ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-lij-eng huggingface dataset:
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
I progresci da tecnologia inta microscopia elettrònica an permisso a seperaçion da Chromista da-o regno Plantae.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Technological advances in electron microscopy allowed the separation of the Chromista from the Plantae kingdom.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Pe finî, l’é stæto descoverto di protisti privi de mitocondri.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Finally, some protists lacking mitochondria were discovered.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Sto superregno o s’opponeiva a-i superregni Metakaryota, ch’o raggruppava i atri çinque regni eucariöti (Animalia, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae e Chromista).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This superkingdom was opposed to the Metakaryota superkingdom, grouping together the five other eukaryotic kingdoms (Animalia, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae and Chromista).
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Cavalier-Smith o no l’açettava ciù l’importansa da fondamentale divixon Eubacteria-Archaebacteria stæta propòsta da Woese e da atri e supportâ da de reçerche ciù reçente.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Cavalier-Smith no longer accepted the importance of the fundamental Eubacteria–Archaebacteria divide put forward by Woese and others and supported by recent research.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Cavalier-Smith o no l’açetta o requixito che i taxa seggian monofiletichi («olofiletichi» inta seu terminologia) pe ëse valido.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Cavalier-Smith does not accept the requirement for taxa to be monophyletic ("holophyletic" in his terminology) to be valid.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
I progresci di studdi filogenetichi aivan permisso à Cavalier-Smith de dâse conto che tutti i phyla che se pensava che fïsan archezöi (ò sæ di eucariöti primitivamente amitocondriæ) in realtæ aivan perso segondäiamente i seu miticonfri, pe-o sòlito co-o trasformâli inte di neuvi organelli: i idrogenosömi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The advances of phylogenetic studies allowed Cavalier-Smith to realize that all the phyla thought to be archezoans (i.e. primitively amitochondriate eukaryotes) had in fact secondarily lost their mitochondria, typically by transforming them into new organelles: Hydrogenosomes.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Basandose in sce sti studdi in sciô RNA, Carl Woese o pensava che a vitta e poesse vegnî scompartia inte træ gren divixoin e o se referiva à liatre comme a-o modello di «trei regni primmäi» ò modello «urkingdom».
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Based on such RNA studies, Carl Woese thought life could be divided into three large divisions and referred to them as the "three primary kingdom" model or "urkingdom" model.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Woese o l’à diviso i procarioti (primma clascificæ comme regno Monera) inte doî gruppi à nomme Eubacteria e Archeabacteria, e o l’à speçificou che gh’é tanta differensa genetica tra sti doî gruppi comme tra un de questi e tutti i eucariöti.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Woese divided the prokaryotes (previously classified as the Kingdom Monera) into two groups, called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, stressing that there was as much genetic difference between these two groups as between either of them and all eukaryotes.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Sostegnivan che solo di gruppi monofiletichi aivan da vegnî açettæ comme ranghi formali inte unna clascificaçion e che – mentre sta metodologia a no l’ea pratticabile in preçedensa (de za ch’a l’aiva de beseugno de dozzeñe de regni eucariöti) – oua l’ea vegnuo poscibile dividde i eucariöti solo inte «pöchi gruppi prinçipæ che con tutta probabilitæ e tutti monofletichi».
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
They held that only monophyletic groups should be accepted as formal ranks in a classification and that – while this approach had been impractical previously (necessitating "literally dozens of eukaryotic 'kingdoms) – it had now become possible to divide the eukaryotes into "just a few major groups that are probably all monophyletic".
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
O l’à scompartio i eucariöti inti mæximi sëi «supergruppi».
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
It divided the eukaryotes into the same six "supergroups".
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Se pensa che e ciante aggian unn’affinitæ ciù distante da-i animæ e da-i fonzi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Plants are thought to be more distantly related to animals and fungi.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
I dexe argomenti conträi comprendan o fæto ch’en di parasciti intraçellolari obrigæ che n’an de metabolismo e che no en boin à replicâse a-o de feua de unna çellola òspite.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The ten arguments against include the fact that they are obligate intracellular parasites that lack metabolism and are not capable of replication outside of a host cell.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
I primmi en tutti doî di microrganismi procatiöti, ò pe-o ciù di organismi uniçellolari e çellole do quæ an un nucleo distòrto ò no ligou à de membrañe.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The first two are all prokaryotic microorganisms, or mostly single-celled organisms whose cells have a distorted or non-membrane bound nucleus.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
I alofili, oganismi che pròsperan inte di ambienti fortemente salæ, e i iperterofili, organismi che pròsperan inte di ambienti fortemente cadi, en di exempi de Archaea.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Halophiles, organisms that thrive in highly salty environments, and hyperthermophiles, organisms that thrive in extremely hot environments, are examples of Archaea.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
I cinobattëi e i micoplasmi en doî exempi de battëi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Cyanobacteria and mycoplasmas are two examples of bacteria.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
L’evoluçion a l’é o cangio de caratteristiche ereditäie de popolaçioin biològiche inte generaçion che vëgnan apreuvo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
A teoria scientifica de l’evoluçion pe seleçion naturale a l’ea stæta conçepia de forma independente da Charles Darwin e Alfred Russel Wallace a-a meitæ do secolo dixineuve a l’é stæta espòsta into detaggio into libbro de Darwin «On the Origin of Species».
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The scientific theory of evolution by natural selection was conceived independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the mid-19th century and was set out in detail in Darwin's book On the Origin of Species.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Coscì, inte generaçioin che vëgnan apreuvo i membri de unna popolaçion an ciù tante poscibilitæ de vegnî sostituii da-a progenie de genitoî con de caratterische favorevole che gh’an permisso de mantegîse in vitta e de reproduise inti respettivi ambienti.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Thus, in successive generations members of a population are more likely to be replaced by the progenies of parents with favourable characteristics that have enabled them to survive and reproduce in their respective environments.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
O record fòscile o comprende unna progrescion da grafite biogenica primordiale, a-i fòscili de tappetin micròbici, a-i organismi moltiçellolari foscilizzæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilised multicellular organisms.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
O çercava de spiegaçioin pe-i fenòmeni naturali in termini de lezze fixiche ch’ean pæge pe tutte e cöse vixibile e che n’aivan de beseugno de l’existensa de nisciuña categoria naturale fissa ò de quarche ordine còsmico divin.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
It sought explanations of natural phenomena in terms of physical laws that were the same for all visible things and that did not require the existence of any fixed natural categories or divine cosmic order.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
A clascificaçion biològica stæta introduta da Carlo Linneo do 1735 a reconosceiva de forma espliçita a natua gerarchica de relaçioin tra e speçie, ma a consciderava ancon e speçie comme stæte fissæ segondo un programma divin.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 explicitly recognised the hierarchical nature of species relationships, but still viewed species as fixed according to a divine plan.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Queste idee ean stæte condannæ da di naturalisti nomminæ comme de ipòtexi ch’ammancavan de un suppòrto empirico.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
These ideas were condemned by established naturalists as speculation lacking empirical support.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Darwin o l’à sviluppou a seu «teoria da seleçion naturale» à comensâ da-o 1838 e o l’ea apreuvo à scrive o seu «grande libro» in sce l’argomento quande Alfred Russel Wallace o gh’à mandou unna verscion pratticamente da mæxima teoria do 1858.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Darwin developed his theory of "natural selection" from 1838 onwards and was writing up his "big book" on the subject when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him a version of virtually the same theory in 1858.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Con sta finalitæ Darwin o l’à sviluppou a seu teoria da pangenexi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Towards this end, Darwin developed his provisional theory of pangenesis.
Traduxi in ingleise:
A pubricaçion da struttua do DNA da parte de James Watson e Francis Crick co-a contribuçion de Rosalind Franklin do 1953 a l’à demostrou un mecanismo fixico pe l’ereditæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The publication of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick with contribution of Rosalind Franklin in 1953 demonstrated a physical mechanism for inheritance.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Do 1973 o biòlogo evoluçionista Theodosius Dobzhansky o l’à scrito che «ninte inta biologia o l’à de senso se no a-a luxe de l’evoluçion», perché a l’à portou a-a luxe e relaçioin de quelli che primma paivan di fæti separæ inta stöia naturale inte un còrpo coerente de conoscense esplicative ch’o descrive e o predixe tanti fæti che se peuan osservâ in sciâ vitta in sce sto pianeta.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In 1973, evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky penned that "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution," because it has brought to light the relations of what first seemed disjointed facts in natural history into a coherent explanatory body of knowledge that describes and predicts many observable facts about life on this planet.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
L’insemme completo di tratti osservabili che forma a struttura e o comportamento de un organismo o piggia o nomme de fenotipo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The complete set of observable traits that make up the structure and behaviour of an organism is called its phenotype.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Pe dâ un exempio, a pelle abbronzâ a deriva da l’interaçion tra o genotipo de unna persoña e a luxe do sô; donca l’abbronzatua a no ven trasmissa a-i figgi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
For example, suntanned skin comes from the interaction between a person's genotype and sunlight; thus, suntans are not passed on to people's children.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
O DNA o l’é un longo biopolimero compòsto da quattro qualitæ de base.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
DNA is a long biopolymer composed of four types of bases.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
E porçioin de unna molecola de DNA che speçifican unna scingola unitæ fonçionale en dite geni; geni differenti an sequense differente de base.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Portions of a DNA molecule that specify a single functional unit are called genes; different genes have different sequences of bases.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Se a sequensa de DNA inte un locus o cangia tra i individui, e varie forme de sta sequensa en dite alleli.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
If the DNA sequence at a locus varies between individuals, the different forms of this sequence are called alleles.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
À tutti i mòddi, se sta sencia corrispondensa tra un allele e un tratto a fonçioña inte çerti caxi, a ciù parte di tratti en ciù complesci e son ciù controllæ da loci de tratti quantitativi (varri geni che interagiscian fra de liatri).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
However, while this simple correspondence between an allele and a trait works in some cases, most traits are more complex and are controlled by quantitative trait loci (multiple interacting genes).
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A metilaçion do DNA ch’a marca a cromatiña, i çicli metabolichi autosostegnui, o scilensiamento genico pe interferensa do RNA e a conformaçion tridimençionale de proteiñe (comme i prioin) en de aree donde l’é stæto descoverto di scistemi d’ereditæ epigenetica à livello organismico.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
DNA methylation marking chromatin, self-sustaining metabolic loops, gene silencing by RNA interference and the three-dimensional conformation of proteins (such as prions) are areas where epigenetic inheritance systems have been discovered at the organismic level.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Comme exempio, l’ereditæ ecològica atraverso o proçesso de costruçion da niccia a l’é definia da-e attivitæ regolare e repetue di organismi into seu ambiente.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
For example, ecological inheritance through the process of niche construction is defined by the regular and repeated activities of organisms in their environment.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Sciben che l’é stæto introduto cotantemente de neuve variaçioin pe mezo da mutaçion e do flusso genico, a ciù parte do genöma de unna speçie a l’é identica pe tutti i individui de quella speçie.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Despite the constant introduction of new variation through mutation and gene flow, most of the genome of a species is identical in all individuals of that species.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Unna parte sostansiale da variaçion fenotipica inte unna popolaçion a l’é caxonâ da-a variaçion genetica.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A substantial part of the phenotypic variation in a population is caused by genotypic variation.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
A variaçion a scenta quande un allele neuvo o razzonze o ponto de fissaçion: quand’o scenta da-a popolaçion ò o sostituisce do tutto l’allele antigo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Variation disappears when a new allele reaches the point of fixation—when it either disappears from the population or replaces the ancestral allele entirely.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Quande se verifica de mutaçioin, peuan alterâ o produto de un gene, ò impedî a-o gene de fonçionâ, ò no avei nisciun effetto.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
When mutations occur, they may alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning, or have no effect.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
E còpie extra de geni son unna vivagna importante da matëia primma neçessäia pe l’evoluçion de geni neuvi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Extra copies of genes are a major source of the raw material needed for new genes to evolve.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Se peu generâ di neuvi geni da un gene ançestrale quande unna cobbia duplicâ a cangia e a piggia unna neuva fonçion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
New genes can be generated from an ancestral gene when a duplicate copy mutates and acquires a new function.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
A generaçion de neuvi geni a peu comportâ ascì a duplicaçion de parte picciñe de geni despægi, con sti frammenti che dapeu se combiñan torna pe formâ de neuve combinaçioin con de neuve fonçioin.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The generation of new genes can also involve small parts of several genes being duplicated, with these fragments then recombining to form new combinations with new functions.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Recombinaçion e reassortimento no cangian e frequese di alleli, ma cangian i alleli assoçiæ l’un con l’atro, e produxan di figgi con unna neuva combinaçion d’alleli.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Recombination and reassortment do not alter allele frequencies, but instead change which alleles are associated with each other, producing offspring with new combinations of alleles.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
O primmo coto o l’é che inte speçie sessualmente dimòrfe un solo di doî sesci o peu appartoî.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The first cost is that in sexually dimorphic species only one of the two sexes can bear young.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Sciben a reproduçion sessuale o l’é o mezo de reproduçion ciù frequente tra i eucariöti e i organismi moltiçellolari.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Yet sexual reproduction is the more common means of reproduction among eukaryotes and multicellular organisms.
Traduxi in ingleise:
O trasferimento genico tra e speçie o comprende a formaçion d’organismi ibridi e o trasferimento genico orizzontale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Gene transfer between species includes the formation of hybrid organisms and horizontal gene transfer.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
S’é verificou o trasferimento orizzontale de geni da battëi à eucratiöti comme o levou Saccharomyces cerevisiae e o corcolion do faxeu adzuki Callosobruchus chinensis.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the adzuki bean weevil Callosobruchus chinensis has occurred.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Di tratti differenti conferiscian di tasci differenti de sopravivensa e reproduçion (fitness differensiale).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness).
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
De conseguensa, i organismo con di tratti che conferiscian un avantaggio in scî seu concorrenti an ciù tante probabilitæ de trasmette i seu tratti a-a generaçion ch’a ven dòppo respetto à quelli con di tratti che no dan nisciun avantaggio.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Consequently, organisms with traits that give them an advantage over their competitors are more likely to pass on their traits to the next generation than those with traits that do not confer an advantage.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
O conçetto çentrale da seleçion naturale a l’é a fitness evolutiva de un organismo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The central concept of natural selection is the evolutionary fitness of an organism.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Pe dâ un exempio, se un organismo o poesse mantegnîse ben in vitta e reproduise a-a lesta, ma a seu pröle a fïse tròppo picciña e scernia pe vive, st’organismo o daieiva unna scarsa contribuçion genetica a-e generaçion succescive e donca o l’aviæ unna fitness bassa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
For example, if an organism could survive well and reproduce rapidly, but its offspring were all too small and weak to survive, this organism would make little genetic contribution to future generations and would thus have low fitness.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Di exempi de tratti che peuan aumentâ a fitness son unna ciù gran sopravivensa e unna ciù gran feconditæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Examples of traits that can increase fitness are enhanced survival and increased fecundity.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
À tutte e mainee, ascì ben che a direçion da seleçion a s’inversa à sto mòddo, i tratti stæti persci into passou porrieivan no evòlvise torna inte unna foma identica (s’ammie a lezze de Dollo).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
However, even if the direction of selection does reverse in this way, traits that were lost in the past may not re-evolve in an identical form (see Dollo's law).
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
A primma a l’é seleçion direçionale, ch’o l’é o cangio do valô medio de un tratto into tempo (comme o fæto che di organismi se fassan ciù erti).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The first is directional selection, which is a shift in the average value of a trait over time—for example, organisms slowly getting taller.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Da urtimo, inta seleçion stabilizzante gh’é seleçion contra i vapoî estremi di tratti in scê doe estremitæ, cösa ch’a pròvoca unna diminuçion da variansa in sciô valô medio e unna diverscitæ ciù bassa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Finally, in stabilising selection there is selection against extreme trait values on both ends, which causes a decrease in variance around the average value and less diversity.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Sta larga comprenscion da natua a permette a-i scensiæ de delineâ de fòrse speçifiche che, inte l’insemme, comprendan a seleçion naturale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This broad understanding of nature enables scientists to delineate specific forces which, together, comprise natural selection.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
À tutti i mòddi, o tasso de ricombinaçion o l’é basso (doe eventi pöcassæ pe cromosöma pe generaçion).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
However, the rate of recombination is low (approximately two events per chromosome per generation).
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Un insemme d’alleli che pe-o sòlito o ven ereditou inte un gruppo o se ciamma aplotipo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A set of alleles that is usually inherited in a group is called a haplotype.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Sta deriva a se ferma quande un allele in sciâ fin o vëgne fisso e o scenta da-a popolaçion, ò donca o sostituisce do tutto i atri alleli.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This drift halts when an allele eventually becomes fixed, either by disappearing from the population or replacing the other alleles entirely.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
A teoria neutrale de l’evoluçion molecolare a proponeiva che a ciù parte di cangi evolutivi son a conseguensa da fissaçion de mutaçioin neutre pe deriva genetica.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The neutral theory of molecular evolution proposed that most evolutionary changes are the result of the fixation of neutral mutations by genetic drift.
Traduxi in ingleise:
À tutti i mòddi, unna verscion ciù reçente e con un megio suppòrto a l’é a teoria squæxi naturale, donde unna mutaçion ch’a saieiva effettivamente neutrale inte unna popolaçion picciña a no l’é pe fòrsa neutrale inte unna popolaçion gròssa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
However, a more recent and better-supported version of this model is the nearly neutral theory, where a mutation that would be effectively neutral in a small population is not necessarily neutral in a large population.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A no l’é fondamentale a quantitæ d’individui inte unna popolaçion, ma unna mesua conosciua comme dimenscion effettiva da popolaçion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The number of individuals in a population is not critical, but instead a measure known as the effective population size.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
A presensa o a mancansa de flusso genico a cangia o corso de l’evoluçion de unna forma fondamentale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The presence or absence of gene flow fundamentally changes the course of evolution.