ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-lij-eng huggingface dataset:
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
E contraçioin do moscolo scheletrico en neurogeniche, da-o momento che domandan un input scinaptico da-i motoneuroin.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Skeletal muscle contractions are neurogenic as they require synaptic input from motor neurons.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
A contraçion produta a peu ëse descrita comme un spaximo, sommatöio ò tetanico, à segonda da frequensa di potensiæ d’açion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The contraction produced can be described as a twitch, summation, or tetanus, depending on the frequency of action potentials.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
I mecanismi de contraçion s’assomeggian inte tutti trei i tesciui moscolari.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The mechanisms of contraction are similar in all three muscle tissues.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
De atre bestie, comme i molluschi e i nematödi, an di moscoli striæ obliquamente, che contëgnan de bande de fiamenti drui e sottî, missi à mòddo d’eliçe ciufito che trasversale, comme inti moscoli scheletrichi ò cardiachi di vertebræ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Other animals such as mollusks, and nematodes, possess obliquely striated muscles, which contain bands of thick and thin filaments that are arranged helically rather than transversely, like in vertebrate skeletal or cardiac muscles.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Peuan trasmette ò reçeive de informaçioin inte di ponti de contatto diti scinapsi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
They can transmit or receive information at sites of contacts called synapses.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
De çellole comme i neuroin ò e çellole di moscoli peuan vegnî eçitæ ò inibie a-a reçeçion de un segnâ da un atro neuron.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Cells such as neurons or muscle cells may be excited or inhibited upon receiving a signal from another neuron.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Inti vertebræ, o scistema nervoso o consciste do scistema nervoso çentrale (SNC), ch’o comprende o çervello e o midòllo spinale, e o scistema nervoso periferico (PNS), ch’o consciste de nervi ce collegan o SNC à tutte e atre parte do còrpo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In vertebrates, the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of nerves that connect the CNS to every other part of the body.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
O SNP o se dividde inte trei sottoscistemi separæ, o scistema nervoso somatico, quello autònomo e quello enterico.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The PNS is divided into three separate subsystems, the somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
O scistema nervoso scimpatico o s’attiva into caxo d’emergensa pe mobilitâ de l’energia, mentre quello parascimpatico o s’attiva quande i organismi s’attreuvan inte unna condiçion de resciöo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy, while the parasympathetic nervous system is activated when organisms are in a relaxed state.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
I nervi che sciòrtan direttamente da-o çervello en diti nervi cranichi, mentre quello che sciòrtan da-o midòllo spinale en diti nervi spinali.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Nerves that exit directly from the brain are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Mascime inte l’òmmo, e ghiandole endòrcine primmäie son a tiròide e e ghiandole surrenale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In humans specifically, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
I ormoin peuan ëse di complesci d’aminoaçidi, di steròidi, di eicosanòidi, di leucotrieni ò da prostaglandine.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Hormones can be amino acid complexes, steroids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, or prostaglandins.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Inta ciù parte di caxi, tra de liatri se sviluppa anche un terso seu germinale, o mesoderma.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In most cases, a third germ layer, the mesoderm, also develops between them.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
A differençiaçion çellolare a l’é influensâ da di segnæ extraçellolari comme i fattoî de crescio, che vëgnan scangiæ co-e çellole che s’attreuvan da arente, dita segnalaçion juxtacriña, ò co-e çellole vexiñe in sce de distanse curte, dita segnalaçion paracriña.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Cellular differentiation is influenced by extracellular signals such as growth factors that are exchanged to adjacent cells, which is called juxtracrine signaling, or to neighboring cells over short distances, which is called paracrine signaling.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
O scistema immunitäio adattivo o fornisce unna respòsta in sce mesua pe ògni stimolo e o l’imprende à reconosce e molecole ch’o l’à za incontrou.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The adaptive immune system provides a tailored response to each stimulus by learning to recognize molecules it has previously encountered.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
I battëi an un scistema immunitäio basico sotta forma d’enzimi che protezzan da-e infeçioin di virus.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Bacteria have a rudimentary immune system in the form of enzymes that protect against virus infections.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
I vertebræ co-e mascelle, compreiso i òmmi, an di mecanismi de defeisa ancon ciù sofisticæ, compreiso a capaçitæ d’adattâse pe reconosce i agenti patògeni de unna forma ciù efficaçe.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt to recognize pathogens more efficiently.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Pe fâ un exempio, i modelli d’açion fisci en di comportamenti geneticamente determinæ e stereotipæ che se verifican sensa imprendimento.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Fixed action patterns, for instance, are genetically determined and stereotyped behaviors that occur without learning.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
A communitæ d’organismi viventi (biotichi), insemme à quelli no viventi (abiotichi) do seu ambiente (comme ægua, luxe, radiaçioin, temperatua, umiditæ, atmosfera, açiditæ e seu) a l’é dita ecoscistema.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The community of living (biotic) organisms in conjunction with the nonliving (abiotic) components (e.g., water, light, radiation, temperature, humidity, atmosphere, acidity, and soil) of their environment is called an ecosystem.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Alimentandose de ciante e i un di atri, i animæ zeugan un ròllo importante into movimento de matëia e energia atraverso do scistema.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
L’ambiente fixico da Tæra o l’é modellou da l’energia solare e da-a topografia.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The Earth's physical environment is shaped by solar energy and topography.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
O tempo a l’é l’attivitæ, giorno pe giorno, de temperatua e preçipitaçioin, tanto che o climma a l’é a media do tempo à longo termine, carcolâ tipicamente in sce un periodo de 30 anni.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Weather is the day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
De conseguensa, i ambienti umidi permettan o crescio de unna vegetaçion assæ ricca.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
As a result, wet environments allow for lush vegetation to grow.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
L’aumento da popolaçion inte di intervalli curti a peu vegnî determinæ pe mezo de l’equaçion do tasso de cresciansa da popolaçion, ch’a piggia in conscideraçion i tasci de nascioin, de mòrte e de l’immigraçion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Population growth during short-term intervals can be determined using the population growth rate equation, which takes into consideration birth, death, and immigration rates.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Unn’interaçion biològica a l’é l’effetto che unna cobbia d’organismi che vivan insemme a l’à produta l’un in sce l’atro.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Unn’interaçion à longo termine a piggia o nomme de scimbioxi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A long-term interaction is called a symbiosis.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Gh’é ciù de un livello tròfico drento d’ògni ræ alimentare, co-o livello ciù basso representou da-i produttoî primmäi (ò autòtrofi) comme ciate e æghe, che convertan energia e materiale inorganico inte di compòsti orgaichi, che dapeu peuan vegnî deuviæ da-o resto da communitæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
There are different trophic levels within any food web, with the lowest level being the primary producers (or autotrophs) such as plants and algae that convert energy and inorganic material into organic compounds, which can then be used by the rest of the community.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
E quelli che mangia i consummatoî segondäi en di consummatoî terçiäi e coscì avanti.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
And those that eat secondary consumers are tertiary consumers and so on.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Inte çerti çicli gh’é de sacche donde unna sostasa a l’arresta ò donca a ven sequestrâ pe un longo periodo de tempo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In some cycles there are reservoirs where a substance remains or is sequestered for a long period of time.
Traduxi in ingleise:
O fattô ciù importante pe-o rescädamento a l’é l’emiscion de gas særa, da quæ ciù do 90% en bioscido de carbònio e metano.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The largest driver of warming is the emission of greenhouse gases, of which more than 90% are carbon dioxide and methane.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A biodiverscitæ a l’influisce in sciô fonçionamento di ecoscistemi, che forniscian unna varietæ de servixi da-i quæ depende e persoñe.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Biodiversity affects the functioning of ecosystems, which provide a variety of services upon which people depend.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Pe tradiçion a botanica a l’à compreiso ascì o studio di fonzi e de æghe da-a parte di micòloghi e di ficòloghi respettivamente, e o studio de sti trei gruppi d’organismi o l’é arrestou inte l’ambito d’interesse do Congresso botanico internaçionale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
I giardin fixichi de l’Etæ de Mezo, che de spesso ean compreixi inti confin di monestê, contegnivan de ciante importante pe-a seu applicaçion inta mëxiña.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical importance.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Sti giardin an aggiuttou o studio academico de ciante.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Inte urtime doe dëxeñe d’anni do secolo vinti, i studioxi de botanica an sfrutou e tecniche d’analixi genetica molecolare, compreiso a genòmica, a proteòmica e e sequense de DNA, pe clascificâ e ciante à unna mainea ciù esatta.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of molecular genetic analysis, including genomics and proteomics and DNA sequences to classify plants more accurately.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
A botanica moderna a l’à e seu reixe inta Greçia antiga e a remonta, ciù into detaggio, à Teofrasto (371-287 a.C. ca.), un allevo d’Artistòtile ch’o l’à inventou e descrito ben ben di seu prinçippi, e che inta communitæ scientifica o l’é consciderou pe commun comme «o poæ da botanica».
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Modern botany traces its roots back to Ancient Greece specifically to Theophrastus (c. 371–287 BCE), a student of Aristotle who invented and described many of its principles and is widely regarded in the scientific community as the "Father of Botany".
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
De Materia Medica o l’é stæto assæ lezzuo pe ciù de 1500 anni.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1,500 years.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Da meitæ do secolo sezze i giardin botanichi en stæti fondæ inte unna boña quantitæ de universcitæ italiañe.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In the mid-16th century, botanical gardens were founded in a number of Italian universities.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Sostegnivan o crescio da botanica comme matëia academica.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
They supported the growth of botany as an academic subject.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Durante sto periodo a botanica a l’arrestava fermamente subordinâ a-a mëxiña.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Throughout this period, botany remained firmly subordinate to medicine.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Bock o l’à creou o seu pròpio scistema pe-a clascifficaçion de ciante.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Bock created his own system of plant classification.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A çernia e a sequensa di caratteri peuan ëse artifiçiæ inte ciave progettæ solo che pe l’identificaçion (ciave diagnòstiche) ò ligæ à unna mainea ciù streita à l’ordine naturale ò fitosanitäio di taxa inte ciave scinòttiche.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in keys designed purely for identification (diagnostic keys) or more closely related to the natural or phyletic order of the taxa in synoptic keys.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Questo o l’à portou a-a standardizzaçion de un scistema de nomenclatua binomiale, ò formou da doî elementi, donde o primmo nomme o representa o genere, e o segondo o l’identifica a speçie drento do genere.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This established a standardised binomial or two-part naming scheme where the first name represented the genus and the second identified the species within the genus.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
A conoscensa delongo ciù vasta de l’anatòmia, da morfologia e di çicli de vitta de ciante o l’à portou à dâse conto che ghe fïse ciù affinitæ de natua tra e ciante che o scistema sessuale artifiçiale de Linneo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy, morphology and life cycles led to the realisation that there were more natural affinities between plants than the artificial sexual system of Linnaeus.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
L’euvia de Katherine Esau (1898-1997) in sce l’anatomia de ciante o l’é ancon un di testi a-a base da botanica moderna.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The work of Katherine Esau (1898–1997) on plant anatomy is still a major foundation of modern botany.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
O conçetto che a compoxiçion de communitæ vegetale comme a foresta de latifeugge tempeæ a cange pe mezo de un processo de succescion ecològica o l’é stæto sviluppou da Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley e Frederic Clements.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The concept that the composition of plant communities such as temperate broadleaf forest changes by a process of ecological succession was developed by Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley and Frederic Clements.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
A descoverta e l’identificaçion di ormoin vegetali auxina, da parte de Kenneth V. thimann do 1948, a l’à permisso a regolaçion da cresciansa de ciante pe mezo de de sostanse chimiche applicæ esternamente.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The discovery and identification of the auxin plant hormones by Kenneth V. Thimann in 1948 enabled regulation of plant growth by externally applied chemicals.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
I sviluppo do secolo vinti into campo da biochimica de ciante en stæti guiddæ da-e tecniche moderne d’analixi chimica organica, comme a spettroscopia, a cromotografia e l’elettroforexi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
20th century developments in plant biochemistry have been driven by modern techniques of organic chemical analysis, such as spectroscopy, chromatography and electrophoresis.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Ste tecnologie permettan l’applicaçion biotecnològica de ciante intreghe ò de coltue de çellole vegetale cortivæ inte di bioreattoî pe-a scintezzizaçion de pestiçiddi, antibiòtichi ò atri produti de farmaçia, coscì comme l’applicaçion prattica de coltue geneticamente modificæ progettæ pe de finalitæ comme quella d’arrivâ à unna reisa ciù grande.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
These technologies enable the biotechnological use of whole plants or plant cell cultures grown in bioreactors to synthesise pesticides, antibiotics or other pharmaceuticals, as well as the practical application of genetically modified crops designed for traits such as improved yield.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
A scistematica moderna a l’ammia à reflette e à descrovî de relaçioin filogenetiche tra e ciante.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Modern systematics aims to reflect and discover phylogenetic relationships between plants.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Comme sottoproduto da fotoscintexi, e ciante lascian l’oscigeno inte l’atmosfera, un gas do quæ tutte e cöse vivente an beseugno pe permette a-e çellole de respiâ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
As a by-product of photosynthesis, plants release oxygen into the atmosphere, a gas that is required by nearly all living things to carry out cellular respiration.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Into passou tutte e cöse vivente ean clascificæ comme bestie ò comme ciante, e a botanica a croviva o studio de tutto quello ch’o no l’ea consciderou comme ligou a-o contesto di animæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Historically, all living things were classified as either animals or plants and botany covered the study of all organisms not considered animals.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A definiçion ciù rigorosa de cianta a comprende solo che e ciante terreste ò embriòfite, che comprendan à seu vòtta e ciante da semensa (gimnosperme, compreiso i pin e e ciante da sciô) e e crittogame à sviluppo libero, compreiso e frexe, i licopòddi, e epatiche, e antoçeròtte e i poen de bòsco.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The strictest definition of "plant" includes only the "land plants" or embryophytes, which include seed plants (gymnosperms, including the pines, and flowering plants) and the free-sporing cryptogams including ferns, clubmosses, liverworts, hornworts and mosses.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A fase sessuale aplòide di embriofiti, conosciua co-o nomme de gametofito, a pasce l’embrion diplòide sporòfito ch’o l’é derê à sviluppâse drento di seu tesciui pe unna parte a-o manco da seu vitta, anche inte ciante da semensa, donde o gametofito mæximo o l’é pasciuo da-o seu genitô sporòfilo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The sexual haploid phase of embryophytes, known as the gametophyte, nurtures the developing diploid embryo sporophyte within its tissues for at least part of its life, even in the seed plants, where the gametophyte itself is nurtured by its parent sporophyte.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
I studioxi de paleobotanica studian e ciante antighe into recòrd fòscile pe fornî de indicaçioin in sciâ stöia de l’evoluçion de ciante.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Palaeobotanists study ancient plants in the fossil record to provide information about the evolutionary history of plants.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Questo o l’é quello che i ecologisti ciamman o primmo livello tròfico.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This is what ecologists call the first trophic level.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
I studioxi de botanica studian e ciante infestante ascì, che representan un gran problema inte l’agricultua, coscì comme a biologia e o contròllo di patògeni de ciante inte l’agricoltua e inti ecoscistemi naturali.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Botanists also study weeds, which are a considerable problem in agriculture, and the biology and control of plant pathogens in agriculture and natural ecosystems.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A-o comenso l’energia da luxe piggiâ da-a clorofilla a a l’é sotto forma d’elettroin (e ciù tardi de un gradiente protònico) ch’a vëgne deuviâ pe creâ de molecole de ATP e NADPH che immagazziñan e traspòrtan temporaneamente de l’energia.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The light energy captured by chlorophyll a is initially in the form of electrons (and later a proton gradient) that's used to make molecules of ATP and NADPH which temporarily store and transport energy.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Parte do glucòsio o vëgne convertio inte de l’amido ch’o vëgne inmaganizzou into cloroplasto.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Some of the glucose is converted to starch which is stored in the chloroplast.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
À differensa di animæ (che n’an de cloroplasti), e ciante e i seu parenti eucariöti an delegou ben ben di ròlli à livello biochimico a-i seu cloroplasti, compreio a scintexi de tutti i seu açidi grasci e da ciù parte di aminoaçidi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Unlike in animals (which lack chloroplasts), plants and their eukaryote relatives have delegated many biochemical roles to their chloroplasts, including synthesising all their fatty acids, and most amino acids.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
E ciante terreste vascolare produxan a ligliña, un polimero deuviou pe rinforsâ e miage segondäie de çellole inte trachee e inti vaxi csilematichi, pe fâ de mòddo che no deruen quande unna cianta a sciorbe l’ægua a-o de sotta de lô sotta à un stress idrico.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a plant sucks water through them under water stress.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Di atri, comme i eui essençiæ de menta piperita e de limon, servan pe-o seu aröma, comme arömi e speçie (comme a capsaiçiña) e inta mëxiña comme produti de farmaçia, comme l’òppio cavou da-i papavai da òppio.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Others, such as the essential oils peppermint oil and lemon oil are useful for their aroma, as flavourings and spices (e.g., capsaicin), and in medicine as pharmaceuticals as in opium from opium poppies.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Pe fâ un exempio, l’antidolorifico aspiriña a l’é l’estere açetilico de l’açido saliçilico, un tempo isoou da-a scòrsa di sarxi, e unna larga serie d’antidolorifichi à base d’òppio comme l’eroiña s’ottëgnan pe mezo da modifica chimica da morfiña ottegnua da-o papaveo da òppio.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
For example, the pain killer aspirin is the acetyl ester of salicylic acid, originally isolated from the bark of willow trees, and a wide range of opiate painkillers like heroin are obtained by chemical modification of morphine obtained from the opium poppy.