ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-lij-eng huggingface dataset:
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
I castelli en stæti assomeggiæ a-e catedrale comme oggetti de orgheuggio architettuâ, e çerti castelli incorpoavan di giardin coscì comme de euvie ornamentæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Castles have been compared with cathedrals as objects of architectural pride, and some castles incorporated gardens as ornamental features.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
L'amô corteise o l'ea l'erotiçizzaçion de l'amô tra a nòbilitæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Courtly love was the eroticisation of love between the nobility.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A lezzendia do Tristan e da Isòtta o l'é un exempio de istöie de amô corteise stæte contæ inte l'Etæ de Mezo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The legend of Tristan and Iseult is one example of stories of courtly love told in the Middle Ages.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
A raxon do maiezzo tra e elites de l'Etæ de Mezo a l'ea de rende seguo o territöio.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The purpose of marriage between the medieval elites was to secure land.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Sto fæto chì o ne vëgne da l'imagine do castello comme instituçion marçiâ, ma i ciù tanti castelli in Inghiltæra, Fransa, Irlanda e Scòçia no vegnivan mai coinvòlti inte de guære ò di ascidi, coscì a vitta domestega a l'é unna façettatua trascuâ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This derives from the image of the castle as a martial institution, but most castles in England, France, Ireland, and Scotland were never involved in conflicts or sieges, so the domestic life is a neglected facet.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Pe exempio un muggio de castelli ean collocæ da-a vexin a-e stradde romañe, che ean arrestæ importante vie de traspòrto inte l'Etæ de Mezo, ò se donca portavan à l'alteraçion ò a-a creaçion de di neuvi scistemi de stradde inte l'area.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
For instance many castles are located near Roman roads, which remained important transport routes in the Middle Ages, or could lead to the alteration or creation of new road systems in the area.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
I castelli çittadin ean sorvetutto importanti pe controllâ i çentri de popolaçion e produçion, speçialemente con unna fòrsa d'invaxon, pe exempio inte conseguense da Conquista Normaña de l'Inghiltæra do secolo XI, i ciù tanti di castelli reæ en stæti tiæ sciù ò drento ò da-a vexin a-e çittæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Urban castles were particularly important in controlling centres of population and production, especially with an invading force, for instance in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest of England in the 11th century the majority of royal castles were built in or near towns.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
I castelli de campagna ean de spesso assoçiæ con di scistemi de moin e campi in caxon do seu ròllo inte l'organizzâ a propietæ do lord, cösa chi ghe dava a ciù grande influensa sovia e resorse.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Rural castles were often associated with mills and field systems due to their role in managing the lord's estate, which gave them greater influence over resources.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
No solo ean boin da asseguâ a fornitua d'ægua e pescio fresco, ma ean un status symbol apreuvo ch'ean cäi da tiâ sciù e da mantegnî.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Not only were they practical in that they ensured a water supply and fresh fish, but they were a status symbol as they were expensive to build and maintain.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
I avvantaggi de tiâ sciù castelli in scî insediamenti no ean limitæ à l'Euröpa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The benefits of castle building on settlements was not confined to Europe.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
I insediamenti poeivan ascì cresce pe natua d'in gio à un castello, ciù fito che ëse progettæ, apreuvo a-i avvantaggi da vexinansa à un çentro econòmico inte un paisaggio de campagna e a-a seguessa dæta da-e defeise.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Settlements could also grow naturally around a castle, rather than being planned, due to the benefits of proximity to an economic centre in a rural landscape and the safety given by the defences.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Ean pe commun collocæ da arente a-e defeise existente de unna çittæ, comme muage romañe, sciben che sto fæto de vòtte o resultava da-o cacciâ zu de struttue che occupavan o scito vosciuo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
They were usually located near any existing town defences, such as Roman walls, although this sometimes resulted in the demolition of structures occupying the desired site.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Quande o Normanni an invaso l'Irlanda, a Scòçia e o Galles de l'11° e secolo XII, e roiñe inte quelli paixi ean ciù che tutto no-urbañe, e a fondaçion de çittæ a l'ea de spesso conligâ co-a creaçion de un castello.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
When the Normans invaded Ireland, Scotland, and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries, settlement in those countries was predominantly non-urban, and the foundation of towns was often linked with the creation of a castle.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Sto fæto o voeiva dî unna streita relaçion tra I scignori feudæ e a Gexa, uña de ciù importante instituçioin da soçietæ medievâ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This signified a close relationship between feudal lords and the Church, one of the most important institutions of medieval society.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Un atro exempio o l'é o Bodian Castle do secolo XIV, lê ascì inte l'Inghiltæra; con tutto ch'o pâ un castello avansou, segondo e conoscense d'aloa, o l'é inte un scito de pöca importansa strategica, e o fossou o l'ea pöco fondo e probabilemente progettou ciù pe fâ pai o pòsto imprescionante che comme unna defeisa contra e menasse.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Another example is that of the 14th-century Bodiam Castle, also in England; although it appears to be a state of the art, advanced castle it is in a site of little strategic importance, and the moat was shallow and more likely intended to make the site appear impressive than as a defence against mining.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
E guarnixoin ean cae, e comme resultato de spesso picciñe, feua che se o castello o l'ea importante.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Garrisons were expensive and as a result often small unless the castle was important.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Do 1403, unna fòrsa de 37 arçê a l’à defeiso con successo Caernarfon Castle contra doî assati di alleæ do Owain Glyndŵr inte un longo ascidio, con demostrâ che unna fòrsa picciña a poeiva ëse d’effetto.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In 1403, a force of 37 archers successfully defended Caernarfon Castle against two assaults by Owain Glyndŵr's allies during a long siege, demonstrating that a small force could be effective.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Sotta de lê ghe saieiva stæto di cavaggëi che pe-i avvantaggi da seu educaçion militâ avieivan agio comme unna smersa de classe de offiçiæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Under him would have been knights who by benefit of their military training would have acted as a type of officer class.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
L'ea ciù d'effetto fâ moî da-a famme a guarnixon che assätâla, sorvetutto pe-i sciti ciù fortemente defeixi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
It was more efficient to starve the garrison out than to assault it, particularly for the most heavily defended sites.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Se ean arregæ à aggivâ un castello, gh'ea un muggio de poscibilitæ à dispoxiçion pe-i attaccanti.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
If forced to assault a castle, there were many options available to the attackers.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
O trabucco, che probabilmente o l'evòlve da-a petraria into secolo XIII, o l'ea a ciù megio arma d'ascidio avanti o desviluppo di cannoin.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The trebuchet, which probably evolved from the petraria in the 13th century, was the most effective siege weapon before the development of cannons.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Balliste ò spingarde ean machine da ascidio, che fonçionavan co-o mæximo prinçipio de balestre.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Ballistas or springalds were siege engines that worked on the same principles as crossbows.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Pe commun ean ciù deuviæ contra a guarnixon, ciù fito che contra e construçioin de un castello.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
They were more commonly used against the garrison rather than the buildings of a castle.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Unna miña tiâ inta miagia a se saieiva apposa e unna vòtta che o scöpo o foïse stæto seghittou, i arrembi de legno che impedivan a-a gallaria de collassâ saieivan bruxæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A mine leading to the wall would be dug and once the target had been reached, the wooden supports preventing the tunnel from collapsing would be burned.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Unna contramiña a poeiva ëse cavâ verso a gallaria di ascidianti; se se presumme che I doî convergessan, sto fæto o se concluddeiva inte un combattimento còrpo à còrpo sottotæra.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A counter-mine could be dug towards the besiegers' tunnel; assuming the two converged, this would result in underground hand-to-hand combat.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Unna neccia ciù segua pe quelli che aggivavan un castello a l'ea de deuviâ unna tore d'ascidio, che de vòtte â ciammavan campanin.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A safer option for those assaulting a castle was to use a siege tower, sometimes called a belfry.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
I stati do regno, ò trei stati, ean i larghi ordini da gerarchia soçiale addeuviæ into mondo crestian (Euröpa crestiaña) da l'Etæ de mezo fin a-a primma Euröpa moderna.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the Middle Ages to early modern Europe.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A monarchia a comprendeiva o re e a regiña, incangio o scistema o l’ea compòsto da-o clero (o primmo stato), a nobiltæ (o segondo stato), i paisen e a borghexia (terso stato).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The monarchy included the king and the queen, while the system was made up of clergy (the First Estate), nobles (Second Estate), peasants and bourgeoisie (Third Estate).
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
In Inghiltæra, s’é evoluo un scistema à doî stati ch’o l’à unio a nobiltæ e o clero inte un solo stato nòbile co-i «commun» comme segondo stato.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In England, a two-estate system evolved that combined nobility and clergy into one lordly estate with "commons" as the second estate.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
In Scòçia, i trei stati ean o clero (primmo stato), a nobiltæ (segondo stato) e i commissäi da contea ò «borgheixi» (terso stato), che representavan a borghexia, a classe de mezo e a classe bassa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In Scotland, the Three Estates were the Clergy (First Estate), Nobility (Second Estate), and Shire Commissioners, or "burghers" (Third Estate), representing the bourgeois, middle class, and lower class.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Za che o clero o no poeiva sposâse, quella mobilitæ a l’ea limitâ in teoria à unna generaçion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Since clergy could not marry, such mobility was theoretically limited to one generation.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Huizinga O tramonto de l’Etæ de mezo (1919, 1924:47).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Huizinga The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919, 1924:47).
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
E persoñe ordenäie ean tegnue da chi se segge comme l’ordine ciù basso.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Commoners were universally considered the lowest order.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Inte tante regioin e regni existeiva ascì di gruppi de popolaçion nasciui a-o de feua da questi stati rescidenti definii speçificamente.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In many regions and realms there also existed population groups born outside these specifically defined resident estates.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
O segondo ordine, i combattenti, o l'ea o rango de quelli influenti, ambiçioxi e inscidioxi da-o ponto de vista politico.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The second order, those who fight, was the rank of the politically powerful, ambitious, and dangerous.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Pe de ciù, o primmo e o segondo stato dependeivan da-o travaggio do terso, cösa ch'a ne rendeiva ancon ciù ciæa a condiçion ciù bassa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In addition, the First and Second Estates relied on the labour of the Third, which made the latter's inferior status all the more glaring.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
I ciù tanti nasceivan inte sto gruppo e moivan che ne favan ancon parte.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Most were born within this group and also died as a part of it.
Traduxi in ingleise:
À mazzo do 1776, o ministro de finanse Turgot o l'é stæto scorrio, apreuvo a-o fallimento inta missa in deuvia de reforme.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In May 1776, finance minister Turgot was dismissed, after failing to enact reforms.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Apreuvo ch'o no l'ea arriescio à convinsili à approvâ o seu "programma ideale", o Luiggi XVI o l'à çercou de desfâ i Stati Generali, ma o terso stato o l'à sostegnuo o drito a-a representansa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
When he could not persuade them to rubber-stamp his 'ideal program', Louis XVI sought to dissolve the Estates-General, but the Third Estate held out for their right to representation.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Dæto che o Parlamento da Scòçia o l'aiva unna camia sola, tutti i membri s'assettavan inta mæxima camia, a-o conträio che inta Camia di Lord e inta Camia di Commun ingreixi ch'ean spartie.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Because the Parliament of Scotland was unicameral, all members sat in the same chamber, as opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Comme in Inghiltæra, o Parlamento d'Irlanda o s'é evoluo da-o Magnum Concilium «gran conseggio» convocou da-o governatô cappo de l'Irlanda, co-a parteçipaçion do conseggio (curia regis), di magnati (scignoî feudali) e di prelati (vescoi e abboei).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
As in England, the Parliament of Ireland evolved out of the Magnum Concilium "great council" summoned by the chief governor of Ireland, attended by the council (curia regis), magnates (feudal lords), and prelates (bishops and abbots).
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Do 1297, e contee son stæte representæ pe-a primma vòtta da di cavaggëi elezzui da-a contea (in passou ean stæte representæ da-i sceriffi).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In 1297, counties were first represented by elected knights of the shire (sheriffs had previously represented them).
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Tutti ean di òmmi liberi, con di driti e responsabilitæ particolæ e o drito de mandâ di representanti a-o Riksdag di Stati.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Each were free men, and had specific rights and responsibilities, and the right to send representatives to the Riksdag of the Estates.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Avanti do secolo XVIII, o re o l'aiva o drito d'esprimme un voto decixivo se-i Stati ean spartii pægi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Prior to the 18th century, the King had the right to cast a deciding vote if the Estates were split evenly.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Con tutto, dòppo a Dieta de Porvoo, a Dieta de Finlandia a l'é stæta convocâ torna solo do 1863.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
However, after the Diet of Porvoo, the Diet of Finland was reconvened only in 1863.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
D'in gio a-o 1400 l'é stæto introduto e lettie patente, do 1561 l'é stæto azzonto i ranghi de Conte e Baron e do 1625 a Cà da nobiltæ a l'é stæta codificâ comme o primmo stato do territöio.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Around 1400, letters patent were introduced, in 1561 the ranks of Count and Baron were added, and in 1625 the House of Nobility was codified as the First Estate of the land.
Traduxi in ingleise:
I cappi de cæ di nòbili ean di membri ereditäi de l'assemblea di nòbili.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Heads of the noble houses were hereditary members of the assembly of nobles.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Questo o l'à conferio a-a nobiltæ ciù erta unna gran influensa politica.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This resulted in great political influence for the higher nobility.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Inti secoli apreuvo o stato o comprendeiva di professoî de universcitæ e de çerte scheue statale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In later centuries, the estate included teachers of universities and certain state schools.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
O commercio o l'ea permisso solo inte çittæ quande l'ideologia mercantilistica a l'aiva piggiou o desciù e i borgheixi aivan o drito escluxivo de portâ avanti o commercio inte l'ambito de corporaçioin.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Trade was allowed only in the cities when the mercantilistic ideology had got the upper hand, and the burghers had the exclusive right to conduct commerce within the framework of guilds.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Perché un insediamento o vegnisse unna çittæ, l'ea neçessäio un papê do re ch'o garantisse o drito de mercou e pe-o commercio à l'estranxeo ghe voeiva i driti portuali de base conçessi da-o regno.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In order for a settlement to become a city, a royal charter granting market right was required, and foreign trade required royally chartered staple port rights.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Za che a ciù tanta popolaçion a l'ea formâ da de famigge de paisen independenti fin a-o secolo XIX, no da di servi ò servi da gleba, gh'é unna gròssa differensa inta tradiçion à peto d'atri paixi europëi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Since most of the population were independent farmer families until the 19th century, not serfs nor villeins, there is a remarkable difference in tradition compared to other European countries.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
I seu representanti a-a Dieta vegnivan elezzui de mainea indiretta: ògni commun o mandava di elettoî pe elezze o representante de un territöio elettorale.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Their representatives to the Diet were elected indirectly: each municipality sent electors to elect the representative of an electoral district.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
No aivan de driti politichi e no poeivan votâ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
They had no political rights and could not vote.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
In Sveçia, o Riksdag di Stati o l'é existio fiña quande o no l'é stæto sostituio da un Riksdag con doe camie do 1866, ch'o dava di driti politichi a chi se segge chi avesse un çerto guägno ò propietæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In Sweden, the Riksdag of the Estates existed until it was replaced with a bicameral Riksdag in 1866, which gave political rights to anyone with a certain income or property.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
In Finlandia sta divixon legale a l'é existia fia a-o 1906, basandose ancon in sciâ constituçion svedeise do 1772.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In Finland, this legal division existed until 1906, still drawing on the Swedish constitution of 1772.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Pe de ciù, i louanti de l'industria che stavan in çittæ no ean representæ da-o scistema di quattro stati.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Furthermore, the industrial workers living in the city were not represented by the four-estate system.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Ciù avanti, inti secoli XV e XVI, Bruxelles a l'é vegnua o scito donde se riuniva i Stati Generali.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Later in the 15th and 16th centuries Brussels became the place where the States General assembled.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Comme conseguensa de l'Union d'Utrecht do 1579 e di eventi che l'é vegnuo apreuvo, i Stati Generali an deciarou de no obedî ciù a-o re Feipo II de Spagna, ch'o l'ea anche scignô di Paixi Basci.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
As a consequence of the Union of Utrecht in 1579 and the events that followed afterwards, the States General declared that they no longer obeyed King Philip II of Spain, who was also overlord of the Netherlands.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Se parla do livello de governo donde ghe vegniva trattou tutte e costioin ch'aivan da fâ con tutte sette e provinse che son vegnue parte da Repubrica di Paixi Basci Unii.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
It was the level of government where all things were dealt with that were of concern to all the seven provinces that became part of the Republic of the United Netherlands.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Inti Paixi Basci meridionali, inti Stati Generali do 1600 e inti Stati Generali do 1632 s'é tegnuo e urtime riunioin di Stati Generali fedeli a-i Asburgo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In the Southern Netherlands, the last meetings of the States General loyal to the Habsburgs took place in the Estates General of 1600 and the Estates General of 1632.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
O no l'ea ciù formou da di representanti di Stati, ni tanto meno da-i Stati: tutti i òmmi ean tegnui pe pægi pe-a Constituçion do 1798.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
It no longer consisted of representatives of the States, let alone the Estates: all men were considered equal under the 1798 Constitution.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Do 1815, quande i Paixi Basci son stæti missi insemme a-o Belgio e a-o Lussemburgo, i Stati Generali son stæti spartii inte doe camie: a Primma Camia e a Segonda Camia.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In 1815, when the Netherlands were united with Belgium and Luxemburg, the States General were divided into two chambers: the First Chamber and the Second Chamber.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
À partî da-o 1848, a Constituçion olandeise a stabilisce che i membri da Segonda Camia seggian elezzui da-o pòpolo (inte un primmo momento solo che da unna parte limitâ da popolaçion mascoliña; a votaçion universale mascoliña e feminiña a l'existe da-o 1919), incangio i membri da Primma Camia en çernui da-i membri di Stati Provinsali.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
From 1848 on, the Dutch Constitution provides that members of the Second Chamber be elected by the people (at first only by a limited portion of the male population; universal male and female suffrage exists since 1919), while the members of the First Chamber are chosen by the members of the States Provincial.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
O clero o l'ea representou da-i prinçipi-vescoi independenti, prinçipi-arçivescoi e prinçipi-abboei di tanti monestê.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The clergy was represented by the independent prince-bishops, prince-archbishops and prince-abbots of the many monasteries.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Tanti pòpoli che i seu territöi drento do Sacro Impëio Roman ean stæti independenti pe di secoli no aivan de representanti inta Dieta Imperiale, compreiso i Cavaggëi Imperiali e i paixi independenti.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Many peoples whose territories within the Holy Roman Empire had been independent for centuries had no representatives in the Imperial Diet, and this included the Imperial Knights and independent villages.