sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Igneri, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng Orinoco, n\u01a1i ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Venezuela \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y. Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 4 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 10, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arcaico v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Igneri \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi nhau. Trong kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 7 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 10, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Taino b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1000 th\u00ec l\u1ea5n \u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Taino k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn ra ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 1492."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1493, Christopher Columbus trong chuy\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ea3o Puerto Rico. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 thu\u1ed9c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Taino v\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \"Borik\u00e9n\", hay trong ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha l\u00e0 \"Boriquen\". Columbus \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1i t\u00ean m\u1edbi cho h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00e0 San Juan Bautista \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m th\u00e1nh John Baptist. Sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u00ean th\u00e0nh Puerto Rico c\u00f2n San Juan th\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ean th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o. N\u0103m 1508, Juan Ponce de Leon tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Puerto Rico."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha nhanh ch\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3o Puerto Rico l\u00e0m thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Taino ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u m\u00e0 \u01b0u th\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha hay nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac bao gi\u1edd, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Taino s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha ph\u1ea3i bu\u00f4n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 da \u0111en t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Phi sang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Puerto Rico do v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 quan tr\u1ecdng cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 Latinh. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3n l\u0169y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u01b0 La Fortaleza, El Castillo, San Felipe del Morro hay El Castillo de San Cristobal \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Puerto Rico kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 d\u00f2m ng\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p, H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 Anh. Nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u1eebng c\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfm Puerto Rico nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Puerto Rico ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee9 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o th\u00ec s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Iberia n\u1ed5 ra gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y Ban Nha, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 Anh v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha ly khai \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. N\u0103m 1809, \u1ee6y ban Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ed1i cao t\u1ea1i Cadiz ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Puerto Rico l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi trong kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1810-1814 v\u00e0 1820-1823 r\u1ed3i b\u00e3i b\u1ecf do s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a vua Ferdinand VII. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng cao t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19, Puerto Rico v\u00e0 Cuba l\u00e0 hai thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f2n \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i c\u1ee7a h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng th\u00eam m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha. N\u0103m 1868, cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \"Grito de Lares\" n\u1ed5 ra t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Lares, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng Ramon Emeterio Betances, \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha\" c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho Puerto Rico. Nh\u01b0ng khi ti\u1ebfn sang th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n San Sebatian, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft. N\u0103m 1897, Luis Munoz Rivera c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 T\u00e2y Ban Nha trao quy ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Cuba v\u00e0 Puerto Rico. Ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1898, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Puerto Rico nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20, Puerto Rico n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Puerto Rico \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u0103m 1900, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Foraker cho ph\u00e9p Puerto Rico c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 h\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n do d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1917, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Jones-Shafroth trao quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Puerto Rico c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho ph\u00e9p l\u1eadp ra th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n do d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 Puerto Rico c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. V\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n M\u1ef9, nhi\u1ec1u thanh ni\u00ean Puerto Rico \u0111\u00e3 tham gia qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u00e3o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng 1929 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Puerto Rico. Trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1950, Pedro Albizu Campos, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Puerto Rico \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Jayuya ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9. Hoa K\u1ef3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebft qu\u00e2n lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a sau 3 ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 binh, ph\u00e1o binh v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay n\u00e9m bom v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Jayuya. Pedro Albizu Campos sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam v\u00ec t\u1ed9i \u00e2m m\u01b0u ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n nh\u1eb1m l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Puerto Rico. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Harry Truman trong c\u00f9ng n\u0103m 1950 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Puerto Rico th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1947 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t l\u1edbn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Puerto Rico khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 trao quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o. Luis Munoz Marin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi M\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c d\u00e2n c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Puerto Rico v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1948. N\u0103m 1950, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Truman cho ph\u00e9p Puerto Rico t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u \u00fd d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Puerto Rico ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1952. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Truman c\u0169ng th\u00f4ng qua hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 7 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Munoz Marin v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 7 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Puerto Rico ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Estado Libre Asociado, t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \"Th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung\"."}
+{"text": "Puerto Rico l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 theo th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Puerto Rico l\u00e0 do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n. Puerto Rico thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Puerto Rico l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Puerto Rico theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tam quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp g\u1ed3m ba nh\u00e1nh: l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. Nh\u00e1nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Puerto Rico, hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i Anibal Acevedo Vila. Nh\u00e1nh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p bao g\u1ed3m Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Puerto Rico \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai vi\u1ec7n: Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Puerto Rico l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n (Speaker of the House) Puerto Rico. Nh\u00e1nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi Th\u1ea5m ph\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Puerto Rico. Ch\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u ra b\u1ed1n n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1952 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Puerto Rico c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa 3 \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ba xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Puerto Rico (PPD) mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng Puerto Rico v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung thu\u1ed9c Hoa K\u1ef3. \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 hai, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn M\u1edbi Puerto Rico (PNP) mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a Puerto Rico tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f2n trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp Puerto Rico (PIP) l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch ra v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. N\u0103m 2007, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 n\u1eefa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Puerto Rico cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Puerto Rico (PPR) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd trong su\u1ed1t 6 th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 qua, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Puerto Rico ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "N\u1eb1m trong v\u00e0nh \u0111ai kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, Puerto Rico c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1ea5m \u00e1p quanh n\u0103m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m kho\u1ea3ng 26 \u00b0C (80 \u00b0F). S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng trong n\u0103m th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn. Mi\u1ec1n nam Puerto Rico c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai trung t\u00e2m Puerto Rico th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu m\u00e1t m\u1ebb h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. M\u00f9a kh\u00f4 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 11 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5 c\u00f2n m\u00f9a m\u01b0a di\u1ec5n ra trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10, tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n b\u00e3o t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o, mang theo m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a l\u1edbn cho Puerto Rico."}
+{"text": "Cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20, ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Puerto Rico v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu xoay quanh ng\u00e0nh tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u m\u00eda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sang n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf. Kinh t\u1ebf Puerto Rico th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u tuy ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng 1929 t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i r\u1ea5t nhanh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Puerto Rico c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn. Puerto Rico ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 Latinh kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng r\u1ebb h\u01a1n. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Puerto Rico c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng di d\u00e2n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1edbi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006, Puerto Rico di\u1ec5n ra cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 1536 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda, g\u1ea7n 96 000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb cho ngh\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea9i quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, Puerto Rico r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng suy gi\u1ea3m kinh t\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 2006, m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng GDP c\u00f2n \u1edf m\u1ee9c 0,5% th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2007 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n -1,8%, n\u0103m 2008 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn -2%."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y nay Puerto Rico l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 1%, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p chi\u1ebfm 45% v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfm 54%. Ng\u00e0nh tr\u1ed3ng m\u00eda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nay \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i cho ng\u00e0nh ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i l\u1ea5y s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 s\u1eefa. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Puerto Rico ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh h\u00f3a d\u1ea7u, d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Du l\u1ecbch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Puerto Rico v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp 5,9 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t du kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007, \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n doanh thu l\u1edbn cho h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o. Nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, trung t\u00e2m h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Trung t\u00e2m H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Puerto Rico \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf du l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Tuy g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, song Puerto Rico v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t khu v\u1ef1c M\u1ef9 Latinh. Puerto Rico l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e0u kinh t\u1ebf v\u00f9ng Caribbean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Cuba v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Dominicana, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u1ebfp Puerto Rico v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n cao. N\u0103m 2007, thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 19.600 USD, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n thua n\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi bang ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 Mississippi v\u1edbi thu nh\u1eadp 24.062 USD. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Puerto Rico c\u0169ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c kh\u00e1 cao 11,7%, trong khi bang th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 Michigan c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 7,7% v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 4,4%. N\u0103m 1998, Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Puerto Rico \u0111\u1ea1t 0,942 \u0111i\u1ec3m, con s\u1ed1 cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng M\u1ef9 Latinh."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Puerto Rico l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u Phi. Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 d\u00e2n nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0o Puerto Rico khi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t theo S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u0103m 1815, theo \u0111\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u theo C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma. Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng t\u1ea1i Puerto Rico c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, \u00dd, Scotland, Ireland, \u0110\u1ee9c... Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u1ebfn Puerto Rico tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con t\u00e0u bu\u00f4n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, Puerto Rico c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1eafc d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Liban. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 Latinh c\u0169ng g\u00f3p th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Cuba v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Dominicana. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Puerto Rico t\u0103ng nhanh, t\u1eeb 155.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1800 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ec3 k\u1ec9 19. Cu\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1858 \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i Puerto Rico nh\u01b0 sau: 300.430 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, 341.015 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 41.736 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Puerto Rico (n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba) v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Puerto Rico \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd t\u1ea1i khu trung t\u00e2m, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 plaza. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u0110\u1ea1o Tin l\u00e0nh b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch khi gia nh\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Taino b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111ang kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi c\u0169ng g\u00ecn gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o xa x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n h\u00f3a Puerto Rico l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1n d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a: v\u0103n h\u00f3a Taino b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, v\u0103n h\u00f3a T\u00e2y Ban Nha, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u1ef9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Taino ng\u00e0y nay tuy ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 song h\u1ecd v\u1eabn gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba danh, c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n, nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng trong ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ee7a Puerto Rico. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u Phi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u1edbi \"bomba v\u00e0 plena\", m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y m\u00faa v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 b\u1ed9 g\u00f5 v\u00e0 maraca. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha mang \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh. D\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Anh, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. N\u0103m 1903, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Puerto Rico \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n M\u1ef9 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, 5 n\u0103m sau khi Puerto Rico tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "B\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Puerto Rico v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 h\u1eb3n m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a gi\u1ea3i b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p ri\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. Quy\u1ec1n anh, b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Puerto Rico tham d\u1ef1 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i thi \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ec3 thao qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i M\u00f9a h\u00e8, Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Th\u1ec3 thao ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 (Pan American Games), \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Th\u1ec3 thao Trung M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Caribbean. Puerto Rico \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 6 huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (1 b\u1ea1c, 5 \u0111\u1ed3ng) trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1948 v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00f4n quy\u1ec1n anh c\u1ee7a Juan Evangelista Venegas."}
+{"text": "Nam Ossetia (ti\u1ebfng Ossetia: \u0425\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440 \u0418\u0440\u044b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d, Khussar Iryston; ti\u1ebfng Gruzia: \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7 \u10dd\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8, Samkhret Oseti; ti\u1ebfng Nga: \u042e\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f, Yuzhnaya Osetiya) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u1edf Nam Kavkaz, nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Ossetia b\u00ean trong C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Gruzia, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u1ecfi Gruzia k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nam Ossetia trong cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t Gruzia-Ossetia \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Gruzia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u00e3i b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Nam Ossetia v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam Ossetia 1991-1992. C\u00f3 th\u00eam hai cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i Nam Ossetia n\u0103m 2004 v\u00e0 2008. Cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam Ossetia 2008, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Nga c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho Nam Ossetia v\u00e0 Abkhazia."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngo\u1ea1i giao, 189 tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 193 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Nga, Venezuela, Nicaragua, v\u00e0 Nauru) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Nam Ossetia m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c xem l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Gruzia. Gruzia v\u1eabn gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2007, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t C\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e2m th\u1eddi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Nam Ossetia) \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ossetia (c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u0169 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ly khai) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Gruzia v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t."}
+{"text": "Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c, Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c An ninh v\u00e0 H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (OSCE), H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng (NATO) v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Nam Ossetia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Gruzia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai qu\u1ea3n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ly khai, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2006, sau cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf coi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Theo c\u01a1 quan b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Tskhinvali, cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb Gruzia v\u1edbi 99% ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nam Ossetian \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 trong s\u1ed1 95% ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ea7u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i 34 quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c, \u00c1o, Ba Lan, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i 78 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c, Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, OSCE, NATO v\u00e0 Li\u00ean bang Nga c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gruzia v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i Tbilisi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, OSCE v\u00e0 NATO l\u00ean \u00e1n cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd. Song song v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ly khai c\u0169ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp Ossetia (Li\u00ean minh B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Nam Ossetia) t\u1ea1i Kokoity, t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gruzia v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ossetia trong v\u00f9ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Dmitri Sanakoev l\u00ean l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Nam Ossetia. Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Sanakoev \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c Gruzia. N\u0103m 2007, Dmitri Sanakoev tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u00e2m th\u1eddi Nam Ossetia."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ossetia ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Alans, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Sarmatia. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u Trung C\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Gruzia v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u1ecfi qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i di c\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y nay thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i di c\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai Kavkaz, t\u1edbi Gruzia n\u01a1i h\u1ecd l\u1eadp l\u00ean ba th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Digor \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y r\u01a1i v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kabard l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, v\u00e0 theo \u0110\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i. Tuall\u00e4g \u1edf ph\u00eda nam ng\u00e0y nay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Nam Ossetia, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Samachablo thu\u1ed9c Gruzia n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ossetia l\u00e1nh l\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. Iron \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc ng\u00e0y nay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh B\u1eafc Ossetia, d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Nga t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1767. \u0110a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ossetia hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o (x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 61%); c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "Nam Ossetia ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Nga s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp n\u0103m 1801, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Gruzia, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga. Sau cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng 10, Nam Ossetia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Gruzia Menshevik, trong khi mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Terek. V\u00f9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady Ossetia v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Gruzia \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ossetia h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bolshevik. Theo c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n tin c\u1ee7a Ossetia kho\u1ea3ng 5.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ossetia \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 13.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch."}
+{"text": "X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft T\u1ed1i cao Gruzia \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1990. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ossetia coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ademon Nykhas v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ossetia tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ean trong Li\u00ean bang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ossetia \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea9y chay cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Gruzia sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Gruzia d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Zviad Gamsakhurdia \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf v\u1ecb th\u1ebf t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1990."}
+{"text": "Xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t h\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1991 trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c Nam Ossetia \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gruzia t\u1ea1i Tskhinvali, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Nam Ossetia. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 1.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ossetia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Gruzia, \u0111a s\u1ed1 qua bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o B\u1eafc Ossetia. Kho\u1ea3ng 23.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gruzia kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi b\u1ecf Nam Ossetia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u1edf Gruzia. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nam Ossetia \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf B\u1eafc Ossetia n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ingush \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Stalin tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1944, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ossetia v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ingush v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ingush."}
+{"text": "Khi Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Molotov-Ribbentrop n\u0103m 1933 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y (ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Franklin D. Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi Kremlin \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3). V\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n George H. W. Bush c\u00f4ng khai \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ly khai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f9ng Baltic, nh\u01b0ng coi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Gruzia, Armenia, Azerbaijan v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Transcaucasus \u2014 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920 \u2014 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1992, Gruzia b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 leo thang xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi Nga. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Gruzia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ly khai Nam Ossetia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ng\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1eabn nhau, v\u00e0 Gruzia cam k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ch\u1ed1ng Nam Ossetia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Gruzia v\u1eabn gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf b\u00ean trong Nam Ossetia, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Akhalgori. M\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00ecn gi\u1eef h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ossetia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gruzia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1992, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c An ninh v\u00e0 H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (OSCE) th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 \u1edf Gruzia \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch g\u00ecn gi\u1eef h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, cho t\u1edbi gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 2004 Nam Ossetia n\u00f3i chung \u1edf trong c\u1ea3nh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2004, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Gruzia t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ea1n bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu trong v\u00f9ng. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 b\u1eaft c\u00f3c con tin, b\u1eafn gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1nh bom \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 8 d\u00f9 n\u00f3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda chi\u1ebfn tranh. Moskva v\u00e0 Tskhinvali t\u1ecf ra th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng binh l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Gruzia."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Gruzia ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Nga trong v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda Nam Ossetia. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng coi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00ecn gi\u1eef h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng trung l\u1eadp v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay th\u1ebf. L\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, nh\u01b0 Richard Lugar, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2006, Javier Solana, Cao \u1ee7y v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch An ninh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf binh l\u00ednh g\u00ecn gi\u1eef h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh Nga b\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ph\u00e1i vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 Nam Kavkaz Peter Semneby sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Nga trong cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p Gruzia \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tin c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh trung l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00ecn gi\u1eef h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh Nga \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng v\u00f9ng Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en.\""}
+{"text": "C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nam Ossetia l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gruzia v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ossetia. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Tskhinvali v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ossetia c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ossetia kh\u00e1c do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ly khai qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, trong khi c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gruzia do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Gruzia qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. S\u1ef1 g\u1eabn g\u0169i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u1edf Nam Ossetia tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nguy hi\u1ec3m, b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o nh\u1eb1m thanh l\u1ecdc s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di d\u00e2n \u1edf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn."}
+{"text": "Tranh c\u00e3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ly khai Nam Ossetia v\u1eabn cai qu\u1ea3n v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u1ecfi Tbilisi. D\u00f9 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa hai ph\u00eda, \u00edt c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Eduard Shevardnadze (1993\u20132003). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng ta Mikheil Saakashvili (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2004) \u0111\u00e3 coi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i Nam Osseatia l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u01b0u ti\u00ean. Sau th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Ajaria v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2004, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi Nam Ossetia. Sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u0103m 2004, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Gruzia \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2005, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Saakashvili \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Gruzia nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Nam Ossetian ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (PACE) \u1edf Strasbourg. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 10, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 OSCE b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Gruzia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Zurab Noghaideli \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i \u1ee6y ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c OSCE \u1edf Vi\u00ean ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2005. Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 10, \u1ee6y ban B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng OSCE t\u1ea1i Ljubljana th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Gruzia ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nam Ossetia b\u00e1c b\u1ecf."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2006, \u1ee6y ban Th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 B\u00e1o ch\u00ed Nam Ossetia th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp (cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf coi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p) v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2006. C\u00e1c c\u1eed tri s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c Nam Ossetia \"s\u1ebd duy tr\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\". Gruzia l\u00ean \u00e1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \"\u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u1edb ng\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\". Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2006, T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (CoE) Terry Davis \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ai s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd n\u00e0y v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i th\u00fac ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nam Ossetia tham gia c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Gruzia. Ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2006 \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1ea1i Nam Caucasus, Peter Semneby, khi vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m Moskva, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \"C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Nam Ossetia s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u\". Peter Semneby c\u0169ng th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u1edf Nam Ossetia."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u1ef1u b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 khi \u1ea5y \u0111ang gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ly khai Dmitri Sanakoev \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed thay th\u1ebf, ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2006 song song v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ly khai t\u1ea1i Tskhinvali t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t cao, v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh h\u01a1n 42.000 c\u1eed tri c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ossetia (qu\u1eadn Java v\u00e0 Tskhinvali) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gruzia (Eredvi, Tamarasheni, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n) trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Nam Ossetia v\u00e0 Sanakoev \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 96% phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ngay sau khi m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Gruzia v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn li\u00ean bang cho Nam Ossetia nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 94% phi\u1ebfu \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean Li\u00ean minh B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Nam Ossetia \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Gruzia, \"Gruzia \u0110a qu\u1ed1c gia\", \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng."}
+{"text": "Nam Ossetia bao ph\u1ee7 kho\u1ea3ng 3.900 km\u00b2 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda nam Kavkaz, b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y n\u00fai v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc Ossetia (m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Nga) \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn cong s\u00f4ng Mtkvari b\u00ean trong Gruzia. V\u00f9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai non, \u0111a s\u1ed1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 1.000 m (3.300 ft) tr\u00ean m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n. Kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi 10% \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai Nam Ossetia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 canh t\u00e1c. Ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, hoa qu\u1ea3, r\u01b0\u1ee3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p r\u1eebng v\u00e0 gia s\u00fac c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t xung quanh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Tskhinvali."}
+{"text": "H\u1ecd Formicidae thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 Hymenoptera, b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m sawfly, ong v\u00e0 t\u00f2 v\u00f2 Ki\u1ebfn n\u1eb1m c\u00f9ng nh\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ong V\u00f2 v\u1ebd. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u00e1t sinh lo\u00e0i cho th\u1ea5y ki\u1ebfn t\u00e1ch ra t\u1eeb K\u1ef7 Creta-gi\u1eefa c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 110 \u0111\u1ebfn 130 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Sau khi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa t\u00e1ch ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 100 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 60 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. N\u0103m 1966, E. O. Wilson v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ki\u1ebfn (lo\u00e0i Sphecomyrma freyi) s\u1ed1ng trong k\u1ef7 Creta. Ti\u00eau b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0 h\u01a1n 80 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m v\u00e0 mang c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 wasp. Sphecomyrma c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0103n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Leptanillinae v\u00e0 Martialinae n\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i s\u0103n m\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Trong su\u1ed1t k\u1ef7 Creta, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp tr\u00ean si\u00eau l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Laurasia (b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u b\u1eafc). Ch\u00fang hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 1% trong t\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn sau s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ecfa nh\u00e1nh th\u00edch nghi v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ef7 Paleogen. Vao Oligocene v\u00e0 Miocene ki\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfm 20-40% t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng trong Eocene th\u00ec c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 1/10 c\u00e1c chi hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00e1c chi c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay chi\u1ebfm 56% trong c\u00e1c chi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch v\u00f9ng Baltic (\u0111\u1ea7u Oligocene), v\u00e0 92% c\u00e1c chi trong h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch \u1edf Dominica (xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u Miocene)."}
+{"text": "Ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u1eeb Nam C\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Greenland, Iceland, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Polynesia v\u00e0 Hawaii th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. Ki\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i c\u00e1c h\u1ed1c sinh th\u00e1i r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n c\u1ecf, s\u0103n m\u1ed3i v\u00e0 \u0103n x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0103n t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 \u0103n m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c th\u00f4ng qua sinh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kho\u1ea3ng 15-20% (trung b\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n 25% \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi) trong t\u1ed5ng sinh kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, cao h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 sinh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "Ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 0,75 \u0111\u1ebfn 52 milim\u00e9t (0,030 \u0111\u1ebfn 2,0 in), lo\u00e0i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Titanomyrma giganteum, ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 6 xentim\u00e9t (2,4 in) v\u1edbi s\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch 15 xentim\u00e9t (5,9 in). Ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c \u0111en, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 m\u00e0u l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u1edf v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u00e1nh kim lo\u1ea1i. H\u01a1n 15.000 lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n (v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 22.000 lo\u00e0i) (xem danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c chi ki\u1ebfn), trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd ki\u1ebfn. C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 \"AntBase\" v\u00e0 \"Hymenoptera Name Server\" gi\u00fap theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3. Vi\u1ec7c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 100.000 con ki\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa. Nh\u1eefng con ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng hay nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee3. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa, \u1ea5p tr\u1ee9ng, chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ee9ng, nu\u00f4i ki\u1ebfn con, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c \u0103n, \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5, canh g\u00e1c t\u1ed5 (ki\u1ebfn l\u00ednh)...T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1i nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. C\u00e1c con ki\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ed5 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con c\u00f9ng lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c t\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng m\u00f9i."}
+{"text": "H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh, khi ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng trong t\u1ed5 trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che ch\u1edf, n\u01a1i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1nh cho ch\u00fang. Trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u00f9a \u1ea5m \u00e1p hay oi b\u1ee9c, ki\u1ebfn bay \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i (\u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) \u0111ang ph\u1ed1i gi\u1ed1ng. Ph\u1ed1i gi\u1ed1ng xong, con \u0111\u1ef1c ch\u1ebft, c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u1ef1c r\u1ee5ng xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1eafp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng cho con c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng con ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng con ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee3 n\u00e0y \u0111i ki\u1ebfm \u0103n cho c\u00e1c con \u0111\u1ebb sau v\u00e0 cho ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa."}
+{"text": "Ki\u1ebfn \u0103n nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0103n h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng, s\u0103n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i \u0103n n\u1ea5m... nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ecdt & m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a r\u1ec7p v\u1eebng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 hay t\u1eadp l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?). C\u00e1c con ki\u1ebfn t\u00ecm m\u1ed3i \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i do c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 cao, ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng nhau r\u00ecu th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e0n, theo t\u1eebng h\u00e0ng l\u1ed1i nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh."}
+{"text": "Mitterrand sinh t\u1ea1i Jarnac, Charente, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Fran\u00e7ois Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m theo C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. Cha \u00f4ng, Joseph Gilbert F\u00e9lix, l\u00e0m k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 cho la Compagnie Paris Orl\u00e9ans, cha d\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m d\u1ea5m v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m d\u1ea5m (F\u00e9d\u00e9ration des syndicats de fabricants de vinaigre). B\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Joseph l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Fernando III c\u1ee7a Castile v\u00e0 Jean de Brienne c\u1ee7a Jerusalem. M\u1eb9 Mitterrand l\u00e0 Marie Gabrielle Yvonne Lorrain, m\u1ed9t ch\u00e1u h\u1ecd xa c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng John XXII. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em trai (Robert, Jacques v\u00e0 Philippe) v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n ch\u1ecb em g\u00e1i. V\u1ee3 \u00f4ng, Danielle Mitterrand t\u00ean khi sinh Gouze, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tham gia nhi\u1ec1u phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3. H\u1ecd c\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1944 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ba con trai: Pascal (10 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1945 \u2013 17 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1945), Jean-Christophe, sinh n\u0103m 1946, v\u00e0 Gilbert Mitterrand, sinh ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1949. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con g\u00e1i Mazarine sinh n\u0103m 1974 v\u1edbi Anne Pingeot. Ch\u00e1u trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Mitterrand l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o, hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \"B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng V\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng\" (v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Jacques Chirac, c\u1ef1u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p), v\u00e0 Roger Hanin anh r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Theo tin c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5n AFP, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thuy \u0110i\u1ec3n (Hravn Forsne, 25 tu\u1ed5i) \u0111ang \u1ee9ng c\u1eed cho \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0o Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng cho bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 g\u1eb7p \u00f4ng ta 5, 6 l\u1ea7n. M\u1eb9 \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c ph\u00e1i vi\u00ean cho t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u201eAftonbladet\" v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u1edbi Mitterand, nh\u01b0ng im l\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft ai l\u00e0 cha c\u1ee7a con trai m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Mitterrand h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1925 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1934 t\u1ea1i coll\u00e8ge Saint-Paul \u1edf Angoul\u00eame, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a JEC (Jeunesse \u00e9tudiante chr\u00e9tienne), t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Action catholique. T\u1edbi Paris v\u00e0o m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m 1934, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u00c9cole Libre des Sciences Politiques cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1937, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3. Mitterrand tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Volontaires nationaux (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia) trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ef1c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Fran\u00e7ois de la Rocque, Croix de Feu; li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1eeba tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1934 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Cartel des Gauches (Li\u00ean minh c\u00e1nh T\u1ea3) th\u1ee9 hai.. Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tham gia v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i PH\u00e1p (PSF) l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c Croix de Feu v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tr\u00ean t\u1edd L'Echo de Paris, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi PSF. \u00d4ng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh b\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \"s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u0103ng m\u00e9t\u00e8que\" v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1935 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 lu\u1eadt Gaston J\u00e8ze, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Negus t\u1ea1i Ethiopia th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1936. Khi vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 coi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb. Mitterrand c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Cagoule, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ef1c h\u1eefu trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930. Theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch logic cho nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng khi \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 lo \u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1t x\u00edt trong th\u1eddi Anschluss."}
+{"text": "Mitterrand sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1937 t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1939 t\u1ea1i trung \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ed9 binh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba s\u1ed1 23. N\u0103m 1938, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Georges Dayan, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng c\u1ee9u gi\u00fa kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o b\u1ea3o ho\u00e0ng qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ed1ng Do Th\u00e1i Action fran\u00e7aise. T\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Dayan khi\u1ebfn Mitterrand b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi ng\u1edd c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi th\u00f4i h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadt, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1edbi gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn Maginot v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1939, v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc trung s\u0129 (trung s\u0129 b\u1ed9 binh), g\u1ea7n Montm\u00e9dy. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00ednh h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Marie-Louise Terrasse (ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Catherine Langeais t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai) th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1940 (nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0 hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf n\u00f3 n\u0103m 1942)."}
+{"text": "Mitterrand \u1edf cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 khi chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. \u00d4ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trung s\u0129 b\u1ed9 binh v\u00e0 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1940. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb giam t\u1ea1i Stalag IXA g\u1ea7n Ziegenhain (ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trutzhain, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n Kassel \u1edf Hesse). Mitterrand b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh trong tr\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng nghi\u00eang sang phe t\u1ea3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 hai l\u1ea7n \u00e2m m\u01b0u v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1941 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1941, \u0111i b\u1ed9 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1941 \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng, \u00f4ng ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c h\u1ea1ng trung trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vichy, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7p vi\u00ean cho C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ef1 do Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Mitterrand l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 1 t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1942 cho L\u00e9gion fran\u00e7aise des combattants et des volontaires de la r\u00e9volution nationale (Qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n chi\u1ebfn binh v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng qu\u1ed1c gia) v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 theo h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. \u00d4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Favre de Thierrens, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7p vi\u00ean cho t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Anh. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi Commissariat au reclassement des prisonniers de guerre (S\u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u1ec7p cho t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn trah). Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, Mitterrand bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Thierrens v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed France, revue de l'\u00c9tat nouveau (t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Vichy)."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1942, \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n kh\u00e1c Jean Roussel, Max Varenne, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Guy Fric, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u00f4ng d\u1ea7n tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. Th\u00e1ng 4, Mitterrand v\u00e0 Fric g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n l\u1edbn trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c Georges Claude t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1942, \u00f4ng g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd gi\u1ea3 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 6 v\u00e0 15 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1942, \u00f4ng tham gia c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2teau de Montmaur h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 9, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi France libre, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Michel Cailliau, ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edbng Charles de Gaulle. Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1942, Mitterrand v\u00e0 Marcel Barrois (m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1944) g\u1eb7p Mar\u00e9chal Philippe P\u00e9tain c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Comit\u00e9 d'entraide aux prisonniers rapatri\u00e9s de l'Allier (Nh\u00f3m tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u00e1c t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1ea1i Allier). T\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1942, Mitterrand g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u0169 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u1edbi \"Cagoule\" Pierre Guillain de B\u00e9nouville. B\u00e9nouville l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn Combat v\u00e0 Noyautage des administrations publiques (NAP)."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1942, v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm. Mitterrand r\u1eddi ban th\u01b0 k\u00fd th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1943, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Maurice Pinot, m\u1ed9t vichysto-r\u00e9sistant kh\u00e1c, b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean Andr\u00e9 Masson, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 centres d'entraides. M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1943, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Gabriel Jeantet, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c Mar\u00e9chal P\u00e9tain, v\u00e0 Simon Arbellot (c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \"la Cagoule\"), Mitterrand \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn Ordre de la francisque (danh hi\u1ec7u danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Vichy). Tranh c\u00e3i n\u1ed5 ra d\u1eef d\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. Khi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 Vichy c\u1ee7a Mitterrand \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950, ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn Francisque (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n n\u00f3i \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 b\u1edfi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 di\u1ec5n ra) M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ra l\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 che gi\u1ea5u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 Pierre Moscovici v\u00e0 Jacques Attali v\u1eabn ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Mitterrand \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \"m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n trong m\u1ed7i phe\" cho t\u1edbi khi ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ai s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, n\u00eau ra t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Mitterrand v\u1edbi Ren\u00e9 Bousquet v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng hoa \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a P\u00e9tain nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Mitterrand d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh. T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh Qu\u1ed1c gia (Rassemblement national des prisonniers de guerre hay RNPG) \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi T\u01b0\u1edbng Henri Giraud, m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh. Giraud sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tranh ch\u1ea5p vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi T\u01b0\u1edbng Charles de Gaulle. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1943, Mitterrand b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Organisation de r\u00e9sistance de l'arm\u00e9e (ORA). \u00d4ng thu th\u1eadp t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi RNPG c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u1eadp ra c\u00f9ng Pinot v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau, Mitterrand l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ORA . Th\u00e1ng 3, Mitterrand g\u1eb7p Henri Frenay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Mitterrand thay v\u00ec Michel Cailliau, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1943, khi Mitterrand g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi Philippe Dechartre, ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ph\u00e1i de Gaulle, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y ly khai c\u1ee7a Mitterrand v\u1edbi Vichy."}
+{"text": "Trong n\u0103m 1943, RNPG d\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd gi\u1ea3 hay thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin cho Ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 do. Pierre de B\u00e9nouville \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \" Mitterrand \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7p vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra ph\u00eda sau bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c.\". Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 7 Mitterrand v\u00e0 Piatzook (m\u1ed9t du k\u00edch c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n) ng\u1eebng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp c\u00f4ng khai t\u1ea1i Salle Wagram \u1edf Paris. Cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p c\u00f3 d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh Ph\u00e1p quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1edbi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c\" (trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"la rel\u00e8ve\"). Khi Andr\u00e9 Masson b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \"la trahison des gaullistes\" (s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i de Gaulle), Mitterrand \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u00f4ng ta, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Masson kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 thay m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi \"la rel\u00e8ve\" l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 b\u1ecbp. Mitterrand tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef nh\u1edd Piatzook \u0111\u00e3 y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 cho \u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n.."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1943 Sicherheitsdienst (SD) l\u1ee5c so\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u0103n h\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i Vichy n\u01a1i h\u1ecd hy v\u1ecdng b\u1eaft gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Fran\u00e7ois Morland, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn.. \"Morland\" l\u00e0 t\u00ean v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Mitterrand. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00ean v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Purgon, Monnier, Laroche, \u0111\u1ea1i u\u00fd Fran\u00e7ois, Arnaud et Albre. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef l\u00e0 Pol Pilven, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t qua cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 Mitterrand \u0111ang \u1edf Paris. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o, \u00f4ng b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n t\u1edbi London tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay Lysander ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1943. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng t\u1edbi Algiers, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 Charles de Gaulle, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p T\u1ef1 do. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u00f9ng nhau. Mitterrand t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00e1c n\u1ebfu Cailliau s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Henri Frenay, de Gaulle cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 RNPG v\u1edbi Mitterrand l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng qua Anh v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u thu\u1ef7. T\u1ea1i Paris, ba nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh (c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, de Gaulle, RNPG) cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Phong tr\u00e0o Qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t (Mouvement national des prisonniers de guerre et d\u00e9port\u00e9s hay MNPGD) v\u00e0 Mitterrand l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Trong h\u1ed3i k\u00fd \u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y khi v\u1eabn \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Vichy. T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 113 n\u0103m 1943 Mitterrand \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Bureau central de renseignements et d'action .. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1943 Mitterrand ra l\u1ec7nh x\u1eed t\u1eed Henri Marlin (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh ra l\u1ec7nh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \"maquis\") b\u1edfi Jacques Paris et Jean Munier ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n v\u1edbi cha c\u1ee7a Mitterrand. Sau m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m th\u1ee9 hai t\u1edbi London trong th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1944 Mitterrand tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Paris. Khi de Gaulle ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Paris sau s\u1ef1 Liberation, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Mitterrand, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh"}
+{"text": "Khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t, de Gaulle \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00ec th\u1ea7m: \"L\u1ea1i \u00f4ng \u00e0!\" Mitterrand b\u1ecb b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9c 2 tu\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1944 Mitterrand v\u00e0 Jacques Foccart c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Viacarage v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1945 Mitterrand th\u00e1p t\u00f9ng General Lewis nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i t\u00f9 binh t\u1ea1i Kaufering v\u00e0 Dachau theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a de Gaulle. Mitterrand \u0111\u00e3 may m\u1eafn t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Robert Antelme \u0111ang b\u1ecb s\u1ed1t Rickettsia. Antelme \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra l\u1ec7nh \u1edf l\u1ea1i trong tr\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n v\u00ec th\u1ebf Mitterrand \u0111\u00e3 thu x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng \"b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n\" v\u00e0 g\u1eedi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb.,."}
+{"text": "Sau cu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng quay l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. T\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1946, \u00f4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1i T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 c\u00e1nh T\u1ea3 (Rassemblement des gauches r\u00e9publicaines hay RGR) \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Paris, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u. RGR l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed g\u1ed3m \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, Li\u00ean minh Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (Union d\u00e9mocratique et socialiste de la R\u00e9sistance hay UDSR) trung dung v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \"li\u00ean minh ba \u0111\u1ea3ng\" (C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o)."}
+{"text": "Trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1946, \u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i Ni\u00e8vre d\u00e9partement. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf v\u1edbi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p (PCF). V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1i b\u1ea7u c\u1eed RGR, \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed r\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng UDSR. Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1947, \u00f4ng gia nh\u1eadp n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u00d4ng gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 trong \u0110\u1ec7 t\u1ee9 c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng (t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng gi\u1eef 11 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng)."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1958, Mitterrand l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 Charles de Gaulle ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 cho k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a de Gaulle v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ec7 ng\u0169 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh de Gaulle quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i: cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1958 v\u00e0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1958, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Charles de Gaulle, Mitterrand \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \"ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i\" trong cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd v\u1ec1 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, tuy nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1958. Li\u00ean minh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m PCF v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 (nh\u01b0 Mend\u00e8s-France v\u00e0 Mitterrand)."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 khi\u1ebfn Mitterrand m\u1ea5t gh\u1ebf trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1958, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \"v\u01b0\u1ee3t sa m\u1ea1c\" l\u00e2u d\u00e0i (thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a de Gaulle trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1). Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, \u1edf v\u00f2ng hai cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, Mitterrand \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 tuy nhi\u00ean Nh\u00f3m C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p (SFIO) t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i r\u00fat lui \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. S\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean phe phe de Gaulle \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, \u00f4ng tr\u00fang c\u1eed l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Ni\u00e8vre trong Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Nh\u00f3m D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1nh T\u1ea3. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (Parti socialiste unifi\u00e9, PSU) do Mend\u00e8s-France, c\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a Molletv\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, l\u1eadp ra. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o PSU \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfi n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Mollet v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 Vichy c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m \u00e2y, tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 de l'Observatoire \u1edf Paris, Mitterrand tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n \u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1ea5p ph\u00eda sau m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o, V\u1ee5 Observatory. V\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u1eefng tham v\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng Mitterrand. Sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu Pesquet c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t Alg\u00e9rie fran\u00e7aise v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Michel Debr\u00e9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng sau. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, Pesquet tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng Mitterrand \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 kh\u1edfi t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Mitterrand nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf."}
+{"text": "Trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1962, \u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i gh\u1ebf trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a PCF v\u00e0 SFIO. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Ni\u00e8vre, \u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 PCF, nh\u1eb1m th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i de Gaulle. Hai n\u0103m sau, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ni\u00e8vre. Tuy nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi De Gaulle t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9, \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00f3m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 (Convention des institutions r\u00e9publicaines hay CIR). \u00d4ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 v\u1edbi Charles de Gaulle b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Le Coup d'\u00c9tat permanent (Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, 1964), ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a de Gaulle, s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i cao v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1965, Mitterrand l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean coi cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng theo ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0o, t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn (Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p (SFIO), \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p (PCF), \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn (PR) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (PSU)). \u00d4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cordon sanitaire c\u1ee7a PCF m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1947. V\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o SFIO Guy Mollet, t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Mitterrand \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gaston Defferre, \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong SFIO, kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Mitterrand l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c n\u00ean \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e do\u1ea1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3."}
+{"text": "Trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1967, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 10% phi\u1ebfu \u1edf v\u00f2ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng hai t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 phe \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 de Gaulle \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111a s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp chia r\u1ebd (PCF, FGDS v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i trung dung c\u1ee7a Jacques Duhamel). Tuy v\u1eady, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 v\u1eabn xoay x\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 63 gh\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 194 gh\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi 22.5% s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu. Li\u00ean minh c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e0nh \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t gh\u1ebf (247 gh\u1ebf trong s\u1ed1 487)."}
+{"text": "Sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a FGDS, Mitterrand quay sang \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (Parti socialiste hay \"PS\"). Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1971, \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Epinay, CIR gia nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi \"PS\", v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf SFIO n\u0103m 1969. Phe h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \"PS\" khi \u1ea5y b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Guy Mollet. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \"\u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng\" v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. V\u1edbi Mitterrand, m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. V\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u00ean trong ch\u1ed1ng phe c\u1ee7a Mollet v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m th\u01b0 k\u00fd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \"PS\"."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1977, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Chung, sau \u0111\u00f3 thua trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1978. Tuy nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u phi\u1ebfu h\u01a1n nh\u1eefn ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1936, vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Mitterrand b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Michel Rocard, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a PS l\u00e0 \"c\u1ed5 l\u1ed7\" v\u00e0 \"kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\". Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra cho th\u1ea5y Rocard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u01a1n Mitterrand. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Mitterrand \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Metz (1979) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Rocard r\u00fat lui t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean cho cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1981."}
+{"text": "L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, Mitterrand kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c PCF \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 PS. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u00e0m v\u1eefng l\u00f2ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \"l\u1ef1c im l\u1eb7ng\". \u00d4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t \"ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c\", d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i 110 \u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u00e1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu \u0111a s\u1ed1. \u00d4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 25.85% phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u \u1edf v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t (so v\u1edbi 15% c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean PCF Georges Marchais) sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Giscard d'Estaing \u1edf v\u00f2ng hai v\u1edbi, 51.76% phi\u1ebfu. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p theo ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean 110 \u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t cho Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Common Program n\u0103m 1972 gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1nh T\u1ea3. N\u00f3 g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu ho\u00e1, t\u0103ng 10% l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u (SMIC), l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 39 gi\u1edd m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n, 5 tu\u1ea7n ngh\u1ec9 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp thu\u1ebf \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft tr\u00ean t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, t\u0103ng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Auroux). M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf (Keynesianism). Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gia t\u0103ng v\u00e0 ba l\u1ea7n ph\u00e1 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng franc di\u1ec5n ra sau \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1edbis\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sang t\u1ef1 do n\u0103m 1983. \u01afu ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh trong H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Mitterrand \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh ngay khi l\u00ean nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c (th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Badinter), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \"\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt anti-casseurs\" quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c quy tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n Cour de s\u00fbret\u00e9, m\u1ed9t to\u00e0 \u00e1n c\u1ea5p cao \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf ho\u00e1 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Mitterrand \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt phi t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Defferre) v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e1 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, l\u1eadp ra CSA c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n thanh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (Canal+), khi\u1ebfn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t thanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u0103m 1983, Mitterrand tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Belgrade."}
+{"text": "Chirac x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch trong n\u01b0\u1edbc trong khi Mitterrand t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \"l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang\" c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: quan h\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e1nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra. Trong \u0111\u00f3 Mitterrand t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i k\u00fd c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e1, bu\u1ed9c Chirac ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. H\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (Lu\u1eadt Devaquet) [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]. L\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c Chirac, danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi Tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn Matignon v\u1ec1 New Caledonia, vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp B\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp Thu nh\u1eadp T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u (RMI), \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thu nh\u1eadp t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp n\u00e0o, vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp thu\u1ebf \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0o t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Chirac, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf thu\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i chung, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Chung, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Gayssot n\u0103m 1990 v\u1ec1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u1eadn th\u00f9 v\u00e0 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf Holocaust, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Arpaillange v\u1ec1 cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Evin v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Louvre, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m eo bi\u1ec3n Manche, Grande Arche t\u1ea1i La D\u00e9fense, Bastille Opera, B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i Bercy, Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Rocard trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Mitterrand b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9c Rocard n\u0103m 1991 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh Edith Cresson thay th\u1ebf \u00f4ng. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c sau th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ea5p v\u00f9ng n\u0103m 1992. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m b\u00e0 Pierre B\u00e9r\u00e9govoy h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i cay \u0111\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i T\u1ea3 trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1993. \u00d4ng t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1993."}
+{"text": "Mitterrand ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ef1u B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00ec n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Edouard Balladur l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. Cu\u1ed9c \"chung s\u1ed1ng\" th\u1ee9 hai \u00edt b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nhau trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp theo. Mitterrand b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi b\u1ec7nh ung the, v\u1ee5 scandal v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Vichy, v\u00e0 v\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n Fran\u00e7ois de Grossouvre. Nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t sau cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1995 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 v\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Jacques Chirac."}
+{"text": "Mitterrand \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng \u0111ang r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \"\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Anh.\" \u00d4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p trong cu\u1ed9c Di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng Rwanda. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Mitterrand, trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng xa c\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Khi Mitterrand t\u1edbi th\u0103m Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1988, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 'b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng u\u1ed5ng ph\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i 'quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t' Ph\u00e1p-X\u00f4 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi de Gaulle'."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u00d4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha (hai n\u01b0\u1edbc gia nh\u1eadp th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1986). Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1986 \u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt M\u1ed9t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi Helmut Kohl v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 quan h\u1ec7 Ph\u00e1p-\u0110\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Maastricht, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1992. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n 51% s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu."}
+{"text": "Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1989 c\u1ee7a B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u La Baule n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1990 g\u1eafn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng CFA Franc. Ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \"l\u00e0n gi\u00f3 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng\" th\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u0169 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \"l\u00e0n gi\u00f3 ph\u00eda Nam\" c\u0169ng \u0111ang th\u1ed5i \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng mong \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \"m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\", g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do, \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cao nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u00f4ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (LDCs) s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 (\u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a N\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 Ba trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00e3i xu\u1ea5t ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c xu\u1ed1ng 5% cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp (nh\u01b0, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, Congo, Cameroon v\u00e0 Gabon). Trong m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00e1m mu\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Fran\u00e7afrique, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 theo \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \"ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n.\" Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo Mitterrand, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a Paris t\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, Mitterrand v\u00ec th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u00e2u Phi m\u00e0 de Gaulle \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1960, sau s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1958. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n La Baule c\u1ee7a Mitterrand, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi loi-cadre Defferre n\u0103m 1956 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ea3m ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00e2u Phi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1edd h\u1eefng"}
+{"text": "Omar Bongo, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Gabon, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \"c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ta;\" Abdou Diouf, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Senegal, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng theo \u00f4ng, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh\" v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n \u00fd;\" T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Chad, Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9 (bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u \"Pinochet ch\u00e2u Phi\") tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u Phi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \"ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\" v\u00e0 \"c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\", (trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u1edbi \"c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" Hassan II, c\u1ef1u qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Morocco, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"ch\u00e2u Phi qu\u00e1 m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf \u0111\u00f3\", nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i \"gi\u00fap c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 non tr\u1ebb m\u1edf c\u1eeda, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t con dao tr\u00ean c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng n\u00f3, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp sang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o.\" T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u La Baule \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \"m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u Phi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p\", v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c \"s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p\", \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u00f9 \"kh\u00f4ng \u0103n nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng\""}
+{"text": "Mitterrand b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1992 khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00f2ng hoa tr\u00ean m\u1ed9 Th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Philippe P\u00e9tain v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1987. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00f2ng hoa \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7: c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Charles de Gaulle v\u00e0 Val\u00e9ry Giscard d'Estaing \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00f2ng hoa tr\u00ean m\u1ed9 P\u00e9tain \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 50 v\u00e0 60 ng\u00e0y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I. P\u00e9tain \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn Verdun trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Vichy Ph\u00e1p sau khi Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "C\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n Urba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1971 b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho c\u00e1c x\u00e3 \u0111ang d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a phe x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. V\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c Urba b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang n\u0103m 1989 khi hai s\u0129 quan c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ea5p v\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i Marseille c\u1ee7a Urba ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u. D\u00f9 c\u00e1c bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa Urba v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Mitterrand, ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb li\u1ec7t k\u00ea l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra th\u00eam n\u1eefa. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Mitterrand n\u0103m 1988 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi Henri Nallet, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u1edf t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c qu\u1ed1c gia. N\u0103m 1990 Mitterrand tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u00e2n x\u00e1 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Henri Emmanuelli b\u1ecb \u0111em ra x\u00e9t x\u1eed n\u0103m 1997 v\u00ec tham nh\u0169ng, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n hai n\u0103m t\u00f9 treo."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1982 t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1986, Mitterrand \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \"\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1\" nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng phi v\u1ee5 ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 Gendarmerie, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. 3000 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi 150 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (7 v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00fd do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nghi ng\u1edd b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh x\u00e9t x\u1eed sau \u0111\u00f3) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1983 t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1986 b\u1edfi \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec7n Elys\u00e9e. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u00e0y, theo c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e3 thu c\u00e1c b\u0103ng ghi \u00e2m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Mitterrand. Vi\u1ec7c thu \u00e2m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1993 b\u1edfi t\u1edd Lib\u00e9ration; v\u1ee5 \u00e1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2004."}
+{"text": "M\u1ea5t 20 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 'v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c' \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc to\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u1ecb quan to\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o Jean-Paul Vallat \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf b\u1edfi 'v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c' \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u00ed m\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1999 la Commission consultative du secret de la d\u00e9fense nationale \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i m\u1eadt m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 li\u00ean quan. V\u1ecb th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra n\u0103m 2000, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m n\u1eefa tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed t\u1ea1i to\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2004 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f2ng s\u1ed1 16 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0 \u00e1n tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t Paris. 12 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i \"atteinte \u00e0 la vie priv\u00e9e\" (vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang t\u01b0) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec t\u1ed9i b\u00e1n c\u00e1c file m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. 7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tuy\u00ean \u00e1n treo v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t, 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "'V\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c' cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tr\u01b0\u1edbc To\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t Paris v\u1edbi ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a to\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2005. 7 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n v\u00e0 Mitterrand b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch.\". Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a to\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y Mitterrand mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef k\u00edn c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i ngo\u00e0i h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n Mazarine Pingeot (v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gia Jean-Edern Hallier, \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9), b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0 tuy\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1n li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n n\u0103m 1981 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1eddi Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Vichy v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi. To\u00e0 \u00e1n ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nghe tr\u1ed9m \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd do \"kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng\", nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Carole Bouquet, m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, Edwy Plenel, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u1edd le Monde ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo d\u00f5i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Rainbow Warriorv\u00e0 lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Antoine Comte. To\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \" Les faits avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 commis sur ordre soit du pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique, soit des ministres de la D\u00e9fense successifs qui ont mis \u00e0 la disposition de (Christian Prouteau) tous les moyens de l'\u00c9tat afin de les ex\u00e9cuter (nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo l\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p hay t\u1eeb c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u01a1\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p Christian Prouteau ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh)\" To\u00e0 \u00e1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Mitterrand l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 m\u01b0u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 nghe tr\u1ed9m (l'inspirateur et le d\u00e9cideur de l'essentiel) v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u0103ng n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 3000 cu\u1ed9n b\u0103ng do \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u00e0y thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Paris \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Rwanda Juv\u00e9nal Habyarimana, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1994 khi \u0111ang \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc Dassault Falcon 50 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Mitterrand t\u1eb7ng \u00f4ng. Th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a 'Cellule Africaine', m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng do con trai c\u1ee7a Mitterrand, Jean-Christophe l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Hutu \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Rwandan \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 9,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1990 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 28,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1991. Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u1edbi Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 Nam Phi. Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng trang b\u1ecb v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9i V\u1ec7 binh T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Habyrimana. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai theo Op\u00e9ration Turquoise, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo s\u1ef1 u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (UN) mandate. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 tranh c\u00e3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Rainbow Warrior, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh xanh, \u0111ang \u1edf New Zealand chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Nam Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eafm n\u00f3. Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia Fernando Pereira b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00f3 khi \u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 New Zealand \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh bom l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. Gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1985, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng Charles Hernu bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c sau khi s\u1ef1 li\u00ean can c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfc Rainbow Warrior b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 20 ng\u00e0y chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eafm m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n Mitterrand \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Pereira. \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Pierre Lacoste, c\u1ef1u l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o DGSE, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Pereira t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u00f4ng. C\u0169ng trong ng\u00e0y k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m, Truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh New Zealand (TVNZ) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n video \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf phi\u00ean x\u00e9t x\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi \u0111i\u1ec7p vi\u00ean Ph\u00e1p th\u00fa nh\u1eadn d\u00ednh l\u00edu, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p l\u00fd m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1eafng n\u0103m 2006."}
+{"text": "G\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb g\u00e0 r\u1eebng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i gia c\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. G\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u1ecbt g\u00e0 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee9ng g\u00e0, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u00e1o th\u1ee9c \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u00f4ng g\u00e0, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u00e1 g\u00e0, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3nh. Trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p gia c\u1ea7m c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 50 t\u1ef7 con g\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. G\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e1u n\u0103m hay h\u01a1n, tuy nhi\u00ean g\u00e0 nu\u00f4i l\u1ea5y th\u1ecbt th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t s\u00e1u tu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch c\u1ee1 gi\u1ebft th\u1ecbt. G\u00e0 nu\u00f4i th\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1eddn hay g\u00e0 nu\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1eefu c\u01a1 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft m\u1ed5 khi \u0111\u1ea1t 14 tu\u1ea7n tu\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ed1ng g\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebb 300 tr\u1ee9ng/n\u0103m; s\u00e1ch K\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c Guinness 2011 d\u1eabn ra k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c g\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebb 371 tr\u1ee9ng trong 364 ng\u00e0y.Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a g\u00e0 l\u1ea5y tr\u1ee9ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m sau 12 th\u00e1ng. G\u00e0 m\u00e1i - \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1ed3ng n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau - r\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u00f4ng v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb b\u1ea3y n\u0103m xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi hai n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "G\u00e0 t\u00e2y nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u00e0 t\u00e2y r\u1eebng. Nu\u00f4i g\u00e0 t\u00e2y nh\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ecbt g\u00e0 t\u00e2y. \u1ede M\u1ef9, th\u1ecbt g\u00e0 t\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00f3n \u0103n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean b\u00e0n \u0103n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh M\u1ef9 d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 T\u1ea1 \u01a1n hay Gi\u00e1ng sinh, th\u1ecbt g\u00e0 t\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n ch\u00ednh cho c\u1ea3 hai d\u1ecbp n\u00e0y. Ri\u00eang l\u1ec5 T\u1ea1 \u01a1n c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 46 tri\u1ec7u con g\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean b\u00e0n \u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh M\u1ef9, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 88% ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0103n g\u00e0 t\u00e2y v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 T\u1ea1 \u01a1n. G\u00e0 t\u00e2y r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 nu\u00f4i. N\u00f3 hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ch\u0103m ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed3i. M\u00f3n \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a g\u00e0 t\u00e2y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u1ecf. G\u00e0 t\u00e2y \u0103n nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u1ecf, l\u00e1 kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0103n ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1eadu \u0111\u1ed7, c\u00e1m b\u00e3. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00f3 \u0103n t\u1edbi 30-40% l\u00e0 rau xanh, c\u1ecf l\u00e1c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i g\u00e0 t\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u0103n th\u1ea3 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u00e3i c\u1ecf, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c nu\u00f4i nh\u1ed1t trong nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i r\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "G\u00e0 sao nh\u00e0 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i gia c\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb g\u00e0 sao trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp Aves, b\u1ed9 \u0110i\u1ec3u c\u1ea7m, h\u1ecd Phasiani, gi\u1ed1ng Numidiae. G\u00e0 sao nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ecbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecbt th\u01a1m ngon. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng cao, \u00edt b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, hao h\u1ee5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t 95,6%. G\u00e0 sao c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng cao, th\u00edch nghi r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i d\u1ec5 nu\u00f4i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i nh\u1ed1t ho\u1eb7c nu\u00f4i th\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1eddn. Tuy c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 cao nh\u1ea5t (98%) v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t (92%), nh\u00ecn chung th\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a g\u00e0 sao cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng g\u00e0 th\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1eddn. Tuy s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c k\u1ef9 th\u00ec g\u00e0 sao v\u1eabn b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh n\u1ea5m m\u1ecf k\u00e9t, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t th\u00ec t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 10%."}
+{"text": "V\u1ecbt nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u1ecbt c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecbt v\u1ecbt, tr\u1ee9ng, l\u00f4ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1ecbt c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i nh\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i chim ki\u1ec3ng, hay ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u00e0n xi\u1ebfc trong S\u1edf th\u00fa. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1ecbt \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i v\u1ecbt c\u1ed5 xanh (Anas platyrhynchos) \u1edf v\u00f9ng Mallard. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i v\u1ecbt ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111u\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 12 inch t\u1ee9c kho\u1ea3ng 30 cm). N\u0103m 2002, theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c L\u01b0\u01a1ng - N\u00f4ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (FAO), Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u1ecbt d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Ngan nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 Ngan b\u01b0\u1edbu m\u0169i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ecbt ngan c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ecbt t\u1eeb c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng v\u1ecbt nh\u00e0 (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a v\u1ecbt c\u1ed5 xanh) do n\u1ea1c h\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ecbt v\u1ecbt, \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ea1c v\u00e0 m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a th\u1ecbt ngan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi th\u1ecbt b\u00ea. C\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng ngan thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1ed9 l\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ngan hoang. Lo\u1ea1i ngan c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng tr\u1eafng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ecbt. Ngan m\u00e1i n\u1eb7ng kho\u1ea3ng 2\u20135 kg (5-10 pao); ngan tr\u1ed1ng n\u1eb7ng kho\u1ea3ng 5\u20138 kg (10-17 pao). Ngan thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n t\u1edbi 3 l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngan nu\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i hoang d\u00e3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i sinh \u0111\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0 \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "Ng\u1ed7ng nh\u00e0 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i gia c\u1ea7m d\u1ec5 nu\u00f4i, hay \u0103n, ch\u00f3ng l\u1edbn, \u00edt m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh. Nu\u00f4i ng\u1ed7ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ng\u1ed7ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u1ee9c \u0103n xanh. Con ng\u1ed7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y x\u00e9n c\u1ecf, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eb7t c\u1ecf c\u1ee7a ng\u1ed7ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u00f2, ng\u1ed7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eb7t t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y c\u1ecf, c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7 r\u1ec5, ng\u1ed7ng \u0103n t\u1ea1p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ea c\u1ecf non, c\u1ecf gi\u00e0, c\u1ecf d\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u1ecf tranh \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee5c b\u00ecnh ng\u1ed7ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ng\u1ed7ng ch\u1ec9 \u0103n c\u1ecf, \u0103n rau l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, \u00edt d\u00f9ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c. Nu\u00f4i trong 4-8 th\u00e1ng ng\u1ed7ng \u0111\u00e3 cho thu ho\u1ea1ch 4\u20137 kg. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng ng\u1ed7ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ed7ng tr\u1eafng, ng\u1ed7ng x\u00e1m v\u1eb1n, lo\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n th\u1ea5p, ch\u00e2n cao."}
+{"text": "B\u1ed3 c\u00e2u nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u1ecbt b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 nu\u00f4i. Nu\u00f4i chim b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, chi ph\u00ed cao m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nhanh. Chim b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u si\u00eau th\u1ecbt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eb7ng t\u1eeb 1,2 kg tr\u1edf l\u00ean, d\u1ec5 nu\u00f4i, nhanh l\u1edbn, \u00edt b\u1ec7nh, sinh s\u1ea3n t\u1ed1t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ed1ng b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 th\u1eeba nh\u01b0: \u0111\u1eadu n\u00e0nh x\u1ea5u, ng\u00f4, l\u00f5i ng\u00f4, rau c\u1ecf \u0111em nghi\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1m vi\u00ean cho chim b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u \u0103n. Chim b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi chu\u1ed3ng nu\u00f4i tho\u00e1ng m\u00e1t. Chim b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 \u1ea5p tr\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0o y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. B\u1ea3n n\u0103ng \u1ea5p tr\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng ban ng\u00e0y t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 13 gi\u1edd."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, hay r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u1ec1 linh h\u1ed3n. Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau, \u2026 Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a trong ti\u1ebfng La Tinh l\u00e0 Theologia, gh\u00e9p 2 t\u1eeb trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 Theos (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n linh) v\u00e0 logos (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1eddi); v\u1eady Theologia l\u00e0 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi, l\u00fd l\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ng\u00e0y nay, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f2ng, h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. Th\u00e1nh Augustine c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Richchard Hooker th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u00eang li\u00eang. Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thi\u00eang li\u00eang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, si\u00eau nhi\u00ean, t\u00e2m l\u00fd hay c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00e2m linh hay trong c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong su\u1ed1t d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 1 khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00ecm b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9c tin. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc hay c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u00eang li\u00eang nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n linh, ma qu\u1ef7, thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng, h\u1ecfa ng\u1ee5c,... \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gi\u00fap c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c suy lu\u1eadn t\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, ph\u1ee5c d\u1ef1ng, bi\u1ec7n minh cho 1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c hay ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i 1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi hay \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft qua 1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec7c suy \u0111o\u00e1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf (s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Brahman, Paramatma hay Bhagavan), c\u1ee7a Atman (linh h\u1ed3n). Ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb Sankrit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 Darshana, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m. Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Vaishnava c\u00f3 1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0n l\u00e2m \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford, tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Bhaktivedanta,..."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu mang t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Do th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0n l\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Rabbi (c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y t\u01b0 t\u1ebf v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt s\u0129 Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o) trong lu\u1eadt Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Kinh Th\u00e1nh Do Th\u00e1i. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a cao l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee9c tin Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc v\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc c\u00fang nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Kinh Th\u00e1nh, c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i b\u00ean trong Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c rao gi\u1ea3ng Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nh\u1eb1m chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi hay c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o s\u1edf h\u1eefu 1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p. Khi Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi, Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p. \u0110\u1ec3 rao gi\u1ea3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u00edn l\u00fd Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 can \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc; v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Logos c\u1ee7a Heraclitus v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Plato \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1eef t\u1ef3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Kalam\", thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \"Kalam\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kinh vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 h\u01a1n trong b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Sharia hay Fiqh (s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd trong H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o). Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 Sunni, Shia, Kharijites; nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Sufi chuy\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m, c\u00f3 1 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111i theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali. Tuy c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u00edn l\u00fd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o (Aqidah)."}
+{"text": "Mah\u0101tm\u0101 G\u0101ndh\u012b (2 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1869 \u2013 30 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1948), nguy\u00ean t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Devanagari: \u092e\u094b\u0939\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u092e\u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926 \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940; Gujarati: \u0aae\u0acb\u0ab9\u0aa8\u0aa6\u0abe\u0ab8 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0aae\u0a9a\u0a82\u0aa6 \u0a97\u0abe\u0a82\u0aa7\u0ac0), l\u00e0 anh h\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i cao. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi t\u00ean Ch\u1ea5p tr\u00ec ch\u00e2n l\u00fd (sa. saty\u0101graha) \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, bao g\u1ed3m phong tr\u00e0o V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 (American Civil Rights Movement) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi Martin Luther King, Jr.."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb l\u00fac l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (Indian National Congress) n\u0103m 1918, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n k\u00ednh l\u00e0 Mah\u0101tm\u0101, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \"Linh h\u1ed3n l\u1edbn\", \"V\u0129 nh\u00e2n\" ho\u1eb7c \"\u0110\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n\". Danh hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Rabindranath Tagore d\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u khi \u0111\u00f3n ch\u00e0o Gandhi t\u1ea1i Mumbai (hay Bombay) ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1915. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Gandhi kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi t\u00f4n vinh nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, danh hi\u1ec7u Mah\u0101tm\u0101 G\u0101ndh\u012b v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng h\u01a1n t\u00ean Mohandas G\u0101ndh\u012b tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n t\u00f4n k\u00ednh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ee5 (g\u1ecdi theo ti\u1ebfng Hindi l\u00e0 Bapu). Ng\u00e0y sinh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, 2 th\u00e1ng 10, l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. N\u0103m 2007, Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c ra ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft l\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 10 l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0y Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf B\u1ea5t B\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng.\""}
+{"text": "B\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, Gandhi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh tho\u00e1t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Anh, kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea3o tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Ch\u1ea5p tr\u00ec ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gandhi (c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n: satya l\u00e0 \"ch\u00e2n l\u00fd\" v\u00e0 \u0101-graha l\u00e0 \"n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y\", \"n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t\"), c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \"con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt\", \"truy t\u1ea7m ch\u00e2n l\u00fd\", \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m k\u00edch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1t-l\u1ea1i L\u1ea1t-ma \u0110\u0103ng-ch\u00e2u Gia-m\u1ee5c-th\u1ed1 (Tenzin Gyatso), Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa, Stephen Biko, Aung San Suu Kyi v\u00e0 Nelson Mandela. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 kh\u1eaft khe c\u1ee7a Gandhi."}
+{"text": "L\u1edbn l\u00ean v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 s\u00f9ng t\u00edn T\u00ec-th\u1ea5p-n\u00f4 trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo K\u00ec-na gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Gujarat, Gandhi s\u1edbm c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i, \u0103n chay, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1ecbn \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 thanh l\u1ecdc t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 khoan dung l\u1eabn nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i. \u00d4ng sinh ra trong giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n l\u00e0 Ph\u1ec7-x\u00e1 (sa. vai\u015bya, giai c\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia). Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1882, v\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i 13, \u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f4 Kasturba Makharji, 14 tu\u1ed5i, qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 mai m\u1ed1i. Hai \u00f4ng b\u00e0 sau c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n con trai: Harilal Gandhi, sinh n\u0103m 1888; Manilal Gandhi, sinh n\u0103m 1892; Ramdas Gandhi; sinh n\u0103m 1897 v\u00e0 Devdas Gandhi, sinh n\u0103m 1900."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i 19, Gandhi v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc College Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n (m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n) h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt. Trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, \u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u0103ng K\u00ec-na gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 Becharji, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng \u0103n th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u sau khi r\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n minh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc nh\u1ea3y, nh\u01b0ng Gandhi kh\u00f4ng \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecbt c\u1eebu v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i b\u1eafp b\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 tr\u1ecd n\u1ea5u cho m\u00ecnh. B\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec7m chay hi\u1ebfm hoi t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0m to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n b\u00e0 m\u1eb9, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i sang \u0103n chay ngay tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tri th\u1ee9c. \u00d4ng v\u00e0o \"H\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n chay\", \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean ban ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u1ec1 sau, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng thu th\u1eadp nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n chay \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Th\u1ea7n Tr\u00ed h\u1ecdc (ho\u1eb7c Th\u00f4ng Thi\u00ean h\u1ecdc), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0 Helena Petrovna Blavatsky th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1875 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m ch\u00e2u. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n Tr\u00ed h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch Gandhi \u0111\u1ecdc Ch\u00ed T\u00f4n ca. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecf v\u1ebb h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "\u00d4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1891, v\u00e0 khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea5u k\u00edn chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Mumbai ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00ec th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 Gandhi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 n\u0103ng n\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p t\u00f2a. \u00d4ng n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n xin d\u1ea1y b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc Mumbai, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Rajkot s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so\u1ea1n l\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u00ec xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quan vi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. Trong t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gandhi mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng du thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh trai. D\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00e0y (1893), \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Natal, Nam Phi."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Gandhi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea7m t\u00ednh, khi\u00eam cung kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e1o l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m l\u00ean 18 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng run s\u1ee3 khi b\u01b0\u1edbc ra t\u00f2a thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh. Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc khi \u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p m\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y. V\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, khi quan t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Durban y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Gandhi g\u1ee1 kh\u0103n x\u1ebfp (turban) tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00f2a. M\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n k\u00fd th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn - c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng - x\u1ea3y ra \u00edt l\u00e2u sau, khi \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn Pretoria. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb v\u1ea5t ra kh\u1ecfi xe l\u1eeda t\u1ea1i Pietermaritzburg sau khi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb toa xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn toa h\u1ea1ng ba, v\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 mua v\u00e9 h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau, trong cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng xe ng\u1ef1a, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00ec t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho m\u1ed9t du kh\u00e1ch ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng kham ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed5 \u0111au kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i ra nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 m\u00e0u da c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn Gandhi quan s\u00e1t k\u0129 h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i Nam Phi trong th\u1eddi gian \u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Pretoria. Ch\u00ednh trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i Nam Phi, qua s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1eadn m\u1eaft ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00ec th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, Gandhi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Khi h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, Gandhi thu x\u1ebfp tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong bu\u1ed5i ti\u1ec7c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ea1i Durban, \u00f4ng t\u00ecnh c\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p Natal \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi di d\u00e2n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Khi \u0111\u01b0a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ra th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ecd than kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Gandhi \u1edf l\u1ea1i gi\u00fap h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 hai, Vi\u1ec7n L\u1eadp Ph\u00e1p Natal v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy\u1ec7t, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c soi r\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n t\u1ea1i Nam Phi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u00f4ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i Durban \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. \u00d4ng l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i Natal n\u0103m 1894 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh gi\u1eef vai b\u00ed th\u01b0. Qua t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n t\u1ea1i Nam Phi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p, l\u00e0m tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tr\u1ea7n thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u00ec th\u1ecb n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh t\u1ea1i Nam Phi."}
+{"text": "Khi Chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam Phi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, Gandhi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. \u00d4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ed3m 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 800 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u01b0\u1edbn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau khi chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n t\u1ea1i Nam Phi kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 quan h\u01a1n, v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c sa \u0111o\u1ea1. N\u0103m 1906, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Transvaal c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p \u00e1n m\u1edbi, b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd ch\u1ee9ng. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Johannesburg v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 ngay trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, Gandhi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Ch\u1ea5p tr\u00ec ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 7 n\u0103m v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 7000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Gandhi, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft b\u1ecf t\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n), \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb b\u1eafn v\u00ec \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng k\u00fd ch\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ed1t gi\u1ea5y k\u00fd ch\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c tham gia nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, ti\u1ebfng th\u00e9t g\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nam Phi cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c t\u01b0\u1edbng Jan Christian Smuts lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n tho\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Gandhi."}
+{"text": "Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Nam Phi, Gandhi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n Ch\u00ed T\u00f4n ca c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n \"Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m trong B\u1ea1n\"), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \"ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7\" c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Gandhi d\u1ecbch b\u00e0i \"Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o\" (A Letter to a Hindu) c\u1ee7a Tolstoi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1908 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hung b\u1ea1o. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho nhau cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Tolstoi m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1910. B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Tolstoi d\u00f9ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c Ph\u1ec7-\u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1eafc thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n. Gandhi c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn qua ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u1ed5i danh c\u1ee7a Henry David Thoreau l\u00e0 \"S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c t\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang\". Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m l\u01b0u tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Nam Phi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Khi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, mang theo t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i Nam Phi."}
+{"text": "Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Nam Phi, Gandhi khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn (Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t) v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n tham gia qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn duy l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i trong \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap n\u00f3 ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai. \u00d4ng thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u1ea4n qua Gopal Krishna Gokhale, nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Gandhi x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1918 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Champaran v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o Ch\u1ea5p tr\u00ec ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ea1i Kheda m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t danh ngh\u0129a trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, c\u00e1nh tay ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Gandhi. T\u1ea1i Champaran, m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m trong ti\u1ec3u bang Bihar, \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 10.000 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng gia ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed3ng indigo v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng thay v\u00ec gieo tr\u1ed3ng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p b\u1edfi d\u00e2n binh c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 (ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh), h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 c\u01a1 h\u00e0n. Th\u00f4n l\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n, thi\u1ebfu v\u1ec7 sinh. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, k\u00ec th\u1ecb d\u00e2n ti ti\u1ec7n (untouchable) v\u00e0 kh\u0103n che (purdah) ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng lan tr\u00e0n. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3i kinh ho\u00e0ng, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Anh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf t\u00e0n \u00e1c, c\u1ee9 y v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng theo chu k\u00ec m\u00e0 thu thu\u1ebf. T\u00ecnh th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Kheda, bang Gujarat th\u00ec s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn chung c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Gandhi l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e0-lam t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap c\u1ed1 c\u1ef1u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u00d4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u00f4n l\u00e0ng, xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00f3i chung. L\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tin c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0ng, Gandhi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd c\u00e1c th\u00f4n x\u00f3m, l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0ng xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee7 n\u00e1t nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ti\u1ec7n d\u00e2n, b\u1eaft ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef mang kh\u0103n che v\u00e0 \u00e1p ch\u1ebf h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Gandhi x\u1ea3y ra khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t b\u1eaft giam v\u1edbi l\u00fd do g\u00e2y b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y. H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e2y quanh nh\u00e0 giam, c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 quan t\u00f2a \u0111\u00f2i tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1p t\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0ng sau c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Gandhi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh, \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ea5t, xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c thu thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Ch\u00ednh trong th\u1eddi gian k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, Gandhi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Bapu (ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha gi\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c) v\u00e0 Mah\u0101tm\u0101 (t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i). T\u1ea1i Kheda, Patel \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng gia trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng thu thu\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 ra. Danh ti\u1ebfng Gandhi t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda lan truy\u1ec1n kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "D\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Rowlatt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy\u1ec7t n\u0103m 1919, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1eaft giam nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb vu kh\u1ed1ng g\u00e2y lo\u1ea1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u00f2a duy\u1ec7t. Gandhi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh l\u1edbn ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u1ecb x\u00e3 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda; c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m. H\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam, l\u1ec7nh gi\u1edbi nghi\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. T\u1ea1i Punjab, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u1edf Amritsar v\u1edbi 379 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft b\u1edfi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, gia t\u0103ng ph\u1eabn o\u00e1n n\u01a1i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1920, Gandhi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb To\u00e0n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (All India Home Rule League). \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao uy quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh trong \u0111\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1921. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Gandhi, Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7. Ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean sau khi \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a. M\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n, chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tinh du\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 \u00edt th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Gandhi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, bao g\u1ed3m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \"b\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c\" (svadeshi) - ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea9y chay nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ngo\u1ea1i lai, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m Anh. Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c mang y ph\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 d\u1ec7t \u1edf nh\u00e0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khadi, c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, khuy\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0103n m\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. Gandhi khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eef, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y d\u00e0nh ch\u00fat th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt nh\u1eb1m kh\u1eafc s\u00e2u k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n \u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o, v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0o phong tr\u00e0o \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u1ecdng cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef."}
+{"text": "Th\u00eam v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea9y chay c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m Anh, Gandhi c\u0169ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1ea9y chay c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p t\u00f2a Anh, t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng danh hi\u1ec7u, huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, gia l\u1ef1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb x\u01b0a nay. Nh\u01b0ng khi phong tr\u00e0o v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00ec m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb x\u00e3 Chauri Chaura, bang Uttar Pradesh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1922. Lo ng\u1ea1i phong tr\u00e0o s\u1ebd quay v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gandhi li\u1ec1n hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch b\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c t\u00f2ng. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gandhi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft b\u1ecf t\u00f9 ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1922, b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u00f2a v\u00ec l\u00fd do g\u00e2y lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft \u00e1n s\u00e1u n\u0103m t\u00f9. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u Gandhi v\u1ecb b\u1ecf t\u00f9 nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb giam c\u1ea7m l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1922, \u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i t\u00f9 kho\u1ea3ng hai n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1924 sau m\u1ed9t ca m\u1ed5 vi\u00eam ru\u1ed9t th\u1eeba."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Gandhi \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tan v\u1ee1, ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai ph\u00e1i trong th\u1eddi gian \u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i t\u00f9. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi Chitta Ranjan Das v\u00e0 Motilal Nehru, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3ng tham d\u1ef1 c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. Ph\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edfi Chakravarti Rajagopalachari v\u00e0 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y sa s\u00fat. Gandhi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sai bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c ba tu\u1ea7n m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m 1924, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng n\u0103m thu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920-30, Gandhi \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u00e1nh \u0111\u00e8n c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. \u00d4ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1i n\u00eam gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea3ng Swaraj v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 khai m\u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng k\u00ec th\u1ecb d\u00e2n v\u00f4 giai c\u1ea5p, u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, thi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1928. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Sir John Simon m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n n\u00e0o trong h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea9y chay h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Gandhi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng qua Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Calcutta v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1928, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n (dominion status) trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1930, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Ch\u1ea5p tr\u00ec ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i thu\u1ebf mu\u1ed1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1i (Salt March) \u0111\u1ebfn Dandi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 21 th\u00e1ng 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 6 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1930. \u00d4ng \u0111i b\u1ed9 400 km t\u1eeb Ahmedabad \u0111\u1ebfn Dandi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y mu\u1ed1i cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. H\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 tham gia cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u01a1n 60.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n qua Lord Irwin, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi Gandhi."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Gandhi-Irwin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1ea5u th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1931. Trong \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd th\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c t\u00f2ng. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Gandhi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi sang Anh tham d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb b\u00e0n tr\u00f2n (Round Table Conference) t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng cho Gandhi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c (transfer of power). Ngo\u00e0i ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf Lord Irwin l\u00e0 Lord Willingdon \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, Gandhi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eadp tan \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00e1ch li ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i theo \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. N\u0103m 1932, qua chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a B. R. Ambedkar - l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Dalit - ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho d\u00e2n ti ti\u1ec7n Dalit nh\u1eefng khu b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ri\u00eang trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, Gandhi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c 6 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1932, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n qua s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qua trung gian l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Palwankar Baloo, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Dalit ch\u01a1i ngo\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n c\u1ea7u (cricketer), sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Gandhi v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ti ti\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Harijan, \"con c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi Hari\". Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1933, Gandhi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c 21 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. M\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1934, \u00f4ng ba l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb m\u01b0u h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Khi \u0111\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch li\u00ean bang, Gandhi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3ng. \u00d4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng r\u00fat lui th\u00ec h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 s\u1ebd ng\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng: th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, sinh vi\u00ean, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, kinh doanh v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu. Gandhi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh khi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh."}
+{"text": "Gandhi c\u0169ng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh Subhas Chandra Bose v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn, nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1938. Trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1eed gia cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh quy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1edbn th\u00ec Gandhi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c Bose kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, hai \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gandhi xem l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. Nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh c\u1ee7a Bose kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m dung vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0 trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, Bose t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn l\u00ean n\u1eafm nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1939 khi \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3 x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n Ba Lan. Gandhi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm n\u00e0y. Sau khi c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u0129 c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tham gia m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong khi ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Gandhi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd cho \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 sau chi\u1ebfn tranh. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Khi chi\u1ebfn tranh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, Gandhi n\u00e2ng cao y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \"R\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9\" (Quit India)."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Gandhi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh r\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n. Gandhi b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c - thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t, theo Anh v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng Anh - ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh trong th\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u sinh t\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c phi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng Gandhi ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Gandhi. Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c ra, \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn d\u1eabn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Gandhi."}
+{"text": "N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd - v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft giam s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. H\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00f2ng s\u00fang c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam. Gandhi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh trong Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn n\u1ebfu \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ef1 do ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Gandhi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ngay trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n x\u1ea3y ra. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \"v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\" xung quanh \u00f4ng \"nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1\". \u00d4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang duy tr\u00ec k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \"l\u00e0m hay ch\u1ebft\" v\u00ec t\u1ef1 do tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i."}
+{"text": "Gandhi v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ban ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1942 t\u1ea1i Mumbai b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Gandhi b\u1ecb giam hai n\u0103m trong \u0111i\u1ec7n Aga Khan t\u1ea1i Pune. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, Gandhi tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 Kasturbai ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau khi Mahadev Desai - ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0 k\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng xem nh\u01b0 con trai - ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ecb nh\u1ed3i m\u00e1u c\u01a1 tim v\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i 42. Gandhi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00ec s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sa s\u00fat v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ca m\u1ed5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Anh kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft trong t\u00f9 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u00f2ng c\u0103m ph\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t."}
+{"text": "Gandhi khuy\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh n\u0103m 1946 v\u00ec \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t nghi ng\u1edd vi\u1ec7c chia quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi Li\u00ean minh H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o (Muslim League) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 gi\u1ea3m ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. Gandhi c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng li\u00ean bang c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n \u00edt \u1ecfi m\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng nghe l\u1eddi Gandhi (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o) v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nhanh nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh trao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n Mohammed Ali Jinnah v\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ed1 c\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 Gandhi s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng th\u1eeba bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c d\u00e0nh cho Gandhi r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 Sardar Patel c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Gandhi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. Gandhi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng xu\u00f4i l\u00f2ng, t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Gandhi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u00d4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n chia \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh hai qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Li\u00ean minh H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1ee9c \u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1edfi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1edf trung t\u00e2m \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 - v\u1ed1n chung s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea1o Sikhs, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, K\u00ec-na gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea1o Parsi, Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i - l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng Jinnah ra l\u1ec7nh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y Punjab, Sindh, NWFP v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Bengal, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng Pakistan v\u00e0 Bangladesh ng\u00e0y nay. X\u1ee9 s\u1edf m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Pakistan, v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi Pakistan v\u00e0 Bangladesh. Ng\u00e0y trao quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Gandhi kh\u00f4ng \u0103n m\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i Kolkata, \u0111au bu\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1948, tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i th\u1edd t\u1ee5ng, Gandhi b\u1ecb b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft b\u1edfi Nathuram Godse t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Birla \u1edf New Delhi. Godse l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ef1c \u0111oan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1nh c\u1ef1c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 Hindu Mahasabha. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y cho Gandhi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9p m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n cho Pakistan. Godse v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng \u00e2m m\u01b0u l\u00e0 Narayan Apte sau b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u00f2a k\u1ebft \u00e1n, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1949. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Hindu Mahasabha, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ef1c \u0111oan b\u1ecb t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e2y c\u1ee7a m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng."}
+{"text": "T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n c\u00e2u n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Gandhi l\u00e0 \"\u00d4 k\u00eca Rama!\" (Hey Rama!) v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00e2u t\u00f4n k\u00ednh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n Rama, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m t\u00e2m linh Gandhi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00e2u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i New Delhi. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ngu\u1ed3n ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \"He Ram, He Ram\" ho\u1eb7c \"Rama, Rama\", v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng l\u0103n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u1eafp hai tay tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ef1c \u1edf t\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00e0o."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1eed \u0103n th\u1ecbt l\u00fac c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng Gandhi sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n chay tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong th\u1eddi gian du h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, sau khi g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho vi\u1ec7c \u0103n chay l\u00e0 Henry Stephens Salt \u1edf nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n chay. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0103n chay c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, K\u00ec-na gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 trong ti\u1ec3u bang c\u1ee7a Gandhi, Gujarat, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u \u0103n chay. \u00d4ng th\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0103n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, \u0103n chay \u0111\u1ee7 cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch \u0103n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i khi \u0103n tr\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \"ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb\" (Key to Health) n\u0103m 1948 cho th\u1ea5y. \u00d4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecbn \u0103n l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y, d\u00f9ng nh\u1ecbn \u0103n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u00d4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0103n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "Gandhi s\u1ed1ng tuy\u1ec7t d\u1ee5c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 36 tu\u1ed5i. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh b\u1edfi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh (sa. brahmacarya) trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh (sa. tapas) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc b\u00ean tr\u00ean. Tuy v\u1eady, Gandhi kh\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean l\u00e0m. Trong T\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u00f4i th\u00fac t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ghen tu\u00f4ng v\u00ec b\u00e0 Kasturba. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ed1ng tuy\u1ec7t d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi thay v\u00ec \u0111am m\u00ea nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 sau khi l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Nam Phi, \u00f4ng t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7c y ph\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y - c\u00e1ch \u0103n m\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00fa qu\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0103n m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Gandhi khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c m\u1eb7c y ph\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 d\u1ec7t (khadi). \u00d4ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i t\u1eeb s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 se v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn mua qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. Gandhi cho r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n t\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1ea3i, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd g\u00e2y m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Anh t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Qua s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1nh xe se ch\u1ec9 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u00e1 c\u1edd c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng nhau nh\u01b0ng Gandhi v\u00e0 Rabindranath Tagore tranh lu\u1eadn dai d\u1eb3ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai danh nh\u00e2n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1934, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i Bihar, g\u00e2y t\u1eed vong v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn. Gandhi tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra v\u00ec t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o thu\u1ed9c giai c\u1ea5p cao, v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ti ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd. Tagore ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Gandhi, cho r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c k\u00ec th\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi Gandhi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 phim Gandhi (1982), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n b\u1edfi Richard Attenborough v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean Ben Kingsley (ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eeda ph\u1ea7n Gujarati) trong vai ch\u00ednh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ed9 phim sau n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 h\u1eadu th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. H\u1ecd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 phim mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 Gandhi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t tay \u0111\u01b0a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c (c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m, tinh du\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi) trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. B\u1ed9 phim The Making of the Mahatma, v\u1edbi Shyam Benegal \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 Rajat Kapur trong vai ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phim n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 21 n\u0103m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Gandhi t\u1ea1i Nam Phi."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh Gandhi v\u00ec c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Adolf Hitler v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tr\u1ea7n thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m t\u1eed ch\u1ebft v\u00ec ngh\u0129a.. Penn v\u00e0 Teller, trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \"Bullshit!\" (\"Holier than Thou\"), \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Gandhi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec1n h\u1eadu b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed trong khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t k\u00ec th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. Gandhi n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang t\u1ea1i Mumbai, 26 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1896 (Collected Works, quy\u1ec3n II, trang 74) v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi nh\u01b0 sau:"}
+{"text": "\u00d4ng ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda c\u00e1c c\u0103n nh\u00e0 t\u1ed3i t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed1n, y ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng y h\u1ec7t y ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00f3 m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi su\u00f4ng trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng Mahatma (Th\u00e1nh) m\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u1ea4n t\u1eb7ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u00ean th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 da th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e1u m\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh? Khi t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1edbi g\u00f5 c\u1eeda \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u00ec c\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf toang ch\u1edd s\u1eb5n r\u1ed3i\u2026 Nghe ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Gandhi, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 x\u00f4ng ngay t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh vinh quang cao qu\u00fd m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 h\u1ed3i x\u01b0a, r\u1ea5t xa x\u0103m, khi Ph\u1eadt T\u1ed5 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb bi, th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vua James, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c, hay c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u1eefa. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a vua Charles I theo Thanh gi\u00e1o (Puritans) mu\u1ed1n hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ec5 nghi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 e ng\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 vua s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o (Catholic). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m l\u1eabn nhau. Do cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, vua Charles r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n chi ph\u00ed chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn. Vua Charles \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ti\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho qu\u00e2n s\u0129 s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u ph\u1ea3i cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh vay ti\u1ec1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ed1ng giam v\u00e0o ng\u1ee5c. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a vua Charles I v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Anh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u1ecb h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 do hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p l\u00ean t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e0 vua ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i hai l\u1ea7n."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1628, vua Charles tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 vua v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng th\u00eam r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau s\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u00f3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \"c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n\". \u0110\u01a1n th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c vay ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n, vua Charles I \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n r\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 sau, do c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ee9 ba n\u0103m 1629 v\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng 11 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, \u00f4ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u1eefa. C\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m \u0111\u1ebfm x\u1ec9a t\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 trang b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00f2i th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n n\u1ed9p \"ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u\" (ship money) v\u00e0 coi \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 thu\u1ebf. Th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n Anh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00f4ng John Hampden \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i n\u1ed9p 20 b\u1ea3ng Anh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ra to\u00e0 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1633, \u00f4ng William Laud, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Canterbury, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0o to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 Scotland. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c d\u00f9ng kinh c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n Anh (the English Prayer Book) t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Scotland c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Laud \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho d\u00e2n Scotland n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Do kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p lo\u1ea1n, vua Charles I ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1640 nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 5 ng\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n (the Short Parliament). Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u1ea5y qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u00e0y, qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i D\u00e0i h\u1ea1n (The Long Parliament)."}
+{"text": "Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i D\u00e0i h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1ng giam Thomas Wentworth, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Strafford th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Laud v\u00e0o Th\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n (The Tower of London). N\u0103m 1641, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Strafford b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Laud ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu chung s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0o 4 n\u0103m sau. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Anh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1edbi to\u00e0n d\u00e2n \"B\u00e0i khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch l\u1edbn lao\" (the Grand Remonstrace), trong \u0111\u00f3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u00fang n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Vua Charles I l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t uy quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o. N\u0103m 1642, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn, d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t to\u00e1n binh s\u0129 trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi, x\u00f4ng v\u00e0o To\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft 5 d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ecf ra ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Charles I. Nh\u01b0ng 5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Charles \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng g\u00e2y ra cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y l\u00ean m\u1ea1n b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3 ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u lo t\u1eadp trung qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ho\u00e0ng gia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \"k\u1ecb binh\" (cavaliers), g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vua th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \"k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00f2n\" (roundheads) v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u1eaft t\u00f3c th\u1eadt s\u00e1t. C\u00e1c \"k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00f2n\" khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1642, cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, phe qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i hay c\u00e1c \"k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00f2n\" \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Oliver Cromwell - m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecb v\u00ec b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u \"c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i\" (the Rump) c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1640, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Thanh gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng Charles kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1649, tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i,Charles b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u00ec t\u1ed9i \"ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i\". Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 1 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m nh\u00e0 vua b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n l\u00e0 \"b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa, ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i, s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\" v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang."}
+{"text": "Oliver Cromwell sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n o\u00e1n h\u1eadn. T\u1edbi khi Oliver Cromwell qua \u0111\u1eddi, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e1n ng\u00e1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Thanh gi\u00e1o, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0 c\u0169 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, vua Charles II \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1660 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Khi \u1ea5y Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng Nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng cai tr\u1ecb, d\u00f9 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e3i t\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Ho\u00e0ng gia, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u0103m 1688, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp, v\u1edbi V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9 Orange l\u00e0 William III n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m trong tay t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c m\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh (ti\u1ebfng Latinh: Sacrum Romanum Imperium; ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c: Heiliges R\u00f6misches Reich; ti\u1ebfng \u00dd: Sacro Romano Impero; ti\u1ebfng Anh: Holy Roman Empire)[b] c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111a s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 Trung c\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1806. T\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb y\u00eau s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh \u00fd c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c g\u1ed3m V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Bohemia, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Burgundy, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u00dd v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 do l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 962, khi Otto I \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Liudolfinger \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng trao \u0110\u1ebf mi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng Frank thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Nh\u00e0 Carolingien (Carolingian dynasty). T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1157, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Sacrum Imperium v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1254, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00ean Sacrum Romanum Imperium \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh trong m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 danh hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam d\u00f2ng D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c (Heiliges R\u00f6misches Reich Deutscher Nationen). \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c tan v\u1ee1 khi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Franz II (1792-1806) thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Nh\u00e0 Habsburg t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0110\u1ebf mi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1806, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u00c1o. Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf C\u0169 (Altes Reich) t\u1eeb v\u00e0i n\u0103m nay."}
+{"text": "Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong tay c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tuy\u1ec3n h\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc hay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc do t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c cai tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong tay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n cai tr\u1ecb. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c mang nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa n\u1eafm m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i theo, bao nhi\u00eau qu\u00e2n c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n huy \u0111\u1ed9ng, ngay c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn: v\u1ec1 phe v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eef trung l\u1eadp. Khi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd ph\u1edbt l\u1edd m\u1ed1i d\u00e2y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. H\u1ecd, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, tham gia v\u00e0o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tham kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 trang tr\u00ed. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ban h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u00edt khi \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u00ec tranh c\u00e3i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t."}
+{"text": "\u00c1o l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 Vi\u00ean l\u00e0 con tim c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Habsburg. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 d\u00f2ng T\u00ean - nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i, nghi\u00eam trang, v\u00ec c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 mong mu\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi. H\u1ecd tr\u1ea5n an c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng \"m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t b\u1edfi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf soi s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 h\u1ecd\"."}
+{"text": "M\u1ecdi chi ti\u1ebft trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u1edf tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Trong c\u00e1c gian ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh lang c\u1ee7a cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Hofburg, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho nghi th\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. M\u1ed7i khi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng \u0111i qua, tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadt th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 qu\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1i xu\u1ed1ng. Khi t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1t ra, ngay c\u1ea3 l\u00fac \u00f4ng \u0111ang \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t gian ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi l\u1ec5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Khi \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u1eefa m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec1n qua 24 b\u00e0n tay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0n \u0103n ho\u00e0ng gia. Khi r\u00f3t r\u01b0\u1ee3u cho \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ef3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eadt ra, s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c: kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i k\u1ebft d\u00ednh c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u1edbi nhau. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Leopold I (1658-1705) c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Habsburg, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n. Nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t, thi\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft l\u1eafng nghe \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i suy \u0111i ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u00e0o th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 1690, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 \u1ee7y ban, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch im l\u00ecm nh\u01b0ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i sau l\u01b0ng \u00f4ng. S\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 do m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh. [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "Trong th\u00e2m t\u00e2m, Leopold I (1640-1705) v\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi con k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00f4ng, Joseph I (1705-1711 - ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi hai v\u1ecb vua n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: Pyotr I c\u1ee7a Nga t\u1ee9c Pyotr \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 vua Louis XIV c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p) v\u00e0 Karl VI (1711-1740), \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecd tr\u1ecb v\u00ec. Tr\u1ea3i qua g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, c\u1ea3 ba v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. N\u1ebfu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ed9 cho Ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y m\u00e3i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ed3n vinh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: ngai v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c suy tho\u00e1i sau n\u00e0y. [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Leopold, d\u00f9 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf thi\u1ebfu n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea1i l\u00ean cao. \u0110\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do Ch\u00faa ph\u00f9 h\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 Leopold v\u1eabn tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01a1n, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m n\u00e0y, t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Leopold II d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee1i g\u01b0\u01a1m s\u00e1ng lo\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n Eug\u00e8ne c\u1ee7a Savoie. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 Th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, T\u1ed5ng T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi John Churchill, Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Marlborough th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 vua Karl XII c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 ba nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n t\u00e0i ba nh\u1ea5t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1734, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng so\u00e1i l\u1eebng danh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa n\u00e0o x\u01b0ng l\u00e0m vua, v\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ecb tr\u00ed g\u1ea7n ngang b\u1eb1ng Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. Tuy th\u1ebf, khi m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n e ng\u1ea1i n\u00ean v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i xin ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf phong cho. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec3n h\u1ea7u Friedrich III (1657-1713), ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 vua Friedrich I c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1701. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf phong l\u00e0m vua, Friedrich d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n,[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] v\u00e0 c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 Pyotr \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf. [c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh bao tr\u00f9m nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \"li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p\" v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 cho cu\u1ed9c chung s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1618-1648, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i N\u0103m, di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phe nh\u00f3m C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Tin L\u00e0nh trong Phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. D\u1ea7n d\u00e0, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn lan r\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u00ean kia ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p mu\u1ed1n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 th\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh. Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn g\u00e2y t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u khi\u1ebfn cho \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n b\u1ecb san b\u1eb1ng, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 suy gi\u1ea3m. \u01af\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecf m\u1ea1ng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i N\u0103m v\u00e0 H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Westfalen n\u0103m 1648 mang \u0111\u1ebfn tai h\u1ecda cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cho \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 th\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Westfalen g\u00e2y tai h\u1ea1i cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec t\u1eebng m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf \u2013 kho\u1ea3ng 350 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u2013 trong khi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u01b0 v\u1ecb. Tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 qu\u00e9t qua \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111i, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. Th\u1eadt ra, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb c\u01a1n xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ed1c \u1ea5y. \u0110\u1ea7u \u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c d\u1ea7n d\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ec5 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, ph\u1ee5c t\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng vua ti ti\u1ec7n. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb qua ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, n\u1edf r\u1ed9 \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eaft ng\u1ea5m \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chia r\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00f9i l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1730, li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Nga - \u00c1o - Ph\u1ed5 l\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p trong cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb Ba Lan, d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Sau khi V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng Eug\u00e8ne x\u1ee9 Savoie qua \u0111\u1eddi, Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng suy y\u1ebfu, b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 Ottoman."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1740, vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 l\u00e0 Friedrich II (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Friedrich \u0110\u1ed9c \u0110\u00e1o hay Friedrich \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf) k\u00e9o 27 ngh\u00ecn qu\u00e2n r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi x\u1ee9 Brandenburg \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1ec9nh Silesia c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Habsburg. T\u1ec9nh Silesia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u1edbt. D\u00f9 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft x\u1ea5u, Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u1ed5 nhanh ch\u00f3ng chinh ph\u1ea1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ec9nh Silesia, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 ch\u1eb3ng t\u1edbi n\u01a1i t\u1edbi ch\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u00c1o. Th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 Breslau \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay vua Friedrich II. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng, khi nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng nghe l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean can c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng. Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t t\u1ec9nh Silesia \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 l\u00ean h\u00e0ng li\u1ec7t c\u01b0\u1eddng - \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi hi\u1ec3m nguy, v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng th\u00f9 h\u1eb1n k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u00c1o."}
+{"text": "Sau m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u00c1o trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Silesia (d\u00f9 Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Habsburg c\u00f3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Anh Qu\u1ed1c), nh\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ec9nh Silesia. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1o ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng, do ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Tuy\u1ec3n h\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc Sachsen \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi \u00c1o (th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady) \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kim Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Friedrich II \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf ra tay tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00f4ng xua qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh x\u1ee9 Sachsen (1756). Cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh B\u1ea3y n\u0103m b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. Li\u00ean qu\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u1ed5 c\u00f2n l\u00f4i k\u00e9o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, v\u00ec h\u1ecd mong mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9nh Pomerania t\u1eeb tay n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5. Trong tr\u1eadn Rossbach (1757), qu\u00e2n Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u00e1c Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p; tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a vua Friedrich II \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Charlemagne, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd d\u00f2ng gi\u1ed1ng Teuton l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh vinh quang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Ph\u1ed5 m\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u vui s\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a vua Friedrich II \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng lu m\u1edd h\u1eb3n trong li\u00ean qu\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c2u v\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, sau nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n Ph\u1ed5, li\u00ean qu\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u1ed5 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t tan r\u00e3, Nga v\u00e0 Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00e1i l\u1eadp h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1762, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u00c1o c\u0169ng t\u00e1i l\u1eadp h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1763. Trong khi vua Friedrich II \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Habsburg \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7."}
+{"text": "Theo \u0111\u1ea1i thi h\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, vua Friedrich II \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Ph\u1ed5 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. V\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Habsburg trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00eau tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ph\u1ed5, th\u00ec Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Habsburg ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Trong cu\u1ed9c chia c\u1eaft Ba Lan l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1772), V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u1ed5 c\u00f2n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng \u00c1o l\u00e0 Maria Theresia ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3c. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Joseph II c\u00f3 mong mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Habsburg th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng ta c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft noi theo nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kim Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Friedrich II \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1778 - 1779, \u00f4ng ta l\u1eadp m\u01b0u chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Bayern, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb vua Friedrich II \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i trong cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb Bayern. Khi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Joseph II l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm x\u1ee9 Bayern v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1780, nh\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \"Li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u\" (1785) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c trong \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kim Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. Nh\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \"k\u1ebb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c\"."}
+{"text": "Khu v\u1ef1c nay l\u00e0 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 t\u1eebng n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c du m\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 Hung N\u00f4, Ti\u00ean Ti, Nhu Nhi\u00ean. N\u0103m 1206, Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n l\u1eadp ra \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c mi\u1ec1n Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Sau khi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i v\u1ec1 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c xung \u0111\u1ed9t phe ph\u00e1i nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1t Di\u00ean H\u00e3n v\u00e0 Tr\u00e1t T\u00e1t Kh\u1eafc \u0110\u1ed3 H\u00e3n."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. Nh\u00e0 Thanh do ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3n l\u1eadp ra s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1900, kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba nam gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 t\u0103ng nh\u00e2n. Sau khi nh\u00e0 Thanh s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1911, Ngo\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 Thanh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1921 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1eeb Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4, l\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 1924, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec7 tinh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1990. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi n\u0103m 1992, v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi (kho\u1ea3ng 5500\u20133500 TCN) t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 Norovlin, Tamsagbulag, Bayanzag, v\u00e0 Rashaan Khad. Sinh ho\u1ea1t du m\u1ee5c c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n then ch\u1ed1t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a chi ph\u1ed1i. Sinh ho\u1ea1t du m\u1ee5c c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh qua c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Afanasevo (3500\u20132500 TCN) th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n xe c\u00f3 b\u00e1nh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng thu\u1ed9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a Afanasevo c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2200 TCN. Sinh ho\u1ea1t du m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng kim thu\u1ed9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n v\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00f3 trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Okunev (thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 2 TCN), v\u0103n h\u00f3a Andronovo (2300\u20131000 TCN) v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Karasuk (1500\u2013300 TCN), l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Hung N\u00f4 thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft. C\u00e1c di t\u00edch th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n Hung N\u00f4 g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e1 h\u01b0\u01a1u, kurgan, m\u1ed9 t\u1ea5m vu\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, song n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p lu\u00f4n duy tr\u00ec quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi du m\u1ee5c ch\u0103n th\u1ea3. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong khu v\u1ef1c. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7ng Mongoloid (da v\u00e0ng) t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 ng\u00e0y nay, v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7ng Europoid (da tr\u1eafng) t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tochari (Nguy\u1ec7t Chi) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scythia c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng. X\u00e1c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn binh Scythia ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i d\u00e3y n\u00fai Altai c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 2.500 n\u0103m, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nam gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb 30-40 tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 t\u00f3c v\u00e0ng hoe. Khi sinh ho\u1ea1t du m\u1ee5c c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean \u00c2u-\u00c1 c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Chu b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c du m\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c du m\u1ee5c, theo th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bang li\u00ean l\u1edbn gi\u00fap gia t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u01b0u th\u1ebf. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 h\u00e3n, Kurultai (h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed1i cao), t\u1ea3 d\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ef1c, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c (Keshig) v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 theo h\u1ec7 th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Hung N\u00f4, do M\u1eb7c \u0110\u1ed1n t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t bang li\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 209 TCN. H\u1ecd nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1ed5i l\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n, bu\u1ed9c Trung Hoa ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh. T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111em 30 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n canh gi\u1eef bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, nh\u1eb1m ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Hung N\u00f4. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Hung N\u00f4 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 93, b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ti\u00ean Ti (93\u2013234), to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 ng\u00e0y nay n\u1eb1m trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "H\u00e3n qu\u1ed1c Nhu Nhi\u00ean (330\u2013555) g\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u00ean Ti l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \"kh\u1ea3 h\u00e3n\" l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u. Nhu Nhi\u00ean cai tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 l\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ed9t Quy\u1ebft (555\u2013745) \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9t Quy\u1ebft c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed9t Quy\u1ebft t\u1eebng bao v\u00e2y Panticapaeum nay thu\u1ed9c Krym t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 576. K\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp h\u1ecd l\u00e0 H\u00e3n qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed3i C\u1ed1t (745\u2013840) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Uyghur, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kyrgyz \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khi\u1ebft \u0110an l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u00ean Ti, h\u1ecd cai tr\u1ecb M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Li\u00eau (907\u20131125), sau \u0111\u00f3 bang li\u00ean M\u00f4ng Ng\u1ed9t Qu\u1ed1c (1125\u20131206) n\u1ed5i l\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Trong c\u1ea3nh h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, m\u1ed9t t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00ean l\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft M\u1ed9c Ch\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai Altai. N\u0103m 1206, \u00f4ng l\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1, l\u1eadp n\u00ean \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb Ukraina hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb Siberia \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecbnh Oman v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay, chi\u1ebfm di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 33.000.000 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng (13.000.000 sq mi), (22% t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t), d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ean 100 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi). S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n h\u00e3n qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u00fang cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp sau n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0110\u00e0 L\u00f4i (1260\u20131264), v\u1ed1n b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t do tranh ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c sau khi M\u00f4ng Kha t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1259. M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c h\u00e3n qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ea1i h\u00e3n qu\u1ed1c\", bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean. H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh ng\u00e0y nay. Sau h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 Minh thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1368, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. Khi qu\u00e2n Minh truy k\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed5, h\u1ecd c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t kinh th\u00e0nh H\u00f2a L\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Nguy\u00ean Chi\u00eau T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 Kho\u00e1ch Khu\u1ebfch Thi\u1ebfp M\u1ed9c Nhi \u0111\u1ea9y lui."}
+{"text": "Sau khi c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cai tr\u1ecb qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1eafc Nguy\u00ean. Trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, di\u1ec5n ra tranh ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa d\u00f2ng h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ng\u00f5a L\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 T\u00e2y), ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 t\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u0103m cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ng\u00f5a L\u1ea1t d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n D\u00e3 Ti\u00ean th\u00e1i s\u01b0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1449. Qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a D\u00e3 Ti\u00ean t\u1eebng b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Minh Anh T\u00f4ng trong s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn Th\u1ed5 M\u1ed9c b\u1ea3o. \u0110\u1ebfn khi D\u00e3 Ti\u00ean b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1454, d\u00f2ng h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, \u0110\u1ea1t Di\u00ean H\u00e3n v\u00e0 phu nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 M\u00e3n \u0110\u00f4 H\u1ea3i t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n d\u00f2ng h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, A Nh\u0129 Th\u1ea3n H\u00e3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Th\u1ed5 M\u1eb7c \u0110\u1eb7c, m\u1ed9t ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1t Di\u00ean H\u00e3n \u2013 song kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 h\u00e3n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u2013 l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. \u00d4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hohhot nay thu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i M\u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1557. sau khi A Nh\u0129 Th\u1ea3n H\u00e3n g\u1eb7p \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1578, \u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebfn M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. A Ba \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Kh\u00e1ch Nh\u0129 Kh\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i sang Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u1eadp Tu vi\u1ec7n Erdene Zuu v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1585. Ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Zanabazar tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Jebtsundamba Khutughtu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1640. Sau c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111i theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 kinh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n th\u1edd t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda b\u1eafc l\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t, ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c d\u00e2n cho c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3."}
+{"text": "H\u00e3n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 L\u00e2m \u0110an H\u00e3n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII. \u00d4ng tham gia c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3n nh\u1eb1m tranh nhau c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1636, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c N\u1ed9i M\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quy ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3n, l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 Thanh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u00e1ch Nh\u0129 Kh\u00e1ch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng quy ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 Thanh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1691, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 ng\u00e0y nay thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thanh. Sau m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chu\u1ea9n C\u00e1t Nh\u0129 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 T\u00e2y hay Oirat) cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n khi qu\u00e2n Thanh chinh ph\u1ea1t Dzungaria nay thu\u1ed9c T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1757\u201358. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 80% ho\u1eb7c 60 v\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chu\u1ea9n C\u00e1t Nh\u0129 b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng do d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh."}
+{"text": "Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1911, nh\u00e0 Thanh duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb Ngo\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t li\u00ean minh v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng h\u00f4n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c tr\u00fa tr\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n (amban) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Kh\u1ed1 Lu\u00e2n, \u00d4 L\u00fd Nh\u00e3 T\u00f4 \u0110\u00e0i,v\u00e0 Khoa B\u1ed1 \u0110a, v\u00e0 Ngo\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 theo th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u1eef. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, gi\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n song l\u1ea1i \u00edt ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cho vay n\u1eb7ng l\u00e3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f9ng thu thu\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n du m\u1ee5c ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 lan r\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1911, c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 700 tu vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1i Ngo\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng; 115.000 t\u0103ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 21% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Ngo\u00e0i Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 13 l\u1ea1t ma cao qu\u00fd hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Ngo\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1924, sau khi Bogd Khaan t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n v\u00ec ung th\u01b0 thanh qu\u1ea3n, ho\u1eb7c theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi tay c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7p vi\u00ean Li\u00ean X\u00f4, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. N\u0103m 1928, Khorloogiin Choibalsan l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 (1921\u20131952) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. Li\u00ean X\u00f4 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \"\u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c\", l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n sau khi nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 Choibalsan t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1930, Nga ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Buryat (m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5) di c\u01b0 sang M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t li\u00ean M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Nga v\u1ec1 thi h\u00e0nh kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft, trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u1ef1u ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Peljidiin Genden v\u00e0 c\u1ef1u th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Anandyn Amar. Thanh tr\u1eebng ki\u1ec3u Stalin t\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1937, s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i tr\u00ean 30.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1952, Choibalsan ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u1ea3 nghi t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Bohum\u00edr \u0160meral n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ea5t M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n Anh, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c\"."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1945, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Yalta quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tham gia Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Yalta l\u00e0 sau chi\u1ebfn tranh Ngo\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1945, theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c 100% c\u1eed tri b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Sau khi n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, h\u1ecd v\u00e0 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1949. \u0110\u1ebfn khi Chia r\u1ebd Trung-X\u00f4 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4. N\u0103m 1960, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u1ebf th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c sau khi nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i do Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1952, Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ghi d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean X\u00f4 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, Tsedenbal thanh tr\u1eebng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia, Tsedenbal \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0o Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1eeb n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1m l\u1ea7n, song c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Li\u00ean X\u00f4 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. Trong khi Tsedenbal \u0111ang \u0111i th\u0103m Moskva v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1984, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe r\u1ea5t x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u00f4ng ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng Jambyn Batm\u00f6nkh."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \"C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\" b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc; v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t cao v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng phi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1993. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 xin l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (ACD), Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c Kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng (APEC) v\u00e0 trao cho M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i."}
+{"text": "Trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1996, Li\u00ean minh D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj. \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t th\u1ebf \u0111a s\u1ed1. \u1ee8ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 Natsagiin Bagabandi \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1997, v\u00e0 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000, 2004, v\u00e0 2008 \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 2004 bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i gia nh\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean minh, song h\u1ecd r\u1eddi b\u1ecf li\u00ean minh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2006 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008, song chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c gian l\u1eadn phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 2009, \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m Nambaryn Enkhbayar c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012. N\u0103m 2012, \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 (b\u1ecf t\u1eeb 'c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng' n\u0103m 2010) ch\u1ecbu th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 2013, \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed. \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u0103m 2016."}
+{"text": "M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb b\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, theo \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u0169ng ch\u1ecdn ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Khural Qu\u1ed1c gia. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c theo \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, bao g\u1ed3m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Freedom House nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ef1 do."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1921 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2010, h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1921 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1996, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2004. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2004 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2006, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 sau n\u0103m 2006 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng chi ph\u1ed1i hai li\u00ean minh kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c chi ph\u1ed1i trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean minh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1996 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2000, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c g\u1ea7n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean minh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2004 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2006. Trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u0103m 2012, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i;, tuy nhi\u00ean do \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gh\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t,, n\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 Norovyn Altankhuyag \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. N\u0103m 2014, thay th\u1ebf \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Chimediin Saikhanbileg. \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u0103m 2016 v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Jargaltulgyn Erdenebat."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n mu\u1ed1n b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi h\u01a1n hai ph\u1ea7n ba s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ba y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra t\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 45 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 trong n\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng hai l\u1ea7n l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00ean l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 2009 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i c\u1eed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013."}
+{"text": "M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3, Nga, B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1eadp trung tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Iraq n\u0103m 2003, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n g\u1eedi binh s\u0129 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n t\u1eeb 103 t\u1edbi 180 qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Iraq. Kho\u1ea3ng 130 l\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai t\u1ea1i Afghanistan. 200 qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u1edf Sierra Leone d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 u\u1ef7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 to\u00e0 \u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2009, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1edbi Chad \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho MINURCAT."}
+{"text": "N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 zud. Ulan Bator c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 cao, l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ef1c \u0111oan v\u1edbi m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e0i v\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh, m\u00f9a h\u00e8 ng\u1eafn, v\u00e0 \u0111a ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a trong n\u0103m c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8. N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y trung b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 257 ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2y m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n cao. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc (trung b\u00ecnh 20 t\u1edbi 35 centim\u00e9t m\u1ed9t n\u0103m) v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a h\u00e0ng n\u0103m 10 t\u1edbi 20 centim\u00e9t. V\u00f9ng c\u01b0 c\u1ef1c nam l\u00e0 Sa m\u1ea1c Gobi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u01b0a trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1i t\u00ean \"Gobi\" l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean sa m\u1ea1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt cho nh\u1eefng con marmot nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Gobi kh\u1ecfi sa m\u1ea1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Gobi r\u1ea5t mong manh v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a sa m\u1ea1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng n\u01a1i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 hai b\u01b0\u1edbu c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 138 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa, c\u00f3 449 lo\u00e0i chim, 75 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 v\u00e0 b\u00f2 s\u00e1t. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 30 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a S\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u1eefng con ng\u1ef1a hoang M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Takhi) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 linh d\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 30 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a, d\u00ea, c\u1eebu, b\u00f2, l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e0n 60 tri\u1ec7u con, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u1ef1a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean 2,5 tri\u1ec7u con."}
+{"text": "D\u00f9 GDP \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2002 \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 7.5% theo m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u0103m 2006, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i l\u1edbn ($11 t\u1ef7) v\u1edbi Nga \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u0103m 2004 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n chi tr\u1ea3 $250 tri\u1ec7u. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 35.6% n\u0103m 1998, 36.1% n\u0103m 2002\u20132003, 32.2% n\u0103m 2006, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00e1 cao \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3.2% v\u00e0 6.0%, (n\u0103m 2006) \u0110\u1ed1i t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103m 2006, 68.4% xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c cung c\u1ea5p 29.8% nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm 21.4% GDP, x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (20.4%). C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p g\u1ed3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, khai m\u1ecf (than, \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u00f4l\u00edp\u0111en, fluorspar, k\u1ebdm, tungsten, v\u00e0 v\u00e0ng), d\u1ea7u, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb gia s\u00fac, v\u00e0 cas\u01a1mia v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ee3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u1edf m\u1ee9c 4.1% n\u0103m 2002. Khai m\u1ecf ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u1edf s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng ty Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Nga v\u00e0 Canada c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kinh doanh t\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng nhanh c\u00f9ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed9ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, nh\u01b0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng t\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ty vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 internet \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng internet v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 Mobicom Corporation v\u00e0 Magicnet, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ISP l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2007 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh b\u1edfi V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0110i\u1ec1u tra Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 2.951.786 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u1ebfp kho\u1ea3ng h\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 138 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo quy m\u00f4 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Nh\u01b0ng B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao Hoa K\u1ef3 V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u00e1c C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Hoa K\u1ef3. C\u1ee5c Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f2ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 (gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 2007) l\u00e0 2.629.000 (11% nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f2ng Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Hoa K\u1ef3). \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f2ng Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Qu\u1ed1c gia M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 (2.612.900, cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2007). T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 1.2% (\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 2007). Kho\u1ea3ng 59% trong t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1edbi 30 tu\u1ed5i, 27% trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi 14. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1 tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "S\u1eafc t\u1ed9c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 85% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 g\u1ed3m Khalkha c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khalkha chi\u1ebfm 90% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. 10% c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m Buryat, Durbet M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 Dariganga M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Turk (Kazakh, Tuva, v\u00e0 Chantuu (Uzbek) chi\u1ebfm 7% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tungus, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga. \u0110a s\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y sau s\u1ef1 r\u00fat lui h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1991."}
+{"text": "\u1ede ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ti\u1ebfng Kazakh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Tuva, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ti\u1ebfng Nga l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, ti\u1ebfp sau l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh, d\u00f9 ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n thay th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfng Nga tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1ee9 hai.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] Ti\u1ebfng Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng b\u1edfi c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c. S\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 gia t\u0103ng. Ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c, b\u1edfi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169, trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f3i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Kh\u1ed1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u c\u0169. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u thanh ni\u00ean M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef T\u00e2y \u00c2u b\u1edfi h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Italia. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ebfc \u1edf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c Tengri gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Shaman gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi du m\u1ee5c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng Shaman gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n trong v\u0103n ho\u00e1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, b\u1edfi ba trong b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb h\u00e3n danh ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1991 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u00e1i l\u1eadp t\u00ednh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, v\u1ed1n t\u1eebng l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y trong v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa n\u1ed5i l\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Theo Nh\u00f3m truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o Barnabas Fund, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1989 l\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 40.000 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103m 2008.[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n]"}
+{"text": "L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Naadam, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, g\u1ed3m ba m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, b\u1eafn cung, \u0111ua ng\u1ef1a (qua nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1n d\u00e3 d\u00e0i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111ua nh\u1eefng qu\u00e3ng ng\u1eafn quanh m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y), v\u00e0 v\u1eadt. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 1 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 7 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. M\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"b\u00fang\" m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1t x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2n c\u1eebu v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t bia xa nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00fang c\u1ee7a ng\u00f3n tay \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed1t x\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 b\u1eafn nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau bay \u0111i. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Naadam r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t trung th\u00e0nh. T\u1ea1i M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, khoomei (hay h\u00e1t c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng), ki\u1ec3u \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda t\u00e2y M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh danh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ed5: ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafng \u1edf v\u00f2ng th\u1ee9 n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh hi\u1ec7u nachin (chim \u01b0ng), \u1edf v\u00f2ng b\u1ea3y v\u00e0 t\u00e1m l\u00e0 zaan (voi), v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 arslan (s\u01b0 t\u1eed). \u0110\u00f4 v\u1eadt tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao danh hi\u1ec7u avarga (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3). M\u1ecdi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c gia Naadam s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ng\u1eef cho danh hi\u1ec7u avarga, nh\u01b0 \"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 B\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn\". B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2003, ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 Naadam, \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 danh hi\u1ec7u v\u1eadt. C\u00e1c danh hi\u1ec7u iarudi v\u00e0 Khartsaga (Chim \u01b0ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean."}
+{"text": "N\u01a1i c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t yurt (Ti\u1ebfng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5: ger). Theo ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 N. Chultem, c\u00e1c yurt v\u00e0 l\u1ec1u tr\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. \u1ede th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI v\u00e0 XVII, c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n lama \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1n yurt. Khi ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ed7 cho s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o th\u00eam, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1edbi 6 v\u00e0 12 g\u00f3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e1i ki\u1ec3u kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng tr\u00f2n c\u1ee7a yurt. Vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam n\u1eefa d\u1eabn t\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng b\u1eadc hai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c m\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m theo h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ec1u l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3u l\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft c\u00e1o, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp n\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1, g\u1ea1ch, c\u00e1c d\u1ea7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u0129nh c\u1eedu."}
+{"text": "Chultem ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ba ki\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5: M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1n d\u1ea1ng b\u1eadc hai \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 Batu-Tsagaan (1654) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1edfi Zanabazar. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac yurt l\u00e0 lama Dashi-Choiling t\u1ea1i Ulan Bator. \u0110\u1ec1n Lavrin (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII) t\u1ea1i lama Erdene Zuu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 lama Choijing Lamiin Sume (1904), ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng. \u0110\u1ec1n b\u1eadc hai Tsogchin t\u1ea1i lama Gandan \u1edf Ulan Bator l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ec1n Maitreya (\u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u1ee1 ra n\u0103m 1938) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng-M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. Tu vi\u1ec7n Dashi-Choiling \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u mot\u1ecd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1n v\u00e0 80 ft \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc Maitreya."}
+{"text": "B\u00e1o ch\u00ed M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1920 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1edd b\u00e1o Unen (\"S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt\") t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1edd Pravda X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft. Cho t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, n\u01a1i Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2006, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt T\u1ef1 do Th\u00f4ng tin, v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng t\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ng\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng sau t\u1eebng n\u0103m, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. Trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u0103m 2008 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean Kh\u00f4ng Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 93 tr\u00ean 173, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed s\u1ed1 1 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Montr\u00e9al n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y-nam c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Qu\u00e9bec - th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh bang - kho\u1ea3ng 200 km, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 150 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ottawa - th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Canada. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn \u1edf gi\u1eefa s\u00f4ng Saint-Laurent (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Saint Lawrence). T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Montr\u00e9al v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n xung quanh Montr\u00e9al kho\u1ea3ng 500 km\u00b2. \u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n, qua ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 Laval - th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e9bec v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n; qua ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Longeuil, Brossard, Saint-Hubert,..."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3o Montr\u00e9al v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Algonquin, Huron v\u00e0 Iroquois t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 (Jacques Cartier - 1535; Samuel de Champlain - 1608). \u0110\u1ebfn 1642 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve v\u00e0 Jeanne Mance l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a Montr\u00e9al ng\u00e0y nay. L\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ville-Marie v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. \u0110a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ville-Marie l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng sau khi H\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc Vaudreuil (Pierre Francois de Rigaud) trao th\u00e0nh Ville-Marie cho \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh v\u00e0o 1760, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n di c\u01b0 t\u1eeb Anh, Ireland, Scotland v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eadp nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. Montr\u00e9al ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1832. T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1860 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 huy ho\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Montr\u00e9al; nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u00e2n n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh d\u1ecdn \u0111i Toronto."}
+{"text": "Tuy v\u1eady, Montr\u00e9al v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Montr\u00e9al l\u00e0 h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed3 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Anh v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00e1p, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng, Montr\u00e9al tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. Montr\u00e9al c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ed5 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cao \u1ed1c tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf kinh doanh x\u00e2y v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960. Khu Montr\u00e9al C\u1ed5 (ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: Vieux Montr\u00e9al, ti\u1ebfng Anh: Old Montreal) v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u di t\u00edch c\u0169 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Ville-Marie ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a. Montr\u00e9al c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m (M\u00e9tro) n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xe l\u1eeda v\u00e0 xe bu\u00fdt - ngay c\u1ea3 sang hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u00ean kia b\u1edd s\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Montr\u00e9al (Laval v\u00e0 Longeuil) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00f4ng Saint-Laurent. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cao \u1ed1c t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd to nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a Montr\u00e9al. To, \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sau \u0111\u00e2y:"}
+{"text": "Tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1edd nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n Montr\u00e9al s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng, \u00edt b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 - m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd th\u00edch h\u1ed9i h\u00e8, y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7, phim \u1ea3nh, th\u1ec3 thao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. N\u0103m 1967 Montr\u00e9al l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (Expos '67), m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed; \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1976 Montr\u00e9al l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i m\u00f9a h\u00e8 1976, m\u1ed9t Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i qu\u00e1 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ed7 l\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed7i m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y Th\u00e1nh b\u1ed5n m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ireland (Ng\u00e0y St. Patrick), Montr\u00e9al t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m r\u01b0\u1edbc cho v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y, to th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (sau New York). \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m r\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng - ngay c\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u00e1m r\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Sang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a h\u00e8 th\u00ec Montr\u00e9al l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i h\u00e8. Trong khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t, Montr\u00e9al c\u00f3 3 li\u00ean hoan phim di\u1ec5n ra h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, trong \u0111\u00f3 Li\u00ean hoan phim th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Montr\u00e9al (Festival du Film International de Montr\u00e9al) - \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba sau Li\u00ean hoan phim Cannes v\u00e0 Li\u00ean hoan phim qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Toronto - l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u1ea1c Jazz Montr\u00e9al (Montreal Jazz Festival) - m\u1ed9t trong h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c - thu h\u00fat h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Ng\u00e0y Canada Day l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y Th\u00e1nh b\u1ed5n m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e9bec (St. Jean Bapstiste) l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi vui ch\u01a1i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. Francopholie l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c s\u0129, ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn khoe t\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Montr\u00e9al. Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1o b\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (v\u1edbi nh\u1ea1c) di\u1ec5n ra h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n trong th\u00e1ng 7 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 8. Montr\u00e9al c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i \u0111ua xe nhanh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n ti\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: Formula One. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u00e9o nhau \u0111\u1ebfn Montr\u00e9al \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u00e1c tay l\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eb7ng \u0111ua t\u00e0i v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01a1n 300 km/gi\u1edd. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tay kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i n\u00e0o \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1 Juste pour rire/Just For Laugh di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1ea1i Montr\u00e9al. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i h\u00e8 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 th\u00ec Tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a \u00dd v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 hai l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i to nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf Montr\u00e9al ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean du h\u1ecdc. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 1975 \u0111\u1ebfn 1985, Montr\u00e9al l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Canada. Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2001 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 25.605 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f4ng th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec sau c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Toronto. So v\u1edbi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf Montreal c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao (14,5%: 28,3% c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ng\u00e0nh y khoa (10,4% so v\u1edbi 5,5% d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9). C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Montr\u00e9al \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m mua s\u1eafm \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu ch\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu ch\u1ee3 n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p, n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 mua c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngon v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. \u1ede Montreal c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n d\u00e2u t\u00e2y Quebec n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i cung c\u1ea5p d\u00e2u t\u00e2y l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. N\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u1ee3 Marche Jean Talon, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1i ngon h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. Trong ch\u1ee3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e3y h\u00e0ng d\u00e0i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7y h\u00e0ng b\u00e1n tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y, rau, hoa, b\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbng. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng, qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng hi\u00ean \u1ea5m c\u00fang b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee3 Le Marche des Saveurs du Quebec, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u1edf Montreal c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n v\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00f4 mai t\u01b0\u01a1i, th\u1ecbt hun kh\u00f3i, xi-r\u00f4, r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang, r\u01b0\u1ee3u t\u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng."}
+{"text": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (phi\u00ean \u00e2m: Phranh-k\u01a1-lin \u0110\u00ea-la-n\u00f4 Ru-d\u01a1-ven) (30 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1882 \u2013 12 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1945, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 FDR) l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 32 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. L\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u h\u01a1n hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3, \u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng gi\u00fap t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Hoa K\u1ef3 trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean. FDR \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kim t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 Herbert Hoover trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1932 \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1c quan v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng n\u1ed5 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho tinh th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ed1ng d\u1eady. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf gia v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i trong c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Hoa K\u1ef3 qua Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, m\u1ea5t khi \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Trong m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1933, Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (1933\u201337), FDR \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng qua ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf Kinh t\u1ebf M\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u1edbn c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf (theo \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1ed1 Wall, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng). N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1933 \u0111\u1ebfn 1937 nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111ang r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng s\u00e2u. Li\u00ean minh b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1937 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u00f4ng \"\u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi\" v\u00e0o T\u1ed1i cao Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi; li\u00ean minh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p khi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t trong su\u1ed1t Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1975\u201385, tr\u1eeb quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1ed1 Wall do \u1ee6y ban Giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh An sinh X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 1935."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o l\u00fac Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai s\u1eafp b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 sau n\u0103m 1938 khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Trung Hoa v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn, FDR \u0111\u00e3 giang tay h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c trong l\u00fac v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng trung l\u1eadp. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o cho n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 th\u00e0nh \"kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\" \u2014 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0169 kh\u00ed trong khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1941, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Lend-Lease, Roosevelt cung c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Anh Qu\u1ed1c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed cho ph\u00e9p tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n sau khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Tr\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1941. \u00d4ng tr\u00f4ng coi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00ec l\u00fang t\u00fang l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh cao ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb M\u1ef9, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong su\u1ed1t 12 n\u0103m l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1ec1 sau. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i ph\u1ed1i tr\u00ed c\u1eed tri m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 5. Li\u00ean minh New Deal c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 qui t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn (?), c\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c da tr\u1eafng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n da tr\u1eafng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Roosevelt c\u0169ng vang d\u1ed9i tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u sau khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Bretton Woods l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u00f4ng. Roosevelt t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "Roosevelt \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa Groton thu\u1ed9c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Anh gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u bang Massachusetts. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, Franklin ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Endicott Peabody, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y cho c\u1eadu hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c l\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e9m may m\u1eafn, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecdc sinh tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Roosevelt ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1eed nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard (Harvard College l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard). \u0110ang l\u00fac h\u1ecdc \u1edf Harvard, ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em h\u1ecd n\u0103m \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Franklin l\u00e0 Theodore Roosevelt \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng; ch\u00ednh phong th\u00e1i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Theodore v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt anh h\u00f9ng trong m\u1eaft FDR. N\u0103m 1902, Franklin g\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, ch\u00e1u g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Theodore trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfp t\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng. Eleanor l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u g\u00e1i h\u1ecd n\u0103m \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a FDR. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan t\u00ean Claes Martensz van Rosenvelt (Roosevelt) \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t New Amsterdam (nay l\u00e0 Manhattan c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York) t\u1eeb H\u00e0 Lan trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1640. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Rosenvelt (Roosevelt), Johannes v\u00e0 Jacobus, l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a hai chi t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd Roosevetl t\u1ea1i Long Island v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Hudson theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u1eeba k\u1ec3. Eleanor v\u00e0 Theodore l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c Johannes trong khi FDR thu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9c Jacobus. Franklin v\u00e0 Eleanor k\u1ebft h\u00f4n n\u0103m 1905, hai n\u0103m sau l\u1ea7n g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Roosevelt quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Eleanor tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 FDR. H\u00f4n l\u1ec5 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1905 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Theodore Roosevelt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 d\u00e2u. C\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 do m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Roosevelt mua t\u1eb7ng. B\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m h\u1ecd, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i khi\u1ebfn Eleanor m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi. Roosevelt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e0ng trai tu\u1ea5n t\u00fa, t\u00e0i hoa v\u00e0 gi\u1ecfi giao ti\u1ebfp. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Eleanor k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y con c\u00e1i. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 s\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi con:"}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con m\u1ea5t khi ch\u01b0a tr\u00f2n 1 tu\u1ed5i. N\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3i qua cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, b\u1ecb lu m\u1edd v\u00ec s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9. N\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 th\u1ea3y 19 l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, 15 l\u1ea7n ly d\u1ecb v\u00e0 sinh 29 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con. C\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u0129 quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tham gia Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng th\u01b0\u1edfng hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3: FDR, Jr. ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ba nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Manhattan. C\u00f2n James ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 6 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n khu qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 26 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang California. Tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao h\u01a1n m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n th\u1eed s\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "Roosevelt c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00f4 th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Eleanor, Lucy Mercer, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn sau khi Mercer \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1914. Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1918, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 t\u00ecnh t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong h\u00e0nh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Franklin m\u00e0 Eleanor ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y. Eleanor \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p ch\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 tr\u00ean tay v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ly d\u1ecb. Qua trung gian c\u1ee7a Louis Howe, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Franklin, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1eddi gian c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, Eleanor \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u1edf Hyde Park t\u1ea1i Valkill.\""}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1910, Roosevelt tranh c\u1eed v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec3u bang New York, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1eadn Dutchess. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c bao quanh th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Hyde Park m\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1884 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Tham gia cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua, Roosevelt l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i Hudson Valley. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng vang d\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u0103m \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Roosevelt \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 ti\u1ec3u bang l\u00e0 Albany. Roosevelt nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1911 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh nh\u00f3m \"ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n\" ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \"Tammany Hall\" (nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York) l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u0111ang chi ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang. Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1911 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc v\u00ec s\u1ef1 tranh gi\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a hai phe ph\u00e1i trong 74 ng\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 3, James A. O'Gorman \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0 Roosevelt \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc gi\u1eadn b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Tammany Hall b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a l\u00e0m \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean l\u00e0 William F. Sheehan. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, Roosevelt tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t quen thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 New York. \u00d4ng t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 hai trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ti\u1ec3u bang n\u0103m 1912 nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1913 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m Tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1913, Woodrow Wilson b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Roosevelt v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Josephus Daniels. N\u0103m 1914, Roosevelt th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc James W. Gerard, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m Tammany Hall \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u00ecm \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean cho cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3. Trong vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1, Roosevelt t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Tr\u00f9 b\u1ecb. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Wilson g\u1eedi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n L\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00f9ng Trung M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Caribbe. Trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ecdc trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1920, Roosevelt tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch Ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t cho Haiti n\u0103m 1915."}
+{"text": "T\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Roosevelt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i B\u1ed9 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u1edbn trong k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 mau ch\u00f3ng h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a phe \u0110\u1ed3ng minh: \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o th\u1ee7y l\u00f4i \u1edf Bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc t\u1eeb Na Uy \u0111\u1ebfn Scotland. N\u0103m 1918, Roosevelt \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecb s\u00e1t c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y; c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi Winston Churchill. Khi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1918, Roosevelt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i ng\u0169 qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1920, v\u00ec v\u1ee5 tai ti\u1ebfng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u1edf Newport x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i tr\u00ean Th\u1eddi b\u00e1o New York v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o Providence, Roosevelt t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ra tranh c\u1eed ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1920 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ecdn Roosevelt l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 trong li\u00ean danh tranh c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c ti\u1ec3u bang Ohio l\u00e0 James M. Cox. Tuy nhi\u00ean li\u00ean danh tranh c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Cox-Roosevelt b\u1ecb li\u00ean danh tranh c\u1eed c\u1ee7a phe C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a l\u00e0 Warren G. Harding \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Roosevelt tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd t\u1ea1i New York v\u00e0 gia nh\u1eadp C\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 Civitan New York v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt c\u00f3 ai ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng xa \u00f4ng s\u1ebd quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tranh c\u1eed v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Trong l\u00fac \u0111ang \u0111i ngh\u1ec9 ph\u00e9p \u1edf \u0110\u1ea3o Campobello (8-1921), t\u1ec9nh New Brunswick c\u1ee7a Canada, Roosevelt b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 theo c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1i li\u1ec7t, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb b\u1ea1i li\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n t\u1eeb th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng. Trong qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb b\u1ea1i li\u1ec7t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. \u00d4ng c\u1ed1 th\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u1ee7y li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p (hydrotherapy). Trong n\u0103m 1926, \u00f4ng mua m\u1ed9t khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u1edf Warm Springs, Georgia. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m th\u1ee7y li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea1i li\u1ec7t. Trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Vi\u1ec7n Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i Roosevelt Warm Springs. Sau khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3, Roosevelt gi\u00fap th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Qu\u1ef9 Qu\u1ed1c gia cho Tr\u1ebb em b\u1ea1i li\u1ec7t, ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"March of Dimes\" (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: cu\u1ed9c \u0111i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i 10 xu). Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y n\u00ean h\u00ecnh \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i 10 xu (t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 dime)."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi \u1ea5y, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb soi m\u00f3i c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay n\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tin r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thanh s\u1eaft k\u1eb9p v\u00e0o h\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n, Roosevelt t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh t\u1eadp b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i trong nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y g\u1eady. Trong ch\u1ed7 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 \u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe l\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean xe l\u0103n. Roosevelt th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng k\u1ebf b\u00ean. Chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n tay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u00fap \u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u00e1i xe."}
+{"text": "Roosevelt duy tr\u00ec li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u00e0n g\u1eafn r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i New York. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u00ean trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Tammany Hall c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng gi\u00fap Alfred E. Smith \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c ti\u1ec3u bang New York n\u0103m 1922, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho Smith ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. n\u0103m 1924. Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed Smith trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u0103m 1924 v\u00e0 1928. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1928, Smith \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Roosevelt ra tranh c\u1eed ch\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c ti\u1ec3u bang New York n\u0103m 1928. Trong khi Smith th\u1ea5t c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea3m b\u1ea1i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed thua t\u1ea1i ngay ti\u1ec3u bang nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec Roosevelt \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 s\u00edt sao."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1edd h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Roosevelt tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua tranh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Song cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua tr\u1edf n\u00ean quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t h\u01a1n khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m, Herbert Hoover, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong k\u1ef3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1932. Al Smith \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i gia th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u bang New York v\u00e0o tay Roosevelt. Roosevelt t\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 tr\u00f9m b\u00e1o ch\u00ed William Randolph Hearst, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00c1i Nh\u0129 Lan Joseph P. Kennedy v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ti\u1ec3u bang California William G. McAdoo. Khi nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ti\u1ec3u bang Texas John Nance Garner quay sang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 FDR th\u00ec v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng trong li\u00ean danh tranh c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Roosevelt."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i li\u00ean minh m\u1edbi m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. Roosevelt v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1eafc d\u00e2n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean li\u00ean minh New Deal. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian tranh c\u1eed, Roosevelt th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i: \"T\u00f4i xin cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, T\u00f4i xin cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi ( a new deal) cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n M\u1ef9\". C\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m t\u00ean cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 li\u00ean minh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Marriner Eccles quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \"Trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n tranh c\u1eed \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 sai s\u00f3t m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 Roosevelt v\u00e0 Hoover th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a nhau.\" Roosevelt t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o Hoover th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c k\u00ecm h\u00e3m \u0111\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. \u00d4ng m\u1ec9a mai con s\u1ed1 th\u00e2m th\u1ee7ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Hoover. Roosevelt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed theo c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \"c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ngay t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 chi ti\u00eau c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng\", \"b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed quan li\u00eau.\" Ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 9, Roosevelt \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh u \u00e1m r\u1eb1ng \"b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng; v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c hay kh\u00f4ng. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch t\u1eeb l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i.\" Hoover ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi quan \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \"tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9... \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng.\" V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5m r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ed3n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu m\u1edbi cho Roosevelt v\u00ec \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u1ea5m r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ed3n s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i th\u00eam ti\u1ec1n thu nh\u1eadp m\u1edbi qua \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Sau cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, Roosevelt t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdp b\u00e0n v\u1edbi Hoover \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u1ea5n an gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0. L\u00fd do t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf lao xu\u1ed1ng v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c khi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Hoover k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1933, Roosevelt tho\u00e1t ch\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u01b0u s\u00e1t b\u1edfi tay s\u00fang Giuseppe Zangara (v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Chicago l\u00e0 Anton Cermak \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i k\u1ebf b\u00ean \u00f4ng). Roosevelt g\u1eedi th\u00e1c s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n khoa b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Raymond Moley khi \u00f4ng so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch."}
+{"text": "Khi Roosevelt tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1933 (32 ng\u00e0y sau khi Hitler \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ee9c), n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111ang \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111ang kh\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1n v\u00ec n\u00f4ng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 60%. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda so v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1929. Hai tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0. V\u00ec thi\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng. Chi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i 32 tr\u00ean 48 ti\u1ec3u bang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1eb7c khu Columbia \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda. Ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 3, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng D\u1ef1 tr\u1eef Li\u00ean bang t\u1ea1i New York kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1edf c\u1eeda, do kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng h\u1ed1t ho\u1ea3ng r\u00fat m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Roosevelt l\u00e0 \"c\u1ee9u nguy, h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch\". C\u1ee9u nguy l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sai tr\u00e1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Trong 30 l\u1ea7n n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i tr\u00ean s\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t thanh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \"fireside chats\", Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "\"M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\" c\u1ee7a Roosevelt t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c: c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 16 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1933, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i con s\u1ed1 k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 nh\u01b0 George Norris, Robert F. Wagner v\u00e0 Hugo Black c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c khoa b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Gi\u1ed1ng Hoover, Roosevelt xem cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i Suy tho\u00e1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y e ng\u1ea1i khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chi ti\u00eau ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0."}
+{"text": "L\u1ec5 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Roosevelt v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1933 di\u1ec5n ra khi n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111ang trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ed1t ho\u1ea3ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y cho ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \"\u0110i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\". Ngay h\u00f4m sau, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p (Emergency Banking Act) tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t \"ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng\" v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng m\u1edf c\u1eeda l\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, con s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng m\u1edf c\u1eeda sau \"ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5\" \u00edt h\u01a1n con s\u1ed1 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng t\u1eebng m\u1edf c\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o l\u00f2ng tin c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, Roosevelt k\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Glass-Steagall \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ra Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 FDIC (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ty B\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m Ti\u1ec1n g\u1eedi ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Li\u00ean bang)."}
+{"text": "Roosevelt c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ef1c thi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a l\u00fac tranh c\u1eed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch li\u00ean bang, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m 40% ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i d\u00e0nh cho c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh v\u00e0 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 chi ti\u00eau qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. \u00d4ng c\u1eaft kh\u1ecfi danh s\u00e1ch h\u01b0u b\u1ed5ng kho\u1ea3ng 500.000 c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t. Roosevelt v\u1eabn gi\u1eef v\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1936 v\u00ec s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh, \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1ed3ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ecb \u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft. \u00d4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch d\u00e0nh cho l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3m chi ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1934 \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho Roosevelt khi \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u1eafm \u0111a s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cao tr\u00e0o m\u1edbi cho New Deal trong quy tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ra C\u01a1 quan Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng C\u00f4ng ch\u00e1nh (Works Progress Administration), vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 WPA. C\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ban c\u1ee9u nguy qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u00ea m\u01b0\u1edbn 2 tri\u1ec7u gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u00ea m\u01b0\u1edbn c\u1ee7a WPA n\u0103m 1938, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eabn cao kho\u1ea3ng 12,5% theo con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a Michael Darby. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt An sinh X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n n\u1ec1n an ninh kinh t\u1ebf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Robert Wagner th\u1ea3o ra \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Wagner m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Quan h\u1ec7 Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean bang c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n tham gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Trong khi New Deal l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1933 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, New Deal l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, do Al Smith l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n T\u1ef1 do M\u1ef9 (American Liberty League). H\u1ecd t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Roosevelt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Marx v\u00e0 L\u00eanin. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Wagner, \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd t\u00ean h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn l\u1edbn cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i tranh c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Roosevelt v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1936, 1940 v\u00e0 1944."}
+{"text": "Chi ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 8,0% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoover n\u0103m 1932 l\u00ean 10,2% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u0103m 1936. V\u00ec kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, n\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c gia t\u00ednh theo ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Hoover t\u1eeb 16% l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 33,6% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u0103m 1932. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \"th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7\" nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n n\u1ee3 \u0111ang t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 40,9% n\u0103m 1936, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfnChi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai th\u00ec t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt nhanh ch\u00f3ng. N\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c gia t\u0103ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Hoover, duy tr\u00ec \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi FDR cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed1 1."}
+{"text": "Chi ti\u00eau th\u00e2m th\u1ee7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a John Maynard Keynes t\u1eeb V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh. T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u0103m 1936 l\u00e0 34% cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1932 v\u00e0 58% cao h\u01a1n trong n\u0103m 1940, trong \u0111\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n 58% t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1932 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1940 trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 8 n\u0103m h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n 56% t\u1eeb 1940 \u0111\u1ebfn 1945 trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 5 n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m n\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 Roosevelt th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Roosevelt t\u1eeb 25% khi \u00f4ng nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 14,3% n\u0103m 1937. Tuy nhi\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i gia t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 19,0% n\u0103m 1938 ('kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng trong kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng') v\u00e0 17,2% n\u0103m 1939, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cao n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t trong su\u1ed1t Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n d\u1ecbch."}
+{"text": "N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Roosevelt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo sau l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao; t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p trung b\u00ecnh trong th\u1eddi New Deal l\u00e0 17,2%. Su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 13%. T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p trong su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 18,31 tri\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t trong khi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 gia t\u0103ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 5,3%."}
+{"text": "Roosevelt kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf thu nh\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u; tuy nhi\u00ean thu\u1ebf s\u1ed5 l\u01b0\u01a1ng (payroll tax) c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eb1m g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9 cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi l\u00e0 An sinh X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1937. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 cho ph\u00e9p chi ti\u00eau th\u00eam cho nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh do \u0110\u1ea1i suy tho\u00e1i g\u00e2y ra, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf hay t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 thu\u1ebf thu nh\u1eadp c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 thu\u1ebf gi\u00e1n thu. Vi\u1ec7c Roosevelt \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb thu c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra tranh c\u00e3i l\u1edbn trong 1936\u201337 nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang b\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. Trong th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u00f4ng th\u00fac \u00e9p t\u0103ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ebf thu nh\u1eadp th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ebf c\u1eadn bi\u00ean l\u00e0 91%) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t L\u1ec7nh H\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 9250 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1942 nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ebf c\u1eadn bi\u00ean l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 100% \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean 25.000 \u0111\u00f4 la (sau thu\u1ebf). \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 25.000 \u0111\u00f4 la (kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng 334.000 \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 2008). Tuy nhi\u00ean l\u1ec7nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y b\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf sau \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 chi\u1ebfn tranh, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng thu thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ai \u0111i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 thu\u1ebf thu nh\u1eadp li\u00ean bang. Thu\u1ebf tr\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc (thu\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1943."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng k\u00fd v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc tham gia H\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean n\u0103m 1919 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Roosevelt c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Wilson, \u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Cordell Hull \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, tr\u00e1nh k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u00e2y x\u00f4n xao c\u1ee7a Roosevelt g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 1933 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eb1m h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho Roosevelt r\u1ea3nh tay th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "S\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Roosevelt l\u00e0 \"Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u00e2n bang t\u1ed1t\". \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 La Tinh. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Monroe ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1823, khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9 r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Haiti. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Cuba v\u00e0 Panama \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1933, Roosevelt k\u00fd v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Montevideo v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 La Tinh."}
+{"text": "Trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1936, Roosevelt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh New Deal c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 Alf Landon, Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c ti\u1ec3u bang Kansas, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh New Deal nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed. Roosevelt v\u00e0 Garner chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 60,8% phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang, tr\u1eeb Maine v\u00e0 Vermont. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng th\u1eafng l\u1edbn, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u1ed1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Roosevelt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh c\u1eed tri g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng gia nh\u1ecf, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, c\u00e1c c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u Phi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Li\u00ean minh n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh New Deal, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn cho \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960."}
+{"text": "T\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt quy tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 hai. Trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t C\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch Gia c\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng n\u0103m 1938 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. Khi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1937, Roosevelt \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh k\u00edch c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, xin Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i chi 5 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u C\u01a1 quan Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng C\u00f4ng ch\u00e1nh (WPA). S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m 3,3 tri\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m do WPA qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1938."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed1i cao Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Roosevelt trong su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 hai v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1935, t\u1ed1i cao ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng thanh ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i Qu\u1ed1c gia (NRA) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u1ee7y th\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch vi hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p trao cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Roosevelt l\u00e0m s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1937 khi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m 5 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \"l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00f2a \u00e1n\" n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Garner v\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n tam quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp v\u00e0 trao cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ng\u00e0nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Roosevelt b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. T\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u0169ng r\u00fat l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt An sinh X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Quan h\u1ec7 Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1p T\u1ed1i cao Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho Roosevelt b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh thay th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t \u00edt tranh c\u00e3i. Gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1937 v\u00e0 1941, \u00f4ng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn 8 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n."}
+{"text": "V\u00ec quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 (\u0111a s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3), Roosevelt t\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u0103m 1938, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u01a1n d\u00e0nh cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch New Deal. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o \u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u00e2u t\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng chi\u00eau th\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u1eed tri r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed. Roosevelt b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i chua cay, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1nh g\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 t\u1eeb Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York."}
+{"text": "Trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1938, \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1ea5t 6 gh\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 71 gh\u1ebf h\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c gh\u1ebf m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 New Deal. Khi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp n\u0103m 1939, \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Robert Taft l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh B\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Roosevelt \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt. Lu\u1eadt l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u n\u0103m 1938 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch New Deal \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Adolf Hitler l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c d\u1ea5y l\u00ean n\u1ed7i e s\u1ee3 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn m\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1935, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00dd x\u00e2m l\u0103ng Ethiopia, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Trung l\u1eadp, ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1eeb M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tham chi\u1ebfn. Roosevelt ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111ang tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ethiopia, \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u0169ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n, song s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn n\u00ean Roosevelt b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd ban h\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 1937, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng khi chi\u1ebfn tranh Trung-Nh\u1eadt n\u0103m 1937 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 th\u00ec c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Trung Hoa do \u0111\u00f3 Roosevelt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed9ng tay gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1938, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh n\u1ed5 ra do phong tr\u00e0o ph\u00e1t x\u00edt Integralista t\u1ea1i Brasil th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Brasil cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ee9c, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Karl Ritter, c\u00f3 nh\u00fang tay v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 persona non grata. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c Brasil t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o \u0110\u1ee9c h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh Integralista c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Roosevelt v\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u00e2y hoang mang r\u1eb1ng tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u m\u00e0 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Roosevelt thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3: m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 \u01b0a, tuy nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1ng lo \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u1ef9."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1938 gi\u1eefa l\u00fac c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eb1ng Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc M\u00fcnchen, trong l\u00fac v\u00e9n m\u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng vinh danh t\u00ecnh h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p-M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Roosevelt, William C. Bullitt, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \"Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\" khi\u1ebfn cho trong gi\u1edbi b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00ec Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc th\u00ec Hoa K\u1ef3 s\u1ebd tham chi\u1ebfn b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh phe \u0110\u1ed3ng minh. Roosevelt b\u00e1c b\u1ecf l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111o\u00e1n trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 9. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 sai 100%, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gia nh\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \"kh\u1ed1i ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n Hitler\" n\u00e0o trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed1ng Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc th\u00ec Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung l\u1eadp. Ngay khi Neville Chamberlain tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n sau H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb M\u00fcnchen, Roosevelt g\u1edfi cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai ch\u1eef \"Good Man\" (ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \"t\u1ed1t l\u1eafm\") m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00fac m\u1eebng trong khi nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1938, Roosevelt m\u1edf c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0m b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 trung l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p Ph\u00e1p mua c\u00e1c phi c\u01a1 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o phi c\u01a1 Ph\u00e1p. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Roosevelt c\u0169ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1938 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, William Bullitt r\u1eb1ng Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u00e1p \u00c9douard Daladier c\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng \"N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i c\u00f3 ba ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0n phi c\u01a1 th\u00ec H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb M\u00fcnchen \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra\". Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1938, Jean Monnet b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn Washington c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban v\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7t mua 1.000 phi c\u01a1 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u M\u1ef9 cho Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0m Ph\u00e1p-M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n mua phi c\u01a1 M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt trung l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Johnson 1934, c\u1ea5m cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ee1 n\u1ee3 ti\u1ec1n m\u01b0\u1ee3n trong th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t m\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u00eam ti\u1ec1n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n (Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ee1 n\u1ee3 n\u0103m 1934 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n n\u1ee3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n trong th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t). Ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1939, m\u1ed9t s\u0129 quan Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 r\u1edbt m\u00e1y bay t\u1ea1i Los Angeles. V\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i oanh t\u1ea1c c\u01a1 DB-7 khi\u1ebfn l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0m b\u00ed m\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p-M\u1ef9. Chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 n\u00e0y d\u1ea5y l\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Roosevelt v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u1ee6y ban Qu\u00e2n v\u1ee5 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0m Ph\u00e1p-M\u1ef9. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u00ean Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1939. Qua nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \"ph\u00f2ng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\" c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111ang theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp m\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea9y Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Roosevelt c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn Hitler c\u00e0ng th\u00eam khinh th\u01b0\u1eddng Roosevelt v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf, hay dao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a Hitler trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 Hoa K\u1ef3"}
+{"text": "Sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1939, cho ph\u00e9p Ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o phi c\u01a1 M\u1ef9; t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1940, tuy ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c phi c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t mua \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng giao h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c phi c\u01a1 n\u00e0y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1940."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1940, \u0110\u1ee9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0110an M\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 Na Uy, theo sau l\u00e0 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm H\u00e0 Lan, B\u1ec9, Luxembourg, v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u00c2u khi\u1ebfn cho Anh Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean suy y\u1ebfu, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm. V\u00ec quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho Anh Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn, Roosevelt t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ngay s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Paris s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 g\u00e2y hoang mang cho c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1eaft ti\u1ebfng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng chi ti\u00eau qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau khi tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap Anh Qu\u1ed1c. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1940, FDR b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m hai l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a can thi\u1ec7p thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, Henry L. Stimson v\u00e0 Frank Knox, l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u1eeba k\u1ec3. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng Roosevelt s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e2m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c. \u00d4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed1i th\u00fac Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua lu\u1eadt tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n d\u1ecbch th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1940 (lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia h\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1941 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfu \u1edf Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i). Roosevelt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \"\u1ee6y ban Ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 M\u1ef9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch Tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0110\u1ed3ng minh\" \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb \"\u1ee6y ban M\u1ef9 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft\" ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i."}
+{"text": "Roosevelt d\u00f9ng uy t\u00edn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \"Kho thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\", \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u00ean s\u00f3ng truy\u1ec1n thanh \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang M\u1ef9 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \"fireside chats\". Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1940, Roosevelt c\u00f4ng khai th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt trung l\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc trao 50 chi\u1ebfc khu tr\u1ee5c h\u1ea1m cho Anh Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Anh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o thu\u1ed9c Anh Qu\u1ed1c trong v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Caribe v\u00e0 Newfoundland. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Lend-Lease v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1941, kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho Anh Qu\u1ed1c, Trung Hoa v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4. \u0110\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao, Roosevelt nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn Harry Hopkins, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn. H\u1ecd t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u00ec c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Anh Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1940. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft ti\u1ebfng, th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Lend-Lease v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1941, cho ph\u00e9p Hoa K\u1ef3 cung c\u1ea5p v\u0169 khi qu\u00e2n trang cho Anh Qu\u1ed1c, Trung Hoa v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c chi ti\u00eau $50 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1941\u201345. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 cho vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n trong th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i sau chi\u1ebfn tranh. Roosevelt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c cho n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft th\u00fac ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh v\u0103n (cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 22 ra \u0111\u1eddi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 m\u1ed7i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3) t\u1eeb khi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng George Washington t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ra tranh c\u1eed nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1796. Sau n\u00e0y, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ra t\u00e1i tranh c\u1eed th\u00eam m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 ba. C\u1ea3 hai t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ulysses S. Grant v\u00e0 Theodore Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch khi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ra \u1ee9ng c\u1eed m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 ba kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c sau khi r\u1eddi ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. FDR l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt kh\u00e1c \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hai th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao Cordell Hull v\u00e0 hai l\u00e0 James Farley, b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tranh c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Roosevelt trong hai l\u1ea7n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1932 v\u00e0 1936. Roosevelt d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 Chicago n\u01a1i \u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb). T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3ng, phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng Farley c\u0169ng t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Roosevelt li\u1ec1n g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ra tranh c\u1eed tr\u1eeb khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ra tranh c\u1eed v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u kinh ng\u1ea1c; r\u1ed3i b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng loa ph\u00f3ng thanh la to \"Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n Roosevelt... Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n Roosevelt!\" C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 946 - 147. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed ra tranh c\u1eed ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 Henry A. Wallace, m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p."}
+{"text": "Trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Wendell Willkie, Roosevelt nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef Hoa K\u1ef3 ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. \u00d4ng th\u1eafng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1940 v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 55% phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, th\u1eafng 38 trong s\u1ed1 48 ti\u1ec3u bang. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch sang ph\u00eda t\u1ea3 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Henry A. Wallace trong vai tr\u00f2 Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3, thay th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 t\u1eeb ti\u1ec3u bang Texas, John Nance Garner, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb th\u00f9 cay c\u00fa c\u1ee7a Roosevelt sau n\u0103m 1937."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Roosevelt b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u b\u1edfi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 1938, Roosevelt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u00e1i v\u0169 trang Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00ec \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1i v\u0169 trang nh\u01b0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 William Borah v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Robert Taft. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1940, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00ean Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1i v\u0169 trang L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \"kho thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\" b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap Anh Qu\u1ed1c, Ph\u00e1p, Trung Hoa v\u00e0 (sau th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1941) Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Khi Roosevelt c\u00f3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi phe Tr\u1ee5c th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Charles Lindbergh v\u00e0 \"\u1ee6y ban M\u1ef9 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft\" (America First Committee) c\u00f4ng k\u00edch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfm x\u1ec9a g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tin v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, FDR ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c song song hai ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch: chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tham chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho \u0110\u1ed3ng minh. Ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1940, \u00f4ng g\u1eedi t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang M\u1ef9 b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n \"Kho thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\" trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean s\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t thanh. Qua \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0110\u1ed3ng minh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang M\u1ef9. M\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1941, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \"B\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 do\" (Four Freedoms), n\u00eau th\u00eam v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1941, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec khan hi\u1ebfm nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c trung t\u00e2m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c n\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng di d\u00e2n l\u1edbn g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u Phi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng gia nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn trong khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Roosevelt."}
+{"text": "Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1941, Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 phe \u0110\u1ed3ng minh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \"t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3, kh\u00f4ng tham chi\u1ebfn.\" Roosevelt g\u1eb7p Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Anh Qu\u1ed1c Winston Churchill ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1941 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o ra Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1941, Roosevelt ra l\u1ec7nh cho B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Chi\u1ebfn tranh Henry Stimson b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho s\u1ef1 tham chi\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \"K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Albert Wedemeyer cung c\u1ea5p cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 con s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \"k\u1ebb th\u00f9 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng\" c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh gia t\u0103ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ed3ng minh v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn 10 tri\u1ec7u binh s\u0129 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5. Ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda trong s\u1ed1 10 tri\u1ec7u binh s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tri\u1ec3n khai \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1943. Roosevelt quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 phe \u0110\u1ed3ng minh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp s\u1eb5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Tr\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng."}
+{"text": "C\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i Hawaii nh\u01b0ng tin t\u1ee9c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac v\u00ec l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi qua d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn \"Western Union Telegram\" \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2y Duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 qua d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn \"RCA Radio\" \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Honolulu v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c chu\u1ea9n li\u00ean l\u1ea1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Hawaii v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 khi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p li\u00ean l\u1ea1c th\u00f4ng tin tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \"kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p\" n\u00e0o v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111i theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c. Chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Washington v\u00ec h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \"kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p\" v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh t\u1ea1i Hawaii th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7p vi\u00ean Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u1edf T\u00e2y Duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i. Theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o cho l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Hawaii \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd gi\u0103ng s\u1eb5n b\u1eaby \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed9 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i Hawaii nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 sau khi cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac."}
+{"text": "Sau khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 French \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m g\u1eedi n\u00f3 \u0111i. Khi bi\u1ebft h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Honolulu k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 10:20 s\u00e1ng, \u00f4ng li\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nhanh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn Hawaii l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i; c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn \"Western Union\" \u0111\u1ebfn San Francisco, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9ng s\u00f3ng v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn Honolulu. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m truy\u1ec1n tin L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n l\u00fac 12:01 tr\u01b0a (6:31 s\u00e1ng, gi\u1edd Hawaii); \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 Western Union xong v\u00e0o l\u00fac 12:17 tr\u01b0a (6:47 s\u00e1ng, Hawaii); \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 RCA Honolulu nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o l\u00fac 1:03 tr\u01b0a (7:33 s\u00e1ng, Hawaii); \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f2ng truy\u1ec1n tin, \u0110\u1ed3n Shafter t\u1ea1i Hawaii nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 5:15 chi\u1ec1u (11:45 s\u00e1ng, Hawaii) sau v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. Th\u00ec ra vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn gi\u1eefa d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 RCA \u1edf Honolulu v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3n Shafter \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o gi\u1edd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao b\u1eb1ng xe \u0111\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a tin b\u1eb1ng xe \u0111\u1ea1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i giao tin v\u00f2ng vo v\u00ec tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ee3t bom n\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1941, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng H\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i Tr\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i 16 chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p h\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i, gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft g\u1ea7n 3000 binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 M\u1ef9. Trong nh\u1eefng tu\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt chi\u1ebfm Philippines v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Singapore v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1942 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng qua Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c Anh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5, c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00eam v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb1ng sau Roosevelt. Ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i \"Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n Gh\u00ea t\u1edfm\" n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng:\"Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m qua, 7 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1941 \u2014 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm (v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt) \u2014 Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ed1 \u00fd v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng.\""}
+{"text": "Tuy l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn d\u1eef lan kh\u1eafp Hoa K\u1ef3 sau v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Tr\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1941, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \"ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean\" c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n khi \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00dd tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3. Roosevelt g\u1eb7p Churchill v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 12 v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ra m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa Hoa K\u1ef3, Anh Qu\u1ed1c, Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u01b0 sau: ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Phi, m\u1edf m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 gi\u1eefa hai m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u Trung Hoa r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "\"B\u1ed9 ba \u0111\u1ea1i gia\" (Roosevelt, Churchill, v\u00e0 Joseph Stalin) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1eb7c c\u1ea5p Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1edbng T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch c\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Anh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eadp trung l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda T\u00e2y, qu\u00e2n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u1edf m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Trung Hoa, Anh Qu\u1ed1c, M\u1ef9 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng minh ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u1ea5p cao c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c qua c\u00e1c k\u00eanh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao. Roosevelt b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \"Kho thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang c\u1ee7a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\" b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c g\u1edfi $50 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4-la h\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Lend Lease, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn Anh Qu\u1ed1c sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Trung Hoa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ed3ng minh kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ed3ng minh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Maroc v\u00e0 Alg\u00e9rie thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p (Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Torch) v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1942, x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Sicilia (Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Husky) v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1943, v\u00e0 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00dd (Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Avalanche) v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1943. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e9m bom chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c leo thang v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1944 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e0y n\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf d\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Anh-M\u1ef9 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p 50-50% l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Roosevelt ch\u1ecdn Dwight D. Eisenhower ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i George Marshall \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 huy cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3ng minh ngang eo bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Overlord b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y D-Day, 6 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1944. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra theo sau cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngang qua eo bi\u1ec3n. Qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n k\u00edch \u0111\u00e1nh Ardennes v\u00e0 Alsace th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1944 \u2013 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1945. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Anh-M\u1ef9-Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ee9c. Roosevelt qua \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1945 v\u00e0o l\u00fac c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh g\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Berlin."}
+{"text": "Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1942 khi H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t trong Tr\u1eadn Midway. Khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00dac v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 tuy \u0111\u1eaft gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"nh\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea3o\" trong v\u00f9ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 oanh t\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea5t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n sau n\u00e0y. Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong khi \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n m\u1ed9t m\u1ef1c mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1943, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ed3ng minh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t k\u00ecm ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3. M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ea5p cao c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn. Roosevelt h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi Churchill v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3ng T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Cairo v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1943, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn Tehran \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi Churchill v\u00e0 Stalin. Trong l\u00fac Churchill xem Stalin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa khi \u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Stalin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u00ec Roosevelt \u0111\u00e1p l\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u00fd l\u1ebd quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Stalin nh\u01b0 sau: \"T\u00f4i th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh c\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng Stalin kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.... T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i cho \u00f4ng ta m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u00f4ng ta cho l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i g\u00ec, theo ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00fd ph\u00e1i, \u00f4ng ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u00f4n t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi t\u00f4i v\u00ec m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh.\" T\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Tehran, Roosevelt v\u00e0 Churchill n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Stalin v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1944. Roosevelt c\u0169ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, Stalin c\u1ee9 kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng \u0111\u00f2i v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ba Lan. Stalin \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Roosevelt v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 h\u1ee9a tham chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n 90 ng\u00e0y sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1945, khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng minh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ba Lan, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn minh b\u1ea1ch. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1945, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe sa s\u00fat tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng, Roosevelt v\u1eabn \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Yalta, v\u00f9ng Krym c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdp b\u00e0n v\u1edbi Stalin v\u00e0 Churchill. Trong khi Roosevelt v\u1eabn t\u1ef1 tin r\u1eb1ng Stalin s\u1ebd gi\u1eef l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau khi H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Yalta k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Roosevelt t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean X\u00f4 l\u00e0 Averill Harriman \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn cho Roosevelt bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \"ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng trinh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft.\" Hai ng\u00e0y sau, Roosevelt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Stalin l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1c quan v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng \"Averell \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang.\" Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Yalta v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Kh\u1ed1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Roosevelt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tu\u1ed5i 62 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1944. S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1940. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1i li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong su\u1ed1t tr\u00ean 20 n\u0103m c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam nh\u1eefng n\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m hao m\u00f2n s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Roosevelt b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh cao m\u00e1u, ph\u1ed5i th\u1ee7ng, x\u01a1 v\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 tim m\u1ea1ch. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hay bi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 tin lan truy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y kh\u1ed1i u \u00e1c t\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u00ean m\u1eaft tr\u00e1i. B\u00e1c s\u0129 Emanuel Libman, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc \u1edf B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n N\u00fai Sinai t\u1ea1i Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York c\u00f3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 sau v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1944: \"Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft Roosevelt c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec \u00f4ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft v\u00ec ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u v\u1ecf n\u00e3o trong v\u00f2ng 6 th\u00e1ng\" (\u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 5 th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00f3)."}
+{"text": "Bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e0 Roosevelt s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 n\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t m\u1ef1c mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecf Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Henry A. Wallace v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 th\u00e2n Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Sau khi xem x\u00e9t qua James F. Byrnes c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang Nam Carolina, r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Indiana l\u00e0 Henry F. Schricker t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, Roosevelt thay th\u1ebf Wallace b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 \u00edt ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m l\u00e0 Harry S. Truman. Trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1944, li\u00ean danh Roosevelt v\u00e0 Truman th\u1eafng 53% phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1eafng t\u1ea1i 36 ti\u1ec3u bang ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c New York, Thomas E. Dewey."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 r\u1eddi H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Yalta ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1945, bay \u0111\u1ebfn Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00ean chi\u1ebfc tu\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1m USS Quincy \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean H\u1ed3 Great Bitter g\u1ea7n K\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o Suez. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, tr\u00ean tu\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1m Quincy, \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ai C\u1eadp l\u00e0 Farouk I v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Ethiopia l\u00e0 Haile Selassie. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 2, \u00f4ng m\u1edf m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi vua Abdulaziz - v\u1ecb vua khai qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i trong quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao gi\u1eefa Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp X\u00ea \u00dat th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. Sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng gi\u1eefa F.D.Roosevelt v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Anh Qu\u1ed1c Winston Churchill, USS Quincy kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh \u0111i Alg\u00e9rie v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 2. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, Roosevelt h\u1ed9i \u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch Anh Qu\u1ed1c, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u00dd. T\u1ea1i Yalta, Lord Moran, y s\u0129 c\u1ee7a Winston Churchill, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Roosevelt nh\u01b0 sau: \"B\u1ec7nh t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh x\u01a1 c\u1ee9ng m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u n\u00e3o trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i, v\u00ec v\u1eady t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng\"."}
+{"text": "Khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Hoa K\u1ef3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n v\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 3 v\u1ec1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Yalta, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eadt m\u00ecnh khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu. \u00d4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n v\u0103n trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh (\u00f4ng m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 sau: \"T\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd tha th\u1ee9 cho t\u00f4i v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng...n\u00f3 gi\u00fap cho t\u00f4i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n khi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111eo kho\u1ea3ng 10 pound th\u00e9p quanh ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n t\u00f4i.\" \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t \u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng). Nh\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o. \"H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Crimean\", \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, \"ph\u1ea3i n\u00eau r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eefng li\u00ean minh bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u01b0u m\u00f4 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua \u2013 v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tham gia v\u00e0o.\""}
+{"text": "Su\u1ed1t th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1945, \u00f4ng g\u1eedi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ebfn Stalin v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd \u0111anh th\u00e9p, t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o Stalin ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn th\u1ef1c thi c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Yalta v\u1ec1 Ba Lan, \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u00f9 binh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. Khi Stalin t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o \u0110\u1ed3ng minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111ang m\u01b0u toan t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh ri\u00eang v\u1edbi Hitler ph\u00eda sau l\u01b0ng v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, Roosevelt tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng: \"T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec3m cho \u00f4ng, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ai, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i sai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00ea h\u00e8n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.\""}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1945, Roosevelt \u0111\u1ebfn Warm Springs \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c. V\u00e0o tr\u01b0a ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 4, Roosevelt n\u00f3i, \"T\u00f4i h\u01a1i b\u1ecb \u0111au ph\u00eda sau \u0111\u1ea7u\". \u00d4ng li\u1ec1n ng\u1ed3i s\u1ee5p xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. B\u00e1c s\u0129 tim tr\u1ef1c b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 Howard Bruenn \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n cho \u00f4ng v\u00e0 cho bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u n\u00e3o (\u0111\u1ed9t quy). L\u00fac 3:35 chi\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y, Roosevelt qua \u0111\u1eddi. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 sau n\u00e0y Allen Drury c\u00f3 n\u00f3i, \"nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00ec th\u1ebf b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi.\" Sau khi Roosevelt qua \u0111\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i x\u00e3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1edd Th\u1eddi b\u00e1o New York tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, \"Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd qu\u1ef3 g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m \u01a1n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00ec Franklin D. Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf trong Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng\"."}
+{"text": "Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng, Roosevelt ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 con g\u00e1i \u00f4ng, Anna Roosevelt Boettiger ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecdn v\u00e0o \u1edf g\u1ea7n b\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Anna c\u0169ng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp cho cha c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 b\u00e0 Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5. Shoumatoff, ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 Roosevelt v\u00e0 Mercer, \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Mercer \u0111i kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh tai ti\u1ebfng. Khi Eleanor bi\u1ebft ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 m\u1ea5t, b\u00e0 c\u0169ng nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin t\u1ee9c n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Anna \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 cho Roosevelt g\u1eb7p Mercer v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng Mercer \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u00f4ng l\u00fac \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 4, x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Roosevelt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 quan t\u00e0i c\u00f3 qu\u1ea5n qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean xe l\u1eeda t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Sau l\u1ec5 tang t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1eafng ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 4, Roosevelt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Hyde Park b\u1eb1ng xe l\u1eeda, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1n binh s\u0129 c\u1ee7a L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n, H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n l\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Tu\u1ea7n duy\u00ean canh gi\u1eef. Theo di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Roosevelt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t trong v\u01b0\u1eddn h\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh Roosevelt (nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Di t\u00edch L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Qu\u1ed1c gia Nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Franklin D. Roosevelt) \u1edf th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Hyde Park ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 4. Sau khi v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1962, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y s\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc kh\u1eafp to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng sa s\u00fat c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean 12 n\u0103m, d\u00e0i h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng \u0111ang trong t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi hay tin Roosevelt qua \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 Tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 l\u00e0 Paul Joseph G\u00f6bbels tr\u1edf n\u00ean vui s\u01b0\u1edbng, \u00f4ng ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u0103m 1945 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 n\u0103m ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng phong (xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i Ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 Brandenburg). \u00d4ng ta ra l\u1ec7nh cho mang r\u01b0\u1ee3u s\u00e2m-banh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng Adolf Hitler:"}
+{"text": "S\u1eed gia Kevin J. McMahon cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0i ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho phong tr\u00e0o nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u Phi. Trong B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Roosevelt, B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00ec Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u (NAACP). Roosevelt l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hung b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a da tr\u1eafng \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t (white supremacist) \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Washington."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh. Ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1942, Roosevelt \u0111\u01b0a ra L\u1ec7nh H\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 9066, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 hai qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 cao m\u00e0 bao tr\u00f9m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y Duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Hoa K\u1ef3. Khi Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111ang c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi \u00dd, kho\u1ea3ng 600.000 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c \u00dd (c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u00dd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch M\u1ef9) b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i; s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1942."}
+{"text": "C\u1ea3 trong su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 sau c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng qua hai cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang d\u00e0nh cho \u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 x\u1ea3y ra trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Roosevelt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "Roosevelt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1915. N\u0103m 1924, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Qu\u1ef9 h\u1ed9i H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Tr\u1ea1i H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o S\u00f4ng Ten Mile t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1924\u20131928 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o sinh c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York. Khi l\u00e0m th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1930, H\u1ed9i Nam H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o M\u1ef9 (BSA) \u0111\u00e3 vinh danh \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i Tr\u00e2u B\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng th\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e0nh cho gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc qu\u1ed1c gia. Sau n\u00e0y, khi l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, Roosevelt l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch vinh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Nam H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 tham d\u1ef1 tr\u1ea1i h\u1ecdp b\u1ea1n to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Washington, D.C. n\u0103m 1937."}
+{"text": "Roosevelt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t th\u00edch s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m tem. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i tin c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m tem c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1edf th\u00edch. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, ch\u00ednh Roosevelt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u00e1c m\u1eabu tem m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 200 m\u1eabu tem. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tem \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tem \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Roosevelt b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m James Farley l\u00e0m B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Farley \u0111\u00e3 gia t\u0103ng con s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh tem k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 tem kh\u00e1c, gi\u00fap ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n m\u00f4n gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m th\u00fa v\u1ecb n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Uganda (phi\u00ean \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: U-gan-\u0111a; /ju\u02d0\u02c8\u0261\u00e6nd\u0259/ yew-GAN-d\u0259 ho\u1eb7c /ju\u02d0\u02c8\u0261\u0251\u02d0nd\u0259/ yew-GAHN-d\u0259), t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \"C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Uganda\", l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1p bi\u1ec3n, n\u1eb1m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u Phi. Gi\u00e1p Kenya v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, ph\u00eda T\u00e2y gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi CHDC Congo, T\u00e2y Nam gi\u00e1p Rwanda, ph\u00eda B\u1eafc gi\u00e1p Nam Sudan v\u00e0 ph\u00eda Nam gi\u00e1p Tanzania. Ph\u00eda Nam Uganda l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng h\u1ed3 Victoria, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n g\u1ea7n 1/2 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3, chia s\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n khai th\u00e1c c\u00f9ng Kenya v\u00e0 Tanzania. Uganda c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Nin, c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn chung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o."}
+{"text": "Uganda l\u1ea5y t\u00ean t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Buganda, m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Kampala. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1800, khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c khu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. Uganda gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb Anh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1962. Sau khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Uganda r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, huynh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e0ng, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong v\u00e0 di d\u1eddi h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Uganda l\u00e0 Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986."}
+{"text": "Uganda gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1962. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Edward Mutesa c\u1ee7a Buganda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 Milton Obote l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u0129 quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u1ebb, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Idi Amin, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Obote gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1966. Obote b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u01a1i v\u00e0o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Idi Amin, r\u1ed3i ch\u00ednh Amin c\u0169ng b\u1ecb l\u1eadt d\u1ed5 do s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Tanzania n\u0103m 1979. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, n\u1ea1n c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c gia t\u0103ng do kh\u00f4ng ai ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "Uganda tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i trung l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, Uganda th\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y; v\u1ec1 sau ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Uganda \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh quan h\u1ec7 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00f4n ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, Uganda ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 mu\u1ed1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Museveni l\u00ean \u00e1n M\u1ef9, Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u Phi, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi AU \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1986, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Uganda \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh t\u1ebf th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, n\u00e2ng gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990-1999, kinh t\u1ebf Uganda c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, t\u1eadp trung c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, gi\u1ea3m m\u1ee9c l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, an ninh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ea7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 - Ugan\u0111a tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1ea3 quan \u0111ang g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 l\u1edbn do Uganda tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u1edf C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Congo, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tham nh\u0169ng gia t\u0103ng v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 trong quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y Uganda \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf. Tuy nhi\u00ean Uganda v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 n\u00e0o. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf thu h\u00fat 80% lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e0 ph\u00ea l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n thu xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Uganda \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 t\u0103ng ngu\u1ed3n thu t\u1eeb xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1900 \u2013 2001, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Uganda t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh an ninh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc\u2026Kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n Uganda \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc cam k\u1ebft x\u00f3a n\u1ee3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 2 t\u1ef7 USD. Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Uganda nh\u01b0ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng. Doanh thu t\u1eeb d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n thu quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Uganda khi m\u00e0 d\u1ea7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i v\u00e0o khai th\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m t\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf Nam Sudan s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Uganda trong n\u0103m 2011 do \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Uganda l\u00e0 Sudan v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Sudan."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2010, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Uganda \u0111\u1ea1t 17,12 t\u1ef7 USD, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP \u0111\u1ea1t 5,8%. Thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 500 USD/ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 2010. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p chi\u1ebfm 23,6% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n Uganda v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat 80% l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y (2010). S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, ch\u00e8, ng\u00f4, chu\u1ed1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u00f4ng, thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, khoai t\u00e2y, hoa, c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb hoa, th\u1ecbt d\u00ea, b\u00f2, \u0111\u1eadu\u2026. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Uganda c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Uganda c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1871, \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c do Ph\u1ed5 chi ph\u1ed1i. Sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ee9c 1918-1919, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Weimar theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1933, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. Sau m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, hai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp: C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c. N\u0103m 1990, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI, \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo GDP danh ngh\u0129a, l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 n\u0103m theo s\u1ee9c mua t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (2015). \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n sinh ho\u1ea1t r\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. Li\u00ean bang n\u00e0y duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng an ninh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc mi\u1ec5n h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed."}
+{"text": "Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Deutschland trong ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c, ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 diutisciu land (\"c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c\") c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb deutsch (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 dutch), b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ee9c C\u1ed5 diutisc \"d\u00e2n\", ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfng Latinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng German nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y *\u00feiudiskaz \"d\u00e2n\", t\u1eeb *\u00feeud\u014d, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng \u1ea4n-\u00c2u nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y *tewt\u00e9h\u2082- \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi\", t\u1eeb \"Teuton\" c\u0169ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. T\u1eeb Germany trong ti\u1ebfng Anh b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Germania trong ti\u1ebfng Latinh- l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau khi Julius Caesar ch\u1ecdn n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng s\u00f4ng Rhine."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n Di c\u1ed1t Mauer cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1eeb \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 600.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed s\u0103n b\u1eafn ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ecf than t\u1ea1i Sch\u00f6ningen, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba chi\u1ebfc lao b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 380.000 n\u0103m. Thung l\u0169ng Neandertal l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n di c\u1ed1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn; lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Neanderthal. C\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch Neanderthal 1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 40.000 n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c hang t\u1ea1i D\u00e3y Schw\u00e4bische Alb g\u1ea7n Ulm. Trong nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng chim v\u00e0 ng\u00e0 voi ma m\u00fat 42.000 n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i- l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01b0 t\u1eed th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i b\u0103ng h\u00e0 40.000 n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tranh lu\u1eadn c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Venus \u1edf Hohle Fels 35.000 n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tranh lu\u1eadn c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u0129a b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi Nebra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1ea7n Nebra, Sachsen-Anhalt. N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh K\u00fd \u1ee9c Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a UNESCO."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c German \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1eafc \u00c2u ho\u1eb7c Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n La M\u00e3. T\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n nam Scandinavia v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ecd b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2y t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 I TCN, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Celt t\u1ea1i Gallia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Iran, Balt, Slav t\u1ea1i Trung v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Augustus, La M\u00e3 (Roma) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm khu v\u1ef1c Germania (t\u1ee9c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi German). N\u0103m 9 CN, ba qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n La M\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Varus th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Arminius c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Cherusker. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 100 CN, khi Tacitus vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch Germania, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c German \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng Rhine v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Danube, chi\u1ebfm h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay; tuy nhi\u00ean \u00c1o, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, mi\u1ec1n nam Bayern, mi\u1ec1n nam Hesse v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Rheinland thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c T\u00e2y German n\u1ed5i l\u00ean: Alemanni, Frank, Chatti, Sachsen, Frisii, Sicambri v\u00e0 Thuringii. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 260, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c German \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c do La M\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Sau cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hung v\u00e0o n\u0103m 375, v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 suy t\u00e0n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 395, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c German di chuy\u1ec3n xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y-nam. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c nay l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea5p thu c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c German nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn mang t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Austrasia, Neustria, v\u00e0 Aquitaine v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Merowinger b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank chinh ph\u1ee5c, h\u1ecd l\u1eadp ra V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Frank, v\u00e0 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c Sachsen v\u00e0 Bayern. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c nay l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c T\u00e2y Slav c\u01b0 tr\u00fa: Sorb, Veleti v\u00e0 li\u00ean minh Obotrit."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 800, Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Frank Charlemagne \u0111\u0103ng quang ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Karoling, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 843 th\u00ec b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ph\u00e2n chia. Sau khi V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Frank tan v\u1ee1, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c trong v\u00f2ng 900 n\u0103m g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, l\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Charlemagne. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Frank, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng Rhine \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng Elbe \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e3y Alpen."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Otto (919\u20131024) h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi German/\u0110\u1ee9c Otto I \u0111\u0103ng quang Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 962. N\u0103m 996, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4 V tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, do ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Otto III b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m- kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u0103ng quang Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u00dd ng\u00e0y nay v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c Bourgogne nay thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c Gia t\u1ed9c Salier (1024\u20131125), song c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u1ea5t \u0111i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c do tranh lu\u1eadn phong ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c Gia t\u1ed9c Staufer (1138\u20131254), c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 gia t\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Slav c\u01b0 tr\u00fa; h\u1ecd khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng (Ostsiedlung). C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Hanse h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u0110\u1ee9c, h\u1ecd th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1edd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch. T\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam, C\u00f4ng ty M\u1eadu d\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1i Ravensburg (Gro\u00dfe Ravensburger Handelsgesellschaft) gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Karl IV ban h\u00e0nh s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Goldene Bulle v\u00e0o n\u0103m n\u0103m 1356, t\u1ea1o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u1edfi b\u1ea3y tuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebf h\u1ea7u- l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 suy gi\u1ea3m trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i l\u1edbn n\u0103m 1315, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0110en n\u0103m 1348\u201350. Tuy v\u1eady, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u00dd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 Venezia, Firenze v\u00e0 Genova. C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n sinh c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 nh\u01b0 h\u1ecda s\u0129 Hans Holbein v\u00e0 con trai, v\u00e0 Albrecht D\u00fcrer. Johannes Gutenberg gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u in \u1ea5n ki\u1ec3u di \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1517, tu s\u0129 Martin Luther c\u00f4ng khai h\u00f3a 95 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 1555, H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Augsburg c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Luther l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn thay cho C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, song c\u0169ng ra s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ai th\u00ec t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3\". Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Augsburg th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c: ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9c tin C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u1eabn b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Tuy\u1ec3n h\u1ea7u qu\u1ed1c K\u00f6ln v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1583. T\u1eeb Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u00f6ln cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i N\u0103m (1618\u20131648), xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ee9c. Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i N\u0103m l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 30%, v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 80% t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i. H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Westfalen k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Luther hay \u0111\u1ee9c tin C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd sau n\u0103m 1648."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1.800 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch (kho\u1ea3ng 1450\u20131555) t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia t\u0103ng l\u1eef, th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Gia t\u1ed9c Habsburg n\u1eafm gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ebf v\u1ecb t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1438 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Karl VI m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1740. Do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nam gi\u1edbi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, \u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c tuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebf h\u1ea7u duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Habsburg \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfu th\u01b0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1713. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1edd Chi\u1ebfn tranh K\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00c1o; theo Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Aix-la-Chapelle, ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Maria Theresa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, c\u00f2n b\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1740, c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Habsburg \u00c1o v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u1ed5 chi ph\u1ed1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn tranh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Napol\u00e9on v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 do th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u; c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u0103ng l\u1eef b\u1ecb th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp. N\u0103m 1806, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3; c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Rheinland, n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1815, Nga, Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Habsburg c\u1ea1nh tranh quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh Napol\u00e9on."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Napol\u00e9on th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Wien (tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1814) h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Bang li\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c (Deutscher Bund), m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u00c1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a Bang li\u00ean, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Gia t\u1ed9c Hohenzollern cai tr\u1ecb Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Gia t\u1ed9c Habsburg cai tr\u1ecb \u00c1o. B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o t\u1ef1 do n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch \u00c1o Metternich. Li\u00ean minh thu\u1ebf quan Zollverein x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean. L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Hambach v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1832 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh nh\u1eb1m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1848. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Friedrich Wilhelm IV c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf song v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf; \u00f4ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebf v\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00f9i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi cho phong tr\u00e0o."}
+{"text": "Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Wilhelm I b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Otto von Bismarck l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1862. Bismarck k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi \u0110an M\u1ea1ch v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1864, gi\u00fap x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Jylland. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi \u00c1o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1866, cho ph\u00e9p Bismarck l\u1eadp ra Bang li\u00ean B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ee9c (Norddeutscher Bund) kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m \u00c1o. Sau khi Ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ph\u00e1p-Ph\u1ed5, c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1871 t\u1ea1i Versailles, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u00c1o. Ph\u1ed5 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh chi ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi; Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c Gia t\u1ed9c Hohenzoller cai tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1edbi th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, v\u00e0 Berlin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n [Gr\u00fcnderzeit] l\u1ed7i: {{lang}}: v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u in xi\u00ean (tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap) sau khi Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ee9c Bismarck d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Wilhelm I l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o, c\u00f4 l\u1eadp Ph\u00e1p theo c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i giao, v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn tranh. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Wilhelm II, \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00edch m\u00edch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c tham gia tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia h\u1ea1n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh k\u00e9p v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u00c1o-Hung \u0111a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Li\u00ean minh Tam c\u01b0\u1eddng 1882 c\u00f3 th\u00eam \u00dd, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd Trung \u00c2u, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n lo ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, \u00c1o v\u00e0 \u00dd tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0/ho\u1eb7c Nga x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, Anh, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Nga c\u0169ng d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp li\u00ean minh nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Habsburg \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Nga t\u1ea1i Balkan hay \u0110\u1ee9c can thi\u1ec7p ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "V\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u00e1i t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00c1o v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1914 t\u1ea1o c\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u00c1o-Hung t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Serbia v\u00e0 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Sau b\u1ed1n n\u0103m giao tranh, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng hai tri\u1ec7u binh s\u0129 \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac giao tranh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 11, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea. Trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1918, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Wilhelm II v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng cai tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb. Ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c k\u00fd k\u1ebft H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Versailles v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1919. Theo hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Trung t\u00e2m ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia cho l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c Adolf Hitler v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean. Sau khi chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 30% l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ba Lan, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110an M\u1ea1ch), v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1918. \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1919, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Friedrich Ebert k\u00fd Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Weimar d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Trong \u0111\u1ea5u tranh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp sau, ph\u00e1i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Bayern, song c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a trong Kapp Putsch. N\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong Reichswehr (qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o ho\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c. Sau m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n c\u00f3 giao tranh \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn, binh s\u0129 B\u1ec9 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Ruhr v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t gia t\u0103ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t phi m\u00e3 n\u0103m 1922-1923, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u1ee3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1924 m\u1edf ra Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 20 ho\u00e0ng kim, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 gia t\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ef1 do. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng o\u00e1n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 H\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Versailles, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2m sau l\u01b0ng, t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 1924 \u0111\u1ebfn 1929 l\u00e0 \"\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9\". \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u lan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1929. Sau b\u1ea7u c\u1eed li\u00ean bang v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1930, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Heinrich Br\u00fcning \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Paul von Hindenburg trao quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Br\u00fcning theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc kh\u1ed5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p cao \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n 32% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1932."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Adolf Hitler gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed li\u00ean bang \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u0103m 1932. Sau m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, Hindenburg b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Hitler l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1933. Sau v\u1ee5 h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 trong v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 t\u1ea1i Dachau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf c\u1eeda. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Cho quy\u1ec1n n\u0103m 1933 trao cho Hitler quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf; sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a, r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi H\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e1i v\u0169 trang qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c chi ti\u00eau th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1934, 1,7 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, trao cho h\u1ecd thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 cao t\u1ed1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 autobahn. C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1eadp Rur, cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1eadp Zillierbach, v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 Ga Zwickau Hauptbahnhof. Trong 5 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng trung b\u00ecnh theo gi\u1edd v\u00e0 theo tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u t\u0103ng l\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1939, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Hitler \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 k\u00fd k\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop theo \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n chia \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4. Sau hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1939 \u0110\u1ee9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Ba Lan, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Hitler, Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1940, \u0110\u1ee9c chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0110an M\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 Na Uy, H\u00e0 Lan, B\u1ec9, Luxembourg, v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. Anh Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea9y lui c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng k\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c trong Kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1941, binh s\u0129 \u0110\u1ee9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Nam T\u01b0, Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1942, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c Phe Tr\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Phi, song t\u1eeb sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 trong Tr\u1eadn Stalingrad, \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm B\u1eafc Phi v\u00e0 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u00dd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1943, qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1944, \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. Sau khi Hitler t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t trong Tr\u1eadn Berlin, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1945, k\u1ebft th\u00fac Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Holocaust, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb3ng. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 10 tri\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u00e1u tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a 2,7 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan, 1,3 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina, v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 2,8 tri\u1ec7u t\u00f9 binh Li\u00ean X\u00f4. S\u1ed1 binh s\u0129 \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1eed vong do chi\u1ebfn tranh \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 3,2-5,3 tri\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 2 tri\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng. Kho\u1ea3ng 12 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u (g\u1ed3m l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t). \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ef1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u00ec t\u1ed9i \u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1ea1i T\u00f2a \u00e1n N\u00fcrnberg."}
+{"text": "Sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh ph\u00e2n chia Berlin v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n khu v\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y do Ph\u00e1p, Anh v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1949 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c (Bundesrepublik Deutschland); \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1949, khu v\u1ef1c do Li\u00ean X\u00f4 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c (Deutsche Demokratische Republik). Hai qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \"T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c\" v\u00e0 \"\u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c\". \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ecdn \u0110\u00f4ng Berlin l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, c\u00f2n T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ecdn Bonn l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi, nh\u1eb1m nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p hai nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n li\u00ean bang, theo \"kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\". B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1948 T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh trong K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Marshall v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Konrad Adenauer \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng li\u00ean bang (Bundeskanzler) \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1949 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1963. D\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 Ludwig Erhard, T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"k\u00ec t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf\" (Wirtschaftswunder). T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c gia nh\u1eadp NATO v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1955 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1957."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c Kh\u1ed1i ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, n\u1eafm d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 th\u00f4ng qua l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 Kh\u1ed1i Warszawa. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, song quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb do c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean B\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n thi h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb c\u01a1 quan an ninh m\u1eadt Stasi. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 huy theo ki\u1ec3u Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp n\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ee3 Kinh t\u1ebf SEV. Tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm, song nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Berlin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1961 ng\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t sang T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c (Die Wende)."}
+{"text": "C\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 do ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Willy Brandt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng. Trong m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1989, Hungary quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1 B\u1ee9c m\u00e0n s\u1eaft v\u00e0 m\u1edf c\u1eeda bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, khi\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c qua Hungary. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. Nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee5c \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111i sang T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c; ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c, song vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf c\u1eeda bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Wende. \u0110\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc 2 + 4 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1990, theo \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ed1n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd theo V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c thu h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p T\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1990, khi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn n\u0103m bang t\u00e1i l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169."}
+{"text": "N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Li\u00ean bang \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd duy tr\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. D\u1ef1a theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Berlin/Bonn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994, Berlin l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, trong khi Bonn duy tr\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ebf duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Bundesstadt (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 li\u00ean bang) gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang. Vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999. Sau b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1998, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia Gerhard Schr\u00f6der c\u1ee7a SPD tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh \u0111\u1ecf-l\u1ee5c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng Li\u00ean minh 90/\u0110\u1ea3ng Xanh."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n trong Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0110\u1ee9c k\u00fd k\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Maastricht v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992, l\u1eadp ra Khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng euro v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999, v\u00e0 k\u00fd k\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Lisbon v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007. \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u00e1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy tr\u00ec h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i Balkan v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng binh s\u0129 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn Afghanistan trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a NATO nh\u1eb1m cung c\u1ea5p an ninh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 sau khi Taliban b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tri\u1ec3n khai n\u00e0y g\u00e2y tranh lu\u1eadn do \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00ec ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u00e9p tri\u1ec3n khai binh s\u0129 trong vai tr\u00f2 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1eb1m trong Trung \u00c2u, gi\u1eefa 47\u00b016\u203215\u2033 v\u00e0 55\u00b003\u203233\u2033 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eafc v\u00e0 5\u00b052\u203201\u2033 v\u00e0 15\u00b002\u203237\u2033 kinh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4ng. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ranh gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi \u0110an M\u1ea1ch (c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 67 km), v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng-b\u1eafc l\u00e0 Ba Lan (442 km), v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 S\u00e9c 811 km), v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam l\u00e0 \u00c1o (815 km kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 ranh gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean h\u1ed3 Bodensee), v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 (316 km, v\u1edbi bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi B\u00fcsingen nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 ranh gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean h\u1ed3 Bodensee), v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p (448 km), v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y l\u00e0 Luxembourg (135 km) v\u00e0 B\u1ec9 (156 km) v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc l\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan (567 km). Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 3.757 km. Trong khi \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc l\u00e0 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n Baltic t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00ec v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y n\u00fai Alpen."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb B\u1eafc v\u00e0o Nam v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u1ed1c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam. Ph\u1ea7n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u0103ng h\u00e0, k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai c\u00f3 r\u1eebng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i bang Bayern nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u1edf t\u1ea1i bang Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng Alpenvorland B\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao, v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y n\u00fai Alpen."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c ch\u1ea3y ra bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc hay bi\u1ec3n Baltic. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n th\u1ee7y ch\u00e2u \u00c2u qua n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng Rhein tr\u00ean ch\u1ecfm n\u00fai ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng R\u1eebng \u0110en. Trong nh\u1eefng s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y s\u00f4ng Rhein ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con s\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. Trong s\u1ed1 1.320 km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng c\u00f3 865 km n\u1eb1m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 t\u1ea1o b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a con s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng: s\u00f4ng Rhein l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 giao th\u00f4ng cao nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "Alpen l\u00e0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai cao duy nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn Zugspitze (2.962 m) cao nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ee9c. V\u00f9ng n\u00fai v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao trung b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng cao d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng ra t\u1eeb B\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng Nam. Ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 Feldberg trong v\u00f9ng R\u1eebng \u0110en (Schwarzwald) v\u1edbi 1.493 m, k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 Arber L\u1edbn (Gro\u00dfe Arber) trong R\u1eebng Bayern (Bayerischer Wald) v\u1edbi 1.456 m. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai tr\u00ean 1.000 m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Erzgebirge, Fichtelgebirge, Schw\u00e4bische Alb v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Harz b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp h\u1eb3n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai \u1edf v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1edbi ng\u1ecdn Brocken nh\u00f4 cao \u0111\u1ebfn 1.142 m. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n 100 m, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Hagelberg trong Fl\u00e4ming v\u1edbi 200 m l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn cao nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "So v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o trong bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m trong d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh chu\u1ed7i ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1eafc Friesen v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng Friesen, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u00e3i b\u1ed3i Wattenmeer \u0110\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1eafc Friesen c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c bang Schleswig-Holstein v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn Sylt, F\u00f6hr, Amrum v\u00e0 Pellworm c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Hallig nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. T\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1eadp Beltringharder Koog th\u00ec Nordrand \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f4ng Friesen thu\u1ed9c bang Niedersachsen c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00e3i c\u00e1t b\u1ed3i do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng bi\u1ec3n. L\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Borkum. M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Helgoland n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i xa c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, gi\u00f3 xo\u00e1y, b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p hay n\u00f3ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hi\u1ebfm. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n gi\u00f4ng b\u00e3o v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 trong n\u0103m 2000 v\u00e0 2002. T\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hay x\u1ea3y ra n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u0169 sau th\u1eddi gian m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u trong m\u00f9a h\u00e8 hay sau khi tan tuy\u1ebft trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee5t v\u00e0 g\u00e2y t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng. Vi\u1ec7c hay c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u0169 t\u1ea1i s\u00f4ng Rhein c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o th\u1eb3ng s\u00f4ng Rhein trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tulla \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u1ee7a con s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y. H\u1ea1n h\u00e1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1ee3t n\u00f3ng n\u0103m 2003."}
+{"text": "T\u00f9y theo v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 hay th\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Mi\u1ec1n Nam Baden ghi nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 n\u0103m cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 11 \u00b0C trong khi \u1edf Oberstdorf tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi 6 \u00b0C. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3ng l\u00ean \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh: theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Deutscher Wetterdienst (Nha kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c) th\u00ec ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb n\u0103m 1996 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1988 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e2u n\u0103m l\u00e0 8,3 \u00b0C, trong n\u0103m 2003 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 9,9 \u00b0C. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3ng h\u01a1n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1edbm h\u01a1n 5 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean. Chim di tr\u00fa \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e2u h\u01a1n g\u1ea7n 1 th\u00e1ng so v\u1edbi th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 -45,9 \u00b0C \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2003 t\u1ea1i Funtensee. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay l\u00e0 40,3 \u00b0C v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2003 t\u1ea1i Nennig."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo v\u00f9ng. T\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh \u0111ai g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao trong khi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1t n\u1eb1m ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u0103ng h\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i. T\u1ea1i L\u00fcneburger Heide \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t podsol v\u00ec tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00ean g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. C\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng b\u0103ng t\u00edch c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e1t b\u1ed3i t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Brandenburg trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \"h\u1ed9p c\u00e1t r\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh\"."}
+{"text": "N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u00f4n h\u00f2a. Do v\u1eady, h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng r\u1eebng c\u00e2y l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e1 kim. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu theo t\u1eebng khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. H\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb t\u00e2y sang \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu: T\u1eeb kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00eda t\u00e2y sang kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c r\u1eebng c\u00e2y l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e2y d\u1ebb gai \u0111\u1ecf. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea1nh s\u00f4ng h\u1ed3 (ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00edt d\u1ea7n) v\u00e0 r\u1eebng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y s\u1ed3i, d\u1ebb gai c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i r\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho khu v\u1ef1c n\u00fai Alpen v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai mi\u1ec1n trung l\u00e0 r\u1eebng khe n\u00fai d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng. R\u1eebng tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y b\u1ea1ch d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1t. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng r\u1eebng th\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "29,5 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 r\u1eebng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u r\u1eebng \u1edf Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y r\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh do m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 r\u1eebng th\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1ed1n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i r\u1eebng d\u1ebb gai h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba th\u00ec m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng (nh\u01b0 keo gai) c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t hoang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e2y \u0103n tr\u00e1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch, ki\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ch, l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch \u0111en, l\u00faa m\u00ec, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoai t\u00e2y v\u00e0 ng\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i d\u1ea7u. \u1ede c\u00e1c Thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Morsel, Ahr v\u00e0 Rhein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng nho."}
+{"text": "B\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0111i\u1ec1u 20 c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 Lu\u1eadt B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang). \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 14 v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ed1c gia, 19 khu d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef sinh quy\u1ec3n, 95 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 di t\u00edch thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng \u00f4n h\u00f2a. \u1ede r\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u01b0\u01a1u \u0111\u1ecf, h\u01b0\u01a1u hoang, l\u1ee3n r\u1eebng, linh mi\u00eau v\u00e0 c\u00e1o. H\u1ea3i li v\u00e0 r\u00e1i c\u00e1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ebfm \u1edf c\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc, song g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u0103ng. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Trung \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong: B\u00f2 r\u1eebng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1470), g\u1ea5u n\u00e2u (1835), nai s\u1eebng t\u1ea5m (\u1edf th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 h\u00e3y c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u), ng\u1ef1a r\u1eebng (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX), b\u00f2 bizon ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII/XVIII), s\u00f3i (1904). Th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nai s\u1eebng t\u1ea5m, s\u00f3i t\u1eeb Ba Lan v\u00e0 S\u00e9c t\u1edbi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. \u1ede c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p lo\u00e0i s\u00f3i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0n m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf v\u00f9ng Sorben, th\u1eddi gian v\u1eeba qua c\u1ea3 \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000 con s\u00f3i con \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2010, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n b\u00f2 bizon ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Rothaargebirge thu\u1ed9c bang Nordrhein-Westfalen. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u00f3i v\u00e0 g\u1ea5u n\u00e2u th\u00ec do m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra trong th\u1eddi gian qua l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c quy ho\u1ea1ch c\u01b0 tr\u00fa cho ch\u00fang g\u1eb7p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. \u1ede c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao thu\u1ed9c d\u00e3y Alpen c\u00f3 d\u00ea n\u00fai Alpen v\u00e0 s\u00f3i m\u00e1c-n\u1ed1t. \u1ede v\u00f9ng trung du nh\u01b0 khu v\u1ef1c r\u1eebng Schwarzwald, khu v\u1ef1c Frankische Alp c\u00f3 s\u01a1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t quen thu\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 r\u1eafn c\u1ecf, r\u1eafn vipera berus (r\u1eafn l\u1ee5c), r\u00f9a orbicularis. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0 nh\u01b0 k\u1ef3 gi\u00f4ng, \u1ebfch, c\u00f3c, c\u00f3c t\u00eda, k\u1ef3 nh\u00f4ng: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecf. \u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng \u0111u\u00f4i tr\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu cho bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh chim tr\u00ean huy hi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng, mi\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n t\u1edbi 500 \u0111\u00f4i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng Mecklenburg-Vorpommern v\u00e0 Brandenburg. \u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng v\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Alpen thu\u1ed9c bang Bayern, lo\u00e0i di\u1ec1u h\u00e2u \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong, song hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u00c1o v\u00e0 Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 t\u1edbi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim s\u0103n m\u1ed3i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 di\u1ec1u h\u00e2u th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1eaft l\u01b0ng hung. Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1eaft l\u1edbn l\u1ea1i \u00edt \u0111i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1c r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 chim \u01b0ng milvus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, song do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00ean s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m. \u0110\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u, ho\u00e9t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ebb, b\u1ea1c m\u00e1, s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea1 v\u00e0 m\u00f2ng bi\u1ec3n s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd r\u00e1c th\u1ea3i. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n chim h\u1ed3ng h\u1ea1c \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc trong v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y Zwillbrocker Venn. C\u00e1 h\u1ed3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng song g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u1edf s\u00f4ng Rhein v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 80 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Con c\u00e1 t\u1ea7m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1969. \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u ao \u0111\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 nu\u00f4i c\u00e1 ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn. H\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Bi\u1ec3n Baltic, c\u00f3 l\u00fac g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. V\u1eeba qua c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn con \u1edf Bi\u1ec3n Wadden thu\u1ed9c Bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc. H\u1ea3i c\u1ea9u x\u00e1m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00fac ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa \u1edf B\u1eafc \u00c2u do b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft, song g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. Bi\u1ec3n Wadden c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn l\u00e0 n\u01a1i d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 12 tri\u1ec7u chim di tr\u00fa m\u1ed7i n\u0103m"}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u00fa nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ng\u1ed7ng Canada, \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u Nam M\u1ef9, t\u00f4m s\u00f4ng ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, \u1ebfch b\u00f2 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, c\u1eebu n\u00fai ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1 r\u00f4 gai."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng. Ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ra b\u1edfi Bundesversammlung (h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb li\u00ean bang), m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Bundestag (Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c bang. Ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Bundestagspr\u00e4sident (Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Bundestag), l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi do Bundestag b\u1ea7u ra v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u. Ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, do Bundespr\u00e4sident b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Bundestag b\u1ea7u ra."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1a theo lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tham kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadt German c\u1ed5. Bundesverfassungsgericht (T\u00f2a \u00e1n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean bang) l\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1ee5 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ph\u00fac th\u1ea9m t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Oberste Gerichtsh\u00f6fe des Bundes v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t: \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, t\u00f2a \u00e1n kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1o cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean bang, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c th\u00ec t\u00f2a \u00e1n cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 T\u00f2a \u00e1n Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Li\u00ean bang, T\u00f2a \u00e1n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Li\u00ean bang, T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Li\u00ean bang, v\u00e0 T\u00f2a \u00e1n H\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Li\u00ean bang."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t trong Strafgesetzbuch v\u00e0 B\u00fcrgerliches Gesetzbuch. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf do m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e9t x\u1eed, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t c\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a \u00e1n h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean (Sch\u00f6ffen) ng\u1ed3i c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p bang."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u bang, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 Bundesl\u00e4nder. M\u1ed7i bang c\u00f3 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p bang ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. Do kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bang kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang (Stadtstaaten) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bang c\u00f3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 l\u1edbn (Fl\u00e4chenl\u00e4nder). V\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh khu v\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 n\u0103m bang l\u00e0 Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Nordrhein-Westfalen v\u00e0 Sachsen c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 22 huy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n (Regierungsbezirke). T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2013[c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt] \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 402 huy\u1ec7n (Kreise) \u1edf c\u1ea5p khu t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n; trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 295 huy\u1ec7n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 107 huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi 277 ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i giao t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi tr\u00ean 190 qu\u1ed1c gia. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2011[c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt], \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (cung c\u1ea5p 20%) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ba cho Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c (cung c\u1ea5p 8%). \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a NATO, OECD, G8, G20, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 IMF. \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng kh\u00e1c k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1990. \u0110\u1ee9c x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 an ninh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Bundeswehr \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7. Sau m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean bang v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \"ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba xung \u0111\u1ed9t, ho\u1eb7c r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an ninh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2015[c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt], qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 2.370 binh s\u0129 \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i trong v\u1ecb th\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy tr\u00ec h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 850 binh s\u0129 Bundeswehr trong l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ISAF do NATO l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i Afghanistan v\u00e0 Uzbekistan, 670 binh s\u0129 \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Kosovo, v\u00e0 120 binh s\u0129 trong UNIFIL t\u1ea1i Liban."}
+{"text": "Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 2011, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 80,2 tri\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 81,5 tri\u1ec7u theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2015 v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 81,9 tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2015, \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t trong Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sau Nga, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ee9 16 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn khi sinh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 80,19 n\u0103m (77,93 n\u0103m v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 82,58 n\u0103m v\u1edbi n\u1eef gi\u1edbi). T\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t sinh l\u00e0 1,41 tr\u1ebb em v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh n\u0103m 2011), hay 8,33\u2030, m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 gia t\u0103ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2010, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ee9c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i (2012). N\u0103m 2014, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3y tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 81 tri\u1ec7u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c. S\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. N\u0103m 2015, \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng di d\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cao th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 5% hay 12 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ee9c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng b\u1ea3y trong EU v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 37 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2014[c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt], c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c-qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 (2.859.000), ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Ba Lan (1.617.000), Nga (1.188.000), v\u00e0 \u00dd (764.000). T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1987, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 3 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Kh\u1ed1i ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "Khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1871, kho\u1ea3ng 2/3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ee9c theo Tin L\u00e0nh v\u00e0 1/3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 theo C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, song ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 ba nh\u00f3m tr\u00ean. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t trong Holocaust v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau n\u0103m 1945, khi T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o do nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 c\u00f2n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o do ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990, v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1ea3m \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c song t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u00fac \u00c2m v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng l\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u \u0110\u1ee9c n\u0103m 2011, C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c khi 66,8% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. So v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, 31,7% tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Tin L\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 31,2% tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3. T\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o chi\u1ebfm 1,3%, c\u00f2n t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o chi\u1ebfm 0,1%. C\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c chi\u1ebfm 2,7%. N\u0103m 2014, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 23,9 tri\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean (29,5% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1) v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u00fac \u00c2m c\u00f3 22,6 tri\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean (27,9% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1). C\u1ea3 hai gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Tin L\u00e0nh t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc, mi\u1ec1n trung v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. H\u1ecd h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u00fac \u00c2m \u0110\u1ee9c- bao g\u1ed3m Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Luther v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. T\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 2011 th\u00ec 1,9% ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 2,1-4,3 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i Sunni v\u00e0 Alevi t\u1eeb Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, song c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Shia. C\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c chi\u1ebfm d\u01b0\u1edbi 1% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi 250.000 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 (kho\u1ea3ng 0,3%) v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 100.000 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 (0,1%). C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u00edt h\u01a1n 50.000 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed7i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 T\u00e2y German, c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng nh\u00f3m v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng H\u1ea1 \u0110\u1ee9c, ti\u1ebfng H\u00e0 Lan, ti\u1ebfng Frisia v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 \u0110\u00f4ng German (\u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t) v\u00e0 B\u1eafc German. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng trong ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u00e1nh German c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 \u1ea4n-\u00c2u. Thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Latinh v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh. Ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Latinh \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c German, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c qua t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng, \u00e2m v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed7i bang. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea7m non t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u1ebb t\u1eeb ba \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u tu\u1ed5i, sau c\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y tr\u1ebb tham gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 trong \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ch\u00edn n\u0103m. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u n\u0103m. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m ba lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt: C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft (Gymnasium) d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb t\u00e0i n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc; c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (Realschule) d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecdc sinh trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong s\u00e1u n\u0103m, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng (Hauptschule) chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho h\u1ecdc sinh theo h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n (Gesamtschule) h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u1ecb th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Heidelberg (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp 1386) l\u00e0 c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Leipzig (1409), \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Rostock (1419) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Greifswald (1456). \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin do nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Wilhelm von Humboldt th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1810, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt cho nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. T\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 11 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u01b0u t\u00fa: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt Berlin, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bremen, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc K\u00f6ln, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Dresden, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u00fcbingen, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Rhein-Westfalen Aachen, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u1ef1 do Berlin, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Heidelberg, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Konstanz, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ludwig Maximilian M\u00fcnchen, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 M\u00fcnchen."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c mang t\u00ean spitals c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eeb ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Bismarck trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1880, K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1880, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m y t\u1ebf theo quy ch\u1ebf, c\u00f3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m y t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Theo T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 77% l\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 23% l\u00e0 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n chi tr\u1ea3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2013[c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt]. N\u0103m 2005, \u0110\u1ee9c d\u00e0nh 11% GDP c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ee9c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 20 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 77 n\u0103m cho nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 82 n\u0103m cho n\u1eef gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p (4 tr\u00ean 1.000 ca sinh)."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2008[c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt], \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 60% n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. N\u0103m 2014, c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0: d\u1ea7u (35,0%); than \u0111\u00e1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 than non (24,6%); kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (20,5%); h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n (8,1%); th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o (11,1%). Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn ng\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2021. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 xanh, gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2020 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng 40% nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u1ee9c cam k\u1ebft Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 Kyoto v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i th\u1ea5p, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1eb1m v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 65% (2015). Tuy th\u1ebf, t\u1ed5ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t trong EU v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010[c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt]. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ee9c (Energiewende) l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt do c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c. H\u01a1n 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao Gi\u1ea3i Nobel. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c cao th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (31%) sau H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c (32%) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i Nobel h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong khoa h\u1ecdc (v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, y h\u1ecdc)."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer v\u00e0 Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Albert Einstein \u0111\u01b0a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cho \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1905 v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1915. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Max Planck, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng trong khai ph\u00e1 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed , l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 Werner Heisenberg v\u00e0 Max Born sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn. Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tia X. Otto Hahn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, trong khi Ferdinand Cohn v\u00e0 Robert Koch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp vi sinh h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, bao g\u1ed3m Carl Friedrich Gauss, David Hilbert, Bernhard Riemann, Gottfried Leibniz, Karl Weierstrass, Hermann Weyl v\u00e0 Felix Klein."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, bao g\u1ed3m Hans Geiger s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfm Geiger; v\u00e0 Konrad Zuse t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e1y t\u00ednh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Otto Lilienthal, Gottlieb Daimler, Rudolf Diesel, Hugo Junkers v\u00e0 Karl Benz gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 Trung t\u00e2m V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ee9c (DLR) c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho ESA. K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Wernher von Braun ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00ean l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Peenem\u00fcnde v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a NASA v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00ean l\u1eeda M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng Saturn V. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Heinrich Rudolf Hertz trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (2011), v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 407 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec9 qua \u0111\u00eam v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m 68,83 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00eam c\u1ee7a du kh\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 2012, c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 30,4 tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c. Berlin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ba t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ngo\u00e0i ra, tr\u00ean 30% ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c d\u00e0nh k\u1ef3 ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 l\u1eef h\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean 43,2 t\u1ef7 euro cho GDP c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. Bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p 4,5% GDP c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p hai tri\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (4,8% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m)."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0 Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, Tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang, Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh l\u0169y, Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hai h\u00e0ng c\u00e2y. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 khung g\u1ed7 \u0110\u1ee9c (Deutsche Fachwerkstra\u00dfe) li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 41 di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi UNESCO \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2016, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00f5i \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Regensburg, Bamberg, L\u00fcbeck, Quedlinburg, Weimar, Stralsund v\u00e0 Wismar. C\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Neuschwanstein, Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh t\u00f2a K\u00f6ln, Bundestag Berlin, Hofbr\u00e4u M\u00fcnchen, L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Heidelberg, Zwinger Dresden, Th\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Berlin v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh t\u00f2a Aachen. Europa-Park g\u1ea7n Freiburg l\u00e0 khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n gian nh\u01b0 Oktoberfest v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c Gi\u00e1ng sinh- g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng hoa M\u00f9a V\u1ecdng, ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea3nh Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1ng sinh, c\u00e2y Gi\u00e1ng sinh, b\u00e1nh Stollen, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2016[c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt] UNESCO ghi danh 41 di s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 l\u1ec5 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, do m\u1ed7i bang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh; ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 10 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1990, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Tag der Deutschen Einheit (Ng\u00e0y th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c)."}
+{"text": "\u00c2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Dieterich Buxtehude s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c \u00f4rat\u00f4 cho organ, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Johann Sebastian Bach v\u00e0 Georg Friedrich H\u00e4ndel; h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c c\u00f3 uy th\u1ebf trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Baroque. Trong th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng violon v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn Salzburg, nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c Leopold Mozart sinh t\u1ea1i Augsburg \u0111\u00e3 d\u00ecu d\u1eaft m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Ludwig van Beethoven l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n. Carl Maria von Weber v\u00e0 Felix Mendelssohn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n. Robert Schumann v\u00e0 Johannes Brahms s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n. Richard Wagner n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m opera c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Richard Strauss l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Karlheinz Stockhausen v\u00e0 Hans Zimmer l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u0110\u1ee9c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX v\u00e0 XXI bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o Neue Deutsche Welle, disco (Boney M., Modern Talking, Bad Boys Blue), pop, Ostrock, Heavy metal/rock (Rammstein, Scorpions, Accept, Helloween), punk, pop rock (Herbert Gr\u00f6nemeyer), indie v\u00e0 schlager pop. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u1edbi Kraftwerk v\u00e0 Tangerine Dream \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c DJ v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u techno v\u00e0 house music c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, Albrecht D\u00fcrer, Hans Holbein Tr\u1ebb, Matthias Gr\u00fcnewald v\u00e0 Lucas Cranach Gi\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c trong Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng, Peter Paul Rubens v\u00e0 Johann Baptist Zimmermann c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Baroque, Caspar David Friedrich v\u00e0 Carl Spitzweg c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, Max Liebermann c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 Max Ernst c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 si\u00eau th\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 Otto Schmidt-Hofer, Franz Iffland, v\u00e0 Julius Schmidt-Felling c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, nh\u01b0 Nh\u00f3m Th\u00e1ng 11 hay Die Br\u00fccke (C\u00e2y c\u1ea7u) v\u00e0 Der Blaue Reiter (K\u1ef5 s\u0129 Xanh), b\u1edfi Wassily Kandinsky sinh t\u1ea1i Nga, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i M\u00fcnchen v\u00e0 Berlin. T\u00e2n Kh\u00e1ch quan n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n phong c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi n\u00f3 trong th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Weimar. Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt quan ni\u1ec7m. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 t\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Georg Baselitz, Anselm Kiefer, J\u00f6rg Immendorff, A. R. Penck, Markus L\u00fcpertz, Peter Robert Keil v\u00e0 Rainer Fetting. C\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i quan ni\u1ec7m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ed3m Bernd v\u00e0 Hilla Becher, Hanne Darboven, Hans-Peter Feldmann, Hans Haacke, Joseph Beuys, HA Schult, Aris Kalaizis, Neo Rauch v\u00e0 Andreas Gursky. C\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 documenta, Berlin Biennale, transmediale v\u00e0 Art Cologne."}
+{"text": "Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch Karoling v\u00e0 Otto, ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Roman. Gothic G\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch Trung C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. Trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng v\u00e0 Baroque, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n (nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng Weser v\u00e0 Baroque Dresden ). Trong s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y Baroque n\u1ed5i danh c\u00f3 P\u00f6ppelmann, Balthasar Neumann, Knobelsdorff v\u00e0 anh em nh\u00e0 Asam. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Wessobrunner g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tr\u00e1t v\u1eefa stucco t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n nam \u0110\u1ee9c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Baroque Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Schwaben l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 baroque, n\u00eau b\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Johann Michael Feuchtmayer, m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Feuchtmayer v\u00e0 anh em Johann Baptist Zimmermann v\u00e0 Dominikus Zimmermann. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng qua truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng khung g\u1ed7 (Fachwerk) v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9c."}
+{"text": "Khi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a lan kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch Gr\u00fcnderzeit, do b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. C\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khu v\u1ef1c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Hannover, Phong c\u00e1ch Nuremberg v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Semper-Nicolai c\u1ee7a Dresden. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Neuschwanstein ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng Roma. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u phong c\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac su\u1ed1i kho\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 Siegfried Bing, Georg Hirth v\u00e0 Bruno M\u00f6hring c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Art Nouveau khi b\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Jugendstil trong ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c."}
+{"text": "Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1910 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn Art Deco v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Erich Mendelsohn. \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u phong tr\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Werkbund do Hermann Muthesius kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng (T\u00e2n Kh\u00e1ch quan), v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o Bauhaus do Walter Gropius th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. \u00d4ng thai ngh\u00e9n t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u00ednh bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i. C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 v\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Hans Kollhoff, Sergei Tchoban, KK Architekten, Helmut Jahn, Behnisch, GMP, Ole Scheeren, J. Mayer H., OM Ungers, Gottfried B\u00f6hm v\u00e0 Frei Otto - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Pritzker."}
+{"text": "V\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u01b0 Walther von der Vogelweide v\u00e0 Wolfram von Eschenbach. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng g\u1ed3m Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing v\u00e0 Theodor Fontane. B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n d\u00e2n gian do Anh em nh\u00e0 Grimm xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n gian \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Anh em nh\u00e0 Grimm c\u0169ng thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c; t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Deutsches W\u00f6rterbuch (t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1838 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1854."}
+{"text": "Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Gottfried Leibniz cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy l\u00fd; tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Immanuel Kant; ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy t\u00e2m \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra b\u1edfi Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel v\u00e0 Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling; t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Arthur Schopenhauer v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bi quan tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; Karl Marx v\u00e0 Friedrich Engels x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n; Friedrich Nietzsche ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m; Gottlob Frege \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u00edch; Martin Heidegger c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i; tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Frankfurt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse v\u00e0 J\u00fcrgen Habermas."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Bertelsmann, Axel Springer SE v\u00e0 ProSiebenSat.1 Media. Th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5n x\u00e3 \u0110\u1ee9c DPA c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 38 tri\u1ec7u h\u1ed9 xem TV. Kho\u1ea3ng 90% s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u00e1p v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh (2012), \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 h\u01a1n 500 \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 Deutsche Welle l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ph\u00e1t thanh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef. M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u00e1t thanh qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Deutschlandradio, trong khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i ARD bao ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "\u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Anh em Skladanowsky \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu cho kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1895. X\u01b0\u1edfng phim Babelsberg n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1ea1i Potsdam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1912, l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng phim quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nay l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng phim l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng phim ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 UFA v\u00e0 Bavaria Film. \u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ee9c ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 Robert Wiene v\u00e0 Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. Metropolis (1927) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n Fritz Lang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 phim khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. N\u0103m 1930, Josef von Sternberg l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n cho Der blaue Engel, phim c\u00f3 \u00e2m thanh quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean Marlene Dietrich. C\u00e1c phim c\u1ee7a Leni Riefenstahl \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Ni\u1ec1m tin chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng."}
+{"text": "Sau n\u0103m 1945, nhi\u1ec1u phim v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ngay sau chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Tr\u00fcmmerfilm (phim g\u1ea1ch v\u1ee5n), nh\u01b0 Die M\u00f6rder sind unter uns (1946) c\u1ee7a Wolfgang Staudte v\u00e0 Irgendwo in Berlin (1946) c\u1ee7a Werner Krien. C\u00e1c phim \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn do h\u00e3ng qu\u1ed1c doanh DEFA s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Ehe im Schatten c\u1ee7a Kurt Maetzig (1947), Der Untertan (1951); Die Geschichte vom kleinen Muck (1953), Der geteilte Himmel (1964) c\u1ee7a Konrad Wolf v\u00e0 Jakob der L\u00fcgner (1975) c\u1ee7a Frank Beyer. Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i phim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 Heimatfilm (\"phim qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng\"); c\u00e1c phim n\u00e0y mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a phim trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c phim th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c phim ph\u1ecfng theo t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Edgar Wallace v\u00e0 Karl May. M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1t phim \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 c\u00f3 phim ph\u00f3ng s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c mang t\u00ean Schulm\u00e4dchen-Report (Ph\u00f3ng s\u1ef1 n\u1eef sinh). Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 v\u00e0 1980, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o di\u00ean \u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Volker Schl\u00f6ndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, v\u00e0 Rainer Werner Fassbinder khi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hoan h\u00f4."}
+{"text": "Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c phim th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 doanh thu ph\u00f2ng v\u00e9, c\u00f3 Erinnerungen an die Zukunft (1970), Das Boot (1981), Die unendliche Geschichte (1984), Otto \u2013 Der Film (1985), Lola rennt (1998), Der Schuh des Manitu (2001), Resident Evil series (2002\u20132016), Good Bye, Lenin! (2003), Gegen die Wand (2004), Das wei\u00dfe Band \u2013 Eine deutsche Kindergeschichte (2009), Konferenz der Tiere (2010), v\u00e0 Cloud Atlas (2012). Gi\u1ea3i Oscar cho phim ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef hay nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho Die Blechtrommel v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1979, cho Nirgendwo in Afrika v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002, v\u00e0 cho Das Leben der Anderen v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1eebng th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i \"Oscar\" v\u00ec th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 th\u1ec3 thao, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u01b0\u1eddi hai tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 thao c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. B\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 6,3 tri\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Gi\u1ea3i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Bundesliga, thu h\u00fat l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n cao th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec trong c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 thao chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch FIFA World Cup v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1954, 1974, 1990, v\u00e0 2014, v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1972, 1980 v\u00e0 1996. \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1eebng \u0111\u0103ng cai FIFA World Cup n\u0103m 1974 v\u00e0 2006 v\u00e0 UEFA Euro 1988."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 thao \u00f4 t\u00f4, c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng nh\u01b0 BMW v\u00e0 Mercedes l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 thao \u00f4 t\u00f4. Porsche gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i \u0111ua 24 gi\u1edd t\u1ea1i Mans trong 17 l\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 Audi 13 l\u1ea7n (t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2015[c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt]). Tay \u0111ua Michael Schumacher t\u1eebng l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 thao \u00f4 t\u00f4 trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, gi\u00e0nh b\u1ea3y ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ua xe c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Sebastian Vettel c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 n\u0103m tay \u0111ua c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi t\u1eeb khi H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 1 \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 kh\u00ed l\u1edbn, quay tr\u00f2n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tinh v\u00e2n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Tinh v\u00e2n n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m hydro v\u00e0 heli \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb V\u1ee5 N\u1ed5 L\u1edbn, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 4,6 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (15 \u0111\u1ebfn 30 ph\u00fat tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea1y), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 1 ng\u00f4i sao \u1edf g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh 1 si\u00eau t\u00e2n tinh. V\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 g\u00e2y s\u00f3ng ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng tinh v\u00e2n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 b\u1ecb n\u00e9n v\u00e0o. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c quay, l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u0129a, vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c so v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110a ph\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp trung \u1edf gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3ng l\u00ean. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, khi tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m cho v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ea1i xung quanh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u0129a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tan r\u00e3 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng v\u00e0nh \u0111ai. C\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o nhau v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh n\u1eb1m trong t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m kho\u1ea3ng 150 tri\u1ec7u kil\u00f4m\u00e9t t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Khi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean gi\u00f3 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi th\u1ed5i bay \u0111a ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf trong \u0111\u0129a v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb c\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111a s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m d\u1eef d\u1ed9i. Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 150 tri\u1ec7u km t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 150 tri\u1ec7u km t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m Lagrange th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 hay th\u1ee9 n\u0103m. H\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Theia, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 Sao Ho\u1ea3. Qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau khi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n khi thu th\u1eadp th\u00eam v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf xung quanh, th\u00ec qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Theia tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Theia \u0111u \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi lui theo Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t cho t\u1edbi khi, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1ch nay kho\u1ea3ng 4.533 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd 0 gi\u1edd 05 ph\u00fat \u0111\u00eam theo gi\u1edd c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta), n\u00f3 va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t theo m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ch\u00e9o. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 g\u00f3c nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn l\u1edbp v\u1ecf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u1eafn ra. Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed n\u1eb7ng t\u1eeb Theia ch\u00ecm s\u00e2u v\u00e0o v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, trong khi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng ra t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t trong v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u: l\u00e0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng. S\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0m n\u00f3 nghi\u00eang \u0111i 23,5\u00b0, tr\u1ee5c quay nghi\u00eang g\u00e2y ra m\u00f9a tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. (M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh tinh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c nghi\u00eang 0\u00b0 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra m\u00f9a.) C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 quay c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u0103ng th\u00eam v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u1edf th\u1eddi gian Li\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i H\u1ecfa Th\u00e0nh hay Th\u00e1i Vi\u1ec5n C\u1ed5, r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay. Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00f4xi tr\u00ean kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. H\u00e0nh tinh lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i sau khi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed9c b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i, s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng t\u1eeb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c co ng\u00f3t, l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0nh tinh \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y ra. Nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng ch\u00ecm v\u00e0o t\u00e2m trong khi nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t (xem \"C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t\"). Kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u bao quanh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1eeb tinh v\u00e2n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00ed nh\u1eb9 nh\u01b0 hydro v\u00e0 heli, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed5i bay kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u1ea7n l\u1ea1nh \u0111i, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1ecf c\u1ee9ng trong v\u00f2ng 150 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m (kho\u1ea3ng 4,4 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc). H\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc tho\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb l\u1edbp v\u1ecf khi c\u00e1c kh\u00ed gas b\u1ecb n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun l\u00ean, t\u1ea1o cho Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 hai. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c va ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a sao b\u0103ng. H\u00e0nh tinh l\u1ea1nh \u0111i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. M\u01b0a t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n trong v\u00f2ng 750 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m (3,8 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kho\u1ea3ng 4:00 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng theo \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta), nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n. (Nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1eeb 4,2 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u2014 1:50 s\u00e1ng theo \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.) Kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a amoniac, m\u00eatan, h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, cacbon \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt, v\u00e0 nit\u01a1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u0103ng l\u00ean, v\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ozone \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n, b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp kh\u1eafp b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp n\u00ean. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tin r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, hay \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1eefu c\u01a1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1eeb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (xem \"Thuy\u1ebft tha sinh\"); tuy v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u theo \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t - c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 4 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (kho\u1ea3ng 3:00 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng theo \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta). V\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do ch\u01b0a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, trong s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed (hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n sao v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, DNA. Khi t\u1ef1 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng, b\u1ea3n sao kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc: m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n sao c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \"l\u1ed7i\". N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i, v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ecb \"t\u1eaft ng\u1ea5m\". N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ebfm hoi s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n: nh\u1eefng \"d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i\" \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \"th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng\" h\u01a1n. Khi s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 (\"th\u1ee9c \u0103n\") tr\u1edf n\u00ean thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n, c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c, hay c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n sao \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c protein hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c acid nucleic, phospholipid, tinh th\u1ec3, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u tr\u00ean, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb7t, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i sao qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda, s\u00e9t, v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 m\u00eatan v\u00e0 amoni\u1eafc. Trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Khi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \"h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1\" \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean, c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1eabn nhau. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hay \u00edt x\u1ea3y ra ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, t\u1edbi khi n\u00f3 may m\u1eafn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed m\u1edbi: ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c. Trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, DNA chi\u1ebfm vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i virus) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng DNA l\u00e0m h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i g\u1ecdn b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u1ea5t t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed phospholipid t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf d\u1ea1ng hai l\u1edbp (bilayer) t\u1ef1 sinh khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. D\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh (xem \"L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft bong b\u00f3ng\"). V\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay sau kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o (hay c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00f3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o). Thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd RNA t\u1edbi l\u00fac \u1ea5y (l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi RNA), c\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c biomolecules kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ee1 ra khi ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn; nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n sang c\u00e1c \"bong b\u00f3ng\" kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c protein l\u00e0m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0ng, hay sau n\u00e0y gi\u00fap v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n chia c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. RNA c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n v\u1eeba l\u00e0m x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb7t, DNA \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a RNA, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c protein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 enzym chi\u1ebfm vai tr\u00f2 x\u00fac t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 RNA chuy\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 tham gia c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"kh\u00f3i \u0111en\", ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 s\u00e2u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o hay nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. Nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng hi\u1ec7n nay cho th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng trong bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Archean, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kho\u1ea3ng 3,5 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (5:30 s\u00e1ng theo chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta) hay s\u1edbm h\u01a1n., T\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t"}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt trao \u0111\u1ed5i gen trong trao \u0111\u1ed5i gen b\u00ean."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o d\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1eefu c\u01a1 (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00e1c) nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00ec ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1edbi. Thay v\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1eefu c\u01a1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0y h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 3 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (kho\u1ea3ng 8:00 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta), m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 quang h\u1ee3p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 sinh v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 sinh v\u1eadt d\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Quang h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt cacbon v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1eefu c\u01a1 gi\u00e0u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (hydrat carbon). Ngo\u00e0i ra, kh\u00ed \u00f4xy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh quang h\u1ee3p. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i, s\u1eaft, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t kho\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c; nh\u01b0ng khi c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ebft, \u00f4xy b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00edch t\u1ee5 trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. D\u00f9 m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00f4xy nh\u1ecf, t\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sau nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i d\u1eb1ng d\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00f4xy ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean \u00f4z\u00f4n, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. T\u1ea7ng ozon \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111ang h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ef1c t\u00edm m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean qua kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o di chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n: N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7ng \u00f4z\u00f4n, b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ef1c t\u00edm s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn cho c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a quang h\u1ee3p c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee9 ba kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i mang t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi"}
+{"text": "Sau th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda \u00f4xy, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi th\u00edch nghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u00f4xy \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00f4xy \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e9p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i chia s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh ba v\u1ef1c. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy \u0111o\u00e1n. V\u1ef1c Bacteria c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chia t\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c (th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Neomura), nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, kho\u1ea3ng 2 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (kho\u1ea3ng l\u00fac 2:00 gi\u1edd chi\u1ec1u theo chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta), Neomura ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh Archarea v\u00e0 Eukarya. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o Eukarya l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o prokaryotic (Bacteria v\u00e0 Archaea), v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. \u1ede kho\u1ea3ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o vi khu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi Rickettsia ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o prokaryotic l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi ti\u00eau h\u00f3a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ecf (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con m\u1ed3i). C\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ecf t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch k\u00fd sinh tr\u00ean t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u1edbn. D\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t b\u00ean trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u1edbn. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00f4xy, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ph\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u1edbn v\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i cho v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ecf t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o b\u00ean trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gene c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau: t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng do t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1o ra, v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 do t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u1edbn cung c\u1ea5p. S\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng sinh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ecf b\u00ean trong n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt duy nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ty th\u1ec3 (mitochondria)"}
+{"text": "B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ed9i c\u1ed9ng sinh (endosymbiotic) c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u1edbi ty th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ee5c l\u1ea1p (chloroplast), c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh peroxisomes, spirochete h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean cilia v\u00e0 flagella, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t virus DNA \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o,, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i."}
+{"text": "Archaeans, bacteria, v\u00e0 eukaryotes ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean tinh vi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. M\u1ed7i v\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed archaea v\u00e0 bacteria. Kho\u1ea3ng 1.1 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (6:15 chi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta), si\u00eau l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Rodinia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh; nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n chia, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang sinh s\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u di\u1ec5n ra; v\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u00ean trong. D\u00f9 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, kho\u1ea3ng 1 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (kho\u1ea3ng 7:00 gi\u1edd t\u1ed1i theo \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ch\u00fang ta), c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1ea3o l\u1ee5c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 900 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (7:15 t\u1ed1i theo \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta), \u0111a b\u00e0o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi \u0111a b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i mi\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay, theo \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n n\u0103ng (totipotent) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. Khi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n trong m\u1ecdi gi\u1ed1ng sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o, c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhau h\u01a1n; c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft. T\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 750 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (8:00 gi\u1edd t\u1ed1i theo \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta) Rodinia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tan v\u1ee1."}
+{"text": "Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 kh\u00ed \u00f4xy trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00f4z\u00f4n, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111a ph\u1ea7n b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e0o \u0111i l\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t cao h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sinh s\u00f4i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00edch \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ngay t\u1eeb 2,6 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (10:17 s\u00e1ng), th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 khi sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n chu\u1ea9n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o. Si\u00eau l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Pannotia \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 600 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ee1 th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh 50 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 (t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 8:50 chi\u1ec1u t\u1edbi 9:05 chi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng). C\u00e1, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 530 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (9:10 chi\u1ec1u). M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef7 Cambri, k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t 488 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (9:25 chi\u1ec1u)."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea3o) v\u00e0 n\u1ea5m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ecdc tr\u00ean r\u00eca m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1ch h\u1eb3n kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u1ea5m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 480\u2013460 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (9:28\u20139:34 chi\u1ec1u), d\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ea5m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n ngay t\u1eeb 1 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (6:40 chi\u1ec1u) v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0 700 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m (8:20 chi\u1ec1u). Ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang v\u1eabn \u1edf g\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi. Th\u1eddi gian nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c: b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n kho\u1ea3ng 450 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (9:40 chi\u1ec1u), c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m phong ph\u00fa t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ngay t\u1eeb 530 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (9:12 chi\u1ec1u). Kho\u1ea3ng 380 t\u1edbi 375 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (10:00 chi\u1ec1u) nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i c\u00e1. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1c v\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chi cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1ea5c cao \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00edt th\u1edf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00edt \u00f4xy hay \u0111u\u1ed5i theo nh\u1eefng con m\u1ed3i nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o trong v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sau n\u00e0y ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n trong nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00edch \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang sinh s\u1ea3n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0. Kho\u1ea3ng 365 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (10:04 chi\u1ec1u), m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng kh\u00e1c di\u1ec5n ra, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1nh \u0111i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00eam h\u1ea1t, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfn s\u00e2u h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y (kho\u1ea3ng 360 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay 10 gi\u1edd).,"}
+{"text": "Kho\u1ea3ng 20 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m sau (340 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, 10:12 chi\u1ec1u theo \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta), qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0ng \u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho ph\u00f4i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u00e0ng \u1ed1i ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01b0. 30 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m sau n\u1eefa (310 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, 10:22 chi\u1ec1u) s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa Synapsida (g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa) v\u1edbi Sauropsida (g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng bay hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa) di\u1ec5n ra. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1, c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng, vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean. 300 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (10:25 chi\u1ec1u) si\u00eau l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Pangaea. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho t\u1edbi nay di\u1ec5n ra 250 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (10:40 chi\u1ec1u theo \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta), \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa k\u1ef7 Permi v\u00e0 Trias; 95% c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 230 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (10:47 chi\u1ec1u theo \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta), c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chia t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean b\u00f2 s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng \u1edf th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa hai k\u1ef7 Trias v\u00e0 Jura 200 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (10:56 chi\u1ec1u) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long, ch\u00fang nhanh ch\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfm vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng. D\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 v\u00fa c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n chia t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 v\u00fa th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 chu\u1ed9t ch\u00f9 ng\u00e0y nay. 180 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (11:03 chi\u1ec1u), Pangea v\u1ee1 th\u00e0nh Laurasia v\u00e0 Gondwana. Ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long bay v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bay l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng Archaeopteryx, theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng con chim \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 150 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (11:12 chi\u1ec1u)"}
+{"text": "T\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf Eocen, 34 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (11:49 chi\u1ec1u), c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Basilosaurus sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 heo v\u00e0 c\u00e1 voi."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e1u tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y (11:58 chi\u1ec1u theo chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta) l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 con ch\u00e1u g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i tinh tinh, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1ec9 hai nh\u00e1nh trong c\u00e2y d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. Ngay sau khi ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh, v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00fd do hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng kh\u1ec9 h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e3o t\u0103ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 hai tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y (11:59:22 chi\u1ec1u, hay 38 gi\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam) nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo t\u1eebng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. C\u00f9ng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, nh\u00e1nh kia chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a tinh tinh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a tinh tinh l\u00f9n khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ecdi d\u1ea1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u1eeda d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u1edf Homo erectus (hay Homo ergaster), c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb 790.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1edbm t\u1eeb 1.5 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (t\u1eeb m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m t\u1edbi hai m\u01b0\u01a1i gi\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc). R\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef; ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u Homo erectus c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i hay kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb Homo sapiens. Khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e3o t\u0103ng l\u00ean, tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra s\u1edbm h\u01a1n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 to \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u1ecdt x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eadu. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c d\u00e0i h\u01a1n, m\u1ec1m y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o tinh vi h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1i k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u2014Homo sapiens\u2014\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 200.000 n\u0103m (hai gi\u00e2y) hay s\u1edbm h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi; nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 160.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc"}
+{"text": "K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n; nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Trong h\u01a1n ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m th\u1eddi gian l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Homo sapiens s\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf ki\u1ec3u du m\u1ee5c s\u0103n b\u1eaft - h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m. Khi tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh t\u0103ng th\u00eam v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1edb v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng tin d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi: meme. C\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt so v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sinh h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong kho\u1ea3ng 8500 t\u1edbi 7000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean (0.20 t\u1edbi 0.17 gi\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc), con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 t\u1ea1i L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng: s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y m\u1edbi nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan r\u1ed9ng ra c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ki\u1ec3u s\u1ed1ng du m\u1ee5c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c an ninh l\u1eabn nhau c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng cao n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t thu ho\u1ea1ch cho ph\u00e9p m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u1edf m\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Sumer v\u00f9ng Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, kho\u1ea3ng 4000 t\u1edbi 3000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean (kho\u1ea3ng 0.10 gi\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc). C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c nhanh ch\u00f3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng Indus."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t minh ra ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 kh\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i l\u01b0u gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng - t\u00ednh t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan. Nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 lao v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean: c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. T\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 500 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean (0.048 gi\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc), c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1; khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1edbi c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat v\u00e0 t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i sau n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1300 (kho\u1ea3ng 0.012 gi\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc), th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Italia v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1500 (0.0096 gi\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc), n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p: l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp h\u00e0nh tinh. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1914 \u0111\u1ebfn 1918 (kho\u1ea3ng 0.0017 gi\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc) v\u00e0 1939 t\u1edbi 1945 (kho\u1ea3ng 0.0012 gi\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc), c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t lao v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 1992, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng gia nh\u1eadp h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Khi v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau. S\u1ef1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0, d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u1eabn nhau c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ra v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhanh trong ph\u1ea7n ngh\u00ecn gi\u00e2y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a 24 gi\u1edd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay. Ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y ra v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf hay ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3; v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ea5m l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi quan cho r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda sinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1c quan cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 1957, Li\u00ean bang x\u00f4 vi\u1ebft ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, Yuri Gagarin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. N\u0103m c\u01a1 quan v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000, tr\u00ean tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Hi\u1ec7n nay ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, sinh h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed chi\u1ebfm l\u00e0m thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xa x\u00f4i."}
+{"text": "N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00e0i Loan, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00e0i Loan c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 7 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong nh\u00f3m kinh t\u1ebf ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn b\u1edfi Qu\u1ef9 Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 15 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ea1nh tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 22 -largest tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c mua t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng(PPP), \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 18 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i (GDP) v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c mua b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 24 trong GDP danh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (ROC), th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2018, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ti\u1ec7n \u00edch l\u00e0 ba c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cao nh\u1ea5t tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 cho Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 Doanh nh\u00e2n To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u 2015 (GEI) cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1eddc\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp h\u1ee3p l\u00fd t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan. V\u1edbi technocracy -centered k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kinh t\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1edbi thi\u1ebft qu\u00e2n lu\u1eadt cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1987, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong GDP \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 8% trong su\u1ed1t ba th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua. Xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. L\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ea5p; th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3; v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ed1i l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p 3% v\u00e0o GDP, gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 35% n\u0103m 1952, v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfm 73% n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf"}
+{"text": "S\u1edf giao d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n \u0110\u00e0i Loanl\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ni\u00eam y\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 t\u1edbi Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 FTSE \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 MSCI \u0110\u00e0i Loan."}
+{"text": "Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00e0i Loan. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Th\u00e1i Lan, Indonesia, Philippines v\u00e0 Malaysia. Do ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (\u0110\u00e0i Loan) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh kinh doanh, \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u00edt ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednhn\u0103m 1997-1999 so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf trong khu v\u1ef1c. Hai ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng l\u1edbn \u1edf \u0110\u00e0i Loan l\u00e0 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Mega, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0nh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1edbn \u1edf \u0110\u00e0i Loan. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf \u0110\u00e0i Loan. \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a m\u1edbi trong s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1edbn k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1970. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp. London Metal Exchange, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n kim lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn Kaohsiung, \u0110\u00e0i Loan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m giao h\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t cho nh\u00f4m ch\u00ednh, h\u1ee3p kim nh\u00f4m, \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u00ec, niken, thi\u1ebfc v\u00e0 k\u1ebdm v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn c\u1ee7a LME \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2013, cho c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u1ec1 kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00e0i Loan. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c thu\u1ebf gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan bao g\u1ed3m T\u1ed5ng bi\u00ean nh\u1eadn kinh doanh Thu\u1ebf (GBRT) (thu\u1ebf thu g\u1ed9p) v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gia t\u0103ng. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 15 trong 20 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3t truy c\u1eadp qua \u0111\u00eam qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (2014) theo Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a MasterCard 2014. Tr\u00e0 bong b\u00f3ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u0110\u00e0i Loan."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e0i Loan l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (ADB), T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WTO) v\u00e0 H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c Kinh t\u1ebf Ch\u00e2u \u00c1-Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng (APEC). \u0110\u00e0i Loan c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Kinh t\u1ebf (OECD) d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean \" \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c \", v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f2ng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c\". \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh khung h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2010. \u0110\u00e0i Loan c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do v\u1edbi Singapore v\u00e0 New Zealand. \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tham gia \u0110\u1ed1i t\u00e1c xuy\u00ean Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n n\u0103m 2020 n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 H\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 n\u0103m 2015. N\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan trong n\u0103m 2010 l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, M\u1ef9, Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng Kong."}
+{"text": "N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00e0i Loan, so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c trong khu v\u1ef1c, l\u00e0 \"\u1edf ng\u00e3 t\u01b0\", v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ngo\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf h\u00f3a, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p cho nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c trong khu v\u1ef1c Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf \u0110\u00e0i Loan b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb quy m\u00f4 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf. ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 xem x\u00e9t m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0i Loan. C\u00e1c T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbic\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010. D\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00e0i Loan, \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c M\u1ef9. \u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u00e0i Loan c\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ngh\u0129 t\u1ed1t kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh quan kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea3o thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng c\u1ea7u, c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gia t\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan."}
+{"text": "B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh sau chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u00e0i Loan, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 30% \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1951 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1962. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 l\u1edbn trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (32% GDP n\u0103m 1952) sang n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (47% GDP n\u0103m 1986). Gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1952 v\u00e0 1961, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u0103ng trung b\u00ecnh 9,21% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 an ninh v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap thu h\u00fat lao \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0 th\u1eeba t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u1ebb ti\u1ec1n, t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 d\u1ec7t may v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i, th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Khoa h\u1ecdc Hsinchu v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1981. \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qua eo bi\u1ec3n, gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Hoa K\u1ef3. T\u1eeb 1981-1995, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0 7,52%, v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0nh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi 51,67%, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e0i Loan hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c. V\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng sang c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, gi\u1ea3m t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb 49% n\u0103m 1984 xu\u1ed1ng 20% n\u0103m 2002. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0o Hoa K\u1ef3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m khi xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00e0i Loan gia nh\u1eadp WTO v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n n\u1eefa."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u 2007-2010, v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m trong n\u0103m 2009 do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2003, v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m 8,36% trong qu\u00fd IV n\u0103m 2008. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra g\u00f3i k\u00edch th\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 5,6 t\u1ef7 USD (3% GDP), cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i cho c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u th\u1eddi gian ngh\u1ec9 thu\u1ebf. G\u00f3i k\u00edch c\u1ea7u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf, gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p. \u0110\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 Nga, Brazil v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c k\u00edch th\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i; \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2010, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong hai n\u0103m l\u00e0 4,73%, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong v\u00f2ng 40 th\u00e1ng l\u00e0 4,18% v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2011. M\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng trung b\u00ecnh c\u0169ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng trong n\u0103m 2010, t\u0103ng 1,92% so v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3 n\u0103m 2009. S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e1ng 11/2010 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c cao, t\u0103ng 19,37% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cho th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2nc\u0169ng t\u0103ng, v\u1edbi doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb t\u0103ng 6,4% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2009. Sau 10,5% t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf trong n\u0103m 2010, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t 5% trong n\u0103m 2011."}
+{"text": "Ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan trong 40 n\u0103m qua. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u1eabn theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edf v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng do suy tho\u00e1i trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u0103ng h\u01a1n n\u0103m l\u1ea7n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, g\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n h\u01a1n, \u00edt h\u01a1n hai l\u1ea7n. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n sang h\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (nay l\u00e0 98%). Ng\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u1ed1n, chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 90% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1. \u0110\u00e0i Loan nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nhu c\u1ea7u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan, chi\u1ebfm 11,4% kim ng\u1ea1ch xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p 10,0% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan. Trong n\u0103m 2010, \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfm 28,0% xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 13,2% nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng khi c\u1ea3 hai n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. Nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. Khi m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan t\u0103ng l\u00ean, nhu c\u1ea7u nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u0103m 2002 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 8,70 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Trung Qu\u1ed1c (\u0110\u00e0i Loan) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan. C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Trung Hoa duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ea1i h\u01a1n 60 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan. Ngo\u00e0i WTO, \u0110\u00e0i Loan l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc, Trung Qu\u1ed1c\" (t\u00ean do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a PRC \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng) v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c Kinh t\u1ebf Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng (APEC) l\u00e0 \" Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafcNh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c Kinh t\u1ebf Khung (ECFA) v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2010, t\u1ea1i Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 ECFA mang l\u1ea1i cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang tranh ch\u1ea5p. Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p h\u01a1n 500 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf th\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thu\u1ebf. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Singapore v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng CNTT to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong 20 n\u0103m qua. N\u0103m 1960, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u1edf \u0110\u00e0i Loan h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty nh\u01b0 TSMC v\u00e0 UMC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf \u0110\u00e0i Loan bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf (SME) chi\u1ebfm 85% s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c SME n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb g\u1ed1c (OEM) ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf g\u1ed1c (ODM), d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00edt t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean h\u01a1n cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Do s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh OEM / ODM, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi, thay v\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u (ICT) c\u00f3 V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng mua s\u1eafm qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Th\u00f4ng tin, \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf thu\u1ebf quan \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m CNTT k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2002."}
+{"text": "D\u1ef1 \u00e1n \"e-\u0110\u00e0i Loan\" do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 1,83 t\u1ef7 USD \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan trong n\u0103m l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh: cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, kinh doanh, giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh trong ng\u00e0nh, n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng b\u0103ng r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o l\u00ean 6 tri\u1ec7u. N\u0103m 2010, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan t\u0103ng 7,1% \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 4 t\u1ef7 USD, chi\u1ebfm 3,3% gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i dung s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng 15% trong n\u0103m 2009, \u0111\u1ea1t 14,03 t\u1ef7 USD. Quang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eedng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 quang \u0111i\u1ec7n) \u0111\u1ea1t 2,2 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0110\u00e0i t\u1ec7 trong n\u0103m 2010, t\u0103ng 40% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2009, chi\u1ebfm 1/5 th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, bao g\u1ed3m IC s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p CNTT c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan. Do kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t wafer OEM v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t 39 t\u1ef7 USD trong n\u0103m 2009, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m vi m\u1ea1ch, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf vi m\u1ea1ch. C\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0110\u00e0i Loan (TSMC) v\u00e0 United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC) l\u00e0 hai nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, trong khi MediaTekl\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p fabless l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. N\u0103m 1987, TSMC \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fac kh\u00f4ng nung, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1n d\u1eabn to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. T\u1eeb ITRI nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a 3-inch ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o wafer \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1977 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp UMC n\u0103m 1980, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi 40 fabs \u0111i v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002. N\u0103m 2007, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua M\u1ef9, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2007 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2010 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn doanh thu v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c trong n\u0103m 2010. \u0110\u00e0i Loan c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 300 nm, 90 nm v\u00e0 60 nm n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. -2011."}
+{"text": "N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan. Sau khi nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \"ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\". Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t neo cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1951, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p chi\u1ebfm 35,8% GDP c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa v\u00e0 475,90 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4-la c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 1,69% GDP. Nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 2013, N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng (47,88%), ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i (31,16%), th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n (20,87%) v\u00e0 l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p (0,09%). K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi gia nh\u1eadp T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp theo, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p xanh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho canh t\u00e1c, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c canh t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho hai v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ba v\u1ee5 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1974 xu\u1ed1ng 2002, khi\u1ebfn H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd trang tr\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a trang tr\u1ea1i\u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong khi t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t; c\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00faa v\u00e0 m\u00eda \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ho\u00e1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. C\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan l\u00e0 g\u1ea1o, m\u00eda, hoa qu\u1ea3 (nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi) v\u00e0 rau. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ef1 cung t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t g\u1ea1o, \u0110\u00e0i Loan nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn l\u00faa m\u00ec, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 th\u1ecbt \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng cao. \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh hoof v\u00e0 mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1997. C\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1, th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n, rau qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd t\u0103ng do gia nh\u1eadp WTO, \u0111ang m\u1edf c\u1eeda th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y."}
+{"text": "Do thi\u1ebfu ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o, \u0110\u00e0i Loan bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u nhi\u1ec1u nhu c\u1ea7u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 98%). N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1t 11,52 t\u1ef7 USD v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002, chi\u1ebfm 4,1% GDP. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00e0i Loan, t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb 62% n\u0103m 1986 xu\u1ed1ng 58% n\u0103m 2002. Ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi d\u1ea7u th\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf (48,52%)), ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 than \u0111\u00e1 (29,2%), kh\u00ed thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean (12,23%), \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n (8,33%), v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y \u0111i\u1ec7n (0,28%). H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o d\u1ea7u nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, v\u1edbi 72% d\u1ea7u th\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 C\u00f4ng ty \u0110i\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c \u0110\u00e0i Loan (Taipower), doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n cho khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00e0i Loan, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1994 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp (IPP) cung c\u1ea5p t\u1edbi 20% nhu c\u1ea7u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o. Indonesia v\u00e0 Malaysia cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ba nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mothballed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan l\u00e0 ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng ch\u00e2u \u00c1, trong th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2005, B\u1ed9 N\u1ed9i v\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m 170 tri\u1ec7u-t\u1ea5n carbon dioxide th\u1ea3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2025. Trong n\u0103m 2010, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i carbon dioxide c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m 5,14 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ean 2% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2020. Ngo\u00e0i ra, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i n\u0103m 2015 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m 7% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2005."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u00e0i Loan l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 4 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e8n LED l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 2010, \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t h\u01a1n 1,66 tri\u1ec7u m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 thu nhi\u1ec7t m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 ba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 155 b\u1ed9 tua-bin gi\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 281,6 MW n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfm 6,8% n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010. N\u0103m 2010, ng\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xanh t\u1ea1o ra 10,97 t\u1ef7 USD gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 838 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 635 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n."}
+{"text": "Lu\u1eadt Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p b\u1edfi Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng (KMT) tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00e3 trao cho nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0i Loan quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a \u0110\u00e0i Loan, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Theo Lu\u1eadt Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ea5p ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng ty ho\u1eb7c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf. Th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc mua b\u00e1n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 n\u0103m 1930 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u00e1p l\u00fd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a n\u0103m 1986 \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn cho s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1986 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1992, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft t\u0103ng 13%. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, bao g\u1ed3m Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0110\u00e0i Loan (TCTU) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i Lu\u1eadt Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 Th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21. Lu\u1eadt Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i Lu\u1eadt n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn mua b\u00e1n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 trong n\u0103m 2008 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1984, Lu\u1eadt Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0i Loan. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00ec ph\u1ea1m vi b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t do vi ph\u1ea1m. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Lu\u1eadt Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi sa th\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ee9c thanh to\u00e1n th\u00f4i vi\u1ec7c cao h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng, ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m th\u00eam gi\u1edd, b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng tai n\u1ea1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng... H\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t vi ph\u1ea1m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, n\u00eau r\u00f5 ti\u1ec1n ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (CLA) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1987 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap thanh tra lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi Lu\u1eadt Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf do to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 5% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002 v\u00e0 2009. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u0103m 2002 c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m thu nh\u1eadp trong th\u1eddi gian th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111a di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999, t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. N\u00f3 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh n\u0103m 2008. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111a di\u1ec7n, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2008 \u0111\u1ebfn 2009, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ea1o ra 102.000 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c khu khoa h\u1ecdc, khu kinh t\u1ebf cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n thu\u00ea nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n \u00edch, \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t cho vay chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Khoa h\u1ecdc Hsinchu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1980 b\u1edfi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan Thung l\u0169ng Silicon \" v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 1.140 ha (11,4 km2). H\u01a1n 430 c\u00f4ng ty (bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ni\u00eam y\u1ebft tr\u00ean TAIEX) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n 130.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang n\u1eb1m trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 thanh to\u00e1n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t M\u1ef9 36,10 t\u1ef7 $ trong n\u0103m 2008. C\u1ea3 hai c\u00f4ng ty Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng ty United Microelectronics, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chip h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1980, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 h\u01a1n 1 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. C\u00e1cVi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (ITRI), c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean, l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cho ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0i Loan (nh\u01b0 d\u1ec7t may)."}
+{"text": "Ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Khoa h\u1ecdc Nam \u0110\u00e0i Loan (STSP), bao g\u1ed3m C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00e0i Nam v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Khoa h\u1ecdc Kaohsiung, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1996. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (bao g\u1ed3m Academia Sinica) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean v\u1edbi tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p (IC), quang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc. C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Khoa h\u1ecdc Trung t\u00e2m \u0110\u00e0i Loan (CTSP) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003. Trong khi CTSP v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty (bao g\u1ed3m AU Optronics) \u0111\u00e3 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c, CTSP c\u0169ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o IC, quang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quang \u0111i\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm 78% doanh thu n\u0103m 2008. Ba khu khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat h\u01a1n 4 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0110\u00e0i t\u1ec7 (137 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9) t\u1ef7) ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, v\u00e0 trong n\u0103m 2010 t\u1ed5ng doanh thu trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t NT $ 2,16 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 (72,8 t\u1ef7 USD)."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh th\u1ee9 ba t\u00ednh t\u1eeb M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \"h\u00e0nh tinh xanh\"[note 2] hay \"\u0110\u1ecba C\u1ea7u\", l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i duy nh\u1ea5t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. H\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 4,55 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, sinh quy\u1ec3n, b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00f4 c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt \u01b0a kh\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng \u00f4z\u00f4n-l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1edf che cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd hay qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi gian qua. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u00eam 1,5 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m n\u1eefa, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o, ch\u00fang di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb t\u1eeb tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t trong h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Kho\u1ea3ng 71% b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o. N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u00ec h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.[note 3][note 4] Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u1edf Sao H\u1ecfa trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. L\u00f5i c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi l\u1edbp manti r\u1eafn d\u00e0y, l\u1edbp l\u00f5i ngo\u00e0i l\u1ecfng t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u00f5i s\u1eaft trong r\u1eafn. Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c trong kh\u00f4ng gian bao g\u1ed3m M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng. Hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t di chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng 365,26 l\u1ea7n qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 quay m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng quanh tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u0103m thi\u00ean v\u0103n t\u1ee9c 365,26 ng\u00e0y trong d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch.[note 5] Tr\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t nghi\u00eang m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c b\u1eb1ng 23,4\u00b0 so v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f9a tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m ch\u00ed tuy\u1ebfn. M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng, v\u1ec7 tinh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quay quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1eeb 4,53 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean g\u00f3c quay ban \u0111\u1ea7u theo th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0ng \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1eadm d\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i. Trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 4,1 \u0111\u1ebfn 3,8 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ef1 va \u0111\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u00ec \"C\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 M\u1ea1nh mu\u1ed9n\" \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng."}
+{"text": "C\u1ea3 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n l\u1eabn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a sinh quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh h\u01a1n 200 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i giao, du l\u1ecbch, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. V\u0103n h\u00f3a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t ph\u1eb3ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 4,5672 \u00b1 0,0006 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 4,54 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111\u1ed9 sai l\u1ec7ch n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng 1%) Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb tinh v\u00e2n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi - \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 kh\u00ed d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u0129a do M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n trong v\u00f2ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf d\u1ea1ng n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, l\u1edbp v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn trong khi n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00edch t\u1ee5 trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 4,53 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m s\u01b0\u1ee3t qua gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng Sao H\u1ecfa (\u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Theia) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 10% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i b\u1eafn v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian theo m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1o ra M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u01a1 khai c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc gia t\u0103ng b\u1edfi b\u0103ng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf d\u1ea1ng l\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c sao ch\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u1edf xa h\u01a1n Sao H\u1ea3i V\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Hai gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0: ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb t\u1eeb cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay ho\u1eb7c nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n th\u1ee9 hai kh\u1ea3 quan h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u nhanh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u1ecf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba theo sau b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 d\u00e0i. Trong ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t, kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3. C\u00e1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba di chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u00f4i khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t si\u00eau l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Kho\u1ea3ng 750 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng si\u00eau l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Rodinia, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chia t\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra Pannotia, 600-540 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Pangaea chia t\u00e1ch v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 180 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n nay, Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 duy nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho ph\u00e9p duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gi\u00e0u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 sao ch\u00e9p trong kho\u1ea3ng 4 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 trong n\u1eeda t\u1ef7 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quang h\u1ee3p cho ph\u00e9p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng; v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4xy s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u00edch t\u1ee5 d\u1ea7n trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea7ng \u00f4z\u00f4n (m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4xy - O3) \u1edf t\u1ea7ng cao c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u1ecf trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u1edbn h\u01a1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n chu\u1ea9n. C\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a. Nh\u1edd t\u1ea7ng \u00f4z\u00f4n h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 750 \u0111\u1ebfn 580 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong \u0111\u1ea1i T\u00e2n Nguy\u00ean sinh, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp b\u0103ng l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ecba C\u1ea7u tuy\u1ebft\", v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m v\u00ec n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng trong k\u1ef7 Cambri, khi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111a b\u00e0o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh. Sau s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u1edf k\u1ef7 Cambri, kho\u1ea3ng 535 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u0103m cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 65 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ee7ng long v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa, m\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chu\u1ed9t. Trong 65 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m qua, c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng m\u00e1u n\u00f3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt d\u00e1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3n \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y giao ti\u1ebfp c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u0103n minh, cho ph\u00e9p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb 40 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf Pleistocen v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 3 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Chu k\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 tan b\u0103ng l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c theo chu k\u00ec 40-100 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh chu tr\u00ecnh CO2 phi sinh h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ea3m m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ebft (10 ppm \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt C4) trong v\u00f2ng 900 tri\u1ec7u t\u1edbi 1,2 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y xanh s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebfu \u00f4xy trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong v\u00e0i tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c t\u00fai n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c \u1edf 2 v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c. T\u1edbi 1,3 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m sau, c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n chu\u1ea9n s\u1ebd tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n s\u01a1 c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng. T\u1edbi 2,8 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m sau, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u1ebd l\u00ean t\u1edbi 147 \u0111\u1ed9 C ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 70 \u00b0C. Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u00eam 500 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m n\u1eefa, d\u00f9 th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o 2,3 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m n\u1ebfu nit\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. Cho d\u00f9 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u0129nh c\u1eedu v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea1nh \u0111i c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho l\u01b0\u1ee3ng CO2 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n do s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 35% n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eb7n xu\u1ed1ng l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3m."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t sao kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecf trong kho\u1ea3ng 5 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m n\u1eefa. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, t\u0103ng b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u00ean g\u1ea5p 250 l\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 1 AU (150.000.000 km). T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t k\u00e9m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. D\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t sao kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecf, M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i 30% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, khi\u1ebfn cho, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u, Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o 1,7 AU (250.000.000 km) so v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi khi ng\u00f4i sao n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u1ed1i \u0111a. Do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u1ebd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed bao quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng khi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t do t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c h\u00fat, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 b\u1ecb h\u00fat v\u00e0o b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed bao quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c sai l\u1ec7ch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh so v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh ph\u1ecfng c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a n\u00e0y v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t \u1edf quy m\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf th\u00ec Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 dung sai v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 1/584, t\u1ee9c 0,17% so v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh ph\u1ecfng c\u1ea7u tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 0,22% dung sai cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng bi-da. N\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch (\u0111\u1ed9 cao ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u) l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh Everest (8.848 m tr\u00ean m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n) v\u00e0 r\u00e3nh Mariana (10.911 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n). Do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean \u1edf x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u01a1i xa t\u00e2m Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh Chimborazo cao 6.268 m \u1edf Ecuador."}
+{"text": "Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 5,98\u00d71024 kg, bao g\u1ed3m s\u1eaft (32,1%), \u00f4xy (30,1%), silic (15,1%), magi\u00ea (13,9%), l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh (2,9%), niken (1,8%), canxi (1,5%), nh\u00f4m (1,4%); v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c 1,2%. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00f9ng l\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi s\u1eaft (88,8%) v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf niken (5,8%), l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh (4,5%), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 1%. Nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc F. W. Clarke t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 47% l\u1edbp v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a \u00f4xy v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c \u00f4x\u00edt; clo, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 flo l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 quan tr\u1ecdng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 1% r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c \u00f4x\u00edt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00f4x\u00edt silic, nh\u00f4m, s\u1eaft; c\u00e1c cacbonat canxi, magi\u00ea, kali v\u00e0 natri. \u0110i\u00f4x\u00edt silic \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ax\u00edt, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean silicat v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh to\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean 1.672 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1, Clarke suy lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng 99,22% l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb 11 \u00f4x\u00edt (nh\u00ecn b\u1ea3ng b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i) v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf.[note 6]"}
+{"text": "N\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t d\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t (kho\u1ea3ng 20%) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 (kho\u1ea3ng 80%). C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kali-40, urani-238, urani 235, thori-232. \u1ede trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 7000K v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 360 Gpa. Do ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng n\u00e0y sinh ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tin r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 chu k\u00ec b\u00e1n r\u00e3 ng\u1eafn b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng, nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng sinh ra c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng th\u00eam n\u00e0y g\u1ea5p hai l\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m 3 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u manti v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p tao ra \u0111\u00e1 macma gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 komatiite m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra n\u1eefa."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng m\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t m\u1ea5t \u0111i kho\u1ea3ng 4,2 \u00d71013 W. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf l\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n qua l\u1edbp v\u1ecf nh\u1edd ch\u00f9m manti; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t d\u00e2ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 l\u0169 bazan. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t m\u1ea5t \u0111i th\u00f4ng qua ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ea3ng khi m\u00e1cma trong manti d\u00e2ng l\u00ean \u1edf c\u00e1c s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i qua th\u1ea1ch quy\u1ec3n, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec l\u1edbp v\u1ecf \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u1edf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba."}
+{"text": "L\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c th\u1ea1ch quy\u1ec3n, b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y di chuy\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau theo m\u1ed9t trong ba ki\u1ec3u ranh gi\u1edbi m\u1ea3ng: h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 khi hai m\u1ea3ng va ch\u1ea1m; t\u00e1ch gi\u00e3n khi hai m\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea9y nhau ra xa, chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea1ng khi c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c v\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y. C\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai, v\u00e0 r\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean quy\u1ec3n atheno (quy\u1ec3n m\u1ec1m), ph\u1ea7n r\u1eafn nh\u01b0ng k\u00e9m nh\u1edbt c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u b\u00ean trong l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ea3ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, m\u1ea3ng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, m\u1ea3ng Caribe, m\u1ea3ng Nazca \u1edf b\u1edd ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Nam M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 m\u1ea3ng Scotia \u1edf nam \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ea3ng \u00dac th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ea3ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 50 \u0111\u1ebfn 55 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ea3ng \u1ea4n-\u00dac. C\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o di chuy\u1ec3n nhanh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1edbi m\u1ea3ng Cocos di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 75 mm m\u1ed7i n\u0103m v\u00e0 m\u1ea3ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 52\u201369 mm m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. \u1ede m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, m\u1ea3ng di chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ea3ng \u00c1-\u00c2u, di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng 21 mm m\u1ed9t n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "L\u1edbp v\u1ecf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1 macma granit v\u00e0 andesit. \u00cdt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 bazan, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u1eb7c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e1 tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra do s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110\u00e1 tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch bao ph\u1ee7 g\u1ea7n 75% b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 5% l\u1edbp v\u1ecf. Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra do s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai. C\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt silicat \u1edf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ea1ch anh, felspat, amphibol, mica, pyroxen, olivin. C\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt cacbonat bao g\u1ed3m canxit (t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i), aragonit v\u00e0 dolomit."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ed5 quy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng th\u1ea1ch quy\u1ec3n, kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, th\u1ee7y quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 sinh quy\u1ec3n. Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u0103m 2009, t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfm 10.57% t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 1.04% s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. G\u1ea7n 40% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh 1.3 \u00d7107 km\u00b2 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 3,4 \u00d7107km\u00b2 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf. \u0110\u1ed9 cao so v\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb -418 m \u1edf bi\u1ec3n Ch\u1ebft t\u1edbi 8.848 m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh Everest v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao trung b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 840 m."}
+{"text": "Ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t, gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \"H\u00e0nh tinh xanh\" v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Th\u1ee7y quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m bi\u1ec3n n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, h\u1ed3, s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u t\u1edbi 2.000 m. Khu v\u1ef1c s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 \"Challenger Deep\" thu\u1ed9c r\u00e3nh Mariana \u1edf Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u 10.911,4 m.[note 10] \u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e2u trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 3.800 m, l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 4 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 cao trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 1,35 \u00d71018 t\u1ea5n, ho\u1eb7c kho\u1ea3ng 1/4400 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm th\u1ec3 t\u00edch 1,386 \u00d7109 km\u00b3. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i ph\u1eb3ng ra, m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n s\u1ebd d\u00e2ng l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n 2,7 km.[note 11] Kho\u1ea3ng 97,5% n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a mu\u1ed1i, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 2,5% l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt, kho\u1ea3ng 68,7%, \u0111ang \u1edf d\u1ea1ng b\u0103ng."}
+{"text": "Sinh quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. S\u1ef1 quang h\u1ee3p oxy ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb 2,7 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u1ee9a nit\u01a1-oxy t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt \u01b0a kh\u00ed, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea7ng \u00f4z\u00f4n - c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t- \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c tia ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng bao g\u1ed3m v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh: c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00ed thu nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng t\u1ecfa ra t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh. Cacbon dioxit, h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, metan v\u00e0 ozon l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng duy tr\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ebd l\u00e0 -18 \u00b0C v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ranh gi\u1edbi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 lo\u00e3ng v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian. Ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp trung trong kho\u1ea3ng 11 km t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh. T\u1ea7ng th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng n\u00f3 v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed gi\u00e3n n\u1edf. L\u1edbp kh\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p n\u00e0y bay l\u00ean tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1edbp kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y h\u01a1n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng."}
+{"text": "H\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng chu tr\u00ecnh tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. Khi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed cho ph\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng \u1ea9m l\u00ean cao th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1edd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i. V\u00f2ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tham gia v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00f3i m\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh trong su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, t\u1eeb v\u00e0i m\u00e9t m\u1ed9t n\u0103m t\u1edbi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t milim\u00e9t. S\u1ef1 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y trung b\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t theo v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9. T\u1eeb x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u kh\u00ed h\u1eadu: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi, h\u00e0n \u0111\u1edbi (kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c). Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu K\u00f6ppen (sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Rudolph Geiger, h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Wladimir K\u00f6ppen, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i) chia Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh 5 nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn (kh\u00ed h\u1eadu ki\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi/\u0111\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00f4, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi/ trung nhi\u1ec7t, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba/ ti\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec7t, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c), sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n n\u1eefa."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00eda tr\u00ean t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u, b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh t\u1ea7ng b\u00ecnh l\u01b0u, t\u1ea7ng trung l\u01b0u v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng nhi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 theo \u0111\u1ed9 cao kh\u00e1c nhau. Ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 t\u1ea7ng ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecfng d\u1ea7n \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi gi\u00f3 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng \u00f4z\u00f4n, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng b\u00ecnh l\u01b0u c\u1ea3n c\u00e1c tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng K\u00e1rm\u00e1n n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao 100 km so v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian."}
+{"text": "D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u1edf r\u00eca ngo\u00e0i kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi l\u1ef1c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1eadm nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u1eabn d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tho\u00e1t v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian. B\u1edfi hi\u0111r\u00f4 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed th\u1ea5p, n\u00ean ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p 2 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 tho\u00e1t v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian cao h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed kh\u00e1c. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 hi\u0111r\u00f4 v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea9y Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u1eed l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00f4xi h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 quang h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cung c\u1ea5p \u00f4xy t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed nh\u01b0 hi\u0111r\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00f4xy trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u0111r\u00f4 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh. Trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n gi\u00e0u \u00f4xy hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn hi\u0111r\u00f4 b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang k\u1ecbp tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u0111r\u00f4 m\u1ea5t \u0111i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y kh\u00ed m\u00eatan trong t\u1ea7ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb g\u1ea7n tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Theo thuy\u1ebft dynamo, t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong v\u00f9ng l\u00f5i ngo\u00e0i n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, t\u1ea1o ra d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u trong l\u00f5i r\u1ea5t l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n, chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng theo chu k\u1ef3. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eeb di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed7i tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ef1c quan s\u00e1t r\u00f5 trong \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t, x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa K\u1ef7 \u0110\u1ec7 T\u1ee9, 781000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c Brunhes-Matuyama. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ef1c ng\u1eafn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Laschamp x\u1ea3y ra 41.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ef1c d\u00e0i c\u1ee1 440 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Chu k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t x\u00e9t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tinh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c IERS g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh tinh, d\u00e0i 86.164,098903691 gi\u00e2y th\u1eddi gian M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi trung b\u00ecnh (UT1) hay 23h 56m 4,098903691s. Chu k\u00ec Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 quay x\u00e9t theo tu\u1ebf sai hay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a xu\u00e2n ph\u00e2n trung b\u00ecnh, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean sai l\u00e0 n\u0103m thi\u00ean v\u0103n, d\u00e0i 86.164,09053083288 gi\u00e2y M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi trung b\u00ecnh (UT1) hay 23h 56m 4,09053083288s. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u00e0y thi\u00ean v\u0103n ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh tinh kho\u1ea3ng 8,4 ms. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi trung b\u00ecnh t\u00ednh theo gi\u00e2y h\u1ec7 SI c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n t\u1ea1i IERS cho c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 1623-2005. v\u00e0 1962-2005."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t quay tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch trung b\u00ecnh 150 tri\u1ec7u km h\u1ebft 365,2564 ng\u00e0y M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi trung b\u00ecnh (1 n\u0103m thi\u00ean v\u0103n, s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2006)[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n][xem th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn]. V\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao, v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c g\u00f3c kho\u1ea3ng 1\u00b0/ng\u00e0y, hay m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng hay M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi c\u1ee9 sau m\u1ed7i 12 gi\u1edd v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. V\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, trung b\u00ecnh n\u00f3 m\u1ea5t 24 gi\u1edd - m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi - \u0111\u1ec3 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 quay quanh tr\u1ee5c sao cho M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00fd Ng\u1ecd (kinh tuy\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u1ea7u). V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 30 km/s, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i h\u1ebft qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t (~12.700 km) trong 7 ph\u00fat, hay kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng (384.000 km) trong 4 gi\u1edd."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng quay c\u00f9ng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng quanh t\u00e2m kh\u1ed1i chung h\u1ebft 27,32 ng\u00e0y so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n. Khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 quay quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t-M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng giao h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb s\u00f3c n\u00e0y t\u1edbi s\u00f3c k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 29,53 ng\u00e0y. Quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc thi\u00ean c\u1ea7u, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 quay quanh tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m cao thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i tr\u00ean c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 quay quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi theo chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. M\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng tr\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi nhau: tr\u1ee5c Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t nghi\u00eang m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c kho\u1ea3ng 23,5\u00b0 so v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t-M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t-M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng nghi\u00eang kho\u1ea3ng 5 \u0111\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t-M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec c\u1ee9 hai tu\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c xen k\u1ebd nhau."}
+{"text": "Do \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00f9a, v\u1edbi m\u00f9a h\u00e8 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf B\u1eafc B\u00e1n c\u1ea7u khi c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi trong khi m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u1ef1c Nam. Trong su\u1ed1t m\u00f9a h\u00e8, ng\u00e0y d\u00e0i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n. Tr\u00ean v\u00f2ng B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u1ea3y ra khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ban ng\u00e0y trong su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian trong n\u0103m - m\u1ed9t ban \u0111\u00eam v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c. \u1ede Nam b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3y ra theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, do c\u1ef1c Nam lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "Theo c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ed- c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh g\u00f3c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb (c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i hay c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u) khi so v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi - v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e2n, khi h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi nhau. T\u1ea1i B\u1eafc B\u00e1n c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00f4ng ch\u00ed di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 12, h\u1ea1 ch\u00ed di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 6, xu\u00e2n ph\u00e2n x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 3 v\u00e0 thu ph\u00e2n di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 9."}
+{"text": "G\u00f3c nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t (so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1o) l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo th\u1eddi gian. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng; m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 18,6 n\u0103m. H\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i g\u00f3c nghi\u00eang) c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian, tu\u1ebf sai quay m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n k\u00edn v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 h\u01a1n 25.800 n\u0103m; tu\u1ebf sai n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa n\u0103m thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0 n\u0103m ch\u00ed tuy\u1ebfn. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra do l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00ean ph\u1ea7n l\u1ed3i ra t\u1ea1i x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c c\u0169ng di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0i m\u00e9t tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 \"chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1a chu k\u1ef3\". Ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 14 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng Chandler. V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean J2000, \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1eadn nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o 3 th\u00e1ng 1, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m vi\u1ec5n nh\u1eadt di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o 4 th\u00e1ng 7. Nh\u01b0ng, nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian do tu\u1ebf sai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o quay kh\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 Milankovitch. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng th\u00eam kho\u1ea3ng 6,9% n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1eadn nh\u1eadt so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m vi\u1ec5n nh\u1eadt. Do Nam b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ebf ph\u00eda M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng xung quanh th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m khi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t, n\u00ean b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 B\u1eafc B\u00e1n c\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0ng, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng do \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang tr\u1ee5c quay v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 b\u1edfi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc cao h\u01a1n \u1edf Nam b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u00f4men xo\u1eafn do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c t\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t th\u00ec tr\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean Sao H\u1ecfa. N\u1ebfu tr\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t do t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t theo m\u00f9a c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c s\u1ebd g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1eb3ng t\u1edbi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n trong m\u00f9a h\u00e8 v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c kia lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng khi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng cao c\u1ea5p s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp theo v\u1ec1 Sao H\u1ecfa - gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 chu k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 quay v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang tr\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn hay l\u00f5i l\u1ecfng - c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin b\u1ed5 sung."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n nay, Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 duy nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho ph\u00e9p duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1eefu c\u01a1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1edbi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00each t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o quay, t\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 quay, \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang tr\u1ee5c quay, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Sinh quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u1edd c\u00f3 b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 quang h\u1ee3p sinh \u00f4xy ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb 2,7 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u1ee9a nit\u01a1-\u00f4xy t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea7ng \u00f4z\u00f4n - c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t- \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c tia ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng bao g\u1ed3m v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh: c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00ed thu nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng t\u1ecfa ra t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u00f4x\u00edt cacbon, h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00eatan v\u00e0 \u00f4z\u00f4n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng duy tr\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ebd l\u00e0 -18 \u00b0C v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean bay v\u00f2ng quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1961. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2004, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 400 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 tham gia bay v\u00f2ng quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 12 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Tr\u1ea1m V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ISS). Phi h\u00e0nh \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1m g\u1ed3m 6 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf li\u00ean t\u1ee5c sau m\u1ed7i 6 th\u00e1ng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i xa nh\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1970, khi phi h\u00e0nh \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u Apollo 13 \u1edf c\u00e1ch Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t 400.171 km."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n M\u1eb9 hay M\u1eb9 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n sinh s\u00f4i n\u1ea3y n\u1edf. C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o ra Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n/c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n si\u00eau nhi\u00ean. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Tin L\u00e0nh hay H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hay thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf-ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t ph\u1eb3ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ea7u nh\u1edd c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i v\u00f2ng quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem x\u00e9t sinh quy\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh qua phong tr\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang l\u00ean, quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh xanh n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c (\u0110\u1ee9c ng\u1eef: Deutsches Reich) hay \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai hay \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf (Zweites Reich) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1871 sau khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ph\u00e1p-Ph\u1ed5. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, kinh t\u1ebf, ngo\u1ea1i giao, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u1ebb vang c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1o sau tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1866 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p trong tr\u1eadn Sedan v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1870. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ri\u00eang r\u1ebd \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \"m\u00e1u v\u00e0 s\u1eaft\". \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c ra \u0111\u1eddi, v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1o, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1ed5 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c: Vua Ph\u1ed5 l\u00e0 Wilhelm I l\u00ean ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c. Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Otto von Bismarck - ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ed1c gia, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i anh h\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn lao trong c\u00e1n c\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn b\u00e1n ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi 41 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 (cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1918 th\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 65 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi). Trong su\u1ed1t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i. Khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng n\u1eafm vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1918 sau khi b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn trong cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u0103m 1640 c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t: Tuy\u1ec3n h\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc (Elector) Friedrich Wilhelm I c\u1ee7a Brandenburg. D\u00f9 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. \u00d4ng t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0a Ph\u1ed5 l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u00d4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1eadp trung c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, th\u00eam h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u thu\u1ebf l\u0169y ti\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1688, sau 48 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh quy v\u1edbi 30.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1701, uy th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c Tuy\u1ec3n h\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc Friedrich II, con c\u1ee7a Friedrich Wilhelm I, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u Tuy\u1ec3n h\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vua. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ban t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Vi\u00ean th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ef1: n\u1ebfu phong Friedrich l\u00e0m vua th\u00ec c\u00e1c Tuy\u1ec3n h\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Hannover, Bayern v\u00e0 Sachsen c\u0169ng s\u1ebd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vua. Nh\u01b0ng Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a kh\u00e1c, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn. Ng\u00e0y 18/1/1701, Friedrich III t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfc v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Vua Friedrich I c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1713, Vua Friedrich I qua \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 con trai l\u00e0 Friedrich Wilhelm I l\u00ean k\u1ebf v\u1ecb. C\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u1ecb c\u00f2n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha v\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i, v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 l\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. M\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y: n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu, b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn thu thu\u1ebf h\u1ea7u tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho binh s\u0129, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra binh s\u0129 c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9. Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p lo \u0111\u1ed5 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac xa hoa phung ph\u00ed, Ph\u1ed5 lo x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1: nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u00e0m thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang, l\u00f2 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c, kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed, doanh tr\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u1eaft khe v\u1edbi con c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed Friedrich."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1740, vua Friedrich Wilhelm I qua \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed Friedrich l\u00ean n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i - t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 vua Friedrich II. Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng, v\u1ecb vua tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n \u2013 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0y c\u00f4ng g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u2013 \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1eadn. Trong s\u1ef1 ng\u1ee1 ng\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u00f4ng x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9nh Silesia, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Habsburg. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang khi\u1ebfn cho \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh l\u00e0 Friedrich \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi m\u1ebfn m\u1ed9 \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc say m\u00ea \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i. \u0110\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n; d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u00edt \u1ecfi. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00ec ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang, v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c, s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5. Tuy th\u1ebf, v\u1edbi \u00fd ch\u00ed s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hohenzollern n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u1eafc kh\u1ed5 c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n chu \u0111\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng h\u1ebft tr\u1eadn n\u00e0y qua tr\u1eadn kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y, v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng d\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ebf l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean theo c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o,[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111i th\u00f4n t\u00ednh,[c\u1ea7n d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n] gi\u1eef m\u1ed1i g\u1eafn b\u00f3 qua quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, qua b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y cai tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i v\u00e0 qua qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. Hai ph\u1ea7n ba, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n s\u00e1u, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5 d\u1ed3n cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho Mirabeau nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: Ph\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111inh \u1ed1c, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 hy sinh."}
+{"text": "Bismarck tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean lo g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u1ed5 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Khi ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft th\u00eam ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n r\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed3n kinh ph\u00ed. Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, Bismarck ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ba cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0110an M\u1ea1ch n\u0103m 1864, s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Schleswig v\u00e0 Holstein v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ee9c. K\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u00c1o n\u0103m 1866, gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1eebng l\u1eaby trong tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz. Sau \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Ph\u00e1p-Ph\u1ed5 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eafng trong tr\u1eadn Sedan, bu\u1ed9c qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i xin h\u00e0ng."}
+{"text": "N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1eb1m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc s\u00f4ng Main: Hanover, Hesse, Nassua, Frankfurt v\u00e0 Elbe. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1870, th\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, Ph\u00e1p hung h\u0103n g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n th\u00f9. Ch\u1ec9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 2 th\u00e1ng, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 tan t\u00e0nh m\u00e2y kh\u00f3i. Trong tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Sedan, li\u00ean qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c x\u00f4ng pha nh\u01b0 v\u0169 b\u00e3o \u0111\u1eadp tan n\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Napol\u00e9on III b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3. Nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 mi\u1ec1n nam n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Bayern, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c-Ph\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "D\u00f9 cho v\u1ebb b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 qua vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c. Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u00e0n c\u00e3i cho h\u1ea3 d\u1ea1 ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i nh\u1ecf nhoi cho giai c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. Ngai v\u00e0ng n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u2013 theo \u00fd ni\u1ec7m thi\u00eang li\u00eang. Tuy Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Friedrich III (l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1888), g\u1eafn b\u00f3 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm. V\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, n\u0103m 1910, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Wilhelm II c\u00f2n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng ngai v\u00e0ng \"ch\u1ec9 do Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf trao cho, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c qua d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.\" \u00d4ng c\u00f2n n\u00f3i th\u00eam: \"V\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Tr\u1eabm l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, Tr\u1eabm l\u00e0m theo \u00fd m\u00ecnh.\""}
+{"text": "Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ng\u0103n tr\u1edf. \u00d4ng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, ngay v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. D\u00f9 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i l\u1edbn ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u00f3a m\u1eaft v\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Bismarck, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft tha g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0\u1edfng. H\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hohenzollern. H\u1ecd cam l\u00f2ng n\u00e9p d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Junker v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "Giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1883-1889 Bismarck thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh an ninh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m cho l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0u, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, tai n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadt. D\u00f9 cho Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, ngu\u1ed3n kinh ph\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 th\u1ee3. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao an ninh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 xem Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u00e2n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Hitler sau n\u00e0y l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u1ea5y. Trong quy\u1ec3n Mein Kampf, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: \"T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Bismarck.\" N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ee9c l\u00f2ng l\u00e0m theo t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi."}
+{"text": "Sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Ph\u00e1p-Ph\u1ed5, Bismarck thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u00c1o-Hung v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, do ph\u00eda T\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ee9c ho\u00e0ng Wilhelm II sau khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 sa th\u1ea3i Bismarck v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1890. \u0110\u1ee9c ho\u00e0ng c\u0169ng x\u00e9 b\u1ecf li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Nga, bu\u1ed9c Nga ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp li\u00ean minh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang khao kh\u00e1t b\u00e1o th\u00f9. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1914, cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c - d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng Paul von Hindenburg - \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 qu\u00e2n Nga trong tr\u1eadn Tannenberg v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 Teuton tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n Nga trong tr\u1eadn Grunwald v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1410."}
+{"text": "Hitler lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u01a1i d\u1eady trong l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 vinh quang c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau khi T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y n\u0103m 1933, Hitler khai m\u1ea1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi trong Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Doanh tr\u1ea1i Potsdam, l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 xa x\u01b0a, g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i trong l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u ho\u00e0i ni\u1ec7m. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 vua Friedrich II \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf y\u00ean ngh\u1ec9 (nh\u01b0ng thi h\u00e0i \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Sanssouci v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1991), n\u01a1i t\u00f4n th\u1edd c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Hohenzollern. Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eed h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 khai m\u1ea1c Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3, 21/3, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Bismarck khai m\u1ea1c Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1871."}
+{"text": "Hitler nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u1ee9 Hai kh\u00e1 k\u1ef9. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 sai l\u1ea7m, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u1ee9 Hai l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c m\u00e0 Hitler mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1i l\u1eadp. Trong quy\u1ec3n Mein Kampf, Hitler b\u00e0n s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn cho \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u1ee9 Hai s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5: vi\u1ec7c dung d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo M\u00e1c-x\u00edt, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ecdng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi trung l\u01b0u, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \"lu\u1ed3n c\u00fai v\u00e0 xu n\u1ecbnh\" quanh ngai v\u00e0ng Hohenzollern, \"ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch li\u00ean minh tai h\u1ea1i\" v\u1edbi V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Habsburg suy \u0111\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin thay v\u00ec v\u1edbi Anh, thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u00e0 Hitler h\u1ee9a \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 s\u1ebd kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "Bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ecba danh Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau. Ng\u00e0y nay, \u1edf T\u00e2y Nam huy\u1ec7n Thi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec3m Nguy\u00ean (Thi\u1ec3m M\u1ea1ch). Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 Chu, Chu c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, theo \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb Thi\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Chu c\u00f4ng, t\u1eeb Thi\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u1ed9, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m Nguy\u00ean, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u1ed9. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 \"T\u1ea7n\". Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u1edf ph\u00eda nam T\u1ea7n L\u0129nh nh\u01b0 H\u00e1n Trung, An Khang."}
+{"text": "Khu v\u1ef1c Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng trung th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda nam T\u1ea7n L\u0129nh thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang, Quan Trung l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa. Theo ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5, khu v\u1ef1c Quan Trung t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lam \u0110i\u1ec1n (\u84dd\u7530\u4eba, Homo erectus lantianensis). Trong c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a L\u00e3o Quan \u0110\u00e0i (kho\u1ea3ng 6000 TCN-5000 TCN), k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Thi\u1ec1u (kho\u1ea3ng 5000 TCN-3000 TCN) n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Long S\u01a1n (kho\u1ea3ng 3000 TCN-2000 TCN)."}
+{"text": "Chu t\u1ed9c nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Quan Trung c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y. Theo S\u1eed k\u00fd- Chu b\u1ea3n k\u1ec9, th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Chu t\u1ed9c t\u00ean l\u00e0 Kh\u00ed, do gi\u1ecfi canh n\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Nghi\u00eau c\u1eed l\u00e0m N\u00f4ng s\u01b0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Thu\u1ea5n \u0111\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 H\u1eadu T\u1eafc, phong cho \u0111\u1ea5t Thai (\u90b0)[ch\u00fa 1] v\u00e0 ban cho h\u1ecd C\u01a1. Ba \u0111\u1eddi sau, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh C\u01a1 C\u00f4ng L\u01b0u, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1ed9c ch\u00fang di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e2n Ph\u1ee5 (\u5206\u961d)[ch\u00fa 2]. Ch\u00edn \u0111\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3, kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII TCN, th\u1eddi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh C\u1ed5 C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chu v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u00f4ng T\u1ea5t Th\u1ee7y, qua L\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau ph\u00eda b\u1eafc V\u1ecb H\u00e0 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n n\u00fai ph\u00eda nam K\u1ef3 S\u01a1n, thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng Th\u1ed5, h\u1ecd l\u1ea5y t\u1ed9c danh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t cho v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Chu Nguy\u00ean[ch\u00fa 3]. C\u1ed5 C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 huy t\u1ed9c nh\u00e2n khai kh\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, \u0111\u00e0o r\u00e3nh ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng mi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh. B\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Chu thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 quan l\u1ea1i, l\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea9y lui c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Nhung, \u0110\u1ecbch. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Chu th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chu \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i giai c\u1ea5p, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1eddi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh th\u1ee9 15 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Chu l\u00e0 C\u01a1 X\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Chu qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean Quan Trung. C\u01a1 X\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f4 t\u1eeb Chu Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t Phong (\u6ca3)[ch\u00fa 4]. Sau khi C\u01a1 X\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea5t, con l\u00e0 C\u01a1 Ph\u00e1t k\u1ebf v\u1ecb. Sau \u0111\u00f3, C\u01a1 Ph\u00e1t thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t H\u1ea1o (\u9550)[ch\u00fa 5] C\u01a1 Ph\u00e1t t\u00f4n Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Nha l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y, tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng em trai C\u01a1 \u0110\u00e1n, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. Sau khi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong tr\u1eadn M\u1ee5c D\u00e3, Chu qu\u1ed1c di\u1ec7t v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Chu."}
+{"text": "Theo S\u1eed k\u00fd- T\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n k\u1ef7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7n l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Chuy\u00ean H\u00fac- con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 theo H\u1ea1 V\u0169 b\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y th\u1ed5, l\u1ea1i gi\u00fap vua Thu\u1ea5n ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 chim th\u00fa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thu\u1ea5n ban cho h\u1ecd \"Doanh\". Sau khi b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Chu n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1ea1i Quan Trung \u1edf Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7n th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Chu, t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Chu v\u01b0\u01a1ng giao cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103n ng\u1ef1a. Chu Hi\u1ebfu V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng, ph\u00e2n phong cho \u0111\u1ea5t T\u1ea7n[ch\u00fa 8] t\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 T\u1ea7n Doanh, l\u00e0m ph\u1ee5 dung cho nh\u00e0 Chu. Khi Chu B\u00ecnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, T\u1ea7n T\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t binh h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Chu B\u00ecnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng phong l\u00e0m ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u, ban v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda t\u00e2y K\u1ef3 (\u5c90)[ch\u00fa 9]. Sau khi T\u1ea7n T\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee5 phong, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c Nhung, \u0110\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t Quan Trung, sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i Quan Trung."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi T\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng (677 TCN), n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n d\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f4 t\u1eeb B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u5e73\u9633)[ch\u00fa 10] \u0111\u1ebfn Ung (\u96cd)[ch\u00fa 11], Ung l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n trong v\u00f2ng g\u1ea7n 300 n\u0103m. N\u0103m th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ea7n Hi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng (383 TCN), T\u1ea7n thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ecbch D\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u680e\u9633)[ch\u00fa 12]. N\u0103m th\u1ee9 12 \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ea7n Hi\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng (350 TCN), T\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0m D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau khi T\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng Doanh Ch\u00ednh (T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng) k\u1ebf v\u1ecb v\u00e0o n\u0103m 246 TCN, T\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t binh di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng di\u1ec7t c\u1ea3 s\u00e1u n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 210 TCN, T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng qua \u0111\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu\u1ea7n du t\u1ea1i Sa Kh\u00e2u (\u6c99\u4e18)[ch\u00fa 16] K\u1ef3 t\u1eed H\u1ed3 H\u1ee3i k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 209 TCN, Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1eafng, Ng\u00f4 Qu\u1ea3ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u1ea1ch h\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u5927\u6fa4\u9109)[ch\u00fa 17]; \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t L\u01b0u Bang v\u00e0 H\u1ea1ng V\u0169 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7n B\u00e1i[ch\u00fa 18] v\u00e0 Ng\u00f4[ch\u00fa 19] Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 207 TCN, t\u1ea1i H\u00e0m D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tri\u1ec7u Cao gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i Nh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf r\u1ed3i t\u00f4n T\u1eed Anh l\u00e0m vua T\u1ea7n. Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 207 TCN, L\u01b0u Bang su\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng V\u0169 Quan[ch\u00fa 20], Lam \u0110i\u1ec1n[ch\u00fa 21] \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng[ch\u00fa 22], T\u1eed Anh \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n di\u1ec7t vong."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 206 TCN, H\u1ea1ng V\u0169 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m T\u00e2y S\u1edf B\u00e1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1ea5y khu v\u1ef1c Quan Trung v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y ph\u00e2n phong cho ba danh h\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n; Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m Ung v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai t\u1eeb H\u00e0m D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Ph\u1ebf Kh\u00e2u (\u5ee2\u4e18)[ch\u00fa 23]; T\u01b0 M\u00e3 H\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m T\u1eafc v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng H\u00e0m D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i L\u1ecbch D\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u680e\u9633)[ch\u00fa 24]; \u0110\u1ed5ng \u1ebe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ecbch v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u1edf Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Cao N\u00f4 (\u9ad8\u5974)[ch\u00fa 25] Do \u0111\u00f3, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f2n mang danh l\u00e0 \"Tam T\u1ea7n\". C\u00f2n v\u00f9ng H\u00e1n Trung \u1edf ph\u00eda nam T\u1ea7n L\u0129nh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 H\u00e1n v\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u01b0u Bang. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 206 TCN, qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n v\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u01b0u Bang b\u00ed m\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u1ea7n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u9673\u5009)[ch\u00fa 26], t\u1eadp k\u00edch Quan Trung, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0m r\u00fat v\u1ec1 c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u1edf Ph\u1ebf Kh\u00e2u (\u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 205 TCN t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t) c\u00f2n T\u01b0 M\u00e3 H\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5ng \u1ebe \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a L\u01b0u Bang."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi T\u00e2y H\u00e1n, v\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a N\u1ed9i S\u1eed th\u1eddi T\u1ea7n, t\u1ee9c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c V\u1ecb H\u00e0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m 3: kinh tri\u1ec7u du\u1eabn qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda nam V\u1ecb H\u00e0; t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda b\u1eafc V\u1ecb H\u00e0, trung h\u1ea1 du L\u1ea1c H\u00e0; h\u1eefu ph\u00f9 phong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda t\u00e2y H\u00e0m D\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y nay. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \"Tam ph\u1ee5\", tr\u1ecb s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. Th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y H\u00e1n, n\u1eb1m \u1edf ngay ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y An ng\u00e0y nay. Theo s\u1eed li\u1ec7u ghi l\u1ea1i, chu vi th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An l\u00e0 65 l\u00fd (\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 26 km), t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh cao tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi 12 m, r\u1ed9ng 12-16 m\u00e9t, vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh cao v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi l\u0169 l\u1ee5t do V\u1ecb H\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra. Th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An c\u00f3 16 c\u1ed5ng th\u00e0nh. Theo H\u00e1n th\u01b0-\u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd ch\u00ed, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2 SCN, nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u trong th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An c\u00f3 \"80.800 h\u1ed9, 246.200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi\". M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u00ean gia h\u1eefu quan cho r\u1eb1ng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y th\u1ea5p so v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y m\u1ed7i h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec d\u00e2n trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean 400 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c, tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi T\u00e2y H\u00e1n l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y. Th\u1eddi H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf (140 TCN-88 TCN), qu\u1ed1c th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao. Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n hoa c\u1ee7a kinh th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u1ede Quan Trung, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u00eanh T\u00e0o, Long Th\u1ee7, L\u1ee5c Ph\u1ee5, B\u1ea1ch, Linh Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau kh\u00e1c, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean Quan Trung. Th\u1eddi H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f4 \u00fay Tri\u1ec7u Qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra \"\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p\", s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra \"l\u00e2u xa\" (m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gieo h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 ba ch\u00e2n), ng\u1eabu l\u00ea (m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e0y theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c canh t\u00e1c ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi hai tr\u00e2u, th\u00e2m canh, l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eafp b\u1edd)."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 9 SCN, V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3ng ph\u1ebf Nh\u0169 T\u1eed Anh, l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 T\u00e2n. V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3ng mang ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o ph\u1ee5c c\u1ed5, t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c khi \u0111\u00f3. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 23, L\u1ee5c L\u00e2m qu\u00e2n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 L\u01b0u Huy\u1ec1n l\u00ean l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9 th\u00ec c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadp Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3nh b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 24, L\u01b0u Huy\u1ec1n thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 25, X\u00edch Mi qu\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Ho\u00e1 \u00c2m \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u1eadp L\u01b0u B\u1ed3n T\u1eed l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadp Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 L\u01b0u Huy\u1ec1n. Sau khi X\u00edch Mi qu\u00e2n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, do qu\u00e2n s\u0129 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n thu\u1ea7n ph\u00e1c, n\u00ean b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn c\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng ngh\u00eanh \u0111\u00f3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng. X\u00edch Mi qu\u00e2n sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng L\u01b0u T\u00fa."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, n\u0103m 190, Quan \u0110\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t suy t\u00f4n Vi\u00ean Thi\u1ec7u l\u00e0m minh ch\u1ee7, th\u1ea3o ph\u1ea1t \u0110\u1ed5ng Tr\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed5ng Tr\u00e1c \u0111em H\u00e1n Hi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ebf L\u01b0u Hi\u1ec7p ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 192, trong l\u00fac ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u \u0111ang xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00ec trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, V\u01b0\u01a1ng Do\u00e3n v\u00e0 L\u00e3 B\u1ed1 m\u01b0u s\u00e1t \u0110\u1ed5ng Tr\u00e1c. Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed5ng Tr\u00e1c l\u00e0 L\u00fd Quy\u1ebft, Qu\u00e1ch D\u0129, Ph\u00e0n Tr\u00f9 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadp Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. N\u0103m 195, L\u00fd Quy\u1ebft, Qu\u00e1ch D\u0129, Ph\u00e0n Tr\u00f9 l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng s\u00e1t l\u1eabn nhau. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecda, \"trong th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eb7c, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c gi\u1eefa ban ng\u00e0y... ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n th\u1ecbt nhau, x\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1eafng l\u0169y t\u00edch, x\u00fa u\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\"."}
+{"text": "M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 228, Gia C\u00e1t L\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh 10 v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Trung \u0111i v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ea1t Ng\u1ee5y. \u00d4ng loan tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5c s\u1eafp s\u1eeda theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ebbm T\u00e0 C\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o My Th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1eed Tri\u1ec7u V\u00e2n, \u0110\u1eb7ng Chi \u0111em m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn binh l\u1ee5c \u0111i chi\u1ebfm K\u1ef3 C\u1ed1c[ch\u00fa 31] v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ra v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e0 C\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, nh\u1eb1m thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n T\u00e0o, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Gia C\u00e1t L\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng K\u1ef3 S\u01a1n v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2y b\u1eafc. Trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y, qu\u00e2n Th\u1ee5c d\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh t\u01b0\u1edbng Ng\u1ee5y l\u00e0 Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy g\u00e2y x\u00f4n xao c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n Quan Trung."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Gia C\u00e1t L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea5t trong khi \u0111ang \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh T\u00e0o Ng\u1ee5y, t\u01b0\u1edbng Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp h\u00e0nh 9 l\u1ea7n chinh ph\u1ea1t Trung Nguy\u00ean trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 247-262, chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hai t\u1ec9nh Cam T\u00fac v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y nay. N\u0103m 263-264, khi qu\u00e2n Ng\u1ee5y ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t Th\u1ee5c, h\u1ecd ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ba m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn qu\u00e2n, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng k\u00edch ch\u00ednh, ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng H\u00e1n Trung t\u1eeb T\u00e0 C\u1ed1c (\u659c\u8c37)[ch\u00fa 32], L\u1ea1c C\u1ed1c (\u99f1\u8c37), v\u00e0 T\u1eed Ng\u1ecd C\u1ed1c (\u5b50\u5348\u8c37)[ch\u00fa 33]. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ba \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 311, sau khi con trai c\u1ee7a L\u01b0u Th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 L\u01b0u X\u00e1n chi\u1ebfm Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, L\u01b0u Di\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch cai qu\u1ea3n v\u00f9ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o tay qu\u00e2n T\u1ea5n do Kh\u00fac Do\u00e3n (\u9eb4\u5141) ch\u1ec9 huy. N\u0103m 313, T\u1ea5n Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ebf b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Hung N\u00f4 gi\u1ebft, t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e0 T\u1ea5n l\u00e0 Di\u00eam \u0110\u1ec9nh b\u00e0n v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 T\u1ea5n M\u1eabn \u0110\u1ebf. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 316, L\u01b0u Di\u1ec7u cho qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Quan Trung, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11, T\u1ea5n M\u1eabn \u0110\u1ebf b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2y T\u1ea5n c\u0169ng di\u1ec7t vong. Nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, L\u01b0u Di\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u01b0u Th\u00f4ng phong l\u00e0m T\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 350, t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u1eddi c\u01a1 H\u1eadu Tri\u1ec7u c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00ea l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 H\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o Quan Trung. N\u0103m 351, con trai c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 H\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0m \"Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng\" t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1edbi T\u1ea5n c\u00f9ng H\u1eadu Tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc Ti\u1ec1n T\u1ea7n. N\u0103m 354, t\u01b0\u1edbng Ho\u00e0n \u00d4n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n Ti\u1ec1n L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ti\u1ec1n T\u1ea7n. Ho\u00e0n \u00d4n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi to\u00e1n qu\u00e2n Ti\u1ec1n T\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do Ph\u00f9 Ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ea5n n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 cho thu ho\u1ea1ch l\u00faa m\u00ec, qu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea1n ngu\u1ed3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat lui v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a h\u00e8 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 357, Ph\u00f9 Ki\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ti\u1ec1n T\u1ea7n sau khi gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft Ph\u00f9 Sinh, tr\u1ecb v\u00ec v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3nh. N\u0103m 370, sau khi Ti\u1ec1n T\u1ea7n di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ti\u1ec1n Y\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u00ean Ti, nghe theo ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3nh, Ph\u00f9 Ki\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec1n T\u1ea7n v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 4 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u00ean Ti \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. N\u0103m sau, Ph\u00f9 Ki\u00ean l\u1ea1i bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0o \u1edf Quan \u0110\u00f4ng (t\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean Hoa B\u1eafc) v\u00e0 15 v\u1ea1n h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c phi H\u00e1n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Quan Trung, kinh t\u1ebf Quan Trung v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 384, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c Ti\u1ec1n Y\u00ean l\u00e0 M\u1ed9 Dung Ho\u1eb1ng tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Ho\u00e1 \u00c2m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0m Ung ch\u00e2u m\u1ee5c, T\u1ebf B\u1eafc v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 4, M\u1ed9 Dung Ho\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh Y\u00ean H\u01b0ng, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ecdi th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ed9 Dung Ho\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 T\u00e2y Y\u00ean. Sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u00ean Ti n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, Ph\u00f9 Ki\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u00ean Ti trong th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. N\u0103m 385, sau khi M\u1ed9 Dung Ho\u1eb1ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, M\u1ed9 Dung Xung k\u1ebf v\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y Y\u00ean bao v\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y nhanh ch\u00f3ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111i c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 v\u00f9ng Quan Trung theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n. Trong n\u0103m, qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y Y\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n Ti\u1ec1n T\u1ea7n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ti\u00ean Ti c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, M\u1ed9 Dung Xung l\u1ea1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An do \u00f4ng th\u00edch th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u0169ng do \u00f4ng lo s\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00fac ph\u1ee5 M\u1ed9 Dung Th\u00f9y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1eadu Y\u00ean. N\u0103m 386, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ti\u00ean Ti c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Y\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a M\u1ed9 Dung Ngh\u0129, g\u1ed3m 40 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3 nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "Di\u00eau Tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec1n T\u1ea7n, sau khi b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y Y\u00ean, do s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb tr\u00e1ch ph\u1ea1t n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng trong v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, Di\u00eau Tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u \"V\u1ea1n Ni\u00ean T\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng\" (\u842c\u5e74\u79e6\u738b), l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1eadu T\u1ea7n. Di\u00eau Tr\u01b0\u1eddng sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ecba (\u5317\u5730)[ch\u00fa 36], chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh \u1edf b\u1eafc b\u1ed9 Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n nay. Sau khi qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y Y\u00ean d\u1eddi \u0111i, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o tay m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng Hung N\u00f4 l\u00e0 H\u00e1c N\u00f4 (\u90dd\u5974) trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, song H\u00e1c N\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng khi Di\u00eau Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. Di\u00eau Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An v\u00e0 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. Trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a H\u1eadu T\u1ea7n, Quan Trung v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, c\u00f2n v\u00f9ng Thi\u1ec3m Nam th\u00ec do tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 407, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hung N\u00f4 l\u00e0 H\u00e1ch Li\u00ean B\u1ed9t B\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i H\u1eadu T\u1ea7n, l\u1eadp ra n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3 H\u1ea1 t\u1ea1i Cao B\u00ecnh (\u9ad8\u5e73)[ch\u00fa 37]. N\u0103m 409, Di\u00eau H\u01b0ng \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh H\u00e1ch Li\u00ean B\u1ed9t B\u1ed9t, song khi \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1ecb Th\u00e0nh (\u8cb3\u57ce)[ch\u00fa 38], Di\u00eau H\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o b\u1eaby c\u1ee7a L\u01b0u B\u1ed9t B\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t sau khi qu\u00e2n H\u1eadu T\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 413, H\u00e1ch Li\u00ean B\u1ed9t B\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Th\u1ed1ng V\u1ea1n (\u7d71\u842c)[ch\u00fa 39]. N\u0103m 418, H\u00e1ch Li\u00ean B\u1ed9t B\u1ed9t \u0111em \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam, c\u00f4ng h\u00e3m H\u00e0m D\u01b0\u01a1ng, chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, x\u01b0ng l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh X\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0169. N\u0103m 419, H\u00e1ch Li\u00ean B\u1ed9t B\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 Th\u1ed1ng V\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1i t\u1eed H\u00e1ch Li\u00ean H\u1ed9i tr\u1ea5n gi\u1eef Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An."}
+{"text": "Sau khi Cao Hoan ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kinh th\u00e0nh L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y Hi\u1ebfu V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a V\u0169 V\u0103n Th\u00e1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n doanh c\u1ee7a V\u0169 V\u0103n Th\u00e1i t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 lu\u00f4n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. Kho\u1ea3ng t\u1ebft n\u0103m 535, \u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u00f3 pha thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c r\u1ed3i qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y do c\u00e1c s\u00e1t th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a V\u0169 V\u0103n Th\u00e1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 535, V\u0169 V\u0103n Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4n Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ea3o C\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, s\u1eed coi B\u1ea3o C\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ng\u1ee5y. Th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ng\u1ee5y, Quan Trung v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du H\u00e1n Giang c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y nay do tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nay kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 589, qu\u00e2n T\u00f9y ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t Nam tri\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u00f5i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u00f9y V\u0103n \u0110\u1ebf sau khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n. N\u0103m 582, theo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c B\u1eafc Chu c\u0169 l\u00e0 V\u0169 V\u0103n Kh\u1ea3i (\u5b87\u6587\u6137), b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ven ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee7 Nguy\u00ean (\u9f99\u9996\u539f)[ch\u00fa 40] tri\u1ec1u T\u00f9y cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh m\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh[ch\u00fa 41]. Cung th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh, n\u0103m 583 th\u00ec tri\u1ec1u T\u00f9y thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m \u0110\u1ea1i Nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee9 9 th\u1eddi T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ebf (613), tri\u1ec1u T\u00f9y cho x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh ngo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1ch, \u0110\u1ea1i H\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t quy chu\u1ea9n. Th\u00e0nh ngo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng, d\u00e0i 9.721 m\u00e9t theo chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f4ng-t\u00e2y, d\u00e0i 8.556 m\u00e9t theo chi\u1ec1u b\u1eafc-nam, chu vi l\u00e0 36,7 km, t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i l\u00e0 84 km\u00b2. \u0110\u1ea1i H\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 9 c\u1ed5ng th\u00e0nh \u1edf ba m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f4ng, t\u00e2y, nam. Trong th\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i c\u00f3 14 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng-t\u00e2y v\u00e0 11 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eafc-nam."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi T\u00f9y, T\u00f9y V\u0103n \u0110\u1ebf b\u1ecf qu\u1eadn gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u, T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ebf sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e2u th\u00e0nh qu\u1eadn. Khi \u0111\u00f3, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh 17 qu\u1eadn (ch\u00e2u). Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 9 qu\u1eadn (ch\u00e2u) n\u1eb1m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y nay: Kinh Tri\u1ec7u (Ung ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 42], B\u1eb1ng D\u1ef1c (\u0110\u1ed3ng ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 43], Ph\u00f9 Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng (K\u00ec ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 44], Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eadn (Phu ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 45], \u0110i\u00eau \u00c2m (Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 46], Di\u00ean An (Di\u00ean ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 47], Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u1ea1c (Th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 48], H\u00e1n Trung (L\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 49], T\u00e2y Th\u00e0nh (Kim ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 50] C\u00f3 8 qu\u1eadn (ch\u00e2u) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y nay: Du L\u00e2m (Th\u1eafng ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 51], S\u00f3c Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (H\u1ea1 ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 52], Di\u00eam Xuy\u00ean (Di\u00eam ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 53], Ho\u1eb1ng H\u00f3a (Kh\u00e1nh ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 54], B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ecba (B\u00e2n ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 55], H\u00e0 Tr\u00ec (Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 56], Thu\u1eadn Ch\u00ednh (H\u01b0ng ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 57], Ngh\u0129a Th\u00e0nh (L\u1ee3i ch\u00e2u)[ch\u00fa 58]."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 604, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ea3ng gi\u1ebft ph\u1ee5 ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng huynh, \u0111o\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y ngai v\u00e0ng, t\u1ee9c T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ebf. T\u00f9y D\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ebf thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 617, L\u00fd Uy\u00ean t\u1eeb n\u01a1i kh\u1edfi binh t\u1ea1i Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm Tri\u1ec1u \u1ea4p (\u671d\u9091)[ch\u00fa 59], \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11 th\u00ec c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. L\u00fd Uy\u00ean l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ef1u l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c T\u00f9y Cung \u0110\u1ebf, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng. Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 618, L\u00fd Uy\u00ean b\u1ee9c Cung \u0110\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf, l\u1eadp ra tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An t\u1eeb th\u1eddi T\u00f9y, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00eam. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m V\u0129nh Huy th\u1ee9 5 \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u00f4ng (654), c\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 Di\u00eam L\u1eadp \u0110\u1ee9c (\u95bb\u7acb\u5fb7) \u0111\u00e3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00f9ng tu th\u00e0nh ngo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1ch. Theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00e0nh ngo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 9.500 m\u00e9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4ng sang t\u00e2y, 8.470 m\u00e9t t\u1eeb b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nam, chu vi 35,5 km. Th\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i bao g\u1ed3m cung th\u00e0nh, ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 khu c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb d\u00e2n. Cung th\u00e0nh n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Th\u00e1i C\u1ef1c cung (\u0110\u1ea1i H\u01b0ng cung c\u1ee7a T\u00f9y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y), l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u1ed5 L\u00fd Uy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng L\u00fd Th\u1ebf D\u00e2n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa tr\u00ean 30 n\u0103m. N\u0103m Trinh Qu\u00e1n th\u1ee9 8 (634), tr\u00ean Long Th\u1ee7 Nguy\u00ean thu\u1ed9c C\u1ea5m Uy\u1ec3n \u1edf g\u00f3c \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc Cung th\u00e0nh, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng V\u0129nh An cung, nh\u01b0\u1eddng cho Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng (L\u00fd Uy\u00ean) c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, n\u0103m sau \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i Minh cung. N\u0103m Long S\u00f3c th\u1ee9 2 (662) th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u00f4ng, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam \u0110\u1ea1i Minh cung, n\u0103m sau, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Th\u00e1i C\u1ef1c cung \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Minh cung c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i Minh cung. N\u0103m Khai Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 2 (714) th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng, v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh H\u01b0ng Kh\u00e1nh cung, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1eb7t nam c\u1ee7a Cung th\u00e0nh, chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f4ng-t\u00e2y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Cung th\u00e0nh, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u00f3 Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1edbi Cung th\u00e0nh, ph\u00eda nam c\u00f3 Minh \u0110\u1ee9c m\u00f4n v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ngo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1ch."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh l\u1eadp th\u00eam c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u00e2u (qu\u1eadn). To\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 10 \u0111\u1ea1o, khi \u0111\u00f3 khu v\u1ef1c Quan Trung v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y nay thu\u1ed9c Quan N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1o, Thi\u1ec3m Nam thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a S\u01a1n Nam \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ebfn trung k\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 15 \u0111\u1ea1o, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y khi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a 4 \u0111\u1ea1o. Kinh K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi Quan N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1o, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd khu v\u1ef1c \u1edf ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb Tr\u01b0\u1eddng V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0n Th\u00e0nh, khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 tr\u1ecb s\u1edf \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. Quan N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1o do quan \u1edf kinh th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1eeb xa. Khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng An Khang thu\u1ed9c S\u01a1n Nam \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o, tr\u1ecb s\u1edf \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i T\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e0n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 B\u1eafc ng\u00e0y nay. Khu v\u1ef1c t\u1eeb An Khang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 S\u01a1n Nam T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1o, tr\u1ecb s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i H\u00e1n Trung ng\u00e0y nay. Th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 ba ph\u1ee7 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Kinh Tri\u1ec7u ph\u1ee7 (tr\u1ecb s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An), Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee7 (tr\u1ecb s\u1edf t\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7n Ph\u01b0\u1eddng T\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y nay), H\u01b0ng Nguy\u00ean ph\u1ee7 (tr\u1ecb s\u1edf t\u1ea1i H\u00e1n Trung ng\u00e0y nay)."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ed3n vinh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5. Th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, theo s\u1eed s\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An \u1edf l\u00fac cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong khi c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng trong th\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i c\u00f3 800.000\u20131.000.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u0103m 1970, t\u1ea1i th\u00f4n H\u00e0 Gia \u1edf T\u00e2y An, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai c\u00e1i v\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n gi\u1ea5u, c\u00f3 tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 ngh\u00ecn v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 270 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng hay b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c r\u1ea5t tinh x\u1ea3o. Th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, tam th\u1ea3i (\u4e09\u5f69) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9, g\u1ed1m xanh Di\u1ec7u ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 danh ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u khi khai qu\u1eadt c\u00e1c l\u0103ng ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 755, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5 ra lo\u1ea1n An S\u1eed. Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 756, qu\u00e2n An L\u1ed9c S\u01a1n c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 \u0110\u1ed3ng Quan, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c Trung h\u1ed1t ho\u1ea3ng, c\u00f9ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u00fd Phi v\u1edbi 1.000 c\u1ea5m binh b\u1ecf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An r\u00fat v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u1ee5c. Qu\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a An L\u1ed9c S\u01a1n sau khi v\u00e0o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1, gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u1ee7a b\u1eeba b\u00e3i trong su\u1ed1t ba ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam, th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng. Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 757, danh t\u01b0\u1edbng Qu\u00e1ch T\u1eed Nghi (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. Sau lo\u1ea1n An S\u1eed, qu\u1ed1c th\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n suy gi\u1ea3m. N\u0103m 881, Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, t\u1ea1i H\u00e0m Nguy\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Minh cung, Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o l\u00ean ng\u00f4i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ec1\". Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 883, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Sa \u0110\u00e0 l\u00e0 L\u00fd Kh\u1eafc D\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Quan Trung, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng Ho\u00e0ng Nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o \u1edf Th\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00ea c\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec7u Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110i\u1ec1n Pha, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 4 th\u00ec Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An. Nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Kh\u1eafc D\u1ee5ng, tri\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, song \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 904, Chu \u00d4n \u0111\u00e3 \u00e9p \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Chi\u00eau T\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 907, Chu \u00d4n ti\u1ebfm v\u1ecb nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu L\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u00fd M\u1eadu Trinh v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Thi\u00ean H\u1eefu c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Ai \u0110\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi H\u1eadu L\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u00fd M\u1eadu Trinh l\u1ea5y Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, l\u1eadp ra ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y, Cam T\u00fac v\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n nay, s\u1eed g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc K\u1ef3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y khi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c hai ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u00e0 H\u1eadu L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed5i Kinh Tri\u1ec7u ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh Ung ch\u00e2u, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i An ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y. N\u0103m 924, sau khi H\u1eadu \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec7t H\u1eadu L\u01b0\u01a1ng, L\u00fd M\u1eadu Trinh h\u01b0\u1edbng H\u1eadu \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng x\u01b0ng th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf H\u1eadu \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng phong l\u00e0m T\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1eddi Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y n\u1eb1m trong quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Trung Nguy\u00ean: H\u1eadu \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, H\u1eadu T\u1ea5n, H\u1eadu H\u00e1n, H\u1eadu Chu. H\u1eadu \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i An ph\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh Kinh Tri\u1ec7u ph\u1ee7. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong th\u1eddi Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ph\u00eda nam Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u0169ng t\u1eebng n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ti\u1ec1n Th\u1ee5c v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1eadu Th\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "Tri\u1ec7u Khu\u00f4ng D\u1eadn sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng. Th\u1eddi B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh l\u1ed9, trong \u0111\u00f3, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ph\u00e2n chia h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y quy thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a V\u0129nh H\u01b0ng qu\u00e2n l\u1ed9[ch\u00fa 60]. ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, nam c\u1ee7a L\u00e2n Du v\u00e0 Chu Ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 L\u01b0u B\u00e1 thu\u1ed9c T\u1ea7n Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ed9[ch\u00fa 61]. T\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt B\u00ecnh, Tr\u1ea5n Ba v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a L\u1ee3i Ch\u00e2u l\u1ed9[ch\u00fa 62]. Khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ninh Thi\u1ec3m, Th\u1ea1ch Tuy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Kinh T\u00e2y Nam l\u1ed9[ch\u00fa 63]. Khu v\u1ef1c Th\u1ea7n M\u1ed9c, Ph\u1ee7 C\u1ed1c, Giai thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng l\u1ed9[ch\u00fa 64]. Nhi\u1ec1u huy\u1ec7n nay thu\u1ed9c Du L\u00e2m do T\u00e2y H\u1ea1 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1038, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea3ng H\u1ea1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Nguy\u00ean H\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2y H\u1ea1, kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc. Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, T\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 H\u1ea1 khi chi\u1ebfn khi h\u00f2a, Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1040 \u0111\u1ebfn 1042, Ph\u1ea1m Tr\u1ecdng Y\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u V\u0129nh H\u01b0ng qu\u00e2n, c\u00f9ng H\u00e0n K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c an ph\u1ee7 chi\u00eau th\u1ea3o ph\u00f3 s\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y, tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap H\u1ea1 T\u1ee7ng \u0111\u00e1nh H\u1ea1, cai tr\u1ecb Di\u00ean ch\u00e2u (nay l\u00e0 Di\u00ean An); ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00fai Gia L\u0129nh t\u1ea1i Di\u00ean An v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u di t\u00edch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1078 tr\u1edf \u0111i, Th\u1ea9m Qu\u00e1t (\u6c88\u62ec), m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb Doanh ch\u00e2u trong 4 n\u0103m, cai qu\u1ea3n bi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1127, Kim di\u1ec7t B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e2n Kim ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng Quan Trung, r\u1ed3i r\u00fat \u0111i sau khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1128, qu\u00e2n Kim l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Quan Trung, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Quan Trung thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Kim. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Kim \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Kinh Tri\u1ec7u ph\u1ee7 l\u1ed9[ch\u00fa 65], Phu Di\u00ean l\u1ed9[ch\u00fa 66], ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed9[ch\u00fa 67], Kh\u00e1nh Nguy\u00ean l\u1ed9[ch\u00fa 68], H\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc l\u1ed9[ch\u00fa 69], L\u1ee3i Ch\u00e2u T\u00e2y l\u1ed9[ch\u00fa 70], L\u1ee3i Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00f4ng l\u1ed9[ch\u00fa 71] Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, khu v\u1ef1c nay thu\u1ed9c Ho\u00e0nh S\u01a1n, T\u0129nh Bi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ecbnh Bi\u00ean v\u00e0 Du D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Du L\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y H\u1ea1."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1206, h\u00e3n qu\u1ed1c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1222, t\u01b0\u1edbng M\u1ed9c Hoa L\u00ea c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 su\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Ch\u00e2u[ch\u00fa 72], B\u1ed3 Th\u00e0nh. Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1230, qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 Kinh Tri\u1ec7u (nay l\u00e0 T\u00e2y An) c\u1ee7a Kim, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10 th\u00ec chi\u1ebfm L\u0129nh \u0110\u1ed3ng (nay l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ec7), Hoa v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i t\u00e2y b\u1eafc Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y. Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m sau, qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8 th\u00ec c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00e2u[ch\u00fa 73], chi\u1ebfm H\u01b0ng Nguy\u00ean (nay l\u00e0 H\u00e1n Trung) v\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e2u (nay l\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng). N\u0103m 1234, Kim b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1253, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e3n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 ph\u00e2n phong ch\u01b0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng, Quan Trung tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t phong c\u1ee7a H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t. N\u0103m 1271, H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 Y\u00ean Kinh, \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh \"Nguy\u00ean\". N\u0103m 1272, H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t phong cho con trai th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 Mang Ca L\u1ea1t (\u5fd9\u54e5\u524c) l\u00e0m An T\u00e2y v\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1eadp phi\u00ean t\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y. Th\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean, Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y h\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 tr\u1ecb s\u1edf \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y An ng\u00e0y nay, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y nay, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Lan Ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Cam T\u00fac ng\u00e0y nay v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam trung b\u1ed9 Ng\u1ea1c Nh\u0129 \u0110a T\u01b0 c\u1ee7a N\u1ed9i M\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n nay. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean, An T\u00e2y v\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ee7 b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf tr\u1eeb, An T\u00e2y l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ee5ng Nguy\u00ean l\u1ed9."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean, kinh t\u1ebf Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Kh\u00e1nh L\u1ecbch (1041-1048) th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 6.000 kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 2.000 kho\u1ea3nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf v\u00e0 khai m\u1ecf t\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong th\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng-Nguy\u00ean. Trong th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m quan t\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc, Th\u1ea9m Qu\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \"d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 g\u1ed7 t\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t\"."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u00ean, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0 Nam Kinh ra, tri\u1ec1u Minh chia Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh 13 b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9 ti. Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y th\u1eeba tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9 ti th\u1eddi Minh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ec9nh Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y nay, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Gia D\u1ee5c quan c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Cam T\u00fac ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn Ninh H\u1ea1 v\u00e0 Ng\u1ea1c Nh\u0129 \u0110a T\u01b0 c\u1ee7a N\u1ed9i M\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n nay, khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng h\u1ed3 Thanh H\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Thanh H\u1ea3i ng\u00e0y nay. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Minh c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eadp phi\u00ean, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9 ti c\u00f3 7 phi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 3 phi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n t\u1ec9nh Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y nay: n\u0103m H\u1ed3ng V\u0169 th\u1ee9 10 (1378), phong T\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c T\u00e2y An; n\u0103m Tuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 9 (1429), phong Tr\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u01b0\u1eddng; n\u0103m Thi\u00ean Kh\u1ea3i th\u1ee9 7 (1627), phong Th\u1ee5y v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c H\u00e1n Trung."}
+{"text": "Sau khi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Chi\u00eau T\u00f4ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00e0nh ngo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1ch v\u00e0 Cung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Chu \u00d4n ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, \u0111\u00f3ng ba c\u1ed5ng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i Huy\u1ec1n V\u0169 m\u00f4n \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. Th\u1eddi Minh, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh T\u00e2y An v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. Trong kho\u1ea3ng 1374-1378, \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c B\u1ed9c Anh (\u6fee\u82f1) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh T\u00e2y An. T\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh hai m\u1eb7t t\u00e2y v\u00e0 nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u1ed1 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, x\u00e2y m\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh hai m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1eafc, th\u00e0nh T\u00e2y An v\u00ec th\u1ebf d\u00e0i v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi Ph\u1ee5ng Nguy\u00ean l\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Minh, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ee7 b\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y. Th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1628, V\u01b0\u01a1ng Gia D\u1eadn c\u00f9ng b\u1ecdn Ng\u00f4 Duy\u00ean Qu\u00fd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ea1n d\u00e2n \u1edf Ph\u1ee7 C\u1ed1c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u1ecb c\u0169ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i huy\u1ec7n B\u1ea1ch Th\u1ee7y. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea3 Qu\u1ea3i c\u0169ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u01a1n v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf Nghi Xuy\u00ean. \u1ede huy\u1ec7n An T\u1eafc, c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Cao Ngh\u00eanh T\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u0103m 1636, Cao Ngh\u00eanh T\u01b0\u1eddng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u1ed5 mai ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7 T\u00f4n Truy\u1ec7n \u0110\u00ecnh \u1edf H\u1eafc Th\u1ee7y D\u1ee5c thu\u1ed9c huy\u1ec7n Chu Ch\u00ed, thua tr\u1eadn b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc Kinh, b\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u0103ng tr\u00ec. T\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Cao Ngh\u00eanh T\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f4n L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0m S\u1ea5m v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1643, L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i T\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 B\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m hai l\u1ed9 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Quan Trung, c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 th\u00e0nh T\u00e2y An, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11 th\u00ec chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Quan Trung v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc. Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1644, L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed5i T\u00e2y An th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, \u0111\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 T\u00e2y Kinh, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \"\u0110\u1ea1i Thu\u1eadn\". Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1644, L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean qu\u00e2n gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n Thanh v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Ng\u00f4 Tam Qu\u1ebf n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Kinh v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i T\u00e2y An. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1644, qu\u00e2n Thanh chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m sau th\u00ec c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 \u0110\u1ed3ng Quan, L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n qua Lam \u0110i\u1ec1n, Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00fat \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ed3 Qu\u1ea3ng. Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a L\u00fd T\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh, qu\u00e2n Thanh chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1645."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Thanh, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf x\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u \"b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9 ti\" c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh, \u0111\u1ed5i sang g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh ho\u1eb7c g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Thanh, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y h\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y nay, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Cam T\u00fac, Ninh H\u1ea1 v\u00e0 Thanh H\u1ea3i ng\u00e0y nay. N\u0103m Khang Hy th\u1ee9 2 (1663), t\u00e1ch Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y h\u1eefu ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i C\u1ee7ng C\u01b0\u01a1ng[ch\u00fa 74], ba n\u0103m sau l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh Cam T\u00fac b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Lan Ch\u00e2u. T\u1ea3 b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u1eed ti v\u1eabn tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y An, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ed1n ph\u1ee7 T\u00e2y An, Di\u00ean An, Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u01b0\u1eddng, H\u00e1n Trung c\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng An ch\u00e2u. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi Thanh, T\u00e2y An l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y. V\u00e0o n\u0103m \u0110\u1ed3ng Tr\u1ecb th\u1ee9 6 (1649), tri\u1ec1u Thanh l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc b\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh T\u00e2y An th\u1eddi Minh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M\u00e3n th\u00e0nh."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng trong th\u1eddi Thanh. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mang th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Do Thi\u1ec3m Nam c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed1ng, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn sau khi H\u1ed3 B\u1eafc v\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng th\u1ea5t b\u00e1t trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1770. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Trung v\u00e0 Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 90% t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i \u1edf Thi\u1ec3m Nam. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 1796\u20131804, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a B\u1ea1ch Li\u00ean gi\u00e1o \u1edf v\u00f9ng gi\u00e1p ranh gi\u1eefa T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean-Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y-H\u1ed3 B\u1eafc-H\u00e0 Nam, song b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Thanh \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Sau khi cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o k\u1ebft th\u00fac, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng do h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, t\u1ec9nh h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u01b0a t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1876 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1878, v\u00e0 khi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1877 th\u00ec nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 4 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang \u1edf Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 huy\u1ec7n trong thung l\u0169ng V\u1ecb H\u00e0 m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 m\u1ea5t tr\u00ean 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i huy\u1ec7n. Do c\u00e1c tai h\u1ecda v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 H\u00e0 B\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u0169ng b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3, di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1915, n\u0103m 1921, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1928. N\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i 1877\u201378, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 3 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3i, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft t\u0103ng th\u00eam h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i b\u1ecf hoang \u1edf thung l\u0169ng V\u1ecb H\u00e0, trong khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft L\u0169ng H\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhanh h\u01a1n khi n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u1ea3y ra."}
+{"text": "Sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Trung Hoa, t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1934 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1935, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh V\u1ea1n l\u00fd Tr\u01b0\u1eddng chinh gian kh\u1ed5 t\u1eeb Giang T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp c\u0103n c\u1ee9 m\u1edbi. Khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c r\u00fat lui, H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 86 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi , nh\u01b0ng khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c V\u1ea1n l\u00fd Tr\u01b0\u1eddng chinh, s\u1ed1 H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u00edt h\u01a1n 7 ngh\u00ecn. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1937, Di\u00ean An \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n."}
+{"text": "Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 205.800 km\u00b2, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i b\u1eafc-nam l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 870 km, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u00f4ng-t\u00e2y l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 200\u2013500 km. Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf cao \u1edf nam v\u00e0 b\u1eafc, th\u1ea5p \u1edf trung gian. Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh: cao nguy\u00ean, n\u00fai non, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, b\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y th\u00e0nh v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng Th\u1ed5 \u1edf Thi\u1ec3m b\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Quan Trung, v\u00f9ng n\u00fai T\u1ea7n-Ba v\u00e0 thung l\u0169ng H\u00e1n Giang \u1edf Thi\u1ec3m Nam. Trong \u0111\u00f3, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch cao nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 92.600 km\u00b2, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00f9ng n\u00fai l\u00e0 74.100 km\u00b2, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 391.000 km\u00b2. C\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u00e0 T\u1ea7n L\u0129nh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ba S\u01a1n. \u0110o\u1ea1n T\u1ea7n L\u0129nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u1eeb 1000-3000 m\u00e9t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0: Ho\u00e1 S\u01a1n, Th\u00e1i B\u1ea1ch S\u01a1n, Chung Nam S\u01a1n, Ly S\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ea1i Ba S\u01a1n n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u1ef1c nam c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u1eeb 1.500-2.000 m\u00e9t. V\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng Th\u1ed5 \u1edf Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao t\u1eeb 800-1.300 m\u00e9t. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Quan Trung k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb B\u1ea3o K\u00ea v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ed3ng Quan v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 520 m\u00e9t."}
+{"text": "Khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda b\u1eafc T\u1ea7n L\u0129nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, chi\u1ebfm 63,3% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 29% t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y. C\u00e1c chi l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eafc-nam: Qu\u1eadt D\u00e3 H\u00e0, V\u00f4 \u0110\u1ecbnh H\u00e0, Di\u00ean H\u00e0, L\u1ea1c H\u00e0, K\u00ednh H\u00e0 (chi l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a V\u1ecb H\u00e0), V\u1ecb H\u00e0. Khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda nam T\u1ea7n L\u0129nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang, chi\u1ebfm 36,7% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 71% t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y. C\u00e1c s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u00e0 Gia L\u0103ng Giang, H\u00e1n Giang, \u0110an Giang. T\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u00e0 41,649 t\u1ef7 m\u00b3, c\u00f3 n\u0103m l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 84,7 t\u1ef7 m\u00b3 song c\u00f3 n\u0103m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 16,8 t\u1ef7 m\u00b3."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea7n L\u0129nh, d\u00e3y n\u00fai ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00ed h\u1eadu ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc theo chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f4ng-t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y. Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ba v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa b\u1eafc v\u00e0 nam. Khu v\u1ef1c Thi\u1ec3m Nam thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a, Quan Trung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi \u1ea5m, khu v\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc theo V\u1ea1n L\u00fd Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e0nh \u1edf b\u1eafc b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi l\u1ea1nh (\u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi trung). Nh\u00ecn chung, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0: m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n \u1ea5m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4 r\u00e1o, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y kh\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng nhanh song b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3 c\u00e1t; m\u00f9a h\u00e8 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u01b0a, song c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac t\u00e1i kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n; m\u00f9a thu m\u00e1t d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng; m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng r\u00e9t l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo v\u00e0 kh\u00f4 hanh, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt m\u01b0a tuy\u1ebft. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u00e0 13,7 \u00b0C, gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb nam \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eafc, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4ng sang t\u00e2y: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc l\u00e0 7 \u00b0C-12 \u00b0C, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Quan Trung l\u00e0 12 \u00b0C-14 \u00b0C, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m Nam l\u00e0 14 \u00b0C-16 \u00b0C. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh th\u00e1ng 1 c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u00e0 -11 \u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn 3 \u00b0C, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh th\u00e1ng 7 l\u00e0 21 \u00b0C-28 \u00b0C. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 160-250 ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c l\u00e0 -32,7 \u00b0C, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c l\u00e0 42 \u00b0C. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u00e0 702,1 mm, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 340\u20131240 mm. Kho\u1ea3ng 60-70% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y n\u00ean l\u0169 l\u1ee5t, c\u00f2n hai m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u00e8 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1ng th\u1ee7y t\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb nam l\u00ean b\u1eafc: Thi\u1ec3m Nam l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt, Quan Trung l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng b\u00e1n \u1ea9m c\u00f2n Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng b\u00e1n kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n."}
+{"text": "Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 12.266.700 ha \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1eebng, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 che ph\u1ee7 r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea1t 41,4%. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1eebng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u00e0 5.494.300 ha, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng n\u00fai T\u1ea7n L\u0129nh-\u0110\u1ea1i Ba S\u01a1n, Quan S\u01a1n, Ho\u00e0ng Long S\u01a1n v\u00e0 Ki\u1ec1u S\u01a1n. V\u00f9ng n\u00fai T\u1ea7n L\u0129nh-\u0110\u1ea1i Ba S\u01a1n c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng gen sinh v\u1eadt\" v\u1edbi 3.300 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u1ea1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, chi\u1ebfm 10% to\u00e0n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 30 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 800 lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u, mi h\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0o Trung Hoa (Actinidia chinensis), sa c\u1ee9c (Hippophae), gi\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 lam, Ph\u00fa T\u00e2y tr\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn. T\u00e1o t\u00e0u, \u00f3c ch\u00f3, tr\u1ea9u tr\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 thi\u00ean ma (Gastrodia elata), \u0111\u1ed7 tr\u1ecdng (Eucommia ulmoides), kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n (Semen Armeniacae Amarum), cam th\u1ea3o (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2012, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 78 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean r\u1eebng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 304.800 ha. V\u00f9ng th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac."}
+{"text": "Theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2011, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 37,426 tri\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa, t\u0103ng 74.000 so v\u1edbi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 19,304 tri\u1ec7u nam gi\u1edbi (51,58%) v\u00e0 18,122 tri\u1ec7u n\u1eef gi\u1edbi (48,42%), t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1t 106,52, gi\u1ea3m so v\u1edbi 108,42 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000. S\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u00e0 17,702 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (47,3%), s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n l\u00e0 19,724 tri\u1ec7u (52,7%). S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 0-14 chi\u1ebfm 15,28% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 15-64 chi\u1ebfm 75,68% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean 65% chi\u1ebfm 9,04% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y, t\u1ec9nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e3o h\u00f3a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2011, t\u1ed5ng GDP c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1t 1.239,13 t\u1ec9 NDT, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 13,9% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc; c\u0169ng trong n\u0103m n\u00e0y GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1t 33.142 NDT, t\u0103ng 13,7% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m 2011, trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y khu v\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 122,09 t\u1ef7 NDT, chi\u1ebfm 9,8%; khu v\u1ef1c hai \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 683,627 t\u1ef7 NDT, chi\u1ebfm 55,2%; khu v\u1ef1c ba \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 433,413 t\u1ef7 NDT, chi\u1ebfm 35%. T\u1ed5ng kim ng\u1ea1ch xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u n\u0103m 2011 c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u00e0 14,623 t\u1ef7 USD, t\u0103ng 20,8% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong \u0111\u00f3 kim ng\u1ea1ch xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u l\u00ean t\u1edbi 7,011 t\u1ef7 USD, t\u0103ng 12,9%; kim ng\u1ea1ch nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1t 7,613 t\u1ef7 USD, t\u0103ng 29,2%, th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 602 tri\u1ec7u USD. T\u00e1m ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, luy\u1ec7n kim m\u00e0u, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n phi kim, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y d\u01b0\u1ee3c, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, d\u1ec7t may. N\u0103m 2009, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 ba Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t than \u0111\u00e1, kh\u00ed thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u th\u00f4. T\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u0169ng n\u1eafm gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi \u0111ang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00ean 50% R&D v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb cho ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba."}
+{"text": "T\u1ea7n khang, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e0n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh h\u00ed kh\u00fac c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c t\u00e2y b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y. Giai \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Cam T\u00fac. T\u1ea7n khang l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i thanh khang c\u1ee7a h\u00ed k\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ea7n khang t\u1eebng b\u1ecb Khang Hy \u0110\u1ebf c\u1ea5m bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh do n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \"g\u1ee3i d\u1ee5c\", tuy nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00ec T\u1ea7n khang c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u00edn thi\u00ean du l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ca l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng T\u1ea5n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Thi\u1ec3m B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y, theo l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i theo chu k\u00ec, c\u00e2u h\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eafn hay d\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "\u1ea8m th\u1ef1c Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t kinh k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbc cung \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, thu nh\u1eadn tinh hoa t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u1ea8m th\u1ef1c Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn m\u00f3n \u0103n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f3n t\u1eeb th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n hay th\u1ecbt c\u1eebu non ho\u1eb7c c\u1eebu tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. \u1ea8m th\u1ef1c T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ecb m\u1ea1nh, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i gia v\u1ecb c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb g\u1eaft nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1i, t\u1ecfi, h\u00e0nh t\u00e2y, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5m; \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. \u1ea8m th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng H\u00e1n Trung c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean."}
+{"text": "Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean du l\u1ecbch l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 35.800 di t\u00edch, 151 b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, 900.000 v\u0103n v\u1eadt v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0n t\u00edch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ed5, mi\u1ebfu ch\u00f9a c\u1ed5, l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ed5. \u0110\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t nung trong l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"k\u1ef3 quan th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m\". C\u00e0n l\u0103ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c- V\u00f5 T\u1eafc Thi\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Cao T\u00f4ng L\u00fd Tr\u1ecb. Ch\u00f9a Ph\u00e1p M\u00f4n \u1edf Ph\u00f9 Phong l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Th\u00e0nh T\u00e2y An l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. R\u1eebng bia T\u00e2y An l\u00e0 kho v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c phong c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 T\u00e2y N\u1ea1c Ho\u00e1 S\u01a1n, th\u00e1c H\u1ed3 Kh\u1ea9u tr\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, B\u00e1t B\u00e1ch L\u00fd T\u1ea7n Xuy\u00ean r\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, v\u00f9ng n\u00fai T\u1ea7n-Ba t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p \u1edf Thi\u1ec3m Nam, khu phong c\u1ea3nh Li S\u01a1n mang s\u1eafc th\u00e1i truy\u1ec1n k\u00ec, \u0111\u1ec9nh ch\u00ednh Th\u00e1i B\u1ea1ch S\u01a1n c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n L\u0129nh c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee7 trong s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t nung v\u00e0 l\u0103ng T\u1ea7n Th\u00f9y Ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a UNESCO, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 5 khu danh th\u1eafng phong c\u1ea3nh c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia: Ho\u00e1 S\u01a1n, Ly S\u01a1n \u1edf L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng, Thi\u00ean Thai S\u01a1n \u1edf B\u1ea3o K\u00ea, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf l\u0103ng \u1edf Di\u00ean An, khu danh th\u1eafng phong c\u1ea3nh H\u1ee3p D\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ee3p Xuy\u00ean. Trong n\u0103m 2011, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n 184 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t du kh\u00e1ch trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed y\u1ebft h\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean Hoa B\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u1edf T\u00e2y Nam nh\u01b0 T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean, Tr\u00f9ng Kh\u00e1nh, V\u00e2n Nam, Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i giao th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c t\u00e2y b\u1eafc. C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y: \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft chuy\u00ean v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch Tr\u1ecbnh-T\u00e2y, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft L\u0169ng-H\u1ea3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft B\u1ea3o-Th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft B\u1ea3o-Trung, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Ninh-T\u00e2y, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft T\u00e2y-Khang. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nam, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4ng sang t\u00e2y, n\u1ed1i Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh l\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u00e0 v\u1edbi to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 2010, t\u1ec9nh Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 8789 km \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n 55.790.000 l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 204.800.000 t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m 2010, t\u1ec9nh Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 147.461 c\u00f4ng l\u1ed9, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n 874.570.000 l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 771.230.000 t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 s\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf H\u00e0m D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y An (thay th\u1ebf s\u00e2n bay T\u00e2y Quan T\u00e2y An v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991), s\u00e2n bay Ng\u0169 L\u00fd Ph\u1ed1 An Khang, sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p th\u00ec s\u00e2n bay Th\u00e0nh C\u1ed1 H\u00e1n Trung s\u1ebd thay th\u1ebf ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n bay T\u00e2y Quan H\u00e1n Trung, s\u00e2n bay Nh\u1ecb Th\u1eadp L\u00fd B\u1ea3o Di\u00ean An, s\u00e2n bay Du D\u01b0\u01a1ng Du L\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf s\u00e2n bay T\u00e2y Sa Du L\u00e2m t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2008. N\u0103m 2010, Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y c\u00f3 358 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 17 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 9 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Ma Cao, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 7.830.000 l\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 90.000 t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a."}
+{"text": "Edward II (25 th\u00e1ng 4, 1284 \u2013 21 th\u00e1ng 9, 1327), c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Edward x\u1ee9 Caernarfon, l\u00e0 Vua c\u1ee7a Anh t\u1eeb 1307 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1327. L\u00e0 con trai th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Edward I, Edward tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng huynh l\u00e0 Alphonso. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1300, Edward c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n tham gia v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh Scotland, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1306 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i y\u1ebfn Thi\u00ean nga di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf Tu vi\u1ec7n Westminster. Edward \u0111\u0103ng c\u01a1 n\u0103m 1307, sau khi vua cha b\u0103ng h\u00e0. N\u0103m 1308, \u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Isabella c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a vua Ph\u00e1p Philippe IV \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e1i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p."}
+{"text": "Edward c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i v\u1edbi Piers Gaveston, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o h\u1ea7u trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1300. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Edward v\u00e0 Gaveston kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c huynh \u0111\u1ec7 k\u1ebft ngh\u0129a. Tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ee7ng th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Edward, Gaveston ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o v\u00e0 n\u1eafm nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u00f4ng khi\u00eau kh\u00edch v\u00e0 g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 ho\u00e0ng gia Ph\u00e1p, khi\u1ebfn Edward bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y \u00f4ng ta. Khi Gaveston tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o s\u1ee9c \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c Nh\u00e0 vua ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng qua vi\u1ec7c ban b\u1ed1 S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u0103m 1311. C\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t Gaveston, v\u00e0 Edward \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thu h\u1ed3i s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u h\u1ed3i s\u1ee7ng th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi em con ch\u00fa B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Lancaster (th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Edward II l\u00e0 Edward I, trong khi cha c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Lancaster l\u00e0 Edmund Crouchback, em trai c\u1ee7a Edward I), m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 x\u1eed t\u1eed Gaveston n\u0103m 1312, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u0169 trang. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Anh b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y lui \u1edf Scotland, n\u01a1i Edward chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc Robert the Bruce trong tr\u1eadn Bannockburn n\u0103m 1314. Li\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i lan r\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n Nh\u00e0 vua."}
+{"text": "Gia \u0111\u00ecnh Despenser, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Hugh Despenser tr\u1ebb, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u01b0 cho Edward, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1321, Lancaster v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfm trang vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Despenser v\u00e0 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 vua ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, Edward \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ng\u1eafn, b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft Lancaster. Edward v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Despensers t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch 1311, h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u1ecbch thu nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u1edf Scotland, Edward cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd l\u1ec7nh h\u01b0u chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Robert. Ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc, nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp Isabella \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1325, b\u00e0 quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Edward v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1. Isabella l\u1eadp li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Roger Mortimer \u0111ang b\u1ecb l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y, v\u00e0 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Anh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n nh\u1ecf n\u0103m 1326. V\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Edward s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea9u sang x\u1ee9 Wales, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. Edward bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb vua v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1327 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai 14 tu\u1ed5i, Edward III, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u1edf L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Berkeley ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 9, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u m\u1edbi \u00e1m s\u00e1t."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Edward v\u00e0 Gaveston truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho v\u1edf k\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n n\u0103m 1592 c\u1ee7a Christopher Marlowe mang t\u00ean Edward II, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1edf k\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c, phim \u1ea3nh, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m khai th\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Edward t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Scotland v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7y \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ec3 k\u1ec9 XIX l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh m\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tranh lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 dai d\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XXI l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u Edward l\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua l\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e1c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Edward II l\u00e0 con trai th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Edward I v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Eleanor x\u1ee9 Castile. Th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf v\u00f9ng Gascony \u1edf mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n t\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb Ireland. Th\u00e2n m\u1eabu \u00f4ng c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c t\u1eeb V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Castile v\u00e0 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Ponthieu \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Edward I \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1260 v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1280, \u00f4ng chinh ph\u1ee5c B\u1eafc Wales, t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n b\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 Wales v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1290, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Scotland, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, khi \u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Anh. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Michael Prestwich mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 Edward I l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh\", trong khi John Gillingham l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean c\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng."}
+{"text": "Tuy g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, Edward I c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf k\u1ebf v\u1ecb khi \u00f4ng b\u0103ng h\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1307. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Anh \u1edf Scotland, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 do Edward ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb l\u00e2u nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi h\u1ed3i k\u1ebft. Vi\u1ec7c Edward cai tr\u1ecb v\u00f9ng Gascony l\u00e0m m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u1ea3y sinh gi\u1eefa \u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vua Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c vua Ph\u00e1p nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecd, tuy nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u0103ng m\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. Edward I c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc do \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn tranh, khi\u1ebfn v\u1ecb vua con ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 200.000 b\u1ea3ng Anh khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi.[nb 1]"}
+{"text": "Edward II ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1284 t\u1ea1i L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Caernarfon \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc x\u1ee9 Wales, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau khi Edward I chinh ph\u1ee5c mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Edward x\u1ee9 Caernarfon. Nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd khi ch\u1ecdn l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u01a1i h\u1ea1 sinh Edward, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Wales b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Caernarfon c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc x\u1ee9 Wales. S\u1ef1 ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Edward mang theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n mang t\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri khi \u1ea5y, r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0y t\u1eadn th\u1ebf s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 h\u1eadu th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Vua Arthur, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ee5c vinh quang. David Powel, m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI, cho r\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed b\u00e9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn cho d\u00e2n x\u1ee9 Wales, \"\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra \u1edf Wales v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh n\u00e0o\", nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u1ed1i bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "T\u00ean Edward c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh, li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anglo-Saxon l\u00e0 Edward x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1edfi cha \u00f4ng thay cho truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00f9ng t\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Norman v\u00e0 Castilla \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho c\u00e1c anh trai c\u1ee7a Edward: Edward c\u00f3 ba v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng huynh: John v\u00e0 Henry ch\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Edward ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 Alphonso, qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1284, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho Edward quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ngai v\u00e0ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00fac m\u1edbi sinh, Edward l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u khi\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u cha \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u00e0ng nam k\u1ebf v\u1ecb. Sau khi sinh ra, Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nh\u0169 m\u1eabu c\u00f3 t\u00ean Mariota ho\u1eb7c Mary Maunsel ch\u0103m s\u00f3c trong v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u00e0 ta ph\u00e1t b\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 Alice de Leygrave tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 ru\u1ed9t Eleanor \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf Gascony v\u1edbi cha \u00f4ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t cung \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 gia nh\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 Giles x\u1ee9 Oudenarde \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m n\u01a1i c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 cho ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed b\u00e9."}
+{"text": "Edward l\u1edbn l\u00ean, c\u00e1c chi ti\u00eau trong t\u01b0 th\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Edward c\u0169ng t\u0103ng theo, n\u0103m 1293 William x\u1ee9 Blyborough tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n gia c\u1ee7a Edward. Edward c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n m\u1eabu \u00f4ng m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1290. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 n\u1ed9i, Guy Ferre, l\u00e0m qu\u00e2n s\u01b0 cho ri\u00eang \u00f4ng, v\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho Edward. Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Edward v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m h\u1ecfi; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng minh cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, tuy r\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu th\u00e2n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng chua ch\u00e1t khi n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng Ferre l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3.[nb 2] Edward ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p Anglo-Norman trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00edt ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng La Tinh.[nb 3]"}
+{"text": "Edward h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c.[nb 4] Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u1edbi ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng ng\u1ef1a, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tay c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a gi\u1ecfi; \u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u00edch ch\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Greyhound. Trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f9a v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng t\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u1ef1a kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u01b0\u1ee1i, nh\u1eefng con ch\u00f3 s\u0103n l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng b\u1eaft th\u1ecf ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn s\u0103n th\u00fa hay nu\u00f4i chim s\u0103n m\u1ed3i, nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV. \u00d4ng th\u00edch \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, g\u1ed3m nh\u1ea1c Wales v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n crwth m\u1edbi v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh, v\u00e0 phong c\u1ea7m. Edward kh\u00f4ng tham gia \u0111\u1ea5u th\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tham gia \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh cho m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1290, ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Edward k\u00ed v\u00e0o Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Birgham, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f4n s\u1ef1 con trai s\u00e1u tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 Margaret c\u1ee7a Na Uy, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng Scotland. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tan v\u1ee1 khi Margaret t\u1ea1 th\u1ebf c\u00f9ng n\u0103m. M\u1eabu th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Edward, Eleanor, ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Eleanor x\u1ee9 Provence. Edward I \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3, tang s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Edward I t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3, con trai \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba Ponthieu c\u1ee7a Eleanor sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, h\u00f4n \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho c\u1eadu tr\u1ebb Edward, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec n\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa Anh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra n\u0103m 1294. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i, Edward tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi \u00e1i n\u1eef c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Flanders, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb Vua Philippe IV c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb 1297 \u0111\u1ebfn 1298, Edward l\u00e0m nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh \u1edf Anh trong khi Nh\u00e0 vua tham gia chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Flanders ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Philippe IV, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a vua Anh \u1edf Gascony. Sau chuy\u1ebfn tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, Edward I k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, theo \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1edbi em g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Philippe, Margaret, l\u00e0m v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh r\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Edward s\u1ebd h\u1ee9a h\u00f4n v\u1edbi con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Philippe, Isabella, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 2 tu\u1ed5i. Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang b\u1ecb tranh ch\u1ea5p Gascony s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Edward v\u00e0 Philippe, m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft th\u00fac cho nh\u1eefng c\u0103n th\u1eb3ng l\u00e2u n\u0103m. C\u1eadu b\u00e9 Edward d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 k\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra hai em trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Thomas x\u1ee9 Brotherton v\u00e0 Edmund x\u1ee9 Woodstock, n\u0103m 1300 v\u00e0 1301. L\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, Edward v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 trao t\u1eb7ng cho c\u00e1c em trai s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c danh.[nb 6]"}
+{"text": "Edward I tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Scotland m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1300, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111em con trai \u0111i theo, khi\u1ebfn cho Edward tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 huy h\u1eadu qu\u00e2n trong cu\u1ed9c bao v\u00e2y Caerlaverock. M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1301, Nh\u00e0 vua tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Edward l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed x\u1ee9 Wales, c\u1ea5p cho \u00f4ng L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Chester v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp B\u1eafc Wales; d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 Nh\u00e0 vua hi v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kia, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p cho con trai \u00f4ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Edward nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n Wales v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n tham gia chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u0103m 1301, \u00f4ng d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n 300 binh s\u0129 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Turnberry. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Edward c\u0169ng tham gia chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u0103m 1303 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng bao v\u00e2y L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Brechin, tri\u1ec3n khai cu\u1ed9c bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1304, Edward ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady t\u1ea1i Scotland tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n tham gia chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch bao v\u00e2y L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Stirling."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u1edf Scotland b\u00f9ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u0103m n\u1eefa n\u0103m 1306, khi Robert the Bruce gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta John Comyn v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Vua c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scot. Edward I \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y con trai \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn phong Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Aquitaine v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u thanh ni\u00ean kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong h\u00e0m hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 xa hoa t\u1ea1i Tu vi\u1ec7n Westminster g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ec5 Thi\u00ean Nga. Gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c l\u1edbn trong h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft vua Authur v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh, v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Bruce. Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Edward trong chuy\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u1ea1, trong \u0111\u00f3, theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Edward I, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phe c\u1ee7a Bruce \u1edf Scotland.[nb 7] Edward tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Anh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Isabella ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, Edward tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Piers Gaveston. Gaveston l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 trong gia trang c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t phong gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Gascony, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u00f4ng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o gia trang c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Edward v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1300, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Edward I. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n; Gaveston tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u1edbm tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Edward, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 vua t\u1ea5n phong t\u01b0\u1edbc Hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 trong L\u1ec5 Thi\u00ean nga n\u0103m 1306. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111u\u1ed5i Gaveston ddeens Gascony n\u0103m 1307 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 l\u00fd do. Theo nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed bi\u00ean ni\u00ean, Edward \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng trao l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Ponthieu cho Gaveston, v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0 gi\u1eadt t\u00f3c con trai m\u00ecnh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a Gaveston \u0111i l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y. Bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ghi ch\u00e9p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Gaveston ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u1ecb l\u01b0u vong, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n thu nh\u1eadp nh\u00e0n nh\u00e3; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra cho m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng Edward c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 k\u00ea gian v\u1edbi Gaveston ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb s\u1ee7ng th\u1ea7n sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc tranh lu\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 chi ti\u1ebft th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 \u00edt \u1ecfi.[nb 8] Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Anh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV l\u00ean \u00e1n quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, coi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XXI. C\u1ea3 Edward v\u00e0 Gaveston \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 con; Edward c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con ngo\u1ea1i h\u00f4n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00f4 ch\u00e1u g\u00e1i, Eleanor de Clare."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng hi\u1ec7n nay \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1320 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Edward \"c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\" d\u00e0nh cho Gaveston, r\u1eb1ng \"\u00f4ng d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t giao \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n li, v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i r\u00e0ng\". Nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean r\u1eb1ng Edward c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1334 khi Adam Orleton, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Winchester, b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1326 \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u00e0 Edward l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ea gian\", m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Orleton t\u1ef1 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Edward, Hugh Despenser tr\u1ebb, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ea gian, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1. Meaux Chronicle t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1390 ch\u1ec9 ghi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n r\u1eb1ng Edward t\u1ef1 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \"qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh vi k\u00ea gian.\""}
+{"text": "Ngo\u00e0i ra, Edward v\u00e0 Gaveston c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft. Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3; c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Orleton xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb l\u00fd cho ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c k\u00ea gian nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Boniface VIII v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 Templar t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1303 v\u00e0 1308. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch sau n\u00e0y b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Edward c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 sao l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Orleton, v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Edward. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia nh\u01b0 Michael Prestwich v\u00e0 Seymour Phillips \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng khai trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u00e0ng gia Anh s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eddi, cha v\u00e0 cha v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Edward d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Edward."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft g\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 s\u1eed gia Pierre Chaplais \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, cho r\u1eb1ng Edward v\u00e0 Gaveston c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 anh em k\u1ebft ngh\u0129a. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft ngh\u0129a anh em, theo \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia n\u00f3 cam k\u1ebft s\u1ebd g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 \"t\u00ecnh anh em th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1\" c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai bi\u1ebft trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n nam v\u1edbi nhau th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. Nhi\u1ec1u bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Edward v\u00e0 Gaveston nh\u01b0 anh em, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa th\u00edch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t r\u1eb1ng Edward coi Gaveston l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh nu\u00f4i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Chaplais l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u0103ng hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong n\u0103m 1300 ho\u1eb7c 1301, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u1eadp ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi luy\u00ean th\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c r\u1eddi nhau v\u00ec b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7, tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "Edward I \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1c tham gia chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u1edf Scotland n\u0103m 1307, trong l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Edward tham gia chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch m\u00f9a h\u1ea1, nh\u01b0ng Edward I \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng y\u1ebfu \u0111i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 7 t\u1ea1i Burgh by Sands. Edward kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb London ngay sau khi tin t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn tai \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 7 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chinh ph\u1ea1t Scotland v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 8 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ho\u00e0ng gia tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 x\u01b0ng th\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i Dumfries, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam. Edward ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tri\u1ec7u h\u1ed3i Piers Gaveston, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u1ecb l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n phong anh ta l\u00e0m B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Cornwall, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp h\u00f4n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a anh ta v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef gi\u00e0u c\u00f3m Margaret de Clare.[nb 9] Edward c\u0169ng b\u1eaft gi\u1eef k\u1ebb c\u1ef1u th\u00f9 l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Langton, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 qu\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Di th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Edward I \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e0n t\u1ea1i Waltham Abbey trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i an t\u00e1ng \u1edf Westminster, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y Edward cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch cho th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5.[nb 10]"}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1308, h\u00f4n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Edward v\u00e0 Isabella c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Edward qua eo bi\u1ec3n Anh \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 1, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i Gaveston l\u00e0m custos regni n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c khi \u00f4ng v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t. S\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y d\u00e0nh cho Gaveston, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ea1i \u1ea4n t\u00edn. Edward hi v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd gia t\u0103ng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Gascony v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n \u00f4ng c\u1ea7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn sau c\u00f9ng, ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eed th\u00e1ch: Edward v\u00e0 Philippe IV kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a nhau, v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 vua c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3i m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Isabella v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a Edward \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn, Edward l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 phi\u00ean th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Philippe \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Aquitaine v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Paris, 1303."}
+{"text": "Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n \u1edf Boulogne ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 1. Edward t\u1eb7ng cho Isabella m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch th\u00e1nh thi l\u00e0m qu\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbi, v\u00e0 cha b\u00e0 cho b\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 21,000 livre v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh b\u1ed9i tinh th\u1ef1c. H\u1ecd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2, n\u01a1i Edward h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh tr\u00f9ng tu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hoang ph\u00ed cho Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Westminster \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng qua v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ee7 b\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1nh, 40 c\u00e1i l\u00f2 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i v\u00f2i phun r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang v\u00e0 \u1edbt Gia-mai-ca, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng gia v\u1ecb th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. Sau m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5, bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 di\u1ec5n ra ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 2, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a Robert Winchelsey, T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Canterbury. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang, Edward \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec1 s\u1ebd suy tr\u00ec \"nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn\". Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00e0y: n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb1m bu\u1ed9c Edward ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c n\u1ebfu trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec7n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1eebng th\u1ec1, ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua nh\u1eb1m l\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc.[nb 11] S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng b\u1edfi \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1edbn qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111ang h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 v\u00e0o cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c Edward ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n b\u1eb1ng c\u1eeda sau."}
+{"text": "Isabella ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi 12 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u00e0 th\u00e0nh h\u00f4n, kh\u00e1 tr\u1ebb so v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 Edward c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 Edward c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con ngo\u1ea1i h\u00f4n, Adam, \u00f4ng ta ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1307. Ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Edward v\u00e0 Isabella, t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u00e0 vua Edward III, ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1312 trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi con ti\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0: John n\u0103m 1316, Eleanor n\u0103m 1318 v\u00e0 Joan n\u0103m 1321."}
+{"text": "Gaveston tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb n\u01a1i b\u1ecb t\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1307 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng ta xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi than phi\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed \"hai v\u1ecb vua cai tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi\". Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho Gaveston r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Isabella. Gaveston c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang c\u1ee7a Edward, l\u00e0m b\u00f9ng l\u00ean s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u01b0u ti\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 nghi v\u00e0 trang ph\u1ee5c l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby cho m\u1ed9t b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u01b0u \u00e1i l\u1ed9 li\u1ec5u c\u1ee7a Edward d\u00e0nh cho Gaveston c\u00f2n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 d\u00e0nh cho Isabella t\u1ea1i b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c."}
+{"text": "Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n h\u1ecdp v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1308 trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng. Edward h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn sau khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi Gaveston \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng qua trung gian Henry de Lacy, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Lincoln, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00f9i m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc. Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa ch\u1ec9 Gaveston, \u0111\u00f2i l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y anh ta, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb Isabella v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Edward \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd g\u1eedi Gaveston \u0111\u1ebfn Aquitaine, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda r\u00fat ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Canterbury. V\u00e0o gi\u1edd ch\u00f3t, Edward thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 g\u1eedi Gaveston \u0111\u1ebfn Dublin, b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0m Trung \u00fay Ireland."}
+{"text": "Edward tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi chinh ph\u1ea1t Scotland, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf trong l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd, v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 Nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecdp v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8, 1308 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Ph\u00eda sau h\u1eadu tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Edward b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n nh\u1eb1m thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Clement V v\u00e0 Philippe IV cho ph\u00e9p Gaveston tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 d\u00f2ng \u0110\u1ec1n \u1edf Anh, v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Langton kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 lao. Edward k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1309, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 4, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Thomas, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Lancaster. M\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c theo sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng cho Gaveston tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ea5p cho Edward nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 thu\u1ebf b\u1ed5 sung n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch."}
+{"text": "Edward g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Gaveston \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac r\u1ed3i. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a, v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd b\u1ecf l\u1eddi \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 r\u00fat ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Gaveston, m\u1edf ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00e0y. Gaveston tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Anh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p Edward. Trong phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00e1ng sau, Edward tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 xoa d\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Gaveston, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u00e0ng gia, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i vua \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng di\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt h\u1ea3i quan m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh; \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd thu c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf Scotland. \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t, trong t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, Edward v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Sau khi quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Gaveston v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111u\u1ea7 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n. \u00d4ng ta b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \"con ch\u00f3 x\u1ee9 Warwick\". B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Lancaster v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Gaveston t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tham d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1310 v\u00ec Gaveston c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Edward ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, c\u00f2n n\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 Frescobaldi \u1edf Italia 22 000 b\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Scotland. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c \u1edf Scotland s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 thu c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n h\u1ecdp m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1310, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1edf Scotland \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gaveston v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a 21 nam t\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ra, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ordainers, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u00e0ng gia. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, Edward \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y v\u00e0 Ordainers \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ra, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. Trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ordainers b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Edward v\u00e0 Gaveston d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u1ed3m 4,700 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn Scotland, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u1ea5u \u0111i. Robert the Bruce t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tham chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 qua m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qu\u00e2n nhu v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t n\u0103m 1311, bu\u1ed9c Edward tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n nam."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y Ordainers \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 Edward c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10. Ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh 1311 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua khi g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 phong \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia, b\u00e3i b\u1ecf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00e0 c\u00e1i Frescobaldi, v\u00e0 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y Gaveston once again, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1ed1ng \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Edward, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Gascony v\u00e0 Ireland, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u00e1c danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Edward r\u00fat v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Windsor v\u00e0 Kings Langley; Gaveston r\u1eddi Anh qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00eda b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p hay Flanders."}
+{"text": "Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Edward v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng. C\u00e1c b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1311. L\u00fac n\u00e0y Edward tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea1t v\u1edbi em h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Lancaster, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Lancaster, Leicester, Lincoln, Salisbury v\u00e0 Derby, v\u1edbi thu nh\u1eadp kho\u1ea3ng 11 000 b\u1ea3ng m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, g\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi nam t\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u th\u1ee9 hai. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Arundel, Gloucester, Hereford, Pembroke v\u00e0 Warwick \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, Lancaster d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t phe ph\u00e1i s\u1eebng s\u1ecf \u1edf Anh, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Edward \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf Ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp Gaveston tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh, y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn Nh\u00e0 vua t\u1ea1i York v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1312. C\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi nhau \u1edf London, n\u01a1i Gaveston b\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Canterbury r\u00fat ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1eaft gi\u1eef Gaveston c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u00f4ng ta ch\u1ea1y t\u1edbi Scotland \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Edward, Isabella v\u00e0 Gaveston r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Newcastle, b\u1ecb Lancaster v\u00e0 phe c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta truy \u0111u\u1ed5i. V\u1ee9t b\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, phe ho\u00e0ng gia b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0u v\u00e0 c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Scarborough, n\u01a1i Gaveston \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 trong khi Edward v\u00e0 Isabella tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 York. Sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bao v\u00e2y ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n, Gaveston \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Pembroke v\u00e0 Surrey, v\u1edbi l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t r\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb kho b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia, v\u00ec th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 sau \u00f4ng b\u1ecb Edward bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i \u0103n c\u1eafp."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc, Pembroke d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng Deddington \u1edf Midlands, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i Gaveston \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 trong khi \u00f4ng ta gh\u00e9 th\u0103m v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Warwick ch\u1edbp l\u1ea5y c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gaveston, d\u1eabn \u00f4ng ta t\u1edbi L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Warwick, n\u01a1i Lancaster v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 6. Trong m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean t\u00f2a di\u1ec5n ra g\u1ea5p r\u00fat, Gaveston b\u1ecb tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh; v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed t\u1ea1i Blacklow Hill ngay ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Lancaster. Thi th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Gaveston \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1315 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an t\u00e1ng. Tang l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf Tu vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vua Langley."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Gaveston \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Edward r\u1ea5t t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111au bu\u1ed3n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00ec th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 m\u01b0u h\u1ea1i Gaveston; \u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3i gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Gaveston, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc tham gia v\u00e0o v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Pembroke v\u00e0 Surrey \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n v\u00e0 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Warwick, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd chuy\u1ec3n sang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Edward. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Lancaster v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng ta, v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Pembroke ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean, theo \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd tha th\u1ee9 cho c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft Gaveston, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi \u1edf Scotland. Lancaster v\u00e0 Warwick, tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft n\u0103m 1313."}
+{"text": "Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Pembroke c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb Gascony, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, Edward v\u00e0 Isabella \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn Paris v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1313 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p vua Philippe IV. Edward \u0111\u00e3 hi v\u1ecdng v\u1eeba gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tranh th\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Philippe trong v\u1ee5 tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc; v\u1ec1 Philip \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t con r\u1ec3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 m\u00e0 hai v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u00e3 phong hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 cho c\u00e1c con trai c\u1ee7a Philippe v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Notre Dame, d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i ti\u1ec7c l\u1edbn d\u1ecdc b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Seine, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng khai r\u1eb1ng hai vua v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh \u0111\u1ebfn Levant. Philippe \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Gascony, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb tr\u1eafc tr\u1edf do m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Edward."}
+{"text": "Trong chuy\u1ebfn tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, Edward nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, c\u00e1c b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc, bao g\u1ed3m Lancaster v\u00e0 Warwick, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1313, c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n vay 160,000 florin (25,000 b\u1ea3ng) t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, 33,000 b\u1ea3ng \u00f4ng m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a Philippe, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u00eam b\u1edfi gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Edward \u1edf Italia, Antonio Pessagno. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a Edward \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1314, Robert the Bruce chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u1edf Scotland \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb Edward chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9, v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1eed nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh nh\u01b0 Carlisle. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, Edward l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Lancaster v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eadp trung m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n l\u1edbn kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 15,000 \u0111\u1ebfn 20,000 qu\u00e2n kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Robert v\u00e2y h\u00e3m l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Stirling, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Scotland; vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 huy ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu Edward kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 6, \u00f4ng ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng. Nh\u1eefng tin t\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn tai Nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 5, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eafc ph\u1ea1 t\u1eeb Berwick \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i v\u00e2y t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00eca. Robert, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 5,500 \u0111\u1ebfn 6,500 qu\u00e2n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n c\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Edward \u1edf Stirling."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 6 khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao Bannock Burn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e2y quanh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y. Giao tranh gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean n\u1ed5 ra, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Sir Henry de Bohun, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb Robert s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i trong tr\u1eadn giao \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Edward ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn qu\u00e2n Scotland khi h\u1ecd x\u00f4ng ra nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng \u1edf New Park. Edward d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scot l\u1ea1i d\u00e0n tr\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111i v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cung th\u1ee7 - nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e0n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9 - l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf ph\u00eda sau thay v\u00ec ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c k\u1ecb binh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb l\u00ednh c\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Robert nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t. Qu\u00e2n Anh b\u1ecb cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t."}
+{"text": "Edward v\u1eabn \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0ng B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Pembroke bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta k\u00e9o Nh\u00e0 vua ra kh\u1ecfi chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Scotland \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1eaft g\u1eaft gao. Edward ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn, th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd d\u00f2ng Carmelite t\u1ea1i Oxford n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. S\u1eed gia Roy Haines mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \"tai h\u1ecda cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng\" \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, Edward lui v\u1ec1 Dunbar, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00ean t\u00e0u \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Berwick, r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i York; khi \u00f4ng v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t, L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Stirling nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "Sau th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1edf Bannockburn, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Lancaster v\u00e0 Warwick nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u00e9p Edward th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh n\u0103m 1311. Lancaster tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e0ng gia n\u0103m 1316, h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. Lancaster t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi Edward t\u1ea1i Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n trong 2 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecb b\u1ebf t\u1eafc. Chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf m\u1ecdi hi v\u1ecdng cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi \u1edf Scotland v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. Sau nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Pembroke, Edward v\u00e0 Lancaster cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Leake v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1318, \u00e2n x\u00e1 Lancaster v\u00e0 phe c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e0ng gia m\u1edbi, nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a Edward c\u00e0ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam b\u1edfi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Anh, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tai h\u1ecda lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 N\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i l\u1edbn. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edbt v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1314, ti\u1ebfp sau l\u00e0 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 m\u01b0a l\u1edbn v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eebu v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a. Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn x\u1ea5u, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat ch\u00fat n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1321, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng n\u0103m m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a. Nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n thu t\u1eeb xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u len gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c t\u0103ng, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Edward. Edward k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u00edch tr\u1eef xu\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ra, v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. L\u1ec7nh trung d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef cho ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Robert the Bruce th\u1eeba d\u1ecbp m\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u1edf Bannockburn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh Carlisle v\u00e0 Berwick, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, v\u00e0o Lancashire v\u00e0 Yorkshire, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh York. Edward chi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m 1319, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Gi\u1eefa l\u00fac n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scot d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi em trai c\u1ee7a Robert \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ireland n\u0103m 1315, v\u00e0 Edward Bruce t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Vua c\u1ee7a Ireland. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng ta b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i n\u0103m 1318 b\u1edfi Quan ch\u00e1nh \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao Ireland d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Edward II, Edmund Butler, t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn Faughart, \u0111\u1ea7u Edward Bruce b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn cho Nh\u00e0 vua. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf Lancashire v\u00e0 Bristol n\u0103m 1315, v\u00e0 \u1edf Glamorgan thu\u1ed9c x\u1ee9 Wales n\u0103m 1316, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1n \u00e1p."}
+{"text": "N\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng \u1edf Scotland b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 Edward, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u1ef7 d\u1eef c\u1ee7a Edward II\". Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Edward \"kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p\" v\u00e0 ti ti\u1ec7n trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. N\u0103m 1318, m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n t\u00ean l\u00e0 John x\u1ee9 Powderham xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Oxford, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Edward II th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 Edward l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb thay th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb tr\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00fac ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi. John b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng vang l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Edward v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 v\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u0169ng t\u0103ng nhanh quanh nh\u1eefng c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Edward."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u1edf Anh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1321, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi s\u1ee7ng th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia, gia t\u1ed9c Despenser. Hugh Despenser Gi\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3 hai cha con Edward, trong khi Hugh Despenser tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean nh\u00e0 de Clare gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quan th\u1ecb v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua, v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Glamorgan \u1edf Welsh Marches n\u0103m 1317. Hugh tr\u1ebb m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ecb th\u1ebf v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta kh\u1eafp x\u1ee9 Wales, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c danh L\u00e3nh ch\u00faa Marcher. B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Lancaster v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Despensers l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9i chung tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a Lancaster \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn b\u1edfi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng c\u1ee7a Despensers, bao g\u1ed3m B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Hereford, gia t\u1ed9c Mortimer v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp sau c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 Hugh Audley v\u00e0 Roger Damory. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Edward, c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1eddi t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Despensers, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi Hugh tr\u1ebb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \"th\u01b0\u01a1ng ... qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i tim v\u00e0 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng\"."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1321, Lancaster huy \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Despensers tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Marcher. Edward v\u00e0 Hugh tr\u1ebb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, hi v\u1ecdng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n do B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc trung l\u1eadp Pembroke t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xoa d\u1ecbu kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, Pembroke t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i can thi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1ed5 ra v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Despensers nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa Mancher v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 Lancaster t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p c\u1ea5p cao gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u00e1n Despensers ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y Ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh. Edward \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp chi\u1ebfm London v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n nh\u00e0 the Despensers. S\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, Edward \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y Despensers v\u00e0 \u00e2n x\u00e1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa Marcher."}
+{"text": "Edward b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Pembroke, Nh\u00e0 vua th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9 li\u00ean minh nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi c\u00e1c anh em kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 cao c\u1ea5p, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn tranh. Edward b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng Bartholomew x\u1ee9 Badlesmere, v\u00e0 Isabella \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a Bartholomew, L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Leeds, c\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t casus belli (bi\u1ec7n minh cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh). V\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Bartholomew, Margaret, c\u1eafn c\u00e2u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Isabella, \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho Edward m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn. Lancaster t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i gi\u00fap Bartholomew, k\u1ebb th\u00f9 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, v\u00e0 Edward nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng nam. Ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t, Lancaster huy \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, v\u00e0 Edward t\u1eadp trung l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam. Despensers tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb n\u01a1i l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n x\u00e1 b\u1edfi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e0ng gia."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 12, Edward d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n d\u1ecdc S\u00f4ng Severn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 Welsh Marches, n\u01a1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i. Li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa Marcher s\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Mortimers \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng Nh\u00e0 vua, nh\u01b0ng Damory, Audley v\u00e0 B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Hereford h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 v\u00e0 gia nh\u1eadp l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi Lancaster, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bao v\u00e2y l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua \u1edf Tickhill. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa Marcher, Edward truy k\u00edch h\u1ecd, gi\u00e1p chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Lancaster v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 3 t\u1ea1i Burton-on-Trent. Lancaster, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e2n h\u01a1n, l\u1ea1i r\u00fat lui m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. Andrew Harclay d\u1ed3n Lancaster v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng \u1edf Tr\u1eadn Boroughbridge, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc. Edward v\u00e0 Hugh tr\u1ebb g\u1eb7p Lancaster \u1edf Pontefract, n\u01a1i m\u00e0, sau m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean t\u00f2a ng\u1eafn, b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "Edward tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Lancaster b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh k\u1ebft \u00e1n b\u1ecb c\u00e1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ecb c\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n trong ph\u00f2ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n \u00e1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Contrariants\" \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi may m\u1eafn h\u01a1n c\u0169ng b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1t ti\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n th\u00fac. B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Pembroke, Edward l\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch sau khi giao h\u1ebft to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gia t\u00e0i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p cho l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Edward \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh Despenser, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u1ecbch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb m\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea1t ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 sung c\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn Edward tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3: kho\u1ea3ng \u00a315,000 b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1326, kho b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Edward ch\u1ee9a t\u1edbi 62,000 b\u1ea3ng. M\u1ed9t Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra \u1edf York v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1322 m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 Ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb thu h\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng Quy ch\u1ebf York, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scot."}
+{"text": "Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh ch\u1ed1ng Scotland \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 23,350 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Edward ti\u1ebfn qua Lothian \u0111\u1ebfn Edinburgh, nh\u01b0ng Robert the Bruce t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn, l\u00e0m Edward ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n v\u00e0o Scotland. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf cho qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac gi\u1edd c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c. Edward bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Scotland truy \u0111u\u1ed5i ph\u00eda sau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi con ngo\u1ea1i h\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Edward, Adam, ch\u1ebft trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n truy k\u00edch su\u00fdt b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Isabella, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u1edf Tynemouth v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea9u b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n. Nh\u00e0 vua l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1edf Scotland c\u1ee7a Edward \u0111\u00e3 suy gi\u1ea3m. Andrew Harclay, nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Edward n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Carlisle, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Robert the Bruce, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng Edward s\u1ebd c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Robert l\u00e0 Vua c\u1ee7a Scotland v\u00e0, \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, Robert s\u1ebd d\u1eebng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o Anh qu\u1ed1c. Edward n\u1ed5i c\u01a1n th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u Harclay, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn 13 n\u0103m v\u1edbi Robert."}
+{"text": "Hugh Despenser Tr\u1ebb s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u1eafm nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 l\u1edbn, n\u1eafm vai tr\u00f2 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Edward, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng qua l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn l\u1edbn trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi Robert Baldock v\u00e0 Walter Stapledon, \u0110\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p quan v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 qu\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a Edward, Despensers t\u00edch l\u0169y nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 che \u0111\u1eady cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1eadu Seymour Phillips mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \"th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o, \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd\". Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Edward \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gia t\u0103ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n b\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c quanh ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Lancaster qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 treo c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed t\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u1edf Bristol. Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, do nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Phe ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u0169 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa Marcher t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho nh\u1eefng t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Edward trong L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Wallingford, v\u00e0 Roger Mortimer, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa Marcher b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam, tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Th\u00e1p London v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y sang Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa Edward v\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p xung quanh L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Gascony d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Chi\u1ebfn tranh Saint-Sardos n\u0103m 1324. Charles IV, anh r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Edward, k\u1ebf t\u1ef1 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1322, v\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m. N\u0103m 1323, \u00f4ng kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng \u0111\u00f2i Edward \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u Gascony, v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00f4ng coi Gascony cho Edward cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb Paris. M\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m binh s\u0129 c\u1ee7a Edward treo c\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t trung \u00fay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1ed1n \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 \u1edf Agenais, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111ang tranh ch\u1ea5p Gascony. Edward t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Edward v\u00e0 Charles tr\u1edf n\u00ean x\u1ea5u \u0111i. N\u0103m 1324, Edward c\u1eed B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Pembroke t\u1edbi Paris \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i. Charles huy \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Gascony."}
+{"text": "L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Edward \u1edf Gascony kho\u1ea3ng 4,400 l\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 huy b\u1edfi Charles x\u1ee9 Valois, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 7,000. Valois v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Agenais v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n r\u1ed3i c\u00f4 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng Bordeaux. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, Edward ra l\u1ec7nh b\u1ea5t gi\u1eef b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 phong t\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a Isabella, tr\u00ean c\u0103n c\u1ee9 b\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1324 \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Anh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y khuy\u00ean r\u1eb1ng Edward n\u00ean d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n 11,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi Gascony. Edward quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2n chinh, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Surrey. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Edward m\u1edf m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n m\u1edbi v\u1edbi vua Ph\u00e1p. Charles y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00eam nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Isabella v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Edward \u0111\u1ebfn Paris, v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 phi\u00ean th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi vua Ph\u00e1p cho v\u00f9ng Gascony, th\u00ec \u00f4ng s\u1ebd ng\u1eebng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i Agenais. Edward v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed sang Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd g\u1eedi Isabella \u0111i s\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1325."}
+{"text": "Isabella, \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Edward, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 3. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau khi Isabella \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n ra n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi anh trai b\u00e0, Charles. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p: \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, Edward s\u1ebd l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 phi\u00ean th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n Charles v\u00ec v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Gascony. Lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 n\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1ed5 ra l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, Edward \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trao Gascony cho con trai m\u00ecnh, Edward, v\u00e0 g\u1eedi ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn Paris l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Edward con v\u01b0\u1ee3t eo bi\u1ec3n Anh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9.[nb 13]"}
+{"text": "Edward d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 Isabella v\u00e0 con trai h\u1ecd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh quy tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1322, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Edward v\u00e0 Isabella d\u01b0\u1eddnng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u0129 m\u00e3n, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu xu\u1ea5t ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1325, th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea5u \u0111i. Isabella c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t gh\u00e9t Hugh Despenser tr\u1ebb, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec l\u1eddi gi\u00e8m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao. Isabella l\u00fang t\u00fang v\u00ec b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Scotland ba l\u1ea7n trong cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi Edward, v\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho Hugh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1322. Khi Edward k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1eebng b\u1eafn m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5y v\u1edbi Robert the Bruce, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c n\u1eafm gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai thu\u1ed9c Scotland, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00e0 Beaumonts, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Isabella. Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu c\u0169ng gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n gia trang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m gi\u1eef n\u0103m 1324. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Edward c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 Hugh Despenser."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng Edward t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp xung quanh Isabella v\u00e0 Mortimer \u1edf Paris, v\u00e0 Edward ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng Mortimer c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Isabella v\u00e0 Mortimer t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a William, B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Hainaut, v\u00e0 h\u1ee9a h\u00f4n cho Edward con v\u1edbi con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a William, Philippa. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00e1 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ngai v\u00e0ng Anh, v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4 d\u00e2u sau n\u00e0y, William cung c\u1ea5p 132 t\u00e0u v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 8 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Edward v\u00e0 Philippa \u0111\u00ednh h\u00f4n v\u00e0o 27 th\u00e1ng 8, r\u1ed3i Isabella c\u00f9ng Mortimer chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch."}
+{"text": "Su\u1ed1t th\u00e1ng 8 v\u00e0 9 n\u0103m 1326, Edward huy \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 ph\u00eda Ph\u00e1p hay Roger Mortimer. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3ng Portsmouth \u1edf ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 Orwell \u1edf b\u1edd \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch g\u1ed3m 1,600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a b\u0103ng qua eo bi\u1ec3n Anh t\u1edbi Normandy \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nghi binh. Edward \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfn. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng cuar ho\u00e0ng quy\u1ec1n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1 m\u1ecfng manh, nh\u00e0 Despensers b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb gh\u00e9t, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 Edward \u1ee7y th\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 quay l\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9. Kho\u1ea3ng 2.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh t\u1eadp trung \u1edf Orwell \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 55 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn."}
+{"text": "Roger Mortimer, Isabella, v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Edward 13 tu\u1ed5i, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi em trai kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Vua Edward, Edmund x\u1ee9 Woodstock, \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Orwell ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 n\u00e0o. Th\u1ebf v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Despensers nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 phe c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi em trai kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Edward, Thomas x\u1ee9 Brotherton; Henry x\u1ee9 Lancaster, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Lancaster t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh Thomas; v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 cao c\u1ea5p. Thu m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng tr\u00fa \u1ea9n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Th\u00e1p London, Edward c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 trong th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4. Th\u00e0nh London n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 10 \u0111\u1ee9c vua r\u1eddi London, mang theo c\u1ea3 Despensers v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. London r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, v\u00ec qyaanf ch\u00fang t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Edward, gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft th\u1ee7 qu\u1ef9 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Walter Stapledon \u1edf Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St Paul, chi\u1ebfm T\u00f2a Th\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch nh\u1eefng t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n trong \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Edward ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn Thung l\u0169ng Thames, t\u1edbi Gloucester kho\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y 9 \u0111\u1ebfn 12 th\u00e1ng 10; \u00f4ng hi v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ee9 Wales v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Mortimer v\u00e0 Isabella \u1edf kh\u00f4ng xa ph\u00eda sau. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u00ean \u00e1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Despensers nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua. Ng\u00e0y qua ng\u00e0y h\u1ecd t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Edward v\u00e0 Despenser tr\u1ebb v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 giong bu\u1ed3m t\u1eeb Chepstow, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u1edbi Lundy r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ireland, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 vua hi v\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e1u v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft x\u1ea5u khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ee3 l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean Cardiff. Edward r\u00fat v\u1ec1 L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Caerphilly v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Edward s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 \u1edf Anh, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c Nh\u00e0 vua v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t, phe c\u1ee7a Isabella gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 bao v\u00e2y Bristol, n\u01a1i Hugh Despenser gi\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00f3m c\u1ed5 t\u1eeb n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n; \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 v\u1eabn b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft. Edward v\u00e0 Hugh tr\u1ebb ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 11, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c, v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 13,000 b\u1ea3ng ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1edbi Ireland, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 11 h\u1ecd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng mi\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfm \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Caerphilly. Edward l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Monmouth, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng b\u1ecb giam \u1edf ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Henry x\u1ee9 Lancaster t\u1ea1i Kenilworth. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd b\u1ecb v\u00e2y \u1edf l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Caerphilly, \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 5 th\u00e1ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4, 1327."}
+{"text": "Isabella v\u00e0 Mortimer nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169. Hugh Despenser tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra x\u00e9t x\u1eed, b\u1ecb tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, \u00f4ng ta b\u1ecb m\u1ed5 b\u1ee5ng, thi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 phanh th\u00e2y; \u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1326. \u0110\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p quan ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Edward, Robert Baldock, ch\u1ebft \u1edf Nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 H\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i; B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Arundel b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Edward, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Isabella v\u00e0, tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 vua, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 ra v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd n\u00e0o l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 cho vi\u1ec7c tru\u1ea5t ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua Anh. Adam Orleton, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Hereford, l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 Edward \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1327 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Westminster m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn; Edward t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tham d\u1ef1 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp. Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang London \u0111ang k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Edward con l\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng. Ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 1 c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng Edward II s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tru\u1ea5t ng\u00f4i v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con trai \u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n tho\u00e1i ng\u00f4i, v\u1edbi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Edward l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c r\u01a1i v\u00e0o th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn Kenilworth \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 vua. Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1326, Henry x\u1ee9 Lancaster v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c x\u1ee9 Winchester v\u00e0 Lincoln g\u1eb7p ri\u00eang Edward t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i. H\u1ecd th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1edbi Edward r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, con trai \u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Edward s\u1ebd k\u1ebf t\u1ef1 \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, con trai \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebf t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 ngai v\u00e0ng s\u1ebd trao cho m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean thay th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, Edward \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 1, Sir William Trussell, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh d\u00e0nh cho \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Edward II. M\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn London, tuy\u00ean c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng Edward, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Edward x\u1ee9 Caernarvon, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Edward s\u1ebd k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng. L\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Tu vi\u1ec7n Westminster ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1327."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho Edward, v\u00e0 Roger Mortimer quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh mang Edward \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Berkeley \u1edf Gloucestershire. C\u1ef1u v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1327. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, Edward b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Thomas Berkeley, ch\u00e0ng r\u1ec3 nh\u00e0 Mortimer v\u00e0 John Maltravers. Berkeley v\u00e0 Maltravers nh\u1eadn n\u0103m b\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u00f4ng nom Edward. Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 l\u00e0 Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o; c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 cho th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a xa x\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed gia cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i. B\u00e0i th\u01a1 L\u1eddi than kh\u00f3c c\u1ee7a Edward II, t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Edward vi\u1ebft trong th\u1eddi gian \u00f4ng b\u1ecb giam c\u1ea7m, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u nghi v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.[nb 15]"}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 9, Edward III \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 th\u00e2n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1 th\u1ebf \u1edf L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Berkeley v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00eam ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 9. Nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed gia \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng Edward II \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf Berkeley v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, cho r\u1eb1ng, \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3.[nb 16] C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Edward, nh\u01b0 Mark Ormrod ch\u00fa th\u00edch, \"ho\u00e0i nghi \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac\", v\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Mortimer, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia tin r\u1eb1ng Edward c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd d\u00ednh l\u00edu t\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Edward, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Sir Thomas Gurney, Maltravers v\u00e0 William Ockley, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n.[nb 17] N\u1ebfu Edward ch\u1ebft do c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh v\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m sau th\u1eddi gian ng\u1ed3i t\u00f9."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eddi gian cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Isabella v\u00e0 Mortimer kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u00e2u sau tin Edward qua \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. H\u1ecd h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scot th\u00f4ng qua Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Northampton, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. C\u1ea3 Isabella v\u00e0 Mortimer t\u00edch l\u0169y, ti\u00eau x\u00e0i trong nhung l\u1ee5a, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Mortimer v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1ebb Edward III tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1330 Nh\u00e0 vua ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Isabella v\u00e0 Mortimer t\u1ea1i L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Nottingham. \u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Mortimer v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft \u00f4ng ta v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n t\u1ed9i danh ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1 s\u00e1t Edward II. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Edward III t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed5 cho Mortimer t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i danh d\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho c\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u00e0 vua tha cho Isabella, cho m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch b\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Thi h\u00e0i Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbp t\u1ea1i L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Berkeley, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Bristol v\u00e0 Gloucester. Ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 10, thi h\u00e0i n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Tu vi\u1ec7n Gloucester v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 12, Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i b\u1ec7 th\u1edd, tang l\u1ec5 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 Edward III c\u00f3 th\u00eam th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1.[nb 18] Gloucester \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m qu\u00e0n thi th\u1ec3 Nh\u00e0 vua, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Berkeley.[nb 19] Tang l\u1ec5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1edbn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed l\u00e0 351 b\u1ea3ng, v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u01b0 t\u1eed ho\u00e0ng huy m\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng, ho\u00e0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ebfp v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn g\u1ed7 s\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Edward III hi v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m b\u00ecnh phong che \u0111i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb di\u1ec5n ra g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, t\u0103ng t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh cho s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a v\u00ec vua tr\u1ebb."}
+{"text": "H\u00ecnh n\u1ed9m Edward b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o cho nghi th\u1ee9c tang l\u1ec5; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u00e1m tang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf Anh, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft b\u1edfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y ba th\u00e1ng. Qu\u1ea3 tim c\u1ee7a Edward \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y ra, \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p b\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng Isabella t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Newgate \u1edf London. Ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9m th\u1ea1ch cao tuy\u1ebft hoa \u1edf Anh, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i h\u00f2m m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1i che l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 tr\u1ee9ng c\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 Purbeck. Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t trong trang ph\u1ee5c \u00e1o s\u01a1mi, m\u0169 v\u00e0 g\u0103ng tay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u00f4ng trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, tay c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n l\u00e1 d\u00e2u t\u00e2y. H\u00ecnh n\u1ed9m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00e1 r\u00f5, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Edward.[nb 20]"}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111ang thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed5 s\u00fay b\u1edfi gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng l\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tu vi\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p h\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng t\u1eeb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 x\u00e2y l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1edd trong v\u00f9ng trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1330. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n b\u00ed di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu ch\u1ec9nh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m. Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed gia Geoffrey de Baker m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Edward l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n, b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1, v\u00e0 Richard II \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh trong n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1395 cho vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean th\u00e1nh Edward. Ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt n\u0103m 1855, m\u1edf n\u1eafp quan t\u00e0i g\u1ed7, v\u1eabn trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u00eam phong ch\u00ec b\u00ean trong. Ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Gloucester, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nguy\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng trong gian \u0111o\u1ea1n 2007 - 2008 v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed h\u01a1n 100.000 b\u1ea3ng."}
+{"text": "Tranh c\u00e3i quanh c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Edward nhanh ch\u00f3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. V\u1edbi v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft Mortimer n\u0103m 1330, nhi\u1ec1u tin \u0111\u1ed3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u lan truy\u1ec1n, cho r\u1eb1ng Edward \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Berkeley. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00e9t ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t thanh s\u1eaft n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c gi\u00f9i nung v\u00e0o h\u1eadu m\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan truy\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd; c\u00e1c bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed gia trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1330 t\u1edbi th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1340 ra s\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y th\u00eam, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Geoffrey le Baker \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam th\u1eaft hoa l\u00e1 v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Edward, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nghi v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft s\u1eed gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd quanh vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1eaft c\u00f3c sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.[nb 21]"}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra quanh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng Edward c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft trong n\u0103m 1327. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \"L\u00e1 th\u01b0 Fieschi\", \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c linh m\u1ee5c Manuel Fieschi g\u1eedi cho Edward III, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Berkeley v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1327, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n s\u0129 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. Thi th\u1ec3 ch\u00f4n trong Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Gloucester th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phu khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c c\u1ee7a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Berkeley, b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t r\u1ed3i giao n\u1ed9p cho Isabella \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Edward nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. L\u00e1 th\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e1p n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chuy\u1ec7n Edward III g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng t\u00ean William the Welshman \u1edf Antwerp n\u0103m 1338, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Edward II."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n trong n\u1ed9i dung th\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 t\u00edn, tuy nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c tin c\u1eady. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i s\u1eed gia \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y. Paul Doherty \u0111\u1eb7t nghi v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a William the Welshman, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sau c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng Edward \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ee5c t\u00f9. Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00e0 Alison Weir tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c, khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e1 th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Isabella kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i gi\u1ebft Edward. S\u1eed gia Ian Mortimer cho r\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Fieschi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh Mortimer v\u00e0 Isabella \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ed m\u1eadt ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch Edward, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb c\u1ef1u v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, chuy\u1ec7n h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Edward III ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec sau khi l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. L\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ian Mortimer b\u1ecb h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc David Carpenter.[nb 22]"}
+{"text": "Edward suy cho c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i; s\u1eed gia Michael Prestwich nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \"l\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i, hay n\u1ed9 kh\u00ed xung thi\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111oan khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ecf tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng\", sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Roy Haines v\u1ec1 Edward l\u00e0 \"b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c\", v\u00e0 \"kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng\". Edward kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 giao quy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh cho thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1 m\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 Pierre Chaplais l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \"kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i \u1edf ng\u00f4i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129\", khi \u0111a ph\u1ea7n giao ph\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh cho quan nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0 Piers Gaveston hay Hugh Despenser Tr\u1ebb. S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Edward \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ban b\u1ed5ng l\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. Edward t\u1ecf ra quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n v\u1eb7t v\u00e3nh trong tri\u1ec1u, tuy c\u0169ng, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Edward t\u1ecf ra quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n v\u1eb7t v\u00e3nh trong tri\u1ec1u, tuy c\u0169ng, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.[nb 23]"}
+{"text": "Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a Edward trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian \u00f4ng cai tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh t\u1eeb vua cha, kho\u1ea3ng 60.000 b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a tr\u1ea3 h\u1ebft t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1320. Nh\u00e0 vua d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee7 qu\u1ef9 v\u00e0 quan ch\u1ee9c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 thu\u1ebf m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u01b0ng d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n vay, ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 qua gia \u0111\u00ecnh Frescobaldi, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Antonio Pessagno. Edward c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb, ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u0103ng doanh thu tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m chi ti\u00eau trong t\u01b0 gia c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh."}
+{"text": "Edward c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 Edward \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i cho m\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean ngai, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng can thi\u1ec7p s\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p sau n\u0103m 1322. Edward s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng D\u00e2n lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 trong th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec khi tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng Lu\u1eadt Anh ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Edward khi th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng dung d\u01b0\u1ee1ng the Despensers l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ri\u00eang; Despensers d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 l\u00e0 s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c b\u0103ng nh\u00f3m v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp x\u1ee9 Anh C\u00e1t L\u1ee3i trong th\u1eddi gian cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Edward, g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n cho v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c \u1edf x\u1ee9 \u00c1i Nh\u0129 Lan l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7."}
+{"text": "Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u0103ng l\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Edward, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1p c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u01b0 s\u1eed gia Claire Valente ch\u00fa r\u1eb1ng, tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \"v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n\". Sau n\u0103m 1311, Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u1ecb d\u00e2n, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean \"Vi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 d\u00e2n Anh C\u00e1t L\u1ee3i\". M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd Edward \u0111a ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nam t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, trong n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, Edward b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Chuy\u1ec7n Edward b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1327 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Edward c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng cung l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng, di chuy\u1ec3n kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo ch\u00e2n Nh\u00e0 vua. Khi \u1edf Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Westminster, ho\u00e0ng cung c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ea3nh, b\u1ea3y ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ba nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng nh\u1ecf nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng, do cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi Scotland, ho\u00e0ng cung l\u1ea1i d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 Yorkshire v\u00e0 Northumbria trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian di\u1ec5n ra cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y. Ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa ho\u00e0ng cung l\u00e0 t\u01b0 th\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Edward, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh \"\u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ea3nh\" v\u00e0 \"bu\u1ed3ng ng\u1ee7\"; quy m\u00f4 t\u01b0 th\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Edward thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo t\u1eebng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1317 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 500 strong, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p s\u0129, c\u1eadn v\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp v\u00e0 phu v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n. Xung quanh t\u01b0 th\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vua l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n g\u00e1i b\u00e1n d\u00e2m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "\u00c2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ca \u0111o\u00e0n r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng cung c\u1ee7a Edward, tuy v\u1eady, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u0103n b\u1eaft c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00fa ti\u00eau khi\u1ec3n \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n duy\u1ec7t k\u1ef5 binh c\u0169ng \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem tr\u1ecdng. Edward th\u00edch nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a dinh th\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecf ra h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c \u0111\u0129a v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c, trang s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng tr\u00e1ng men \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 trang tr\u00ed cung \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00eam l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby.[nb 24] Edward nu\u00f4i m\u1ed9t con l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u00fa c\u01b0ng, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng d\u1eaft theo m\u1ed9t con s\u01b0 t\u1eed trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Scotland. Nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u mua vui ngo\u1ea1i lai c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong cung c\u1ee7a Edward: m\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ee5 r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u00dd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1312, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m sau th\u00ec cho m\u1eddi 54 v\u0169 c\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfa th\u00e2n t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p.[nb 25]"}
+{"text": "Trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Michael Prestwich m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n theo th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7\". C\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed t\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng cung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 Edward ban ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u1eed h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c \u00edt h\u01a1n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ti\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Edward v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi xin ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng cho l\u1ec5 x\u1ee9c d\u1ea7u Th\u00e1nh Thomas th\u00e0nh Canterbury n\u0103m 1319; y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, khi\u1ebfn Nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f3 ch\u00fat b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i. Edward \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp King's Hall \u1edf Cambridge \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, Oriel College \u1edf Oxford v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i t\u1ea1i Dublin."}
+{"text": "Edward c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Cl\u00eament\u00ea V, m\u1eb7c cho s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Anh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Cl\u00eament\u00ea, Edward c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Anh cho c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Scotland, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 vay ti\u1ec1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 quy\u00ean g\u00f3p \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh. Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Anh c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00edt ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a Edward c\u1ee7a trong su\u1ed1t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan XXII, t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1316, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Edward cho cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u0103m 1317, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Scotland, Edward \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ed9p tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vua John \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd n\u0103m 1213; Edward s\u1edbm ng\u1eebng n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf, tuy nhi\u00ean, Nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u00e0y l\u1ec5 phi\u00ean th\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u0103m 1213. N\u0103m 1325, Edward \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ireland c\u00f4ng khai rao gi\u1ea3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda tr\u1eebng ph\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed gia n\u00e0o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u00ean v\u1ecb, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed gia c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Edward n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. Polychronicon, Vita Edwardi Secundi, Vita et Mors Edwardi Secundi v\u00e0 Gesta Edwardi de Carnarvon l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, th\u00f3i quen v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft giao b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua. Nhi\u1ec1u ghi ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1c trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Edward cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Edward \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, bao g\u1ed3m Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong ch\u00ednh ho\u00e0ng cung c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nhi\u1ec1u ca kh\u00fac ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed gia nh\u01b0 Geoffrey le Baker v\u00e0 Thomas Ringstead c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i danh d\u1ef1 Edward, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong th\u00e1nh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI v\u00e0 XVII t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Edward v\u1edbi Gaveston, v\u1ebd ra nh\u1eefng so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa ngai v\u00e0ng Edward v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n xung quanh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng d'\u00c9pernon v\u00e0 Henri III c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Buckingham v\u00e0 Charles I. Trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00e0 nh\u01b0 Charles Dickens v\u00e0 Charles Knight ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Edward v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang th\u1eddi Victoria, nh\u1eafm m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 vua v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n v\u00e0, h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1870 tr\u1edf \u0111i, tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Edward \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111i v\u00ec s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u1edf Anh v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o tr\u00e1nh th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng khai v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Edward trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Edward ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra cho c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 William Stubbs, Thomas Tout v\u00e0 J. C. Davies, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Edward. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd xem l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vua c\u1ee7a Edward, c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn th\u1eadn s\u1ef1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng cao trong khi v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u1eddi Edward II l\u1ea1i suy gi\u1ea3m, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft s\u1eed v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u Edward r\u1eddi b\u1ecf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 qua vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00eam c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi ch\u00e9p th\u1eddi Edward trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 25 n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Jeffrey Denton, Jeffrey Hamilton, John Maddicott v\u00e0 Seymour Phillips quay l\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eadp trung v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Hilda Johnstone v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Edward, v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Natalie Fryde v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00ean nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Edward, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ea3n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Roy Haines v\u00e0 Seymour Phillips xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2003 v\u00e0 2011."}
+{"text": "Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edf k\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda ch\u00e2n dung \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Edward. K\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Christopher Marlowe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh v\u1edf Edward II \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1592 v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Edward v\u1edbi Piers Gaveston, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ee7ng th\u1ea7n \u00e1i thi\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Marlowe m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Edward l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u00e1m h\u1ea1i, kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda song song vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o; m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Marlowe kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i Edward, v\u1edf k\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, r\u1eb1ng Edward b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thanh s\u1eaft n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecf. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Edward trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Marlowe l\u00e0 James VI c\u1ee7a Scotland v\u00e0 Henry III c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb v\u1edf k\u1ecbch Richard II c\u1ee7a William Shakespeare. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII, nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n k\u1ecbch Ben Jonson c\u0169ng khai th\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1edf dang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Mortimer His Fall."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m phim Derek Jarman chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Marlowe th\u00e0nh phim n\u0103m 1991, m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u1edf k\u1ecbch, l\u1ed9t t\u1ea3 Edward v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1ng v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb thua d\u01b0\u1edbi tay nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Trong phim c\u1ee7a Jarman, Edward cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh giam c\u1ea7m, theo nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Fieschi. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a Edward \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong phim Braveheart c\u1ee7a Mel Gibson n\u0103m 1995, khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i v\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea9n \u00fd v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o l\u1ee5a v\u00e0 trang \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eadm, xa l\u00e1nh ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scot. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u00f3p m\u00e9o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n dung m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i kh\u00e1 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c."}
+{"text": "Kuala Lumpur l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Malaysia. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e1nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang, song c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Putrajaya v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1999. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p li\u00ean bang v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4. Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Malaysia l\u00e0 Istana Negara c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Malaysia. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1ng alpha, v\u00e0 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 48 theo Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2010 c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Foreign Policy."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u0103m d\u00f2 thi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Ampang, v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Hai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u1ea3i S\u01a1n h\u1ed9i do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u00e1ch Gia chi ph\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 Ngh\u0129a H\u01b0ng h\u1ed9i do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn chi ph\u1ed1i, hai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ebfc trong th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n. Do \u0111\u1ea5u tranh li\u00ean mi\u00ean gi\u1eefa hai phe, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t khai m\u1ecf thi\u1ebfc b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7, khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh (\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb Selangor) b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t Kapitan (th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh) ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Kuala Lumpur. Kh\u00e2u T\u00fa (Hiu Siew) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m Kapitan \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u00f4ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t m\u1ecf t\u1ea1i Lukut. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Ampang, b\u00e1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cho th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y thi\u1ebfc."}
+{"text": "Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u, Kuala Lumpur t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, bao g\u1ed3m N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Selangor; v\u00e0 c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c tai h\u1ecda nh\u01b0 d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh hay h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u0169 l\u1ee5t li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1870, Kapitan ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Kuala Lumpur l\u00e0 Di\u1ec7p \u00c1 Lai (Yap Ah Loy) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n. \u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Kuala Lumpur t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u1ecf h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh. N\u0103m 1880, x\u00e9t theo y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Selangor chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Klang \u0111\u1ebfn Kuala Lumpur."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1896, Kuala Lumpur \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang M\u00e3 Lai (Federated Malay States) m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a Kuala Lumpur. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 quanh trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng s\u00f4ng Klang, v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ed1 Trung Hoa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 Lai, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n theo H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u01b0 tr\u00fa d\u1ecdc theo ph\u1ed1 Java (nay l\u00e0 Jalan Tun Perak). Padang, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Merdeka, l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh."}
+{"text": "Trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfm Kuala Lumpur v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1942. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1945, khi t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Singapore v\u00e0 Malaysia l\u00e0 Seishir\u014d Itagaki \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh Qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 1957, Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p bang Malaya (Federation of Malaya) gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. Kuala Lumpur v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 khi Malaysia th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1963."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1969, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Malaysia di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Kuala Lumpur. C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n 13 th\u00e1ng 5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 Lai v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa. B\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 Lai t\u1ea1i Malaysia b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i-ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n khi\u1ebfn 196 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 Lai trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e3y Titiwangsa b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3o Sumatra c\u1ee7a Indonesia ch\u1eafn \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, Kuala Lumpur c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi (ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu K\u00f6ppen Af) v\u1edbi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft n\u1eafng \u1ea5m quanh n\u0103m, c\u00f9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 3. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1i cao dao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa 31 v\u00e0 33 \u00b0C (88 v\u00e0 91 \u00b0F) v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 39,3 \u00b0C (102,7 \u00b0F), trong khi m\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p dao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa 22 v\u00e0 23,5 \u00b0C (71,6 v\u00e0 74,3 \u00b0F) v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng xu\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 14,4 \u00b0C (57,9 \u00b0F). Kuala Lumpur th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 2.600 mm (100 in); th\u00e1ng 6 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4, song sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 127 milim\u00e9t (5,0 in) m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng."}
+{"text": "C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb T\u00f2a th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh Kuala Lumpur, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 li\u00ean bang Malaysia. C\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i, quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, duy tr\u00ec chung c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. Quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y do B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 li\u00ean bang b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 3 n\u0103m. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1970."}
+{"text": "Kuala Lumpur l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m kinh t\u1ebf, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Kuala Lumpur l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1ng alpha, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Malaysia. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh nh\u01b0 s\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Kuala Lumpur t\u1ea1i Sepang, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh H\u00e0nh lang \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n si\u00eau c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3ng Klang c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Bursa Malaysia hay S\u1edf giao d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n Malaysia \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "T\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba (GDP) c\u1ee7a Kuala Lumpur \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1t 73.536 tri\u1ec7u ringgit v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0 5,9%. GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Kuala Lumpur v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008 l\u00e0 48.556 ringgit v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0 5,9 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ea1i Kuala Lumpur \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 838.400. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kinh doanh, b\u00e1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u1ebb, nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, giao th\u00f4ng, kho b\u00e3i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 83%. 17 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Kuala Lumpur \u1edf t\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Al-Rajhi v\u00e0 H\u00e3ng T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Kuwait. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, Dow Jones & Company t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi Bursa Malaysia \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Qu\u1ef9 trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o (ETFs), theo \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Malaysia t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng hay trung t\u00e2m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 k\u1ebf to\u00e1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Malaysia c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Kuala Lumpur v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2007 th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i Petronas, c\u00f3 14 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty trong danh s\u00e1ch Forbes 2000 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Kuala Lumpur."}
+{"text": "Du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Nhi\u1ec1u chu\u1ed7i kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Kuala Lumpur l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi 8,9 tri\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3t du kh\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Du l\u1ecbch Kula Lumpur \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1eeb t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, chi ph\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n v\u00e0 mua s\u1eafm \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Du l\u1ecbch MICE, t\u1ee9c du l\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa khi Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i Kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Malaysia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng."}
+{"text": "Kuala Lumpur c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01b0 d\u00e2n h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p, g\u1ed3m ba d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Malaysia: ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 Lai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n, song th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u-\u00c1, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kadazan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Iban v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng Malaysia v\u00e0 Malaysia b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o. Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2010 do C\u01a1 quan Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Bumiputera t\u1ea1i Kuala Lumpur l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 44,2%, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa chi\u1ebfm 43,2% v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n chi\u1ebfm 10,3%. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Kuala Lumpur, hi\u1ec7n h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 9% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "Kuala Lumpur l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1edd c\u00fang cho d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e3 Lai v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n theo H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Nho gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gia nh\u1eadp \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd l\u00e0m t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Theo \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2010, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Kuala Lumpur c\u00f3 46,4% l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, 35,7% l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed, 8,5% theo \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, 5,8% l\u00e0 Ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu], 1,1% l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o hay t\u0129n ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Hoa, 2,0% theo c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 0,5% kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o."}
+{"text": "Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Kuala Lumpur l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2u \u00c1, c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o M\u00e3 Lai, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Kuala Lumpur l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ebb so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 kh\u00e1c, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. C\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y mang phong c\u00e1ch hay ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Moor (Mughal), Tudo, T\u00e2n Goth hay Hy L\u1ea1p-T\u00e2y Ban Nha. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ed1n quanh n\u0103m n\u00f3ng \u1ea9m."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ebfm \u1ed1c (Shophouse), ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hai t\u1ea7ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng tr\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m n\u01a1i mua b\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m n\u01a1i \u1edf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng quanh trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ebfm-\u1ed1c n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa Eo bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ebfm \u1ed1c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi song nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ebfm \u1ed1c v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay t\u1ea1i xung quanh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c Medan Pasar (qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169), ph\u1ed1 Trung Hoa, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Doraisamy, Bukit Bintang v\u00e0 Tengkat Tong Shin."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 mang d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o h\u01a1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1eafp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng M\u00e3 Lai, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 songkok v\u00e0 keris. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Menara Telekom, Menara Maybank, Dayabumi Complex, v\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 nh\u01b0 B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Malaysia v\u00e0 Cung Thi\u00ean v\u0103n Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ecfng theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i th\u1edd t\u1ef1, ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi m\u00e1i v\u00f2m v\u00e0 th\u00e1p, trong khi tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c. T\u00f2a th\u00e1p \u0111\u00f4i Petronas cao 452 m\u00e9t (1.483 ft) l\u00e0 th\u00e1p \u0111\u00f4i cao nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u0169 nh\u01b0 Bok House b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi l\u1edbp v\u1ecf b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1eafp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Th\u00e1p \u0111\u00f4i Petronas v\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Kuala Lumpur. Khu kinh doanh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Kuala Lumpur ng\u00e0y nay d\u1eddi sang quanh Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC), t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 cao v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Theo K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch 50 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Cao \u1ed1c v\u00e0 C\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb (CTBUH), Kuala Lumpur x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 10 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 cao tr\u00ean 100 m\u00e9t, v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng chi\u1ec1u cao c\u1ee7a 244 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u00e0 34.035 m\u00e9t."}
+{"text": "Kuala Lumpur c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Malaya (UM) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1949, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Malaysia, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t trong khu v\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Malaysia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Malaysia trong x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Times Higher Educatio (THES) 2004. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Malaya t\u0103ng l\u00ean, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eb1m thu h\u00fat th\u00eam c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Kuala Lumpur g\u1ed3m \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Malaysia (IIUM), \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc UCSI (UCSI), \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IMU), \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1edf Malaysia (OUM), \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1edf Wawasan (WOU), H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tunku Abdul Rahman (TARUC) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc khu chi nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Malaysia (UKM) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Malaysia (UTM). T\u1ea1i bang Selangor c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc khu chi nh\u00e1nh: H\u1ecdc khu Malaysia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Nottingham n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Semenyih hay H\u1ecdc khu Malaysia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Monash n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Sunway. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng Malaysia n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 L\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Sungai Besi, t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a trung t\u00e2m Kuala Lumpur. C\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7, c\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n, h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "V\u1ec1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 hai s\u00e2n bay ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Kuala Lumpur. S\u00e2n bay ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Kuala Lumpur (KLIA) t\u1ea1i Sepang thu\u1ed9c bang Selangor, n\u01a1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Malaysia, n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 50 kil\u00f4m\u00e9t (31 mi) v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam. S\u00e2n bay c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u00e2n bay Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Subang Skypark v\u00e0 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Kuala Lumpur t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1965 \u0111\u1ebfn khi KLIA m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998. KLIA k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i s\u00e1u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c gia Malaysia Airlines v\u00e0 h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb AirAsia. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn KLIA khi \u0111i b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u cao t\u1ed1c KLIA Ekspres t\u1eeb ga Trung t\u00e2m Kuala Lumpur, th\u1eddi gian m\u1ea5t 28 ph\u00fat, trong khi \u0111i b\u1eb1ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 hay xe bu\u00fdt tr\u00ean xa l\u1ed9 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd. C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay c\u1ee7a Air Asia kh\u00f4ng qua nh\u00e0 ga s\u00e2n bay ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a KLIA m\u00e0 qua Nh\u00e0 ga h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2007, s\u00e2n bay Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 tu\u1ed1c bin c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Firefly v\u00e0 Berjaya Air."}
+{"text": "Giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Kuala Lumpur v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Thung l\u0169ng Klang bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh giao th\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 bu\u00fdt, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 taxi. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m gia t\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 16% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006. Giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft t\u1ea1i Kuala Lumpur bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft nh\u1eb9, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft nhanh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft m\u1ed9t ray, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4. Kuala Lumpur \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1edfi ba h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, ch\u00fang g\u1eb7p nhau t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i ra nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Thung l\u0169ng, c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 RapidKL Light Rail Transit, KL Monorail, v\u00e0 KTM Komuter. C\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ga ng\u1ea7m, tr\u00ean cao hay tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u1eafp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft nhanh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ga trung t\u00e2m Kuala Lumpur (KL Sentral), \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1m trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn. KL Sentral c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft li\u00ean th\u1ecb do KTM Intercity v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft xa \u0111\u1ebfn Singapore \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn Hat Yai thu\u1ed9c Th\u00e1i Lan \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc."}
+{"text": "Nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Kuala Lumpur v\u00e0 Thung l\u0169ng Klang l\u00e0 RapidKL. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n Intrakota Komposit Sdn Bhd, RapidKL cho x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi bu\u00fdt c\u1ee7a Kuala Lumpur v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Thung l\u0169ng Klang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Kuala Lumpur. RapidKL \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Hub-and-spoke \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u00eam xe bu\u00fdt. RapidKL c\u0169ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh hai tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft nh\u1eb9 t\u1ea1i Kuala Lumpur v\u00e0 Thung l\u0169ng Klang, c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ampang Line v\u00e0 Kelana Jaya Line."}
+{"text": "Du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Kuala Lumpur. Nhi\u1ec1u chu\u1ed7i kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n l\u1edbn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Hotel Majestic. Kuala Lumpur l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103m quan nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi 8,9 tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Du l\u1ecbch \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, chi ph\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 mua s\u1eafm r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Du l\u1ecbch MICE, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc - \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa khi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Malaysia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t MATRADE m\u1edbi 93.000m2 Trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014. M\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch ch\u00ednh \u1edf Kuala Lumpur bao g\u1ed3m Th\u00e1p \u0111\u00f4i Petronas, khu mua s\u1eafm Bukit Bintang, Th\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Kuala Lumpur, ph\u1ed1 Petaling (Ph\u1ed1 T\u00e0u), qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Merdeka, t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia (Istana Negara), B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Qu\u1ed1c gia, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, Ch\u1ee3 Trung t\u00e2m, v\u01b0\u1eddn chim KL, th\u1ee7y cung KLCC, \u0110\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Sultan Abdul Samad Jamek. Kuala Lumpur t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 l\u1ec5 r\u01b0\u1edbc Thaipusam t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ec1n Sri Mahamariamman. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m trong bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 Thaipusam, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe ng\u1ef1a b\u1ea1c mang b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Lord Muruga c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh Valli v\u00e0 Teivayanni c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh qua th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn Batu Cave \u1edf Selangor l\u00e2n c\u1eadn ."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t sao \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng g\u1ed3m hai ng\u00f4i sao chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m hai ng\u00f4i sao. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ng\u00f4i sao, sao kia l\u00e0 \"b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh\" c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u00f4i sao trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai ng\u00f4i sao. Sao \u0111\u00f4i r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u01a1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i suy t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng sao \u0111\u00f4i."}
+{"text": "Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \"binary\" \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 sao \u0111\u00f4i trong ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Sir William Herschel \u0111\u01b0a ra n\u0103m 1802 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \"m\u1ed9t sao \u0111\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u2014 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1o c\u00f9ng nhau trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\". B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 hai ng\u00f4i sao n\u00e0o n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n nhau tr\u00ean thi\u00ean c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sao \u0111\u00f4i, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Mizar v\u00e0 Alcor thu\u1ed9c ch\u00f2m sao \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac c\u1eb7p sao ch\u1ec9 \"nh\u00ecn\" gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 sao \u0111\u00f4i tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, do ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m c\u00f9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch nhau r\u1ea5t xa. Nh\u1eefng \"h\u1ec7 sao \u0111\u00f4i gi\u1ea3\" \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef sao \u0111\u00f4i quang h\u1ecdc. Khi k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra, nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eb7p sao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. N\u0103m 1780, Herschel \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 700 c\u1eb7p sao hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 sao \u0111\u00f4i v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 50 c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng sau hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 quan s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 sao \u0111\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t sao \u0111\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn k\u1ebft nhau b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c h\u1eabp d\u1eabn. Khi ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh (n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111o giao thoa) ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sao \u0111\u00f4i th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. Trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a sao \u0111\u00f4i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Doppler c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sao \u0111\u00f4i quang ph\u1ed5, g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p sao n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n nhau t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng quang ph\u1ed5 trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i ng\u00f4i sao ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n xanh, sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecf khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ch\u00fang ta, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i di chuy\u1ec3n ra xa ch\u00fang ta, trong khi ch\u00fang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m chung, v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o chung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u00f4i v\u1eeba l\u00e0 sao \u0111\u00f4i th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 sao \u0111\u00f4i quang ph\u1ed5 th\u00ec r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin qu\u00fd gi\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng sao \u0111\u00f4i th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch nhau kh\u00e1 xa v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng quang ph\u1ed5. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng sao \u0111\u00f4i quang ph\u1ed5 di chuy\u1ec3n nhanh tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u1edf g\u1ea7n nhau\u2014th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng sao \u0111\u00f4i th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. Do v\u1eady, c\u00e1c sao \u0111\u00f4i v\u1eeba l\u00e0 sao \u0111\u00f4i th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u1eeba l\u00e0 sao \u0111\u00f4i quang ph\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1 g\u1ea7n Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4i sao c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111ang quay quanh m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c sao \u0111\u00f4i dao \u0111\u1ed9ng astrometric binaries, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao n\u1eb1m kh\u00e1 g\u1ea7n sao \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y \u0111ang dao \u0111\u1ed9ng xung quanh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m chung nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sao \u0111\u00f4i dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ec9 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi lui. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho nh\u1eefng sao \u0111\u00f4i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ra kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y kia. Ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i, v\u00ec v\u1eady th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra hay b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i sao th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t kia, hay n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u00e0o, gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t sao neutron. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh kia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111en\u2014m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho ki\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Cygnus X-1, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kia g\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u2014v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao neutron, m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh kia."}
+{"text": "C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sao \u0111\u00f4i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u1eafn th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m \u00edt h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c sao \u0111\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p quay g\u1ea7n nhau t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00fang h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhau, t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p sao xa nhau t\u1edbi n\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay quanh nhau ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd, trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 sao \u0111\u00f4i c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c h\u00fat h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 quay v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 ch\u1eebng 100 n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1eddng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sao \u0111\u00f4i hay sao ba. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng b\u1ec1n (h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1eafn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 hay b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ec7ch v\u00e0o trong hay l\u00f9i ra ngo\u00e0i h\u01a1n), trong khi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t cho vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh sinh quy\u1ec3n b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1edf nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c nhau. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh quay quanh c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 \u0111a sao c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2005 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y: HD 188753 Ab."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean-Hu\u1ebf g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m c\u00f3 n\u1eafng \u1ea5m. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng l\u1ee5t v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5. C\u00e1c th\u00e1ng 6, 7, 8 c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh. M\u01b0a l\u0169 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9, 10. Th\u00e1ng 11 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u1ee5t. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m m\u01b0a k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n nay do ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00ean t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8 n\u1eafng n\u00f3ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m. C\u00e1c th\u00e1ng 9, 10, 11 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u00f3 b\u00e3o. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 12 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m sau l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc k\u00e9o v\u1ec1 g\u00e2y m\u01b0a to k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u0169 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng t\u0103ng nhanh"}
+{"text": "Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Hu\u1ebf, Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a - Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n - Hu\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 r\u00ecu \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Ph\u1ee5 \u1ed4, B\u00e0u \u00d0\u01b0ng (H\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1eef, H\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u00e0) cho ph\u00e9p kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c di t\u00edch c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi 4.000 n\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u00ecu \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c x\u00e3 H\u1ed3ng B\u1eafc, H\u1ed3ng V\u00e2n, H\u1ed3ng H\u1ea1, H\u1ed3ng Th\u1ee7y, B\u1eafc S\u01a1n (A L\u01b0\u1edbi); Phong Thu (Phong \u00d0i\u1ec1n) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi 5.000 n\u0103m. Di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 quan tr\u1ecdng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Hu\u1ebf n\u0103m 1987 l\u00e0 di t\u00edch C\u1ed3n R\u00e0ng (Ph\u1ee5 \u1ed4, H\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1eef, H\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u00e0) n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi 2.500 n\u0103m. D\u1ea5u \u1ea5n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf C\u1eeda Thi\u1ec1ng n\u0103m 1988 (Ph\u00fa \u1ed0c, T\u1ee9 H\u1ea1, H\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u00e0). C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a Sa Hu\u1ef3nh, t\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Hu\u1ebf c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00d0\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. N\u0103m 1994, tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Phong M\u1ef9, Phong \u00d0i\u1ec1n. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c c\u1ee9 li\u1ec7u x\u01b0a cho bi\u1ebft, t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Hu\u1ebf t\u1eebng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n giao ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n mang nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eafc th\u00e1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f9ng c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a V\u0103n Lang - \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Hu\u1ebf v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u1eadn. N\u0103m 116 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam ra \u0111\u1eddi thay th\u1ebf cho T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u1eadn. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n 12 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00eda B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u0103mpa \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng B\u1ea1ch \u00d0\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n (n\u0103m 938), \u00d0\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u00d0\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam. N\u0103m 1306, c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e2n em g\u00e1i vua Tr\u1ea7n Anh T\u00f4ng, \"n\u01b0\u1edbc non ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m ra \u0111i\" l\u00e0m d\u00e2u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u0103mpa, vua Ch\u1ebf M\u00e2n d\u00e2ng hai ch\u00e2u \u00d4, R\u00ed (L\u00fd) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00ednh l\u1ec5. N\u0103m sau, vua Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed5i hai ch\u00e2u n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2u Thu\u1eadn, ch\u00e2u H\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ee9c quan cai tr\u1ecb. Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Hu\u1ebf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n giao thoa gi\u1eefa hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00d0\u00f4ng v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, Ch\u00e2u H\u00f3a v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ghi d\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c khai ph\u00e1 m\u1edf l\u00e0ng, l\u1eadp \u1ea5p, n\u01a1i \u0110\u1eb7ng T\u1ea5t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed3n l\u0169y ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n Minh, n\u01a1i cung c\u1ea5p \"kho tinh binh\" cho L\u00ea Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh giang s\u01a1n. V\u1edbi l\u1eddi s\u1ea5m truy\u1ec1n \"Ho\u00e0nh s\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1i, v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1i dung th\u00e2n\" (m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0nh s\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00ean th\u00e2n mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi); n\u0103m 1558, Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng xin v\u00e0o tr\u1ea5n gi\u1eef x\u1ee9 Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n. S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edf mang c\u1ee7a 9 \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n \u1edf \u00d0\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a - Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n. H\u01a1n ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 t\u1eeb khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u00d0\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadn m\u1ea1c, \u00edt c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh n\u00ean ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m sinh ho\u1ea1t s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t theo ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh H\u00f3a Ch\u00e2u (kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i TK XV, \u0111\u1ea7u TK XVI) c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a th\u00e0nh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a th\u1eddi \u1ea5y. M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1636 ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Lan d\u1eddi ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn Kim Long l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hu\u1ebf sau n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "H\u01a1n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, n\u0103m 1687 ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Th\u00e1i l\u1ea1i d\u1eddi ph\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0ng Th\u1ee5y L\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n, \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed T\u00e2y Nam trong kinh th\u00e0nh Hu\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 \u00d0\u00e0ng Trong. Ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn (1712 - 1738) ph\u1ee7 ch\u00faa d\u1eddi ra B\u00e1c V\u1ecdng, song khi V\u00f5 V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i l\u1ea1i cho d\u1eddi ph\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1ng \u1edf \"b\u00ean t\u1ea3 ph\u1ee7 c\u0169\", t\u1ee9c g\u00f3c \u00d0\u00f4ng Nam c\u1ee7a Kinh th\u00e0nh Hu\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay. S\u1ef1 nguy nga b\u1ec1 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u00f4 th\u00e0nh Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Kho\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u00d0\u00f4n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong \"Ph\u1ee7 bi\u00ean t\u1ea1p l\u1ee5c\" n\u0103m 1776 v\u00e0 trong \u00d0\u1ea1i Nam nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ed, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i hai b\u1edd ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 S\u00f4ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eeb Kim Long - D\u01b0\u01a1ng Xu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Bao Vinh - Thanh H\u00e0. Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 \u00d0\u00e0ng Trong (1687-1774); r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00d0\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Quang Trung (1788 - 1801) v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam g\u1ea7n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n (1802 - 1945). Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - kinh t\u1ebf - v\u0103n h\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m 1858, li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p-T\u00e2y Ban Nha n\u1ed5 s\u00fang t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u00d0\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng. N\u0103m 1916, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Quang ph\u1ee5c H\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ec9nh, vua Duy T\u00e2n c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng."}
+{"text": "Hi\u1ec7n nay, t\u1ec9nh \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n ho\u00e1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Hu\u1ebf g\u1eafn v\u1edbi b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, ph\u00e1t huy gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n du l\u1ecbch. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Hu\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Hu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Hu\u1ebf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam; xem \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Hu\u1ebf, l\u00e0m cho Hu\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh du l\u1ecbch, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong \u0111\u00f3 quy ho\u1ea1ch, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u0103n ho\u00e1, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m l\u00e0: Trung t\u00e2m h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i mi\u1ec1n Trung, Trung t\u00e2m \u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh, \u0110\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1o Khu \u1ee7y Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean. Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 V\u0103n ho\u00e1, Th\u1ec3 thao v\u00e0 Du l\u1ecbch t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u00f9ng tu \u0110\u1ea1i N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 di t\u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 Festival Hu\u1ebf , c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Hu\u1ebf, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Nh\u00e3 nh\u1ea1c cung \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf, qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 di t\u00edch C\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 Hu\u1ebf, M\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n, Ch\u00e2u b\u1ea3n tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n,H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01a1 v\u0103n tr\u00ean ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cung \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf, v\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb9p L\u0103ng C\u00f4."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean-Hu\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m mi\u1ec1n trung. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1 v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 2001 - 2008 \u0111\u1ea1t 11%. C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5-c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p-n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (n\u0103m 2008, t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p - x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chi\u1ebfm 36,5%, ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 45,3%, ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3m c\u00f2n 18,2%). Thu ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch t\u0103ng b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t 18,3%/n\u0103m. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb GDP \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ean 12%, x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 20/63 t\u1ec9nh, th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Thu h\u00fat v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00f3m 20 t\u1ec9nh, th\u00e0nh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh t\u1eeb v\u1ecb th\u1ee9 15 (n\u0103m 2007) \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 10 to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c trong n\u0103m 2008. GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 2009 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua 1.000 USD/n\u0103m."}
+{"text": "Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Hu\u1ebf quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u1eafn v\u1edbi b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n ho\u00e1. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hu\u1ebf v\u1eeba mang d\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1eeba mang n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh v\u1edbi di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ho\u00e1 lan to\u1ea3 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u1ec7 tinh. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu h\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. H\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng giao th\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia c\u1eaft v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n, t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1: ph\u00eda B\u1eafc c\u00f3 c\u00e1c khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Phong \u0110i\u1ec1n, T\u1ee9 H\u1ea1, xi m\u0103ng \u0110\u1ed3ng L\u00e2m; ph\u00eda Nam c\u00f3 khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Ph\u00fa B\u00e0i, khu kinh t\u1ebf-\u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Ch\u00e2n M\u00e2y-L\u0103ng C\u00f4 s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng; ph\u00eda T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ef7 \u0111i\u1ec7n T\u1ea3 Tr\u1ea1ch, H\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110i\u1ec1n, B\u00ecnh \u0110i\u1ec1n, A L\u01b0\u1edbi, xi m\u0103ng Nam \u0110\u00f4ng; ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng thu\u1ef7 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Khu kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Tam Giang-C\u1ea7u Hai."}
+{"text": "Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu g\u1ed3m kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, th\u1ee7y quy\u1ec3n, sinh quy\u1ec3n, th\u1ea1ch quy\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 hay h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft quanh m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh hay c\u00f3 th\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n \u0110\u1ecba C\u1ea7u. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3ng l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh nh\u01b0 sinh kh\u1ed1i, r\u1eebng, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i bi\u1ec3n, ven b\u1edd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; v\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Khung c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u00e0 \"l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu m\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i ra l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.\" Trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u1ea5m l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u."}
+{"text": "Climate justice l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho khung s\u1ef1 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u1eb7c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a, v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p l\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3"}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00fai, ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh. Nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ecfm b\u0103ng, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1eadm v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00ec kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. Nh\u1eefng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n (v\u00e0i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean) nh\u01b0 El Ni\u00f1o, dao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng (Pacific decadal oscillation), v\u00e0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng (North Atlantic oscillation), v\u00e0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c (Arctic oscillation), th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eadu h\u01a1n l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ra trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n l\u01b0u mu\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi theo m\u00f9a tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf theo n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb di\u1ec7n t\u00edch; nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u00f9a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. C\u00f3 3 ki\u1ec3u thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ee5c quay, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 Milankovitch, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 v\u00e0 gian b\u0103ng, quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tho\u00e1i lui c\u1ee7a Sahara, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng."}
+{"text": "Phun tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00ed h\u1eadu x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0m m\u00e1t (b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t) trong th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda Pinatubo v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991, l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX (sau v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u0103m 1912 c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda Novarupta) \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m kho\u1ea3ng 0,5 \u00b0C (0.9 \u00b0F). V\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u00fai Tambora n\u0103m 1815 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a h\u00e8 trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn h\u01a1n x\u1ea3y ra ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 \u1ea5m l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t."}
+{"text": "V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean kh\u00ed h\u1eadu to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh eo \u0111\u1ea5t Panama c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 5 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m d\u1eebng s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea3i l\u01b0u Gulf Stream v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho b\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 b\u0103ng. Trong su\u1ed1t k\u1ef7 Cacbon, kho\u1ea3ng 300 \u0111\u1ebfn 365 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u00edch tr\u1eef m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn cacbon v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng b\u0103ng h\u00e0. C\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n \"gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a l\u1edbn\" (megamonsoonal) trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a si\u00eau l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Pangaea, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00ed h\u1eadu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a si\u00eau l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a."}
+{"text": "S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i do s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u1eabn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp b\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng v\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 tan ra b\u1edfi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong m\u00ecnh n\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 tinh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 100.000 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng bao ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 240.000 km2, v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 cho th\u1ea5y l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u0103ng bao ph\u1ee7 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 445.000 km2. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t S\u00f4ng b\u0103ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WGMS) thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00f9i d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u1eb9p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00f9i d\u1ea7n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920 v\u00e0 1970, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u1ebfn nay."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa sau th\u1ebf Pliocen (kho\u1ea3ng 3 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc) thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 v\u00e0 gian b\u0103ng. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gian b\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n nay (th\u1ebf Holocen) \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 11.700 n\u0103m. Do b\u0103ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh do thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c d\u1ea3i b\u0103ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Heinrich, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Dansgaard-Oeschger v\u00e0 Younger Dryas, l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u0103ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00ed h\u1eadu m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bao ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra do bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y. Trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nh\u1eb9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a ho\u1eb7c tuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c \u1ea5m \u00e1p, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 k\u00e9o theo vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u CO2 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01a1n, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n hay t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ea3y ra nhanh h\u01a1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn l\u00ean th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i nhanh ch\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed1t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sa m\u1ea1c ho\u00e1."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ea7n l\u00f5i b\u0103ng khoan t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed1i b\u0103ng Nam C\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t \u1edf d\u1ea1ng bong b\u00f3ng trong b\u0103ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 CO2 trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 xa x\u00f4i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c l\u00f5i b\u0103ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng CO2 qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ea5n hoa l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u1edf k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea5n hoa. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ea5n hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 suy ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt t\u1eebng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea5n hoa r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. Do l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea5n hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i r\u1ea5t cao n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba cho ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea5n hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau - trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y hay v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 - cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ea5n hoa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt trong su\u1ed1t k\u1ef7 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a k\u1ec9 b\u0103ng h\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00e1c nhau. Do gi\u1ed1ng b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac di truy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y \u0111o th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u, c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trung b\u00ecnh d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 cao - k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ec7 tinh - \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng r\u1eb7ng san h\u00f4, nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch ven bi\u1ec3n, tr\u00ean th\u1ec1m bi\u1ec3n, h\u1ea1t trong \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p urani v\u00e0 cacbon ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, c\u00f2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (th\u1ec1m) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n."}
+{"text": "Thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Andromeda t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (Local Group), bao g\u1ed3m thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Andromeda, d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0, thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Triangulum (trong ch\u00f2m sao Tam Gi\u00e1c) v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 30 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c. Do nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tin r\u1eb1ng d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i h\u01a1n Andromeda v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u00f3m \u0110\u1ecba Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng gian Spitzer l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng M31 ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n t\u1ec9 (1012) sao, v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa con s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao trong d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0. C\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006 cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng ~80% kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Andromeda, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 7,1\u00d71011 l\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Quan s\u00e1t s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Andromeda l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 905 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba T\u01b0 Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 M31 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"\u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y nh\u1ecf\", v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 sao th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi M31 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Simon Marius v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1612 \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 Andromeda d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t th\u00f4ng qua k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 1764, Charles Messier \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Andromeda v\u00e0o danh l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi M31 v\u00e0 xem Simon Marius nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra Andromeda thay v\u00ec Al Sufi."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 1917, Heber Curtis \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t t\u00e2n tinh trong M31. Sau khi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1ec1 Andromeda, Curtis \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra th\u00eam 11 t\u00e2n tinh kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p sao bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e2n tinh n\u00e0y th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 10 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e2n tinh trong d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0. Do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng Andromeda c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta kho\u1ea3ng 500.000 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\" cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tinh v\u00e2n xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean h\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. V\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang."}
+{"text": "Andromeda \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u00ean h\u00e0 (xem th\u00eam thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean h\u00e0), v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c l\u1edbn g\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5t (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t). V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1943, Walter Baade l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Andromeda. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m sao kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c l\u1edbn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u0129a ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 sao Nh\u00f3m I v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sao gi\u00e0 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf \u1edf kh\u1ed1i ph\u1ed3ng trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 Nh\u00f3m II. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao trong d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean h\u00e0 kh\u00e1c trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, Jan Oort c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00f3m sao n\u00e0y.). Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Baade c\u0169ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1c sao bi\u1ebfn quang Cepheid c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai nh\u00f3m, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn M31 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5."}
+{"text": "Thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Andromeda \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kho\u1ea3ng 300 km/s (186 d\u1eb7m/s), do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n xanh. Khi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi trong d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Andromeda v\u00e0 d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 nhau v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kho\u1ea3ng 100 \u0111\u1ebfn 140 km/s (62-87 d\u1eb7m/s). Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 M31 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0, v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u00e0 n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai thi\u00ean h\u00e0 \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi nhau, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra sau kho\u1ea3ng 3 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m n\u1eefa. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec 2 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean h\u00e0 elip kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Milkomeda. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u00ean h\u00e0."}
+{"text": "Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn M31 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i sau khi Walter Baade kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i sao bi\u1ebfn quang Cepheid kh\u00e1c, m\u1edd h\u01a1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1953. V\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990, c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a v\u1ec7 tinh Hipparcos \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Cepheid. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda cho th\u1ea5y Andromeda c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta 2,9 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c Cepheid \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m xa h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Hipparcos c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, do \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c Cepheid c\u1ee7a Hipparcos ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2005, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Ignasi Ribas (CSIC, IEEC) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t sao \u0111\u00f4i che nhau trong thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Andromeda. Sao \u0111\u00f4i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 M31VJ00443799+4129236[c], bao g\u1ed3m 2 ng\u00f4i sao s\u00e1ng m\u00e0u xanh thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i O v\u00e0 B. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 giao nhau c\u1ee7a 2 ng\u00f4i sao, x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed7i 3,54969 ng\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Khi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a 2 ng\u00f4i sao, th\u00ec c\u1ea5p sao tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00e0 khi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p sao tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p sao bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb hai ng\u00f4i sao n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 2,52 \u00b1 0,14 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng (770 \u00b1 40 kpc) v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Andromeda c\u00e1ch kho\u1ea3ng 2,5 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o c\u00e1c sao bi\u1ebfn quang Cepheid tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh con c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e2y; \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt; v\u00e0 vi sinh h\u1ecdc, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00fang: h\u00f3a sinh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng; sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc; sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00f4ng qua sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, h\u00f3a sinh v\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. \u1ede m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng qua sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a b\u00e0o th\u00ec th\u00f4ng qua sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u1ecdc. Sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 (ontogeny) c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh di truy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i. Phong t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc (ethology) nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u00f3m h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1 th\u1ec3. Di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 (population genetics) xem x\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ecdc quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (lineage). M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u1ed5 sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a sinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (astrobiology ho\u1eb7c xenobiology) nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ngo\u00e0i Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t."}
+{"text": "Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \"sinh h\u1ecdc\" (biology) c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u1edbi \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c2, bios, \"s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\" v\u00e0 h\u1eadu t\u1ed1 -\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, -logia, \"m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc.\" Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Latinh n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1736: nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linn\u00e9) \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb biologi trong quy\u1ec3n Bibliotheca botanica (T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1766 trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a Philosophiae naturalis sive physicae: tomus III, continens geologian, biologian, phytologian generalis (Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd: T\u1eadp III) vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi Michael Christoph Hanov, h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Christian Wolff. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c, biologie, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Linnaeus n\u0103m 1771. N\u0103m 1797, Theodor Georg August Roose s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a Grundz\u00fcge der Lehre van der Lebenskraft (C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng). Karl Friedrich Burdach \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1800 trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc, sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc (Prop\u00e4deut zum Studien der Gesammten Heilkunst). Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u1edf d\u1ea1ng ng\u00e0y nay xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong cu\u1ed1n lu\u1eadn \u00e1n s\u00e1u t\u1eadp: Biologie, oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur (Sinh h\u1ecdc, ho\u1eb7c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t s\u1ed1ng)(1802-22) c\u1ee7a Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1:"}
+{"text": "M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong th\u1eddi gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t t\u1eadn c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, Ai C\u1eadp, ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 thu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Hippocrates (kho\u1ea3ng 460-370 TCN), ch\u00ednh Aristotle (384-322 TCN) l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Aristotle l\u00e0 Theophrastus x\u1ee9 Lyceum, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. T\u1eadp s\u00e1ch v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i cho ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 duy sinh h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1838, Schleiden v\u00e0 Schwann b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nay r\u1eb1ng (1) \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 (2) c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng (3) t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Robert Remak v\u00e0 Rudolf Virchow v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1860 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 ba nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u1ebf b\u00e0o."}
+{"text": "Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (taxonomy v\u00e0 classification) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed gia t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Carl Linnaeus xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1735 (bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u), v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1750 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng . Georges-Louis Leclerc, b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Buffon, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 coi c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, Buffon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a; t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Lamarck v\u00e0 Darwin ."}
+{"text": "\u00dd ni\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00e1p l\u1ef1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt s\u1ebd th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Lamarck tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang cho h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, b\u1ecdn h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u1ecdc l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Charles Darwin, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Humboldt, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Lyell, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Malthus v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, v\u1edbi chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn Alfred Russel Wallace \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i xung quanh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00e0y (v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay), l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1edbm tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng."}
+{"text": "Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra DNA l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng mang c\u00e1c t\u00ednh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gen. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 virus, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chu\u1ed7i xo\u1eafn k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a DNA n\u0103m 1953, sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn sang th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 di truy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. M\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi Har Gobind Khorana, Robert W. Holley v\u00e0 Marshall Warren Nirenberg sau khi DNA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c codon-b\u1ed9 ba m\u00e3 h\u00f3a. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, D\u1ef1 \u00e1n H\u1ec7 gen Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed9 gen chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n H\u1ec7 gen Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng: t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (\u0111\u01a1n b\u00e0o) ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (\u0111a b\u00e0o), v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u sinh ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u00e0o. Trong c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111a b\u00e0o, m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ee3p t\u1eed duy nh\u1ea5t. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd. Ngo\u00e0i ra, d\u00f2ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng: trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n (DNA), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sang t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n b\u00e0o. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, thuy\u1ebft t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh (abiogenesis), l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c chung. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, d\u00f9 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung ho\u1eb7c v\u1ed1n gen chung. T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung nh\u1ea5t (last universal common ancestor vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 LUCA) n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 3,5 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc coi t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung nh\u1ea5t cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n, c\u1ed5 khu\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c (Xem: Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng)."}
+{"text": "L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i - m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3 - c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gia ph\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i (phylogeny) lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau trong sinh h\u1ecdc cho ta c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t sinh ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 so s\u00e1nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ADN (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh b\u1ed9 gen), thu\u1ed9c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m ph\u00e1t sinh ch\u1ee7ng lo\u00e0i h\u1ecdc (phylogenetics), ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh (phenetics) v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo nh\u00e1nh (cladistics). (\u0110\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1edbn trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, xem Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a)"}
+{"text": "Gen l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a di truy\u1ec1n \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt. Gen l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb di truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n DNA c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n hay \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, chia s\u1ebb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n sao ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 'd\u1ecbch' DNA th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c protein. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ebd phi\u00ean m\u00e3 m\u1ed9t gen DNA th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n RNA c\u1ee7a gen, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ribosome sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ecbch m\u00e3 RNA th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c axit amin tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi u\u1ed1n g\u1ea5p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t protein. M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb RNA \u0111\u1ebfn axit amin l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 DNA m\u00e3 h\u00f3a cho protein insulin \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a cho insulin n\u1ebfu ch\u00e8n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt."}
+{"text": "DNA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i th\u1eb3ng nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 trong sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 trong sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n s\u01a1. M\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bao g\u1ed3m DNA v\u00e0 protein histone. B\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong ty th\u1ec3, l\u1ee5c l\u1ea1p, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 gen c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Trong sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, DNA mang gen n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf n\u1eb1m trong ti th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 l\u1ee5c l\u1ea1p. Trong sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n s\u01a1, DNA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef trong h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n. Th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 gen l\u01b0u gi\u1eef b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c gen v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y \u1edf m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u gen c\u1ee7a n\u00f3."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c d\u00f2ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t trong th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0y. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u00f3ng hai vai tr\u00f2; th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sinh h\u1ecdc, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3; th\u1ee9 hai, th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1edbi (c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi) v\u00e0 s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u1ea5y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh v\u1eadt quang d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00e1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quang h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1eefu c\u01a1, nh\u01b0 ATP, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng do sinh v\u1eadt h\u00f3a d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb m\u00eatan, sunfit, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng."}
+{"text": "Di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 gene, t\u00ednh di truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb (variation) c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt. Gene m\u00e3 h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c protein. Protein l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt. Di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gene nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c di truy\u1ec1n. M\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u01b0u gi\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n \u1edf trong nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c nucleotide c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed DNA ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf RNA."}
+{"text": "Sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh v\u1eadt sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng (growth) v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (development). C\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n ph\u00f4i h\u1ecdc, sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y nay nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t di truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (cell growth), bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (cellular differentiation) v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh (morphogenesis). Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n \u1edf m\u1ee9c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00f4, c\u01a1 quan, h\u1ec7 c\u01a1 quan. Sinh v\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u00f9ng trong sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bao g\u1ed3m giun tr\u00f2n Caenorhabditis elegans, ru\u1ed3i gi\u1ea5m Drosophila melanogaster, c\u00e1 ng\u1ef1a Danio rerio, chu\u1ed9t Mus musculus v\u00e0 c\u00e2y Arabidopsis thaliana. (Sinh v\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u1edf tr\u00ean sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c.)"}
+{"text": "Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e1 sinh x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xem x\u00e9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong sinh v\u1eadt ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh 2 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1ec1 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc mang t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 sinh l\u00fd t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u1ea5m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p cho c\u1ea3 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n tr\u00ean. Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh, h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, h\u1ec7 n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft, h\u1ec7 h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n. ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Linnaean hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 danh ph\u00e1p 2 ph\u1ea7n. T\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e1t th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e3 danh ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, ICBN), H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e3 danh ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, ICZN) v\u00e0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e3 danh ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cho vi khu\u1ea9n (International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, ICNB). Hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a 3 chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean trong BioCode. Tuy nhi\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 danh ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a virus (International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature, ICVCN) v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i BioCode."}
+{"text": "Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 5 gi\u1edbi:: Monera; Protista; Fungi; Plantae; Animalia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n xem c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i 5 gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi 3 v\u1ef1c: Archaea (vi khu\u1ea9n c\u1ed5); Bacteria (vi khu\u1ea9n Eubacteria) v\u00e0 Eukaryota (bao g\u1ed3m sinh v\u1eadt nguy\u00ean sinh, n\u1ea5m, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt) C\u00e1c v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1ebf b\u00e0or."}
+{"text": "Sinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00f4 sinh nh\u01b0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u1eefu sinh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u1ed5 sinh th\u00e1i. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 (individual) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 sinh quy\u1ec3n. Sinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111a ng\u00e0nh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau."}
+{"text": "California k\u1ec1 c\u1eadn v\u1edbi Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Oregon, Nevada, Arizona v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u bang Baja California c\u1ee7a M\u00e9xico. Ti\u1ec3u bang n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, bao g\u1ed3m Central Valley r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, n\u00fai cao, sa m\u1ea1c n\u00f3ng n\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m d\u1eb7m b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb9p. V\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 411,000 km2 (160,000 mi2), n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u bang l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang n\u1eb1m s\u00e1t hay g\u1ea7n b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Jose, Long Beach, Oakland, Santa Ana/Qu\u1eadn Cam, v\u00e0 San Diego. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang, Sacramento, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m trong thung l\u0169ng Trung t\u00e2m. Trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc Fork, California."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd California phong ph\u00fa, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Gi\u1eefa ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 thung l\u0169ng Trung t\u00e2m, m\u1ed9t thung l\u0169ng l\u1edbn, m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y n\u00fai b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, d\u00e3y n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 granit Sierra Nevada \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, d\u00e3y n\u00fai Cascade c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1 l\u1eeda \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc, v\u00e0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai Tehachapi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam. C\u00e1c s\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 k\u00eanh ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u00fai \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbi thung l\u0169ng Trung t\u00e2m. Ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ti\u1ec3u bang do D\u1ef1 \u00e1n N\u01b0\u1edbc Ti\u1ec3u bang cung c\u1ea5p. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Thung l\u0169ng Trung t\u00e2m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cung c\u1ea5p cho vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1edd n\u1ea1o v\u00e9t, v\u00e0i con s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 cho v\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Stockton) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng. Trung l\u0169ng Trung t\u00e2m n\u00f3ng n\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a California v\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p g\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f4ng trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. Ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a thung l\u0169ng, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 sa m\u1ea1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thung l\u0169ng San Joaquin, do n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng San Joaquin, c\u00f2n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thung l\u0169ng Sacramento, do n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng Sacramento. Ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 v\u1ecbnh Sacramento \u2013 San Joaquin v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n v\u00e0 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ti\u1ec3u bang."}
+{"text": "D\u00e3y n\u00fai Sierra Nevada (t\u1ee9c \"d\u00e3y n\u00fai tuy\u1ebft\" trong ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha) \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ti\u1ec3u bang, c\u00f3 n\u00fai Whitney l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t trong 48 ti\u1ec3u bang (4,421 m\u00e9t (14,505 feet)). Trong d\u00e3y Sierra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia Yosemite v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 Tahoe (m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt s\u00e2u v\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1ed3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang theo th\u1ec3 t\u00edch). B\u00ean ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y Sierra l\u00e0 thung l\u0169ng Owens v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 Mono \u2013 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a chim bi\u1ec3n. C\u00f2n b\u00ean ph\u00eda t\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1ed3 Clear, h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a California theo di\u1ec7n t\u00edch. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf d\u00e3y Sierra Nevada xu\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng nh\u1ecf, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng c\u1ef1c nam c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, s\u00f4ng b\u0103ng Palisade."}
+{"text": "R\u1eebng che ph\u1ee7 kho\u1ea3ng 35% t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 California c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ti\u1ec3u bang n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1eebng, California ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau Alaska m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 r\u1eebng theo di\u1ec7n t\u00edch nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u bang kh\u00e1c. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc ti\u1ec3u bang v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y d\u00e3y Sierra Nevada. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e2y s\u1ed3i d\u1ecdc theo nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y n\u00fai California g\u1ea7n b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3i th\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n d\u00e3y Sierra Nevada. Nh\u1eefng r\u1eebng th\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai San Gabriel v\u00e0 San Bernardino \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam California c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00fai \u1edf mi\u1ec1n trung Qu\u1eadn San Diego."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c sa m\u1ea1c \u1edf California chi\u1ebfm 25% t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n nam c\u00f3 d\u00e3y n\u00fai Transverse v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n l\u1edbn \u2013 bi\u1ec3n Salton. Sa m\u1ea1c ph\u00eda trung nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mojave. Ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam c\u1ee7a sa m\u1ea1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thung l\u0169ng Ch\u1ebft, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 Badwater Flat \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. \u0110i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thung l\u0169ng Ch\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a n\u00fai Whitney \u00edt h\u01a1n 322 km (200 d\u1eb7m). Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111i b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m kia v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Lee Bergthold. Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng nam California l\u00e0 sa m\u1ea1c kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n v\u00e0 n\u00f3ng b\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng Coachella v\u00e0 Imperial th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8."}
+{"text": "Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn California th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u1ea5t \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 th\u1eddi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Hoa K\u1ef3 s\u0103n nh\u1eefng con th\u00fa bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e2u c\u00e1 h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eb7t t\u00f4m cua, trong khi nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n \u1edf b\u00ean trong California \u0111i s\u0103n th\u00fa r\u1eebng v\u00e0 h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 h\u1ea1ch, qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 m\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf California c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m, b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, ti\u1ec3u b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec1n d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Chumash, Pomo, v\u00e0 Salinas. Vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 li\u00ean minh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf."}
+{"text": "Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ean California bao g\u1ed3m v\u00f9ng t\u00e2y b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Baja California (H\u1ea1 California), v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, v\u00e0 Wyoming, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Alta California (Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng California). Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u1eefng ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n Cortez v\u00e0 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, cho n\u00ean California \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. T\u00ean California \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y theo h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ea1c vi\u00ean California trong Las sergas de Esplandi\u00e1n (C\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n phi\u00eau l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Splandian), m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha do Garci Rodr\u00edguez de Montalvo vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16."}
+{"text": "V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m l\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, T\u00e2y Ban Nha chi\u1ebfm v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 khi Mexico gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp Mexico (1810\u20131821), California th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. H\u01a1n 200 n\u0103m sau khi Mexico gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, California l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh xa thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn nu\u00f4i b\u00f2, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi rancho, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a California thu\u1ed9c Mexico. C\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3, b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra kh\u1eafp mi\u1ec1n California."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Nga c\u0169ng th\u1eed th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n California, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng do Sa ho\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Mexico x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i (presidio) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. California kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng, s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t, v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi mu\u1ed7i v\u00e0 b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t, nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng, m\u00e0 \u1edf California l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o Chi\u1ebfn tranh M\u1ef9-Mexico (1846\u20131848), ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Mexico. N\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, 1846, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a California \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 C\u1edd G\u1ea5u tung bay. Tr\u00ean l\u00e1 c\u1edd n\u00e0y c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t con g\u1ea5u v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t khi Thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng John D. Sloat c\u1ee7a H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o v\u1ecbnh San Francisco v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi California. Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, California b\u1ecb chia th\u00e0nh 2 ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c Mexico (ph\u00eda nam) v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 (ph\u00eda b\u1eafc). Ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi Alta California, r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec3u bang California thu\u1ed9c Hoa K\u1ef3; c\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Mexico chia th\u00e0nh hai ti\u1ec3u bang Baja California v\u00e0 Baja California Sur."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u1edf mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1ed1n th\u00ec gi\u1edd v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m. H\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i \u0111i theo c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c \u0111i b\u1eb1ng xe ng\u1ef1a hay \u0111i b\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 1869, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xe l\u1eeda xuy\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i \u0111i th\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 t\u1edbi California, n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng h\u00e8 kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y \u0103n qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00f3i chung. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y gi\u1ed1ng cam qu\u00fdt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e2y cam), v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p California b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, s\u1ef1 di tr\u00fa \u0111\u1ebfn California t\u0103ng nhanh sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Lincoln v\u00e0 Xa l\u1ed9 66. T\u1eeb 1900 \u0111\u1ebfn 1965, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 California t\u0103ng t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0 California tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t Li\u00ean bang. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1965 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0m California tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3i chung, ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 do, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ty k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2006, California c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 36.132.147 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u0103ng 290.109 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay 0,8% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2005 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng 2.260.494 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay 6,7% so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2000. V\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng n\u00e0y, California \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 13 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nhanh nh\u1ea5t. S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u0103ng l\u00ean g\u1ed3m 1.557.112 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (2.781.539 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh tr\u1eeb 1.224.427 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft) v\u00e0 751.419 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0. California l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi tr\u00ean 12% ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ri\u00eang, California s\u1ebd l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ee9 34 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. California nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n Canada 4 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n."}
+{"text": "Tuy ti\u1ec3u bang c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang \u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f4ng Hoa K\u1ef3, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf California l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p 13% v\u00e0o t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i (GDP) Hoa K\u1ef3. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang bao g\u1ed3m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eb9, v\u00e0 du l\u1ecbch. California c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0i trung t\u00e2m kinh t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 Hollywood (v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh), thung l\u0169ng Trung t\u00e2m California (v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p), thung l\u0169ng Silicon (v\u1ec1 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao), v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng R\u01b0\u1ee3u vang (v\u1ec1 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang)."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u00f3 c\u1ea5p ri\u00eang cho nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ecfi, sinh vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 14\u201318 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ng\u1eebng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111i h\u1ecdc khi \u0111\u1ebfn 16 tu\u1ed5i. \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f3 l\u1edbp t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi 11\u201313 tu\u1ed5i \u0111i nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eabu gi\u00e1o t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn n\u1eeda ng\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb 5 tu\u1ed5i. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tr\u1ebb em ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb 6 tu\u1ed5i."}
+{"text": "H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California (UC), c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. UC c\u00f3 10 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean: UC-Berkeley, UC-San Francisco, UC-Los Angeles, UC-San Diego, UC-Davis, UC-Santa Cruz, UC-Santa Barbara, UC-Irvine, UC-Riverside, v\u00e0 UC-Merced. UC-San Franscico ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0nh y, v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Lu\u1eadt Hastings(Hastings College of Law; m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng UC, ngo\u00e0i 10 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh, c\u0169ng \u1edf San Francisco) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a UC. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng UC c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eadn 12,5% c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh cao \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. UC c\u0169ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m li\u00ean bang cho B\u1ed9 N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Hoa K\u1ef3: Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Qu\u1ed1c gia Lawrence t\u1ea1i Livermore, Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Qu\u1ed1c gia Lawrence t\u1ea1i Berkeley, v\u00e0 Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Qu\u1ed1c gia Los Alamos."}
+{"text": "V\u1edbi h\u01a1n 400.000 sinh vi\u00ean, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng CSU l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n ba h\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng cao \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng CSU ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e0nh cho sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 CSU-Long Beach, CSU-Fresno, San Diego State University, v\u00e0 San Jose State University, \u0111ang quan t\u00e2m th\u00eam v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. SCU s\u1eafp l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Kerr n\u0103m 1960 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007 khi h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u phong h\u1ecdc v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 (Ph.D.) v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. C\u00e1n b\u1ed9 Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Ti\u1ec3u bang Kevin Star v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf California."}
+{"text": "Apple Inc. l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Cupertino, California. Apple \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1976 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean Apple Computer, Inc., v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Apple Inc. v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2007. V\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u00e1n ra to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0 13,9 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9 (2005), 74 tri\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb iPhone \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n ra ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd 4 n\u0103m 2014 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 98.000 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nghe nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh Apple Macintosh, m\u00e1y nghe nh\u1ea1c iPod (2001), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nghe nh\u1ea1c iTunes, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i iPhone (2007), m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1ea3ng iPad (2010) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 th\u00f4ng minh Apple Watch (2014-2015) ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Khi MOS Technologies cho ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng 6502 gi\u00e1 25$ n\u0103m 1976, Wozniak \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh BASIC cho con chip n\u00e0y. Khi \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh xong, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh, cho BASIC c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n 6502 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n 6800, khi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Silicon Valley r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Wozniaks tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con chip m\u1edbi n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Apple \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1976 b\u1edfi Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, v\u00e0 Ronald Wayne, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n b\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n Apple I. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi Wozniak v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i Homebrew Computer Club. Apple I \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n bao g\u1ed3m bo m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7 (v\u1edbi CPU, RAM, v\u00e0 chip x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n) \u00edt h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y nay. Apple I b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e1n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1976 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 $666,66 (th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 1976, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t)."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2001, Apple gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u00e1y nghe nh\u1ea1c iPod c\u1ea7m tay. Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a 5 GB, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 1000 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1 c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fa \u00fd. Jonathan Ive l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 iPod nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. N\u0103m 2002 Apple th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng ghi \u00e2m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n nh\u1ea1c tr\u00ean iTunes Music Store. V\u1edbi gian h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ghi \u0111\u0129a CD, ph\u00e2n chia v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c tr\u00ean ba m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e0i h\u00e1t l\u00ean m\u00e1y nghe nh\u1ea1c iPod."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2010, Apple cho ra m\u1eaft chi\u1ebfc iPhone 4, chi\u1ebfc smartphone thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cao c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi hai m\u1eb7t k\u00ednh v\u00e0 khung kim lo\u1ea1i, m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i 960x640 pixel \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh Retina, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi x\u1eed l\u00fd Apple A4 (ARM Cortex A8) m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb Ram 512 MB v\u00e0 camera n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 5 MP quay phim 720p v\u1edbi 30 khung h\u00ecnh 1 gi\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e8n Led \u1edf \u0111\u1eb1ng sau, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc smartphone \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb camera tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i VGA v\u00e0 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng g\u1ecdi video call l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Facetime \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Apple."}
+{"text": "N\u0103m 2015, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4i iPhone 6S/6S Plus ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi iPhone 6/6 Plus, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi chip A9 \u0111ang l\u00e0 con chip tr\u00ean smartphone m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecdc ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhanh h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb UFs 2.0, camera \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean 12MP v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quay video 4K v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Live Photos k\u00e8m t\u00ednh n\u0103ng Retina Flash khi ch\u1ee5p h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng camera Facetime 5MP v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00eam, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean iPhone 6S/6S Plus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng l\u1ef1c mang t\u00ean 3D Touch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u00e0u V\u00e0ng H\u1ed3ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e0u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u00e0u V\u00e0ng, m\u00e0u B\u1ea1c v\u00e0 m\u00e0u X\u00e1m Kh\u00f4ng Gian, v\u00e0 iPad Pro 12.9 inch c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi vi x\u1eed l\u00fd A9X 64-bit c\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb RAM 4 GB v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng thay th\u1ebf laptop = tablet."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 3 N\u0103m 2016, Apple ra m\u1eaft chi\u1ebfc iPhone SE c\u00f3 m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh 4 inch v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u01b0 iPhone 5S nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 iPhone 6S nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng l\u1ef1c 3D Touch, iPhone SE \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam m\u00e0u V\u00e0ng H\u1ed3ng, iPad Pro 9.7 inch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra m\u1eaft v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 Camera l\u00ean 12MP c\u00f3 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng Live Photos nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean iPhone 6S v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quay video 4K v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e8n Flash \u1edf \u0111\u1eb1ng sau, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi camera Facetime 5MP v\u1edbi t\u00ednh n\u0103ng Retina Flash, iPad Pro 9.7 inch ra m\u1eaft nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch Tablet m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh to nh\u01b0 iPad Pro 12.9 inch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam m\u00e0u V\u00e0ng H\u1ed3ng."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2016, Apple tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng iPhone 7 v\u00e0 iPhone 7 Plus c\u00f9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung m\u00e0u Jet Black v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u00e0u Space Gray v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u Black, ch\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ee5i IP 67, vi x\u1eed l\u00ed A10 Fusion m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, iPhone 7 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 camera \u0111\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng M\u00f4 \u0111un camera to h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh quang h\u1ecdc OIS, c\u00f2n iPhone 7 Plus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p hai camera, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a hai camera c\u1ee7a iPhone 7 Plus l\u00e0 zoom quang h\u1ecdc 2x v\u00e0 ch\u1ee5p xo\u00e1 ph\u00f4ng \u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Ch\u00e2n dung trong m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 f 1.8 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p thi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb 4 \u0111\u00e8n flash led True Tone, ph\u00edm Home v\u1eadt l\u00ed b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng n\u00fat Home c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp t\u00e1c l\u1ef1c c\u00e1c n\u1ea5c \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng Tapic Engine, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u00e1y b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u1ed5ng tai nghe 3.5mm, iPhone 7 v\u00e0 7 Plus l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 Jet Black, Black, Sliver, Gold, Rose Gold v\u00e0 k\u00e8m theo Apple Watch Series 2 ra m\u1eaft v\u1edbi vi x\u1eed l\u00ed S2 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, ch\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadn 50 m\u00e9t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 GPS"}
+{"text": "V\u01b0\u1eddn th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ho\u00e0ng gia Kew, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn Kew, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa Richmond v\u00e0 Kew \u1edf t\u00e2y nam London, Anh. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1840 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y ngo\u1ea1i lai t\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Kew. B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1eddn bao g\u1ed3m 30.000 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, tr\u00ean 7 tri\u1ec7u m\u1eabu c\u00e2y kh\u00f4, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp m\u1eabu c\u00e2y kh\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9a h\u01a1n 750.000 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, 175.000 b\u1ea3n in v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i London. N\u0103m 2003, V\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat hai tri\u1ec7u du kh\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i n\u0103m v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2012 l\u00e0 Richard Deverell, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Stephen D. Hopper. V\u01b0\u1eddn th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ho\u00e0ng gia Kew c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn Kew Gardens v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddncung \u0111i\u1ec7n Wakehurst \u1edf Sussex. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c quan tr\u1ecdng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi 700 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp 44 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3ng Anh cho n\u0103m t\u00e0i kh\u00f3a k\u1ebft th\u00fac ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2006, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thu h\u00fat du kh\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t C\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee5c s\u1edf t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi C\u1ee5c M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. V\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t ri\u00eang, S\u1edf c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t Kew, c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1847."}
+{"text": "C\u00e2y c\u1ea7u Sackler Crossing \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb granit v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng thanh, b\u1eafc qua h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2006. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1edfi Buro Happold v\u00e0 John Pawson, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eb1m vinh danh 2 nh\u00e0 t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Mortimer Sackler v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 Theresa Sackler. C\u00e2y c\u1ea7u mang phong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a, u\u1ed1n cong theo h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef S. Hai th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thanh \u0111\u1ed3ng thau t\u1ea1o ra \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eb7c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thanh \u0111\u1ed3ng ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, cho ph\u00e9p du kh\u00e1ch quan s\u00e1t ph\u00eda xa c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc."}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t trong ba nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1eddn Kew l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9 Wales, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1edfi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Gordon Wilson, m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1987 b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng Diana, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng Augusta. N\u0103m 1989, khu nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Europa Nostra v\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 10 ti\u1ec3u v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a 2 v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u1ea9m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i lan, hoa s\u00fang, x\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3ng, lithops (l\u00e0 chi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 hoa trong h\u1ecd Aizoaceae), c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0103n th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e0i h\u1ecd d\u1ee9a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng trong nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp x\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed1t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y."}
+{"text": "Khu nh\u00e0 \u00d4n \u0111\u1edbi (Temperate House) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n s\u00e0n t\u00edch g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i Nh\u00e0 C\u1ecd, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Victoria c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ecdi v\u00f9ng \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1edfi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Decimus Burton v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n gang Richard Turner. Bao ph\u1ee7 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 4880 m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 cao t\u1edbi 19 m\u00e9t. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng gian cho vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u00f4n h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1eddn Kew. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong 40 n\u0103m, trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed cho t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb n\u00e2ng l\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u."}
+{"text": "N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Amazon, lo\u00e0i hoa Victoria Amazonia (S\u00fang Nia), \u0111\u00e2y lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ecd Nymphaeaceae. Lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi Kew trong m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2, n\u0103m 1849, sau m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong h\u1ecd Nymphaeaceae sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0ng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y n\u00e0y do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thong gi\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n."}
+{"text": "Ng\u00e0i Stephen William Hawking (stee-ven haw-king; 8 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1942 - 14 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2018) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i Trung t\u00e2m V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Roger Penrose v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, v\u00e0 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ed1 \u0111en ph\u00e1t ra b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 (t\u1ee9c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 Hawking). Hawking l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed."}
+{"text": "Stephen Hawking m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh x\u01a1 c\u1ee9ng teo c\u01a1 (ALS) t\u1eeb n\u0103m 21 tu\u1ed5i, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i li\u1ec7t to\u00e0n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i xe l\u0103n trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u0103n b\u1ec7nh c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y \u0111i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n, bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i giao ti\u1ebfp th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u1ea1o gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfc xe l\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh ALS s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i n\u0103m, Stephen Hawking \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn khi \u00f4ng t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2018, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 76 tu\u1ed5i."}
+{"text": "Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh, Hawking v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Radlett trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1952 chuy\u1ec3n sang tr\u01b0\u1eddng St Albans. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1 cao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh. Cha Hawking mu\u1ed1n con trai m\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1eddng Westminster danh gi\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng Hawking l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 13 tu\u1ed5i b\u1ecb \u1ed1m v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang ng\u00e0y thi l\u1ea5y h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 trang tr\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, n\u00ean Hawking \u0111\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc \u1edf St Albans. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Hawking duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tham gia ch\u01a1i b\u00e0i, l\u00e0m ph\u00e1o hoa, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh phi c\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m. T\u1eeb 1958, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y to\u00e1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Dikran Tahta, h\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u0169 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng khi 9 tu\u1ed5i, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i l\u1edbp. L\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb do s\u1ef1 tr\u1ec5 n\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t thi\u00ean t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Bi\u1ec7t danh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u201cEinstein\u201d. Theo th\u1eddi gian, \u00f4ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd th\u1ea7y Tahta khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Cha Hawking khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng h\u1ecdc y v\u00ec lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean ng\u00e0nh to\u00e1n ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Theo nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a cha, Hawking t\u1edbi h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng cha \u00f4ng t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 University College (thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford). V\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0nh to\u00e1n, Hawking quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng ch\u1edd th\u00eam m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, Hawking \u0111\u00e3 thi s\u1edbm v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1959."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1959, Hawking v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford khi m\u1edbi 17 tu\u1ed5i. Trong 18 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ch\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n: \u00f4ng \u00edt tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh \"d\u1ec5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef3 c\u1ee5c\". Th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y v\u1eadt l\u00fd Robert Berman sau n\u00e0y k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, \"\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1eadu ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u1eadu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ng\u00f3 xem nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.\" M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba khi, theo Berman, Hawking c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp h\u01a1n v\u1edbi trang l\u1ee9a. Hawking ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn, ho\u1ea1t b\u00e1t, d\u00ed d\u1ecfm, h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gia nh\u1eadp C\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 \u0111ua thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u01a1i Hawking ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch l\u00e1i trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111ua thuy\u1ec1n. Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean khi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y Hawking trau d\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o, l\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111ua theo nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng nguy hi\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi thuy\u1ec1n b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i."}
+{"text": "Hawking \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc ch\u1eebng 1000 gi\u1edd trong 3 n\u0103m \u1edf Oxford (t\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh 1 gi\u1edd/ng\u00e0y). Th\u00f3i quen h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c k\u00ec thi cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng danh d\u1ef1 h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i ng\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh. K\u1ef3 thi di\u1ec5n ra c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng nh\u00ec, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u00eam bu\u1ed5i ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p (viva) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng."}
+{"text": "Hawking lo r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean l\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 t\u00ednh, n\u00ean t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \"N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c v\u1ecb trao cho t\u00f4i h\u1ea1ng Nh\u1ea5t, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u1edbi Cambridge. N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn h\u1ea1ng Nh\u00ec, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u1edf l\u1ea1i Oxford, v\u00ec v\u1eady t\u00f4i hi v\u1ecdng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb cho t\u00f4i h\u1ea1ng Nh\u1ea5t.\" K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1ng Nh\u1ea5t ngo\u00e0i mong \u0111\u1ee3i: Berman b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1m kh\u1ea3o \"\u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ai \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd\". V\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Oxford v\u00e0 sau m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch t\u1edbi Iran c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n, Hawking b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc b\u1eadc tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Trinity Hall (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge) t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1962."}
+{"text": "Sau khi c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n, Hawking r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t; m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n m\u1ea5y \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Jane Wilde, b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a em g\u00e1i \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p \u00edt l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1ec7nh, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00ednh h\u00f4n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1964. Sau n\u00e0y Hawking n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00ednh h\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 \"cho \u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng v\u00ec n\u00f3.\" M\u1eb7c cho c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn x\u1ea5u \u0111i-Hawking b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, v\u00e0 gi\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c-\u00f4ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa. Hawking b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5i danh v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ea1o khi \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng khai th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Fred Hoyle v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00e0y, Jayant Narlikar, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1964."}
+{"text": "Khi Hawking b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111ang th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 khai sinh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5: thuy\u1ebft V\u1ee5 N\u1ed5 L\u1edbn v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hoyle c\u1ed5 v\u0169). D\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd v\u1ec1 k\u00ec d\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian trong t\u00e2m c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 \u0111en c\u1ee7a Roger Penrose, Hawking \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 trong n\u0103m 1965 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c: Hawking nh\u1eadn h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Gonville v\u00e0 Caius (thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge), \u00f4ng v\u00e0 Jane k\u1ebft h\u00f4n ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1965. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1966, v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \"C\u00e1c k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb v\u00e0 H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng-Th\u1eddi gian\" c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Penrose nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Adams (gi\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Cambridge) n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Penrose, Hawking m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u00ec d\u1ecb m\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t k\u00ec d\u1ecb. Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn chung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tham gia v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u00ec trong cu\u1ed9c thi c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u L\u1ef1c H\u1ea5p d\u1eabn n\u0103m 1968. N\u0103m 1970 h\u1ecd c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tu\u00e2n theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi Alexander Friedmann, th\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t k\u00ec d\u1ecb."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hawkings l\u1ea1i suy gi\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa: \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng n\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i gi\u1ea3ng. Khi d\u1ea7n m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng vi\u1ebft, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Werner Israel sau n\u00e0y so s\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c Mozart s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n giao h\u01b0\u1edfng trong \u0111\u1ea7u. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c Hawking l\u1ea1i t\u1ecf ra \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 hay ch\u1ecbu nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Hawking \u01b0a th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c xem \"tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0, trong m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ham mu\u1ed1n, ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c, \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh.\""}
+{"text": "Jane Hawking v\u1ec1 sau ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \"v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ngoan c\u1ed1. T\u00f4i v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai t\u00ean c\u00f9ng l\u00fac ho\u1eb7c t\u1eebng l\u00fac.\" C\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c m\u1edbi l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ng\u1ed3i xe l\u0103n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, nh\u01b0ng sau n\u00e0y \u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong h\u1ecdc x\u00e1 v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f3ng xe l\u0103n nhanh b\u1eeba b\u00e3i. \u0110\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 m\u1ebfn v\u00e0 d\u00ed d\u1ecfm, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 danh ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa \u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.. N\u0103m 1969, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u1edf Caius, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho \u00f4ng mang t\u00ean 'H\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u01afu t\u00fa trong Khoa h\u1ecdc\"."}
+{"text": "Con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Hawking, Lucy ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1970. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt l\u00e2u Hawking kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra th\u1ee9 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean \"\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc h\u1ed1 \u0111en\", kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ed1 \u0111en kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi James M. Bardeen v\u00e0 Brandon Carter, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u1ed7 \u0111en, v\u1ea1ch ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Hawking, Jacob Bekenstein, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh c\u1ee7a John Wheeler, \u0111i xa h\u01a1n\u2014v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ecf ra ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c\u2014khi \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc sang c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u1ed7 \u0111en. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Hawking v\u1edbi Carter, Werner Israel v\u00e0 David C. Robinson \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Wheeler v\u1ec1 \"h\u1ed1 \u0111en kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00f3c\", r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ed1 \u0111en ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o, n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng ba t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 quay. Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00ean \"Nh\u1eefng H\u1ed1 \u0111en\" c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ef9 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u L\u1ef1c H\u1ea5p d\u1eabn th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1971. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hawking C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac V\u0129 m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng-Th\u1eddi gian vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi George Ellis xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1973."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1973, Hawking b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n sang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. \u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5y l\u00ean sau m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m t\u1edbi Moskva v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich v\u00e0 Alexander Starobinsky, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 \u0111en quay ph\u00e1t ra c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t. G\u00e2y phi\u1ec1n r\u00e0 cho Hawking, nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho ra nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u1ed1n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 \u0111en kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd co l\u1ea1i (ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbn l\u00ean), v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Bekenstein v\u1ec1 entropy c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hawking tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u0103m 1974, ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ed1 \u0111en ph\u00e1t ra b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 - m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 Hawking - cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 bay h\u01a1i. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 Hawking g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 sau nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1974, v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n sau khi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 Hawking, Hawking tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Ho\u00e0ng gia, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn vinh d\u1ef1 n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Hawking hi\u1ebfm khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, ngay c\u1ea3 l\u00fac m\u1edbi y\u00eau v\u1edbi Jane. S\u1ef1 t\u1eadt nguy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Hawking khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gia \u0111\u00ecnh r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f4i vai ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng, d\u00e0nh cho \u00f4ng th\u00eam th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Khi Hawking nh\u1eadn H\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng \u01afu t\u00fa Sherman Fairchild l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ec9nh gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 California (Caltech) n\u0103m 1974, Jane \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh ho\u1eb7c sinh vi\u00ean h\u1eadu ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u00f4ng. Hawking ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 Bernard Carr du h\u00e0nh t\u1edbi California c\u00f9ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y."}
+{"text": "Gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m nh\u00ecn chung l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi \u1edf Pasadena. Hawking l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n trong khoa V\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, Kip Thorne, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u00f4ng n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n sao t\u1ed1i (sao ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i neutralino) Cygnus X-1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111en. V\u1ee5 c\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u \"ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m\" \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng h\u1ed1 \u0111en kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Hawking ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thua cu\u1ed9c n\u0103m 1990, tr\u00f2 c\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1ee3c khoa h\u1ecdc vui v\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 v\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Thorne v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Hawking v\u1ec1 sau v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi Caltech, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 n\u0103m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u0103m n\u01a1i n\u00e0y ch\u1eebng m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng."}
+{"text": "Hawking tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Cambridge th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1975 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0 m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi-Ph\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 (Reader, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh, cao h\u01a1n gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean cao c\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi gh\u1ebf gi\u00e1o s\u01b0). Don Page, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Hawking \u1edf Caltech, \u0111\u1ebfn Anh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh, tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u00e0 \u00f4ng. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Page v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 k\u00fd, c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Jane nh\u1eb9 b\u1edbt v\u00e0 c\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ni\u1ec1m y\u00eau th\u00edch m\u1edbi d\u00e0nh cho ca h\u00e1t. N\u1eeda sau th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng t\u1edbi h\u1ed1 \u0111en v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y; do \u0111\u00f3 Hawking th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh m\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n."}
+{"text": "Gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Hawking ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ai \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ebd d\u1ecbch l\u1eddi \u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia. B\u1ecb kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ai s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c b\u1edd d\u1ed1c tho\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i xe l\u0103n t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m, Hawking v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed1i \u0111i v\u00e0o h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u1eadt nguy\u1ec1n \u1edf Cambridge, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean t\u00e0n t\u1eadt trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng."}
+{"text": "D\u00f9 v\u1eady, nh\u00ecn chung Hawking c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c cho quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt: trong khi mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u00e1ch b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ra kh\u1ecfi chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch. Trong l\u00fac \u1ea5y gia \u0111\u00ecnh Hawking ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n \u0111\u1ee9a con th\u1ee9 ba, Timothy, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1979. M\u00f9a thu \u0111\u00f3 Hawking \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o gh\u1ebf Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Lucas, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed danh ti\u1ebfng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Isaac Newton v\u00e0 Paul Dirac."}
+{"text": "Bu\u1ed5i gi\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Hawking c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \"Is the end in sight for Theoretical Physics\" (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch, \"C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c cho V\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft?\") \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t Si\u00eau h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn N=8 nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. S\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Hawking l\u1ea1i tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn suy s\u1ee5p s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe khi\u1ebfn Hawking ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p ch\u1eadn, d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ea1i gia. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd, tr\u1edf n\u00ean suy ngh\u0129 theo tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e1n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p ch\u1ee9ng minh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Kip Thorne: \"T\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c\". N\u0103m 1981 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111en b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i khi m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111en b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ed1 \u0111en n\u00e0y vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tranh c\u00e3i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"Chi\u1ebfn tranh H\u1ed1 \u0110en\" gi\u1eefa \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Leonard Susskind v\u00e0 Gerard 't Hooft."}
+{"text": "Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1977, Jane g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t tay ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00e0n organ t\u00ean l\u00e0 Jonathan Hellyer Jones khi h\u00e1t t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. Hellyer Jones tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh Hawking, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, Jones v\u00e0 Jane n\u1ea3y n\u1edf t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nhau. Theo Jane, ch\u1ed3ng b\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \"\u00f4ng \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o t\u00f4i c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c y\u00eau \u00f4ng ta.\" Jane v\u00e0 Hellyer Jones quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn gi\u1eef trong s\u00e1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i."}
+{"text": "V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t\u2014m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng theo sau V\u1ee5 N\u1ed5 L\u1edbn v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ban \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n\u2014 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Alan Guth \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 Andrei Linde ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. T\u1eeb sau m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u1edf Moskva th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1981, Hawking v\u00e0 Gary Gibbons t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o Nuffield d\u00e0i ba tu\u1ea7n trong m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1982 v\u1ec1 V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge, t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. Hawking c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u1edbi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. N\u0103m 1981 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u1edf Vatican \u00f4ng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u00ean-kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u hay \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i."}
+{"text": "K\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed1i c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi James Hartle, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983 h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Hartle-Hawking. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean Planck, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u00ean trong kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian; tr\u01b0\u1edbc V\u1ee5 N\u1ed5 L\u1edbn, th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. \u0110i\u1ec3m k\u00ec d\u1ecb ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh V\u1ee5 N\u1ed5 L\u1edbn c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u00f3-\u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kinh tuy\u1ebfn h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc g\u1eb7p nhau v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng bi\u00ean n\u00e0y ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 Hawking t\u1eebng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, \"N\u1ebfu v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u00ean m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 bao b\u1ecdc... th\u00ec Ch\u00faa s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ra sao.\""}
+{"text": "Hawking c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi trong L\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed Th\u1eddi gian \"L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec qu\u00e1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng??\" Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, Hawking n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa theo ngh\u0129a si\u00eau h\u00ecnh. Trong L\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed Th\u1eddi gian, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: \"N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi - ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa.\" C\u0169ng trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 sau v\u1edbi Neil Turok d\u1eabn \u00f4ng t\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u1edf."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 sau c\u1ee7a Hawking trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u0169i t\u00ean th\u1eddi gian d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1985 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng bi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec v\u00e0o l\u00fac v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ng\u1eebng d\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng suy s\u1ee5p, th\u1eddi gian s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Don Page v\u00e0 Raymond Laflamme khi\u1ebfn Hawking v\u1ec1 sau t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng vinh d\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u00f4ng: n\u0103m 1981 \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Franklin, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1982 nh\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1edbc CBE (m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eadc hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 h\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh)."}
+{"text": "Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c danh hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap thanh to\u00e1n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n, n\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u trang tr\u1ea3i chi ph\u00ed vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t gia \u0111\u00ecnh, n\u0103m 1982 Hawking quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Thay v\u00ec \u0111em in t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, \u00f4ng k\u00fd h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Bantam Books, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ecdc l\u1edbn cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 A Brief History of Time (t\u1ee9c \"M\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian\")ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1984."}
+{"text": "Trong m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i th\u0103m CERN \u1edf Gen\u00e8ve m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1985, Hawking m\u1eafc vi\u00eam ph\u1ed5i m\u00e0 v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng s\u1eb5n y\u1ebfu \u1edbt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng; \u00f4ng y\u1ebfu t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u1eebng h\u1ecfi Jane c\u00f3 n\u00ean ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. B\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t ca ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt m\u1edf kh\u00ed qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t \u00e2m \u00edt \u1ecfi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u01a1 quan Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe Anh (NHS) nh\u1eadn tr\u1ea3 ph\u00ed \u1edf vi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u01b0ng Jane c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft mu\u1ed1n \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf nh\u00e0. Chi ph\u00ed ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 chu c\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c y t\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea su\u1ed1t ba ca \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u00f4ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1edbn l\u00e0 Elaine Mason, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ee3 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp, ban \u0111\u1ea7u Hawking r\u01b0\u1edbn l\u00f4ng m\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u00ean l\u00e0 \"Equalizer\" t\u1eeb Walt Woltosz. Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc \u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb, t\u1eeb, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 2500-3000 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e9t qua b\u1edfi m\u00e1y. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Elaine Mason l\u00e0 David, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafp m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 g\u1eafn n\u00f3 v\u00e0o xe l\u0103n c\u1ee7a Hawking. Tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n ai \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i gi\u1ecdng m\u00ecnh, Hawking b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \"Gi\u1edd t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2m ra giao ti\u1ebfp t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00f4i m\u1ea5t gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i.\""}
+{"text": "M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Hawking \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd gi\u00fap \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft \"L\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed Th\u1eddi gian\". Peter Guzzardi, bi\u00ean t\u1eadp \u1edf Bantam, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t Hawking ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00e1u k\u1ec9nh. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1988 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 6 \u1edf Anh qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c danh s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c."}
+{"text": "\"L\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed Th\u1eddi gian\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng, v\u00e0 t\u1edbi n\u0103m 2009 b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 9 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n. Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ec9 l\u1ee5c n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trang b\u00eca t\u1edd Newsweek c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \"Master of the Universe\" (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch, \"B\u1eadc th\u1ea7y V\u0169 tr\u1ee5\"). Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n h\u1eadu h\u0129nh, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Hawking \u0111\u00e3 du h\u00e0nh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 tham gia ti\u1ec7c t\u00f9ng v\u00e0 khi\u00eau v\u0169 t\u1edbi t\u1eadn \u0111\u00eam khuya."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi m\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng \u00edt c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2. V\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1eadt \u00fd v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd d\u00e0nh cho Hawking, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ghi nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m th\u00eam n\u0103m b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 danh d\u1ef1, Huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng gia (1985), Huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Paul Dirac (1987) v\u00e0, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Penrose, Gi\u1ea3i Wolf danh ti\u1ebfng (1988). N\u0103m 1989, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth II phong t\u01b0\u1edbc CH (t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cao th\u1ee9 hai m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n Anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n Hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng-OM)."}
+{"text": "Cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa Jane v\u00e0 Stephen Hawking tr\u1ea3i qua \u00e1p l\u1ef1c trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Jane c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 d\u00f2m ng\u00f3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y t\u00e1 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c Hawking tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i danh c\u0169ng g\u00e2y th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n Jane \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \"\u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 n\u00f3i cho \u00f4ng \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi.\" Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Hawking c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c tin Ki t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 Hawking tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c y t\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Elaine Mason, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00e2y n\u00ean kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p, h\u1ed9 l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh-nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1 t\u00ednh g\u00e2y g\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bao b\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Elaine \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hawking. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Hawking n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Jane r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111ang r\u1eddi b\u1ecf b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1edbi v\u1edbi Elaine, v\u00e0 r\u1eddi ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1990. Trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, Hawking nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ed1ng \u1edf L\u00e0ng tr\u1ebb em SOS t\u00ean l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Thu Nh\u00e0n l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1eebng sang Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 1997 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103m Nh\u00e0n."}
+{"text": "Hawking v\u1eabn theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eadt l\u00fd: n\u0103m 1993 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng bi\u00ean t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed Euclid v\u1edbi Gary Gibbons, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ed1 \u0111en v\u00e0 V\u1ee5 N\u1ed5 L\u1edbn. N\u0103m 1994 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n Newton thu\u1ed9c Cambridge, Hawking v\u00e0 Penrose tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t s\u00e1u b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in l\u1ea1i n\u0103m 1996 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean \"B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 Th\u1eddi gian\". N\u0103m 1997 \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn thua m\u1ed9t v\u00e1n c\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai n\u0103m 1991 v\u1edbi Kip Thorne v\u00e0 John Preskill \u1edf Caltech. Hawking t\u1eebng c\u00e1 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Penrose v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \"ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\"-r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \"k\u00ec d\u1ecb tr\u1ea7n tru\u1ed3ng\" kh\u00f4ng che b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi-l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Sau khi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn thua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n v\u1ed9i v\u00e3, m\u1ed9t v\u00e1n c\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edbi, ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u00ec d\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5."}
+{"text": "C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, Thorne, Hawking v\u00e0 Preskill ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1c, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ed1 \u0111en. Thorne v\u00e0 Hawking l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ed1 \u0111en kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng tin, th\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng-n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin mang b\u1edfi B\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 Hawking ph\u1ea3i \"m\u1edbi\", v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ed1 \u0111en. V\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 vi m\u00f4, t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i. Preskill l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng tin ph\u00e1t ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111en li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin r\u01a1i v\u00e0o n\u00f3 \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea5y, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u1ed1 \u0111en cho b\u1edfi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Hawking c\u0169ng duy tr\u00ec b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u0111em khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 1992 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n phim t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \"L\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed Th\u1eddi gian\"-do Errol Morris \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 Steven Spielberg s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t-\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu. Hawking \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed9 phim li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n dung ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ed9 phim ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi \u00f4ng. Phim nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. M\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, c\u00e1c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1993 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean \"H\u1ed1 \u0110en v\u00e0 c\u00e1c V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 S\u01a1 sinh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c\", trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u00ea-ri ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh s\u00e1u ph\u1ea7n \"V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Stephen Hawking\" v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0103n theo xu\u1ea5t theo n\u0103m 1997. Nh\u01b0 Hawking nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i d\u00e0nh cho khoa h\u1ecdc."}
+{"text": "\u00d4ng c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. Trong b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh phim \"L\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed Th\u1eddi gian\", Leonard Nimoy, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng vai Spock trong Star Trek, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng Hawking h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. Nimoy \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c li\u00ean l\u1ea1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 Hawking xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n trong s\u00ea-ri Star Trek: The Next Generation n\u0103m 1993. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu \u00e2m cho b\u00e0i h\u00e1t Keep Talking c\u1ee7a ban nh\u1ea1c Pink Floyd v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1999 trong s\u00ea-ri h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng The Simpsons."}
+{"text": "Hawking ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc, \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 trong v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t d\u1ebb n\u0103m 2001, v\u00e0 A Briefer History of Time (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch, \"M\u1ed9t L\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed T\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi gian\"; \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n n\u00e0y n\u0103m 2005 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Leonard Mlodinow \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa), trong khi Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o n\u00ean S\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 2006. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Thomas Hertog \u1edf C\u01a1 quan N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (CERN) v\u00e0 Jim Hartle, t\u1eeb 2006 tr\u1edf \u0111i Hawking ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc \"tr\u00ean-xu\u1ed1ng\", ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o. N\u1ec1n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \"l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn\" qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u1ea3 h\u1eefu. Khi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd."}
+{"text": "C\u0169ng n\u0103m 2006 Hawking v\u00e0 Elaine l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd ly d\u1ecb, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 Hawking n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n v\u1edbi Jane, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c con v\u00e0 ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Jane, nay mang t\u00ean m\u1edbi \"H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1edbi V\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i v\u1edbi Stephen\", xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 2007, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n n\u00e0y. N\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 Hawking v\u00e0 con g\u00e1i Lucy xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a George, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch thi\u1ebfu nhi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft theo c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh Hawking. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 ra nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp ti\u1ebfp theo v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 2009 v\u00e0 2011."}
+{"text": "Hawking ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u00e0n \u1ea3nh: c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 t\u00ean The Real Stephen Hawking: (2001) v\u00e0 \"Stephen Hawking: Profile\" (2002), m\u1ed9t phim truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Hawking v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Hawking (2004), c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u00ea-ri phim t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Stephen Hawking, Master of the Universe (2008). Hawking c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 trong th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 trong The Simpsons, v\u00e0 Futurama trong \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ecdng \u00f4ng tham gia l\u1ed3ng ti\u1ebfng, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi vai ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh trong The Big Bang Theory. Hawking c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c du h\u00e0nh kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u1edbi Chile, \u0110\u1ea3o Ph\u1ee5c Sinh, Nam Phi, r\u1ed3i T\u00e2y Ban Nha (\u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i Fonseca n\u0103m 2008), Canada v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u1edbi Hoa K\u1ef3. V\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00fd do th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Hawking ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean di chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1eeb 2011 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111i l\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng."}
+{"text": "Qua n\u0103m th\u00e1ng, Hawking v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 g\u00e2y ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i: \u00f4ng t\u1eebng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng virus m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1eb7t b\u1edfi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh tinh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd chinh ph\u1ea1t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Hawking b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda do \"m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t virus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh gien hay c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi\". \u00d4ng xem c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ngo\u00e0i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Mong mu\u1ed1n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang t\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt, n\u0103m 2007 \u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o chuy\u1ebfn bay kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean phi thuy\u1ec1n m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \"Vomit Comet\", do t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Zero Gravity t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1m l\u1ea7n."}
+{"text": "L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea3ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, Hawking c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u00d4ng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u1edbi \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Al Gore trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 2000, g\u1ecdi Cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Iraq 2003 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"t\u1ed9i \u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tranh\", t\u1ea9y chay m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u1edf Israel do lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Israel \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Palestine, duy tr\u00ec chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ed1c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. Hawking c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe l\u0103n, National Savings, British Telecom, Specsavers, Egg Banking, v\u00e0 Go Compare."}
+{"text": "Trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt l\u00fd, t\u1edbi n\u0103m 2003, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng Hawking \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111en. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004 \u1edf Dublin, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn thua cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m 1997 v\u1edbi Preskill, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00e0i to\u00e1n ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 \u0111en c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t t\u00f4 p\u00f4. Trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 2005 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u1edbi m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t th\u00f4ng tin trong nh\u1eefng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 h\u1ed1 \u0111en s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3."}
+{"text": "Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tranh lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, Hawking \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1ee3c, r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Boson Higgs. H\u1ea1t n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Peter Higgs \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1964 trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Peter Higgs, tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a si\u00eau m\u00e1y gia t\u1ed1c Tevatron thu\u1ed9c Fermilab g\u1ea7n Chicago v\u00e0 LEP (va \u0111\u1eadp electron-positron) c\u00f9ng LHC (va \u0111\u1eadp hadron) t\u1ea1i CERN. Hawking v\u00e0 Higgs tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i n\u1ea3y l\u1eeda c\u00f4ng khai v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y n\u0103m 2002 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u0103m 2008, trong \u0111\u00f3 Higgs ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Hawking v\u00e0 ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n r\u1eb1ng \"v\u1ecb th\u1ebf n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Hawking \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng ta s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3.\" H\u1ea1t Higgs cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu t\u1ea1i CERN ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2012 (v\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2013): Hawking nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn thua cu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Higgs n\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd."}
+{"text": "S\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu do b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 2005 \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb giao ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 m\u00e1 do kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tay n\u1eefa, v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i ph\u00fat. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t Hawking tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1i li\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n (ti\u1ebfng Anh: locked-in syndrome-LIS, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u1eabn t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i m\u1eaft), v\u00ec v\u1eady \u00f4ng \u0111ang h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2009 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 l\u00e1i xe l\u0103n n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u1edf kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y th\u1edf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadp vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n. N\u0103m 2002, trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Ailen, BBC \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Hawking c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn Huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Copley t\u1eeb H\u1ed9i Ho\u00e0ng gia (2006), vinh d\u1ef1 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3-Hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ef1 do T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng (2009), v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng V\u1eadt l\u00fd C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n Nga (2012)."}
+{"text": "Hawking t\u1eebng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \"kh\u00f4ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng theo ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng\" v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng tin \"v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi ban b\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ch\u00fang.\" Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n tr\u00ean t\u1edd The Guardian, Hawking xem quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i, tin r\u1eb1ng \"kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hay th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia\" v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \"m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ee3 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i.\" N\u0103m 2011, khi d\u1eabn t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u00ea-ri truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh Curiosity tr\u00ean Discovery Channel, Hawking tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \"Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ch\u00faa. Kh\u00f4ng ai t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh ch\u00fang ta. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u00f4i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eabn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia.\""}
+{"text": "T\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Zeitgeist do Google t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103m 2011, Hawking n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft\". \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia \"kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\" v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \"\u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong cu\u1ed9c truy t\u1ea7m tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.\" \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \"d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh m\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong n\u00f3\". Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2012 Hawking d\u1eabn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111o\u1ea1n Khai s\u00e1ng trong L\u1ec5 khai m\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i Paralympic 2012."}
+{"text": "Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a Hawking g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Lucy, Robert v\u00e0 Tim \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \"Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111au bu\u1ed3n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha y\u00eau d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng m\u00e3i nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m n\u1eefa. S\u1ef1 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, can tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, khi\u1ebfu h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u00f4ng t\u1eebng n\u00f3i, \u2018V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 ch\u1edf che cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2019. Ch\u00fang con s\u1ebd nh\u1edb m\u00e3i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a cha\""}
+{"text": "Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, Jane \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf London trong tu\u1ea7n khi c\u00f4 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt l\u00fd. C\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i n\u00e0y g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi t\u00ecm nh\u00e0 \u1edf trong kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Hawking t\u1edbi B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 V\u1eadt l\u00fd L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft (DAMTP). Jane b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con trai t\u00ean Robert, ra \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1967 Con g\u00e1i, Lucy, ra \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1970. \u0110\u1ee9a con th\u1ee9 ba, Timothy, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1979."}
+{"text": "Hawking hi\u1ebfm khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed - trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong th\u1eddi gian t\u00e1n t\u1ec9nh Jane. S\u1ef1 t\u00e0n t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4i vai ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, gi\u00fap cho \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1974 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t n\u0103m t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 California \u1edf Pasadena, California, Jane \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c sau ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c Hawking. Hawking \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 Bernard Carr \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd \u0111i du l\u1ecbch v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t n\u0103m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u1edf Pasadena."}
+{"text": "D\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y, n\u00f3i chung, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2001 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 Nupedia b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n; hi\u1ec7n nay Wikipedia tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1ef9 H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Wikimedia, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. Wikipedia hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 15 tri\u1ec7u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 3,3 tri\u1ec7u b\u00e0i trong phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh (English Wikipedia); v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2006, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 750.000 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. T\u1eeb khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf c\u1eeda, Wikipedia c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y sinh ra v\u00e0i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n li\u00ean quan. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 9/8/2014 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n th\u0103m d\u00f2 YouGov sau khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t 2.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Anh cho th\u1ea5y 64% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi tin v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean Wikipedia, cao h\u01a1n t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 61% tin v\u00e0o BBC, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u1edd b\u00e1o uy t\u00edn kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Times (45%), The Guardian (45%), The Sun (13%)."}
+{"text": "Wikipedia th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n b\u1edfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang nhi\u1ec1u khi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u khi \u0111\u1ec3 khen v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 do, m\u1edf, d\u1ec5 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Nhi\u1ec1u khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. Wikipedia khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \"Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 trung l\u1eadp\", b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan. Vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng Wikipedia nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00ec t\u00ednh m\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, b\u1ecb s\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u00ea l\u00e0 c\u00f3 thi\u00ean v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, \u0111\u1eb7t cao \u00fd ki\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi."}
+{"text": "Kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Wikipedia l\u00e0 \"B\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i\", v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Jimmy Wales di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \"\u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u00e0ng cao c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng\". N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean website wikipedia.org d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"wiki\", thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi WikiWikiWeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hawaii Wiki Wiki, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \"nhanh l\u1eb9\". \u00d4ng Wales c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 d\u1eabn Wikipedia t\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \"c\u1ee7a Britannica ho\u1eb7c cao h\u01a1n\" v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y."}
+{"text": "V\u00e0i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u00e0i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft theo ki\u1ec3u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 B\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Stanford b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Nupedia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda. Nh\u1eefng website tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h2g2 v\u00e0 Everything2 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ri\u00eang. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Wikipedia, Susning.nu v\u00e0 Enciclopedia Libre l\u00e0 wiki, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. Trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 wiki \u0111\u00f3, Wikipedia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00e1ch khoa l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u00ednh theo s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0, n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1ed9i dung d\u01b0\u1edbi Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p V\u0103n b\u1ea3n T\u1ef1 do GNU."}
+{"text": "\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u00ec Wikipedia ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Nupedia, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft b\u00e1ch khoa v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n theo qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. Nupedia m\u1edf c\u1eeda ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2000 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Bomis, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5ng Web. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 Jimmy Wales, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Bomis, v\u00e0 Larry Sanger, ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat c\u1ee7a Nupedia v\u00e0 Wikipedia sau \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng Sanger n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Nupedia kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1ed9i dung m\u1edf; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u1ee1 v\u00ec n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean Internet; v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p. Nupedia c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh 7 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c b\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i \u00edt \u1ecfi. D\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Bomis, c\u00f3 l\u00fac h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p N\u1ed9i dung m\u1edf Nupedia tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed5i qua Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p V\u0103n b\u1ea3n T\u1ef1 do GNU tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Wikipedia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Richard Stallman."}
+{"text": "Tr\u00ean danh s\u00e1ch g\u1eedi th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Nupedia, ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2001, \u00f4ng Sanger \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u1ea1o ra wiki b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Nupedia. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \"H\u00e3y l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t wiki\" (Let's make a wiki), \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: \"Kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u00edt Nupedia. Jimmy Wales ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng (...) Khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Nupedia c\u1ee7a wiki, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \"s\u1ef1 m\u1edf\u201d R\u1ea4T L\u1edaN v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ed9i dung Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i khi bandied v\u1ec1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf ho\u1eb7c thay th\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed5 sung Nupedia.. C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, wiki c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, it r\u1ee7i ro. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u1edbn cho n\u1ed9i dung V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y..\""}
+{"text": "Wikipedia m\u1edf c\u1eeda ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2001, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh t\u1ea1i wikipedia.com, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng Sanger gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean danh s\u00e1ch g\u1eedi th\u01b0. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 1, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Nupedia, trong \u0111\u00f3 ai n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Nupedia, sau khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban T\u01b0 v\u1ea5n Nupedia ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Wikipedia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ri\u00eang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Nupedia b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \"quan \u0111i\u1ec3m trung l\u1eadp\" c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, tuy n\u00f3 s\u00e1t v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \"nonbias\" (phi thi\u00ean v\u1ecb) c\u1ee7a Nupedia. Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Wikipedia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Nupedia, nh\u1eefng tin nh\u1eafn t\u1ea1i Slashdot, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm. N\u00f3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi 20.000 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng 18 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u. Nupedia v\u00e0 Wikipedia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nhau \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 Nupedia b\u1ecb ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung Nupedia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o Wikipedia."}
+{"text": "Hai \u00f4ng Wales v\u00e0 Sanger cho r\u1eb1ng WikiWikiWeb c\u1ee7a Ward Cunningham ho\u1eb7c Kho M\u1eabu Portland \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quan ni\u1ec7m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng wiki. \u00d4ng Wales n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng nghe v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb Jeremy Rosenfield, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m cho Bomis v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u00f4ng Wales \u0111\u1ebfn wiki \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2000, nh\u01b0ng Wikipedia m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sau khi \u00f4ng Sanger nghe v\u1ec1 wiki \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb Ben Kovitz, ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2001 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u1ea1o ra wiki cho Nupedia. D\u01b0\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean wiki, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n GNUPedia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Nupedia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 do Richard Stallman, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Wikipedia."}
+{"text": "V\u00ec s\u1ee3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n \u1edf trung t\u00e2m phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng Wikipedia ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha (Wikipedia en espa\u00f1ol) chia ra kh\u1ecfi Wikipedia \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Enciclopedia Libre v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2002. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m, \u00f4ng Wales loan b\u00e1o l\u00e0 Wikipedia s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u00e0 website \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 wikipedia.org. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 chia ra kh\u1ecfi Wikipedia v\u00ec quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Wikinfo, h\u1ecd b\u1ecf \"quan \u0111i\u1ec3m trung l\u1eadp\" \u0111\u1ec3 thay v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ph\u1ee5 nhau vi\u1ebft theo \"quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m\"."}
+{"text": "T\u1eeb Wikipedia v\u00e0 Nupedia, Qu\u1ef9 H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Wikipedia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2003. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, Wikipedia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00f3. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Wikipedia, \"K\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m: Wiki 11 th\u00e1ng 9\", \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2002 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng T\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9; d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Wiktionary m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2002; b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp danh ng\u00f4n Wikiquote, m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n sau khi Wikimedia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp; v\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n m\u1edf Wikibooks, th\u00e1ng sau. Sau \u0111\u00f3 Wikimedia v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00eam d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c."}
+{"text": "Wikipedia th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n theo s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft. Trong hai n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, n\u00f3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng v\u00e0i tr\u0103m b\u00e0i m\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. Wikipedia ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft th\u1ee9 100.000 ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2003. N\u0103m 2004, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 hay 3.000 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Wikipedia ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi b\u00e0i th\u1ee9 500.000 ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2004. Wikipedia \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft th\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 105 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2004, trong khi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh n\u00f3i ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft th\u1ee9 500.000 ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2005 v\u00e0 b\u00e0i th\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2006."}
+{"text": "Wikipedia d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean MediaWiki, n\u1ec1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m wiki chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 m\u1edf, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft trong PHP v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u MySQL. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef macro, bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng g\u1eafn ti\u00eau b\u1ea3n (template transclusion), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng URL. MediaWiki \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh theo Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p C\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng GNU (GPL) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Wikimedia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n wiki kh\u00e1c. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u Wikipedia ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean UseModWiki, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Perl c\u1ee7a Clifford Adams (Phase I). N\u00f3 b\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft hoa theo ki\u1ec3u CamelCase \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra si\u00eau li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00e0i; c\u00fa ph\u00e1p hai d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c vu\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 sau. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PHP wiki v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u MySQL; ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho Wikipedia b\u1edfi Magnus Manske. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m Phase II \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111ang l\u00ean theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u0169y th\u1eeba (exponential growth). Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia \u0111\u1ed5i qua ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 ba, MediaWiki, m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u do Lee Daniel Crocker vi\u1ebft."}
+{"text": "Wikipedia ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 Linux t\u1ea1i Florida v\u00e0 hai v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c. Wikipedia ch\u1ec9 x\u00e0i m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2004; l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111a t\u1ea7ng (multitier architecture) ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2005, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean 39 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang \u1edf Florida. H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ea1y MySQL, v\u00e0i m\u00e1y ph\u1ee5 CSDL, 21 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 web ch\u1ea1y Apache HTTP Server, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y m\u00e1y b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb Squid. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2005, nh\u00f3m m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m 100 m\u00e1y t\u1ea1i ba v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chung quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi."}
+{"text": "C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi cho t\u1ea7ng m\u00e1y Squid tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb Squid kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi qua c\u00e1c m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea3i (load-balancing server) c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m Linux Virtual Server; n\u00f3 g\u1eedi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 Apache \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t trang d\u00f9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb CSDL. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 web g\u1eedi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng trang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t trang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Wikipedia. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c trang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i (distributed memory cache) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua h\u1eb3n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh k\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t trang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n truy c\u1eadp nh\u1eefng trang th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p. Hai nh\u00f3m m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u nhu c\u1ea7u cho Wikipedia."}