ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-lij-eng huggingface dataset:
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
À tutti i mòddi, a seleçion naturale a l’é arrestâ controversa comme mecanismo, in parte perché a l’ea perçepia comme tròppo debole pe spiegâ a gamma de caratteristiche stæte osservæ in scî organismi viventi, e in parte perché fiña i sostegnitoî de l’evoluçion se scontravan co-a seu natua «no guiddâ» e no progresciva, unna respòsta ch’a l’é stæta caratterizzâ comme o scingolo sappello ciù scignificativo pe l’açettaçion de l’idea.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
However, natural selection remained controversial as a mechanism, partly because it was perceived to be too weak to explain the range of observed characteristics of living organisms, and partly because even supporters of evolution balked at its "unguided" and non-progressive nature, a response that has been characterised as the single most significant impediment to the idea's acceptance.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Con l’integraçion, a-o comenso do secolo vinti, de l’evoluçion co-e lezze de l’ereditæ de Menden, a coscì dita scintexi moderna, i sciensiæ son arrivæ à açettâ, pe commun, a seleçion naturale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
With the early 20th century integration of evolution with Mendel's laws of inheritance, the so-called modern synthesis, scientists generally came to accept natural selection.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
J. B. S. Haldane o l’à introduto o conçetto de «costo» da seleçion naturale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
J. B. S. Haldane introduced the concept of the "cost" of natural selection.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
À tutti i mòddi, a seleçion naturale a l’é «òrba» into senso che i cangi into fenotipo peuan dâ un avantaggio reproduttivo de forma independente da-o fæto che o tratto o se pòsse ereditâ ò no.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
However, natural selection is "blind" in the sense that changes in phenotype can give a reproductive advantage regardless of whether or not the trait is heritable.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Se i tratti che dan à sti individui un avantaggio de reproduçion se peuan ascì ereditâ, saieiva à dî che se peuan passâ da-o genitô a-i figgi, aloa ghe saià unna reproduçion differençiale, saieiva à dî unna proporçion un pittin ciù grande de coniggi lesti ò d’æghe effiçenti inta generaçion succesciva.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
If the traits that give these individuals a reproductive advantage are also heritable, that is, passed from parent to offspring, then there will be differential reproduction, that is, a slightly higher proportion of fast rabbits or efficient algae in the next generation.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Sto fæto o dà l’apparensa de unna finalitæ, ma inta seleçion naturale no gh’é unna deçixon intençionale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This gives the appearance of purpose, but in natural selection there is no intentional choice.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Sto fæto o dava a-e parpellette de cô scuo ciù tante poscibilitæ de vive pe produe di figgi de cô scuo e inte solo çinquant’anni da-a cattua da primma parpelletta scua, squæxi tutte e parpellette da Manchester industriale ean scue.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This gave dark-coloured moths a better chance of surviving to produce dark-coloured offspring, and in just fifty years from the first dark moth being caught, nearly all of the moths in industrial Manchester were dark.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Se un organismo o vive pe-a meitæ do tempo di atri da seu speçie, ma o l’à o doggio di figgi che vivan fin à l’etæ adulta, i seu geni vëgnan ciù frequenti inta popolaçion adulta da generaçion succesciva.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
If an organism lives half as long as others of its species, but has twice as many offspring surviving to adulthood, its genes become more common in the adult population of the next generation.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Beseugna fâ unna distinçion tra o conçetto de «sopravivensa do ciù adatto» e «megioamento da fitness».
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A distinction must be made between the concept of "survival of the fittest" and "improvement in fitness". "
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Haldane o ciammava sto proçesso «sostituçion», ma inta biologia se ghe dixe ciù de frequente «fissaçion».
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Haldane called this process "substitution" or more commonly in biology, this is called "fixation".
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
A probabilitæ che unna mutaçion genetica a se verifiche a se verifiche in sce quarche membro da unna popolaçion a depende da-a quantitæ totale de repliche de quella variante.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The probability of a beneficial mutation occurring on some member of a population depends on the total number of replications of that variant.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Inte st’esperimento, o «megioamento da fitness» o depende da-a quantitæ de repliche da variante particolare de mòddo che pòsse comparî unna neuv variante ch’a segge boña à cresce inta pròscima region con unna conçentraçion de dröga ciù erta.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In this experiment, "improvement in fitness" depends on the number of replications of the particular variant for a new variant to appear that is capable of growing in the next higher drug concentration region.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
O clascico esperimento d’evoluçion à longo raggio de l’E. coli de Richard Lenski o l’é un exempio d’adattamento inte un ambiente competitivo («megioamento da fitness» durante a «sopravivensa do ciù adatto»).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Richard Lenski's classic E. coli long-term evolution experiment is an example of adaptation in a competitive environment, ("improvement in fitness" during "survival of the fittest").
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
A seleçion derompente no commun a l’agisce anche durante i periodi de tranxiçion, quande a modalitæ corrente a l’é subottimale, ma a cangia o tratto inte ciù de unna direçion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The uncommon disruptive selection also acts during transition periods when the current mode is sub-optimal, but alters the trait in more than one direction.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Çerti biòloghi reconoscian solo che doî tipi: a seleçion de vitalitæ (ò sopravivensa), ch’a l’agisce pe accresce a probabilitæ de sopravivensa de un organismo, e a seleçion de feconditæ (ò de reproduçion), ch’a l’agisce pe accresce o tasso de reproduçion, dæto a sopravivensa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Some biologists recognise just two types: viability (or survival) selection, which acts to increase an organism's probability of survival, and fecundity (or fertility or reproductive) selection, which acts to increase the rate of reproduction, given survival.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Inta seleçion parentale e into conflitto intragenòmico, a seleçion a-o livello genico a fornisce unna spiegaçion ciù adeguâ do proçesso sottastante.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In kin selection and intragenomic conflict, gene-level selection provides a more apt explanation of the underlying process.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
A seleçion ecològica a l’é a seleçion naturale pe mezo de un mezo chesesegge despægio da-a seleçion sessuale, comme a seleçion do pæntægo, a competiçion e l’infantiçidio.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Ecological selection is natural selection via any means other than sexual selection, such as kin selection, competition, and infanticide.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
À tutti i mòddi, inte çerte speçie a çernia do compagno a l’é fæta pe-o ciù da-i mascci, comme pe çerti pesci da famiggia Syngnathidae.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
However, in some species, mate choice is primarily by males, as in some fishes of the family Syngnathidae.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Da-a descoverta da penicilliña do 1928, i antibiòtichi en stæti deuviæ pe combatte e moutie batteriche.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Since the discovery of penicillin in 1928, antibiotics have been used to fight bacterial diseases.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A variaçion genetica a l’é a conseguensa de mutaçioin, recombinaçioin genetiche e alteraçioin into cariòtipo (a quantitæ, a forma, a dimenscion e a dispoxiçion interna di cromosömi).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Genetic variation is the result of mutations, genetic recombinations and alterations in the karyotype (the number, shape, size and internal arrangement of the chromosomes).
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
À tutti i mòddi, tante mutaçioin do DNA no codificante an di effetti avversci.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
However, many mutations in non-coding DNA have deleterious effects.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
I cangi inte questo tante vòtte an di gren effetti in sciô fenotipo de l’individuo, perché regolan a fonçion de tanti atri geni.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Changes in these often have large effects on the phenotype of the individual because they regulate the function of many other genes.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Quande ste mutaçioin finiscian inte unna fitness ciù erta, a seleçion naturale a favorisce sti fenotipi e o neuvo tratto o se diffonde inta popolaçion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
When such mutations result in a higher fitness, natural selection favours these phenotypes and the novel trait spreads in the population.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
À tutti i mòddi, l’é intrinseco a-o conçetto de speçie che i ibridi seggian seleçionæ contra, in oppoxiçion à l’evoluçion de l’isolamento reproduttivo, un problema ch’o l’ea stæto reconosciuo da Darwin.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
However, it is intrinsic to the concept of a species that hybrids are selected against, opposing the evolution of reproductive isolation, a problem that was recognised by Darwin.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
O fenotipo o l’é determinou da-o corredo genetico de un organismo (genotipo) e da l’ambiente donde l’organismo o vive.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Phenotype is determined by an organism's genetic make-up (genotype) and the environment in which the organism lives.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Un exempio son i antigeni do gruppo sanguigno ABO inti òmmi, donde i trei alleli governan o fenotipo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
An example is the ABO blood type antigens in humans, where three alleles govern the phenotype.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Sto proçesso o peu anâ avanti fin à che l’allele o no l’é fissou e a popolaçion intrega a condividde o fenotipo ciù adatto.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This process can continue until the allele is fixed and the entire population shares the fitter phenotype.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A seleçion stabilizzante a conserva e caratteristiche genetiche fonionale, comme i geni che codifican e proteiñe ò e sequense de regolaçion into tempo, graçie a-a prescion selettiva contra e variante deletëie.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Stabilizing selection conserves functional genetic features, such as protein-coding genes or regulatory sequences, over time by selective pressure against deleterious variants.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Çerte forme de seleçion equilibrante no pòrtan a-a fissaçion, ma mantëgnan un allele con frequense intermedie inte unna popolaçion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Some forms of balancing selection do not result in fixation, but maintain an allele at intermediate frequencies in a population.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
O mantegnimento da variaçion allelica o peu avvegnî anche pe mezo da seleçion derompente ò diverscificante, ch’a favorisce i genotipi che se discòstan da-a media inte tutte doe e direçioin (saieiva à dî o conträio da sovradominansa) e o peu terminâ inte unna distrubçion bimodale di valoî di tratti.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Maintenance of allelic variation can also occur through disruptive or diversifying selection, which favours genotypes that depart from the average in either direction (that is, the opposite of over-dominance), and can result in a bimodal distribution of trait values.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
À tutti i mòddi, dòppo un periodo sensa mutaçioin, a variaçion genetica inte sti sciti a ven eliminâ apreuvo a-a deriva genetica.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
However, after a period with no new mutations, the genetic variation at these sites is eliminated due to genetic drift.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
O resultato esatto di doî proçessi o depende tanto da-a lestixe co-a quæ se verifica de neuve mutaçioin tanto da-a fòrsa da seleçion naturale, ch’a l’é unna fonçion de quante desfavorevole se demostre a mutaçion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The exact outcome of the two processes depends both on the rate at which new mutations occur and on the strength of the natural selection, which is a function of how unfavourable the mutation proves to be.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A poscibilitæ che se verifiche unna mescciua tra doî alleli a l’é inversamente ligâ a-a distansa tra de liatri.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The chance that such a reshuffle occurs between two alleles is inversely related to the distance between them.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Unna fòrte spassâ selettiva a resulta inte unna region do genoma donde l’aplotipo seleçionou poxitivamente (l’allele e i seu vexin) son in sostanta i soli ch’existan inta popolaçion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A strong selective sweep results in a region of the genome where the positively selected haplotype (the allele and its neighbours) are in essence the only ones that exist in the population.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
A seleçion do sfondo a l’é o conträio de unna spassâ selettiva.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Background selection is the opposite of a selective sweep.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Segondo e paròlle do filòsofo Daniel Dennett, «l’idea arreisegosa de Darwin» de l’evoluçion pe seleçion naturale a l’é un «açido universale», ch’o no peu ëse tegnuo limitou à nisciun contegnitô, perché o se desperde fito e o se fa röso inte un ambiente delongo ciù largo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In the words of the philosopher Daniel Dennett, "Darwin's dangerous idea" of evolution by natural selection is a "universal acid," which cannot be kept restricted to any vessel or container, as it soon leaks out, working its way into ever-wider surroundings.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Ste condiçioin son: ereditabilitæ, variaçion do tipo e competiçion pe resorse limitæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
These conditions are: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
L’interpretaçion d’Herbert Spencer e do sostegnitô de l’eugenetica Francis Galton da seleçion naturale comme pe fòrsa progresciva, ch’a pòrta à di suppòsti progresci d’intelligensa e çiviltæ, a l’é vegnua unna giustificaçion pe-o colonialismo, l’eugenetica e o darwinismo soçiale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Herbert Spencer and the eugenics advocate Francis Galton's interpretation of natural selection as necessarily progressive, leading to supposed advances in intelligence and civilisation, became a justification for colonialism, eugenics, and social Darwinism.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
L’idea da razza comme fondamento do nòstro stato a l’à za fæto ben ben inte sto senso.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The racial idea as the basis of our state has already accomplished much in this respect."
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
L’exempio ciù importante de psicologia evolutiva, avansou ciù into detaggio inte primme euvie de Noam Chomsky e ciù tardi da Steven Pinker, a l’é l’ipòtexi che o çervello de l’òmmo se segge adattou pe aquixî e regole de grammatica do lenguaggio naturale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The most prominent example of evolutionary psychology, notably advanced in the early work of Noam Chomsky and later by Steven Pinker, is the hypothesis that the human brain has adapted to acquire the grammatical rules of natural language.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
O l’aiva osservou che i organismi (ciante de poïscio) ereditan di tratti pe mezo de «de unitæ d’ereditæ» discrete.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance".
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Struttua e fonçion di geni, variaçion e distribuçion vëgnan studiæ into contesto da çellola, de l’organismo (comme a dominansa) e into contesto de unna popolaçion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance), and within the context of a population.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
I proçesci genetichi travaggian in combinaçion con l’ambiente e e esperiense de un organismo pe influensâ o sviluppo e o comportamento, tante vòtte indicou comme natua contra educaçion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Genetic processes work in combination with an organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior, often referred to as nature versus nurture.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
A sciensa moderna da genetica, ch’a çerca de capî sto proçesso, a l’é comensâ co-o travaggio do fratte agostian Gregor Mendel a-a meitæ do secolo dixineuve.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The modern science of genetics, seeking to understand this process, began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
A seu segonda lezze a l’é a mæxima stæta pubricâ da Mendel.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
His second law is the same as what Mendel published.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Unna teoria popolare durante o secolo dixineuve, e impliçita inte «On the Origin of Species» (1859) de Charles Darwin, a l’ea l’ereditæ mesccia: l’idea che i individui ereditan unna mescciua omogenea di tratti da-i seu genitoî.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A popular theory during the 19th century, and implied by Charles Darwin's 1859 On the Origin of Species, was blending inheritance: the idea that individuals inherit a smooth blend of traits from their parents.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Into seu articolo «Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden» («Esperimenti in sce l’ibridaçion de ciante»), stæto presentou do 1865 a-o Naturforschender Verein (Soçietæ pe-a reçerca in sciâ natua) de Brunn, Mendel o l’à tracciou i modelli d’ereditæ de çerti træti inte ciante de poïscio e o î à descriti pe mezo da matematica.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In his paper "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden" ("Experiments on Plant Hybridization"), presented in 1865 to the Naturforschender Verein (Society for Research in Nature) in Brünn, Mendel traced the inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and described them mathematically.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
William Bateson, un sostegnitô do travaggio de Mendel, o l’à coniou a paròlla genetica do 1905 (l’aggettivo genetico, derivou da-a paròlla greca genesis, γένεσις, ‘origine’, o l’é stæto creou primma do sostantivo e o l’é stæto deuviou pe-a primma vòtta in senso biològico do 1860).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
William Bateson, a proponent of Mendel's work, coined the word genetics in 1905 (the adjective genetic, derived from the Greek word genesis—γένεσις, "origin", predates the noun and was first used in a biological sense in 1860).
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Inti unze anni che l’é vegnuo apreuvo o l’à descoverto che e femine aivan solo o cromosöma X e i maschi aivan tutti doî i cromosömi X e Y.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Over the next 11 years, she discovered that females only had the X chromosome and males had both X and Y chromosomes.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
James Watson e Francis Crick an determinou a struttua do DNA do 1953, pe mezo do travaggio de cristallografia à raggi X de Rosalind Franklin e Maurice Wilkins ch’o l’indicava che o DNA o l’à unna struttua elicoidale (ò sæ à mòddo de tirabuscion).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
James Watson and Francis Crick determined the structure of DNA in 1953, using the X-ray crystallography work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins that indicated DNA has a helical structure (i.e., shaped like a corkscrew).
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A struttua a l’à suggerio ascì un metodo façile pe-a replicaçion: se i fî en separæ, se peu recostrue di neuvi fî partner pe ciaschedun a-a base da sequensa do vegio fî.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The structure also suggested a simple method for replication: if the strands are separated, new partner strands can be reconstructed for each based on the sequence of the old strand.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Inti anni dòppo i scensiæ an çercou de capî comme o DNA o contròlla o proçesso de reproduçion de proteiñe.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In the following years, scientists tried to understand how DNA controls the process of protein production.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Co-a retrovâ comprenscion molecolare de l’ereditarietæ l’é arrivou unn’esploxon da reçerca.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
With the newfound molecular understanding of inheritance came an explosion of research.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Un sviluppo importante o l’é stæto o sequensiamento do DNA à cadeña do 1977 da parte de Frederick Sanger.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
One important development was chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Inti seu esperimenti che studiavan o tratto pe-o cô de scioî, Mendel o l’à osservou che e scioî de tutte e ciante de poïscio ean do cô da viovetta ò donca gianche, ma mai uña intermedia tra i doî coî.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In his experiments studying the trait for flower color, Mendel observed that the flowers of each pea plant were either purple or white—but never an intermediate between the two colors.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Tante speçie, compreiso i òmmi, an sto modello d’ereditæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Many species, including humans, have this pattern of inheritance.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Quande i organismi en eterozigöti pe un gene, tante vòtte un allele o ven ciammou dominante perché e seu qualitæ dòminan o fenotipo de l’organismo, mentre l’atro allele o ven ciammou reçescivo perché e seu qualitæ regrediscian e no vëgnan osservæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
When organisms are heterozygous at a gene, often one allele is called dominant as its qualities dominate the phenotype of the organism, while the other allele is called recessive as its qualities recede and are not observed.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Tante vòtte se deuvia un scimbolo «+» pe marcâ l’allele sòlito e no mutante de un gene.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Often a "+" symbol is used to mark the usual, non-mutant allele for a gene.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Un di diagrammi frequenti deuviæ pe prevedde o resultato de l’incroxo o l’é o quaddrou de Punnett.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
One of the common diagrams used to predict the result of cross-breeding is the Punnett square.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Çerti geni no s’assortiscian de forma independente, demostrando o linkage genetico, un argomento do quæ se parla ciù avanti inte sto mæximo articolo).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Some genes do not assort independently, demonstrating genetic linkage, a topic discussed later in this article.)
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Un atro gene, incangio, o contròlla se e scioî an do cô ò se en gianche.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Another gene, however, controls whether the flowers have color at all or are white.