ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-lij-eng huggingface dataset:
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
L'economia tradiçIonale moderna a se basa in sce l'economia neoclascia ma con tanti megioamenti che megioan ò generalizzan de analixi passæ, comme l'econometria, a teoria di zeughi, l'analixi do fallimento do mercou e da concorrensa imperfetta e o modello neoclascio do crescio econòmico, pe analizzâ e variabile delongo periodo ch'influensan o reddito naçionale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Modern mainstream economics builds on neoclassical economics but with many refinements that either supplement or generalize earlier analysis, such as econometrics, game theory, analysis of market failure and imperfect competition, and the neoclassical model of economic growth for analysing long-run variables affecting national income.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Existe un problema econòmico, oggetto de studio da sciensa econòmica, quande unna deçixon (çernia) a vëgne piggiâ da un ò ciù attoî che contròllan e resorse pe ottegnî o megio exito poscibile in condiçioin raçionale limitæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
There exists an economic problem, subject to study by economic science, when a decision (choice) is made by one or more resource-controlling players to attain the best possible outcome under bounded rational conditions.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
O libbro o l'ea inçentrou in scî fattoî determinanti do reddito naçionale into periodo curto quande i prexi son relativamente reddeni.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The book focused on determinants of national income in the short run when prices are relatively inflexible.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
L'economia keynesiaña a l'à doî eredi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Keynesian economics has two successors.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
O l'é ligou pe commun à l'Universcitæ de Cambridge e a-o travaggio do Joan Robinson.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
It is generally associated with the University of Cambridge and the work of Joan Robinson.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
O Ben Bernanke, passou prescidente da Federal Reserve, o l'é tra i economisti che ancheu açettan à reo l'analixi do Friedman in scê caxoin da Gran Deprescion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Ben Bernanke, former Chairman of the Federal Reserve, is among the economists today generally accepting Friedman's analysis of the causes of the Great Depression.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Quande se crea de teorie, l'intençion a l'é de trovâ quelle che seggian a-o manco sence pæge inti requixiti d'informaçioin, ciù preçise inte previxoin e ciù de reo into generâ de reçerche in ciù à peto de teorie passæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
When creating theories, the objective is to find ones which are at least as simple in information requirements, more precise in predictions, and more fruitful in generating additional research than prior theories.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
I primmi modelli macroeconomichi ean inçentræ in sciâ modellaçion de relaçioin tra de variabile aggregæ, ma za che e relaçioin paivan cangiâ into tempo i macroeconomisti, compreiso i neuvi keynesien, an reformolou i modelli inte di microfondamenti.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Early macroeconomic models focused on modelling the relationships between aggregate variables, but as the relationships appeared to change over time macroeconomists, including new Keynesians, reformulated their models in microfoundations.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
De vòtte unn'ipòtexi econòmica a l'é solo qualitativa, no quantitativa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Sometimes an economic hypothesis is only qualitative, not quantitative.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Però, o campo de l'economia sperimentale o l'é apreuvo à spandise e s'addeuvia sempre de ciù i esperimenti naturali.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
However, the field of experimental economics is growing, and increasing use is being made of natural experiments.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
In economia applicâ, i modelli input-output che addeuvian di metodi de programmaçion in linia son assæ commun.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In applied economics, input–output models employing linear programming methods are quite common.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Sto chì o l'à reduto a distinçion conosciua da l'oa lì tra l'economia e e sciense naturale perché a permette de preuve dirette de quelli che in passou ean tegnui pe di asciömi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This has reduced the long-noted distinction of economics from natural sciences because it allows direct tests of what were previously taken as axioms.
Traduxi in ingleise:
De preuve empiriche pæge se fan in neuroeconomia.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Similar empirical testing occurs in neuroeconomics.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Inte di mercoei perfettamente competitivi, nisciun parteçipante o l'é assæ grande da avei l'influensa de mercou pe fissâ o prexo de un produto omogeneo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In perfectly competitive markets, no participants are large enough to have the market power to set the price of a homogeneous product.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
A microeconomia a studia i mercoei de pe loiatri semplificando o scistema economico con presuppoñe che l'attivitæ into mercou analizzou a no l'influisce in sce di atri mercoei.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Microeconomics studies individual markets by simplifying the economic system by assuming that activity in the market being analysed does not affect other markets.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
A teoria de l'equilibrio generale a studia ciù mercæ e o relativo comportamento.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
General-equilibrium theory studies various markets and their behaviour.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
L'é neçessäio çerne tra açioin boñe da dexidiâ che se tëgnan feua uña con l'atra.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Choices must be made between desirable yet mutually exclusive actions.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Unna parte do costo de produçion do pretzel o l'é che ni a fæña ni a mattin son ciù a dispoxiçion pe ëse addeuviæ inte quarche atra mainea.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Part of the cost of making pretzels is that neither the flour nor the morning are available any longer, for use in some other way.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
I input addeuviæ into proçesso de produçion comprendan di fattoî de produçion primäi comme di serviçi de man d'euvia, do capitale (ben produti de duata addeuviæ inta produçion, comme unna fabrica ch'a l'existe) e do terren (compreiso e resorse da natua).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Inputs used in the production process include such primary factors of production as labour services, capital (durable produced goods used in production, such as an existing factory), and land (including natural resources).
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Into caxo ciù sencio, unn'economia a peu produe solo doî ben (pe exempio «foxin» e «butiro»).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In the simplest case an economy can produce just two goods (say "guns" and "butter").
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
A pendensa da curva inte un ponto a l'indica o compromisso tra i doî ben.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The slope of the curve at a point on it gives the trade-off between the two goods.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Longo o PPF, a mancansa a compòrta che a çernia de unna quantitæ ciù grande de un ben inte l'aggregou a compòrta d'avei à dispoxiçion unna quantitæ ciù picciña de l'atro ben.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Along the PPF, scarcity implies that choosing more of one good in the aggregate entails doing with less of the other good.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Un ponto de drento a-a curva (comme A) o l'é de bon fâ ma o representa unna perdia de produçion (straggio de input), perché l'output de un ò de tutti doî i ben o porrieiva cresce mesciandose in direçion nòrd-levante verso un ponto in sciâ curva.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A point inside the curve (as at A), is feasible but represents production inefficiency (wasteful use of inputs), in that output of one or both goods could increase by moving in a northeast direction to a point on the curve.
Traduxi in ingleise:
S'é osservou che un gran volumme de scangi o l'avvëgne anche tra e regioin ch'an à dispoxiçion unna tecnologia pægia e un insemme d'input e de fattoî, compreiso i paixi à reddito erto.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
It has been observed that a high volume of trade occurs among regions even with access to a similar technology and mix of factor inputs, including high-income countries.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Tra ciaschedun de sti scistemi de produçion, peu existe unna spartiçion do travaggio ch'a correpsonde con di gruppi de travaggio speçializzæ differenti ò in correspondensa di tipi differenti de ben strumentali e uxi differençiæ do terren.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Among each of these production systems, there may be a corresponding division of labour with different work groups specializing, or correspondingly different types of capital equipment and differentiated land uses.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
A teoria e l'osservaçion stabiliscian e condiçioin de mainea che i prexi de mercou di output e di input produttivi çernan unn'allocaçion di input e di fattoî in base à l'avvantaggio in confronto, coscì che i input (relativamente) à bon patto vaggan à produe di output à bon patto.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Theory and observation set out the conditions such that market prices of outputs and productive inputs select an allocation of factor inputs by comparative advantage, so that (relatively) low-cost inputs go to producing low-cost outputs.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
In microeconomia, a s'applica a-a determinaçion do prexo e da produçion pe un mercou con unna concorrensa perfetta, ch'a comprende a condiçion donde niscuña cazaña ò venditô son assæ grendi da avei l'influensa de determinâ i prexi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In microeconomics, it applies to price and output determination for a market with perfect competition, which includes the condition of no buyers or sellers large enough to have price-setting power.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
A teoria da domanda e descrive de pe loiatri i consummatoî che çernan raçionalmente a quantitæ ciù caa de ciaschedun ben, tegnuo in conto o reddito, i prexi, i gusti, etc.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Demand theory describes individual consumers as rationally choosing the most preferred quantity of each good, given income, prices, tastes, etc.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
A lezze da domanda a l'afferma che, à reo, o prexo e a quantitæ domandâ inte un çerto mercou son in relaçion inversa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The law of demand states that, in general, price and quantity demanded in a given market are inversely related.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Pe de ciù, a facoltæ d'accattâ ch'a ne vëgne da l'asbasciâ di prexi o l'accresce a poscibilitæ d'accattâ (l'effetto reddito).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In addition, purchasing power from the price decline increases ability to buy (the income effect).
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
L'offerta a l'é o rappòrto tra o prexo de un ben e a quantitæ a dispoxiçion pe-a vendia à quello prexo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Supply is the relation between the price of a good and the quantity available for sale at that price.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
L'offerta a vëgne representâ pe sòlito comme unna fonçion ch'a mette in relaçion prexo e quantitæ, se i atri fattoî no cangian.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Supply is typically represented as a function relating price and quantity, if other factors are unchanged.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
L'equilibrio de mercou o l'avvëgne quande a quantitæ de l'offerta l'é pægia che a quantitæ domandâ, l'interseçion de curve de domanda e offerta inta figua reportâ de d'ato.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Market equilibrium occurs where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, the intersection of the supply and demand curves in the figure above.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
À un prexo ciù erto che l'equilibrio, intravëgne un sorveciù de quantitæ offerta in sciâ quantitæ domandâ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
At a price above equilibrium, there is a surplus of quantity supplied compared to quantity demanded.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
I tipi ciù commun d'açiende son e soçietæ, e compagnie e i cartelli.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The most obvious kinds of firms are corporations, partnerships and trusts.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Inti mercæ perfettamente competitivi studiæ inta teoria da domanda e d l'offerta, gh'é tanti produttoî, nisciun di quæ o l'influensa de mainea importante o prexo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In perfectly competitive markets studied in the theory of supply and demand, there are many producers, none of which significantly influence price.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
E struttue de mercou commun studiæ a-o de là da concorrensa perfetta comprendan a concorrensa monopolistica, ciù forme d'oligopòlio e o monopòlio.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Common market structures studied besides perfect competition include monopolistic competition, various forms of oligopoly, and monopoly.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Dæto e seu forme despæge, gh'é tante mainee de representâ l'inçertessa e de modellâ e respòste di agenti econòmichi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Given its different forms, there are various ways of representing uncertainty and modelling economic agents' responses to it.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A l'à de applicaçioin scignificative che pan a-o de feua de l'economia inte di ambiti tanto despægi comme a formolaçion de strategie nucleare, l'etica, e sciense politiche e a biologia evolutiva.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
It has significant applications seemingly outside of economics in such diverse subjects as formulation of nuclear strategies, ethics, political science, and evolutionary biology.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Pe de ciù, a l'analizza o prexo di strumenti finançiäi, a struttua finançiäia de impreise, a reisa e a fragilitæ di mercoei finançiäi, e crixi finançiäie e a relativa regolamentaçion ò politica governativa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
It also analyses the pricing of financial instruments, the financial structure of companies, the efficiency and fragility of financial markets, financial crises, and related government policy or regulation.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
E casañe che no san se unna machina a l'é unna «gazibba» n'asbascian o prexo a-o de sotta de quello de unna machina de segonda man de boña qualitæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Customers without knowledge of whether a car is a "lemon" depress its price below what a quality second-hand car would be.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Tutti doî i problemi peuan fâ montâ i costi de l'asseguaçion e redue a reisa allontanando da-o mercou di operatoî sedonca disponibili («mercoei macanti»).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Both problems may raise insurance costs and reduce efficiency by driving otherwise willing transactors from the market ("incomplete markets").
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
De ascimmetrie informative e di mercoei mancanti peuan generâ da perdia econòmica, ma ascì unna poscibilitæ de megioâ a reisa pe mezo de remeddi de mercou, legali e normativi, comme dito primma.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Information asymmetries and incomplete markets may result in economic inefficiency but also a possibility of improving efficiency through market, legal, and regulatory remedies, as discussed above.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
I ben pubrichi son di ben che son fornii de sotta inte un mercou tipico.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Public goods are goods which are under-supplied in a typical market.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Pe exempio, l'atteuscegamento atmosferico o peu generâ unn'esternalitæ negativa e l'instruçion a peu generâ unn'esternalitæ poxitiva (ciù pöca criminalitæ, etc.).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
For example, air pollution may generate a negative externality, and education may generate a positive externality (less crime, etc.).
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Inte tante zöne, s'ipotizza unna forma de prexi tacchigni pe tegnî conto de quantitæ, ciufito che di prexi, adattandose into periodo curto a-i cangiamenti da-a parte da domanda ò da-a parte de l'offerta.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In many areas, some form of price stickiness is postulated to account for quantities, rather than prices, adjusting in the short run to changes on the demand side or the supply side.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Tra i exempi de sti prexi tacchigni inte di mercoei particolæ l'é compreiso i tasci de saläio inti mercoei do travaggio e i prexi pubricæ inti mercoei che se destaccan da-a concorrensa perfetta.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Examples of such price stickiness in particular markets include wage rates in labour markets and posted prices in markets deviating from perfect competition.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Sti aggregæ chì comprendan a produçion e o reddito naçionale, o tascio de desoccupaçion e l'inflaçion di prexi, in ciù che di sottaggregæ comme o consummo totale e a speisa pe investimenti e i relativi componenti.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Such aggregates include national income and output, the unemployment rate, and price inflation and subaggregates like total consumption and investment spending and their components.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
L’é stæto affrontou coscì unn’anscetæ delongo tempo in sce di sviluppi incoerenti do mæximo argomento.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This has addressed a long-standing concern about inconsistent developments of the same subject.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
O Keynes o l’à sostegnuo che a domanda aggregâ de ben a porrieiva no bastâ into mezo de reçescioin econòmiche, con caxonâ unna desoccupaçion erta à deseuvio e de perdie de produçion potençiale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Keynes contended that aggregate demand for goods might be insufficient during economic downturns, leading to unnecessarily high unemployment and losses of potential output.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
A neuva macroeconomia clascica, distinta da-a vixon keynesiaña do ciclo econòmico, a propoñe a compensaçion do mercou con de informaçioin imperfette.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
New classical macroeconomics, as distinct from the Keynesian view of the business cycle, posits market clearing with imperfect information.
Traduxi in ingleise:
A fòrsa de travaggio a comprende solo i louanti che çercan attivamente do travaggio.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The labour force only includes workers actively looking for jobs.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
De gren quantitæ de desoccupaçion strutturale peuan ësighe quande i settoî de unn'economia son in fase de tranxiçion e i louanti descreuvan che e seu competense passæ no son ciù vosciue.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Large amounts of structural unemployment can occur when an economy is transitioning industries and workers find their previous set of skills are no longer in demand.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
I dinæ an a poscibilitæ d'ëse açettæ à reo, unna relativa coerensa de varsciua, a poscibilitæ d'ëse spartii, duata, portabilitæ, elastiçitæ inte l'offerta e longa vitta co-a confiansa do pubrico de massa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Money has general acceptability, relative consistency in value, divisibility, durability, portability, elasticity in supply, and longevity with mass public confidence.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Pe addeuviâ e poule do Francis Amasa Walker, un economista avvoxou do secolo XIX, «I dinæ en quello che i dinæ fan» («Money is that money does» inte l'originale).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In the words of Francis Amasa Walker, a well-known 19th-century economist, "Money is what money does" ("Money is that money does" in the original).
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A seu fonçion econòmica a peu ëse contrapòsta a-o bato (scangio sensa monæa).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Its economic function can be contrasted with barter (non-monetary exchange).
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Quande a domanda aggregâ a chiña a-o de sotta da produçion potençiale de l'economia, gh'é unna disparitæ de produçion donde unna parte da poscibilitæ produttiva a l'arresta desoccupâ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
When aggregate demand falls below the potential output of the economy, there is an output gap where some productive capacity is left unemployed.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
I effetti da politica fiscale peuan ëse limitæ co-a desmiscion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The effects of fiscal policy can be limited by crowding out.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Çerti economisti pensan che a desmiscion a segge delongo un problema, incangio di atri no pensan ch'o segge un gran problema quande a produçion a l'é abbattua.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Some economists think that crowding out is always an issue while others do not think it is a major issue when output is depressed.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Sto chì, un elemento da teoria da deçixon pubrica, o modella o comportamento do settô pubrico de mainea pægia a-a microeconomia, tiando drento e interaçioin di elettoî interessæ, politichi e buròcrati.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The latter, an aspect of public choice theory, models public-sector behaviour analogously to microeconomics, involving interactions of self-interested voters, politicians, and bureaucrats.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
O l'à da fâ ascì co-a dimenscion e a distribuçion di guägni vegnui da-o commercio.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
It also concerns the size and distribution of gains from trade.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
De sovente s'afferma che o Carlyle o l'agge dæto à l'economia o nommiagio de «sciensa triste» in respòsta a-i scriti da fin do secolo XVIII do præ Thomes Robert Malthus, ch'o l'à predito con fâ luvego che l'exito finale o saieiva stæto a famme, perché o cresce previsto da popolaçion o passava o tascio de montâ de l'approvixonamento de mangiâ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
It is often stated that Carlyle gave economics the nickname "the dismal science" as a response to the late 18th century writings of The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, who grimly predicted that starvation would result, as projected population growth exceeded the rate of increase in the food supply.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
O rappòrto streito da teoria e da prattica econòmica co-a politica o l'é un ponto çentrale de discuscion ch'o peu ascuî ò cegâ i prinçippi originali ciù façili de l'economia e de spesso o l'é confuso con di programmi soçiali e di scistemi de valoî particolæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The close relation of economic theory and practice with politics is a focus of contention that may shade or distort the most unpretentious original tenets of economics, and is often confused with specific social agendas and value systems.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Çerte reviste econòmiche academiche an inspessio i sfòrsci pe mesuâ o consenso di economisti in sce çerte costioin politiche inta speransa de creâ un ambiente politico ciù informou.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Some academic economic journals have increased their efforts to gauge the consensus of economists regarding certain policy issues in hopes of effecting a more informed political environment.