ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-lij-eng huggingface dataset:
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
L'ipòtexi, za che no segua, a deve avei de implicaçioin prattiche che pòrtan a-o manco à de verifiche mentale e, inta sciensa, che se pòrzan à de verifiche scientifiche.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The hypothesis, being insecure, needs to have practical implications leading at least to mental tests and, in science, lending themselves to scientific tests.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Einstein, Albert (1936, 1956) Se peu dî che «l'eterno mistëio do mondo o l'é a seu poscibilitæ d'ëse compreiso».
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Einstein, Albert (1936, 1956) One may say "the eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility."
Traduxi in ingleise:
Ste suppoxiçioin da-o naturaliximo metodologico forman unna base in sciâ quæ fondâ a sciensa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
These assumptions from methodological naturalism form a basis on which science may be grounded.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
E seu osservaçioin da prattica scientifica son in sostansa de tipo soçiològico e no parlan de comme a sciensa a segge ò a pòsse ëse pratticâ inte atri periodi ò atre coltue.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
His observations of science practice are essentially sociological and do not speak to how science is or can be practiced in other times and other cultures.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
O l'arve o Cavo 1 con unna discuscion in scî còrpi do Golgi e o refuo a-o prinçipio comme artefæto da tecnica de pittua e unna discuscion do Brahe e do Kepler che osservan l'arba e veddan un spægâ do sô «differente» ascì co-o mæximo fenòmeno fixològico.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
He opens Chapter 1 with a discussion of the Golgi bodies and their initial rejection as an artefact of staining technique, and a discussion of Brahe and Kepler observing the dawn and seeing a "different" sunrise despite the same physiological phenomenon.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
In sostansa, o l'afferma che pe ògni metodo particolâ o nòrma da sciensa se peu attrovâ un episòdio stòrico donde a seu violaçion a l'à contribuio a-o progresso da sciensa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In essence, he says that for any specific method or norm of science, one can find a historic episode where violating it has contributed to the progress of science.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
E critiche pòstmoderniste da sciensa son stæte loiatre mæxime oggetto de agre discuscioin.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The postmodernist critiques of science have themselves been the subject of intense controversy.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
I modelli, segge inta sciensa che inta matematican, devan ëse coerenti de drento e ascì boin da fäscificâ (boin da fâse contradî).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Models, in both science and mathematics, need to be internally consistent and also ought to be falsifiable (capable of disproof).
Traduxi in ingleise:
Pe exempio, o conçetto tecnico do tempo o l'é nasciuo inta sciensa e l'atemporalitæ a l'é stæta un træto caratteristico de un argomento matematico.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
For example, the technical concept of time arose in science, and timelessness was a hallmark of a mathematical topic.
Traduxi in ingleise:
O saggio do Eugene Wigner, L'inraçionale reisa da matematica inte sciense naturale, o l'é un trattou ben ben conosciuo in sciâ costion scrito da un fixico ch'o l'à guägno o premio Nobel.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Eugene Wigner's paper, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences, is a very well-known account of the issue from a Nobel Prize-winning physicist.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
In Demostraçioin e contradiçioin , o Lakatos o l'elenca ciù regole de base pe trovâ de preuve e di contraexempi pe-e congettue.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In Proofs and Refutations, Lakatos gave several basic rules for finding proofs and counterexamples to conjectures.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Questo o l'ascciæieiva perché i sciensiæ afferman coscì de spesso d'ëse stæti affortunæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This may explain why scientists so often express that they were lucky.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Sto chì o l'é quello che oNassim Nicholas Taleb o ghe dixe «antifragilitæ»; ascì che çerti scistemi d'investigaçion son fragili davanti à l'errô uman, a-o pregiudiçio uman e a-o caxo, o metodo scientifico o l'é ciù che rescistente ò södo: in veitæ o s'avvantaggia de sto caxo inte tante mainee (o l'é antifragile).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This is what Nassim Nicholas Taleb calls "Anti-fragility"; while some systems of investigation are fragile in the face of human error, human bias, and randomness, the scientific method is more than resistant or tough – it actually benefits from such randomness in many ways (it is anti-fragile).
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Sti exiti no atteixi an portou i reçercatoî à çercâ de correze quello che pensan ch'o segge un errô into metodo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
These unexpected results lead researchers to try to fix what they think is an error in their method.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Unna teoria scientifica a l'é unn'esplicaçion de unna parte do mondo naturale e de l'universo ch'a l'é stæta mostrâ ciù e ciù vòtte e verificâ in base a-o metodo scientifico, con deuviâ di protocòlli açettæ d'osservaçion, mesua e stimma di exiti.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that has been repeatedly tested and verified in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results.
Traduxi in ingleise:
E teorie scientifiche consolidæ an rescistio à un esamme duo e representan a conoscensa scientifica.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and embody scientific knowledge.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
O Stephen Jay Gould o l'à scrito che «...fæti e teorie son cöse despægi, no di livelli de unna gerarchia de seguessa crescente.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Stephen Jay Gould wrote that "...facts and theories are different things, not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty.
Traduxi in ingleise:
O scignificato do termine teoria scientifica (de spesso contræto in teoria pe ascurtî) coscì comm'o l'é deuviou inte discipliñe scientifiche o l'é ben ben despægio da l'uso informale commun de teoria.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The meaning of the term scientific theory (often contracted to theory for brevity) as used in the disciplines of science is significantly different from the common vernacular usage of theory.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Into linguaggio de tutti i giorni, a teoria a peu comportâ unn'esplicaçion ch'a representa unn'ipòtexi infondâ e speculativa, incangio inta sciensa a descrive unn'esplicaçion verificâ e largamente açettâ comme valida.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In everyday speech, theory can imply an explanation that represents an unsubstantiated and speculative guess, whereas in science it describes an explanation that has been tested and is widely accepted as valid.
Traduxi in ingleise:
O træto distintivo de tutte e conoscense scientifiche, compreiso e teorie, o l'é l'abilitæ à fâ de previxoin che se peuan fäscificâ ò verificâ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The defining characteristic of all scientific knowledge, including theories, is the ability to make falsifiable or testable predictions.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
A l'é ben sostegnua da tanti elementi de preuva independenti, ciufito che da un solo fondamento.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
It is well-supported by many independent strands of evidence, rather than a single foundation.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A teoria de l'evoluçion biològica a l'é ben de ciù che «solo che unna teoria».
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The theory of biological evolution is more than "just a theory".
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Sto chì o fornisce de preuve à avvantaggio ò contra de l'ipòtexi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This provides evidence either for or against the hypothesis.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Peu voeighe ben ben di anni perché peu ëse diffiçile ò intrigou arrecheugge de preuve à basta.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This can take many years, as it can be difficult or complicated to gather sufficient evidence.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
L'affidabilitæ da preuva a vëgne astimmâ da-a communitæ scientifica e i esperimenti ciù importanti saian stæti replicæ da ciù gruppi independenti differenti.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The strength of the evidence is evaluated by the scientific community, and the most important experiments will have been replicated by multiple independent groups.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
In chimica, gh'é tante teorie in sce açidi e base che forniscian de esplicaçioin un muggio differente da natua ch'a sta sotta i comòsti açidi e baxichi, ma servan ben ben pe prevedde o seu comportamento chimico.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In chemistry, there are many acid-base theories providing highly divergent explanations of the underlying nature of acidic and basic compounds, but they are very useful for predicting their chemical behavior.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
L'açettaçion de unna teoria a no veu che tutte e previxoin prinçipæ seggian verificæ s'a l'é za sostegnua da de preuve fòrte à basta.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Acceptance of a theory does not require that all of its major predictions be tested, if it is already supported by sufficiently strong evidence.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
E soluçioin peuan voei di cangiamenti d'entitæ ciù picciña ò ciù grande a-a toeria ò nisciuña se vëgne trovou unn'esplicaçion ch'a satisfe inte l'ambito da struttua da teoria ch'a l'existe za.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Solutions may require minor or major changes to the theory, or none at all if a satisfactory explanation is found within the theory's existing framework.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Se i cangiamenti a-a teoria ò de atre esplicaçioin pan ëse mancanti pe giustificâ i neuvi exiti, peu ësighe de beseugno de unn'atra teoria.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
If modifications to the theory or other explanations seem to be insufficient to account for the new results, then a new theory may be required.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Questo o l'avvëgne perché à tutte e mainee a l'é a megio esplicaçion disponibile pe tanti atri fenòmeni, comme verificou da-a seu facoltæ predittiva inte di atri contesti.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This is because it is still the best available explanation for many other phenomena, as verified by its predictive power in other contexts.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Sto chì o l'é stæto destrigou da-a descoverta da fuxon nucleare, a fonte prinçipâ d'energia do sô.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This was resolved by the discovery of nuclear fusion, the main energy source of the Sun.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Con omette l'etere luminifero da relativitæ astreita, o Einstein o l'à affermou che a dilataçion do tempo e a contraçion de longhixe mesuæ inte un oggetto in movimento relativo son inerçiale, ò sæ che l'oggetto o mostra unna speditessa costante, saieiva à dî speditessa con direçion, quand'a vëgne mesuâ da l'osservatô.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
By omitting from special relativity the luminiferous aether, Einstein stated that time dilation and length contraction measured in an object in relative motion is inertial—that is, the object exhibits constant velocity, which is speed with direction, when measured by its observer.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
O Einstein o l'à çercou de generalizzâ o prinçipio d'invariansa à tutti i scistemi de riferimento, inerçiali ò in açeleraçion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Einstein sought to generalize the invariance principle to all reference frames, whether inertial or accelerating.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Anche l'energia sensa massa a l'exerçita un movimento gravitaçionale in scî oggetti locali con «cegâ» a «faccia» geometrica do spaçiotempo 4D.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Even massless energy exerts gravitational motion on local objects by "curving" the geometrical "surface" of 4D space-time.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Con tutto, e lezze scientifiche son de relaçioin descrittive da mainea con che a natua a se comportià à çerte condiçioin.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
However, scientific laws are descriptive accounts of how nature will behave under certain conditions.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Un errô commun o l'é pensâ che e teorie scientifiche seggian de idee sgreuzze che in sciâ fin s'evolvian inte de lezze scientifiche dòppo arrecuggeito i dæti e assæ de preuve.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A common misconception is that scientific theories are rudimentary ideas that will eventually graduate into scientific laws when enough data and evidence have been accumulated.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Tanto e teorie comme e lezze in potensa peuan ëse fäscificæ da de preuve de segno oppòsto.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Both theories and laws could potentially be falsified by countervailing evidence.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
A lògica de primmo ordine a l'é un exempio de linguaggio formale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
First-order logic is an example of a formal language.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
I fenòmeni ascciæii da-e teorie, se no poeivan ëse direttamente osservæ da-i sensci (pe exempio, i atomi e e onde radio), vegnivan trattæ comme di conçetti teòrichi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The phenomena explained by the theories, if they could not be directly observed by the senses (for example, atoms and radio waves), were treated as theoretical concepts.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
A frase «a vixon reçevua de teorie» a vëgne addeuviâ pe descrive sto critëio.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The phrase "the received view of theories" is used to describe this approach.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Se peu addeuviâ o linguaggio pe descrive un modello; però, a teoria a l'é o modello (ò unn'arrecuggeita de modelli pöcassæ pægi) e no a descriçion do modello.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
One can use language to describe a model; however, the theory is the model (or a collection of similar models), and not the description of the model.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
I parametri do modello, pe exempio a lezze gravitaçionale do Newton, determinan a mainea che e poxiçioin e e speditesse cangian co-o tempo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The model parameters, e.g., Newton's Law of Gravitation, determine how the positions and velocities change with time.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
O termine «semantico» o l'à da fâ co-a mainea che un modello o representa o mondo reale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The word "semantic" refers to the way that a model represents the real world.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
A prattica di inzegnê a fa unna distinçion tra «modelli matematichi» e «modelli fixichi»; o costo de produçion de un modello fixico o peu ëse reduto a-o minimo creando primma un modello matematico con deuviâ un pacchetto software pe computer, comme un strumento de progettaçion ascistia da computer.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Engineering practice makes a distinction between "mathematical models" and "physical models"; the cost of fabricating a physical model can be minimized by first creating a mathematical model using a computer software package, such as a computer aided design tool.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Çerti presoppòsti osn neçessäi pe tutte e affermaçioin empiriche (pe exempio, o presuppòsto che a realtæ a l'existe).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Certain assumptions are necessary for all empirical claims (e.g. the assumption that reality exists).
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Sto chì o peu ëse façile comme osservâ che a teoria a fa de previxoin con cua, ch'a l'ea a preuva che quæ se segge ipòtexi fæta à l'incomenso a l'é corretta ò ciunimeno corretta inte condiçioin verificæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This may be as simple as observing that the theory makes accurate predictions, which is evidence that any assumptions made at the outset are correct or approximately correct under the conditions tested.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A teoria a fa de previxoin preçise quande a suppoxiçion a l'é valida e a no fa de previxoin preçise quande a suppoxiçion a no l'é valida
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The theory makes accurate predictions when the assumption is valid, and does not make accurate predictions when the assumption is not valid.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
L'Oxford English Dictionary (OED) e o Wiktionary in linia n'indican l'origine latiña comme assumere («açettâ, piggiâ pe un mæximo, adottâ, usurpâ»), ch'a l'é unna combinaçion de ad- («à, verso, in») e sumere (piggiâ).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and online Wiktionary indicate its Latin source as assumere ("accept, to take to oneself, adopt, usurp"), which is a conjunction of ad- ("to, towards, at") and sumere (to take).
Traduxi in ingleise:
O termine in origine o l'ea addeuviou inte di contesti religioxi comme in «reçeive in çê», in particolâ «o reçeive a Vergine Maria in çê, co-o còrpo avvardou da-a corruçion», (1297 d.C.) ma o l'ea anche addeuviou solo che pe fâ referimento à «reçeive in assoçiaçion» ò «adottâ in assoçiaçion».
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The term was originally employed in religious contexts as in "to receive up into heaven", especially "the reception of the Virgin Mary into heaven, with body preserved from corruption", (1297 CE) but it was also simply used to refer to "receive into association" or "adopt into partnership".
Traduxi in ingleise:
E conferme dovieivan contâ solo se son l'exito de previxion econlmiche arresegæ; in atre poule, se, no inluminæ da-a teoria in argomento, s'avescimo aspëtou un evento ch'o no peu anâ da pao co-a teoria, un evento ch'o l'avieiva contradito a toeria.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Confirmations should count only if they are the result of risky predictions; that is to say, if, unenlightened by the theory in question, we should have expected an event which was incompatible with the theory—an event which would have refuted the theory.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Unna teoria che no peu contradî nisciun evento che se pòsse conçepî a no l'é scientifica.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Çerte teorie verificabile pe in davei, quande se mostran comme fäse, porrieivan ëse ancon sostegnue da chi ghe va apreuvo, pe exempio con introdue post hoc (dòppo o fæto) de ipòtexi o congettue in aggiutto ò interpretando torna a teoria post hoc de mainea da scappâ da-a contradiçion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Some genuinely testable theories, when found to be false, might still be upheld by their admirers—for example by introducing post hoc (after the fact) some auxiliary hypothesis or assumption, or by reinterpreting the theory post hoc in such a way that it escapes refutation.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
O Popper o l'à condensou ste affermaçioin deciarando che o critëio çentrale da condiçion scientifica de unna teoria o l'é a seu «poscibilitæ d'ëse fäscificâ ò contradita ò verificâ».
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Popper summarized these statements by saying that the central criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its "falsifiability, or refutability, or testability".
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Ciù filòsofi e stòrichi da sciensa, però, an sostegnuo che a definiçion do Popper de teoria comme fia d'affermaçioin che se peu fäscificâ a segge errâ dæto che, comme misso in luxe da-o Philip Kitcher, adottando unna vixon popperiaña in senso streito de «teoria», e osservaçioin d'Uran tòsto descoverto di 1781 avieivan «fäscificou» a mecanica do çê do Newton.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Several philosophers and historians of science have, however, argued that Popper's definition of theory as a set of falsifiable statements is wrong because, as Philip Kitcher has pointed out, if one took a strictly Popperian view of "theory", observations of Uranus when first discovered in 1781 would have "falsified" Newton's celestial mechanics.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Feconditæ: «unna gran teoria scientifica, comme quella do Newton, a l'arve a stradda à di neuvi settoî de reçerca....
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Fecundity: "A great scientific theory, like Newton's, opens up new areas of research....
Traduxi in ingleise:
Inte quæ se segge momento, a tia sciù ciù domande de quelle ch'a l'arriësce à respondighe.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
At any time, it raises more questions than it can currently answer.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Comme de atre definiçioin de teorie, compreiso quella do Popper, o Kitcher o l'afferma ciæo che unna teoria e deve comprende de affermaçioin ch'an de conseguense osservative.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Like other definitions of theories, including Popper's, Kitcher makes it clear that a theory must include statements that have observational consequences.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
O peu ëse misso in sciô papê comme un scistema de regole e tanto ciù o l'é realmente unna teoria tanto ciù do tutto a peu ëse formolâ inte sti termini.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
It may be set out on paper as a system of rules, and it is the more truly a theory the more completely it can be put down in such terms.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
I loei matematichi particolæ da teoria elettromagnetica clascica son definii «lezze de l'elettromagnetiximo», dando conto do livello de preuve coerente e boñe da reprodue che î sostëgnan.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The specific mathematical aspects of classical electromagnetic theory are termed "laws of electromagnetism," reflecting the level of consistent and reproducible evidence that supports them.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Un exempio de questo o porrieiva ëse a fòrsa de reaçion a-e radiaçioin.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
An example of the latter might be the radiation reaction force.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Un sciensiou o l'é unna persoña ch'a fa de reçerche scientifiche pe-o progresso da conoscensa inte un settô d'interesse.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A scientist is a person who conducts scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of interest.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Di sciensiæ de periodi differenti (e avanti de loiatri, di filòsofi naturali, di matematichi, di stòrichi naturali, di teòlogi naturali, di inzegnê e di atri ch'an contribuio a-o sviluppo da sciensa) an assonto de fonçioin ben ben despæge inta soçietæ e ascì e nòrme soçiale, i valoî etichi e e virtù epistemiche ligæ a-i sciensiæ, e che un o s'aspeta da loiatri, son cangiæ co-o tempo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Scientists of different eras (and before them, natural philosophers, mathematicians, natural historians, natural theologians, engineers, and others who contributed to the development of science) have had widely different places in society, and the social norms, ethical values, and epistemic virtues associated with scientists—and expected of them—have changed over time as well.