ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-lij-eng huggingface dataset:
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
I sentê in sciâ çimma da cortiña de miage permetteivan a-i defensoî de asbrivâ di proiettili in scî nemixi de sotta, e e arrembagge ghe dava ancon ciù proteçion.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Walkways along the tops of the curtain walls allowed defenders to rain missiles on enemies below, and battlements gave them further protection.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
O davanti do portâ o l'ea un ponto òrbo e pe resòlve sto problema in scî scianchi do portâ l'ea azzonto de tore che sciortivan, inte un stilo pægio à quello sviluppou da-i romoen.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The front of the gateway was a blind spot and to overcome this, projecting towers were added on each side of the gate in a style similar to that developed by the Romans.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
O passaggio pe-o portâ o l'ea reiso ciù longo pe aumentâ o tempo che un assätatô o l'aiva da passâ sotta a-o feugo inte un spaçio confinou e sensa poei responde.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The passage through the gatehouse was lengthened to increase the amount of time an assailant had to spend under fire in a confined space and unable to retaliate.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
L'é bon che fïsan deuviæ pe asbrivâ di oggetti in scî assätatoî, ò pe poei versâ l'ægua in scî feughi pe asmortâli.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
They were most likely used to drop objects on attackers, or to allow water to be poured on fires to extinguish them.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Se poeiva azzonze unn'avertua orizzontale ciù picciña pe dâ a-i arcie unna vista ciù boña pe pontâ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A smaller horizontal opening could be added to give an archer a better view for aiming.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
E primme fortificaçioin son nasciue inta mëzaluña fertile, a vallia de l'Indus, l'Egitto, e a Ciña, donde i villaggi ean protetti da de grande miage.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The earliest fortifications originated in the Fertile Crescent, the Indus Valley, Egypt, and China where settlements were protected by large walls.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Tanti arzi rexistan ancon ancheu, insemme à di indiçi de palissæ deuviæ in combinaçion a-i derui.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Many earthworks survive today, along with evidence of palisades to accompany the ditches.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Sciben che ean primitive, de spesso servivan, e en stæte guägnæ solo che con deuviâ de arme d'assedio e atre tecniche d'assedio, comme inta Battaggia d'Alesia.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Although primitive, they were often effective, and were only overcome by the extensive use of siege engines and other siege warfare techniques, such as at the Battle of Alesia.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Inte discuscioin de spesso a montâ di castelli l'é stæta attribuia à unna reaçion a-i attacchi di magiäi, mossulmen e vichinghi e a-o beseugno de un scistema de defeisa privou.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Discussions have typically attributed the rise of the castle to a reaction to attacks by Magyars, Muslims, and Vikings and a need for private defence.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Gh'é de grende conçentraçioin de castelli inte di pòsti segui, e incangio gh'é de zöne de confin con pöchi castelli.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Some high concentrations of castles occur in secure places, while some border regions had relatively few castles.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
O fæto de construe o sallon de pria o no ô metteiva a-o seguo da-o feugo perché o l'aiva di barcoin e unna pòrta de legno.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Building the hall in stone did not necessarily make it immune to fire as it still had windows and a wooden door.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
I castelli no ean solo de struttue de defeisa ma aumentavan ascì o contròllo de un scignoo in sciâ seu tæra.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Castles were not just defensive sites but also enhanced a lord's control over his lands.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Do 864 o re da Francia de ponente, Carlo o peou, o l'à proibio a construçion de castelli sensa o seu permisso e o l'à commandou de destruili tutti.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In 864 the King of West Francia, Charles the Bald, prohibited the construction of castella without his permission and ordered them all to be destroyed.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
A Svissera o l'é un caxo estremo da mancansa de contròllo in sciâ construçion di castelli, e de conseguensa ghe n'ea 4.000 into paise.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Switzerland is an extreme case of there being no state control over who built castles, and as a result there were 4,000 in the country.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Do 950 a Provensa a l'aiva 12 castelli, do 1000 sto numero o l'ea cresciuo à 30, e do 1030 ghe n'ea ciù de 100.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In 950 Provence was home to 12 castles, by 1000 this figure had risen to 30, and by 1030 it was over 100.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Into prinçipio do secolo XI, a mòtta e e miage – un muggio artifiçiale con unna palissâ e unna tore in çimma – a l'ea a forma ciù commun de castello in Euröpa, da tutte e bande feua da-a Scandinavia.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In the early 11th century, the motte and keep – an artificial mound with a palisade and tower on top – was the most common form of castle in Europe, everywhere except Scandinavia.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Con tutto che e construçioin de pria saieivan vegnui commun inti atri pòsti, à partî da-o secolo XI a l'é stæta o materiale de construçion primmäio pe i castelli crestien in Spagna, ben che a-o mæximo tempo o legno o l'ea o materiale de construçion ciù commun inte l'Euröpa do nòrd-òvest.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Although stone construction would later become common elsewhere, from the 11th century onwards it was the primary building material for Christian castles in Spain, while at the same time timber was still the dominant building material in north-west Europe.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Primma do secolo XII i castelli ean tanto pöco commun in Danimarca quante l'ean stæti in Inghiltæra avanti da conquista normaña.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Before the 12th century castles were as uncommon in Denmark as they had been in England before the Norman Conquest.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
E seu decoraçioin scimolavan l'architettua romanica, e de vòtte comprendeivan di barcoin doggi pægi à quelli che s'attreuva inti campanin de gexe.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Their decoration emulated Romanesque architecture, and sometimes incorporated double windows similar to those found in church bell towers.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Scibene che o seu pòsto o l'é stæto piggiou da-i seu successoî de pria, i castelli de legno e de tæra ean delongo utili.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Although superseded by their stone successors, timber and earthwork castles were by no means useless.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Fin a-a fin do secolo XII i castelli pe commun aivan pöche tore; un portâ con pöche caratteristiche de defeisa comme de crenatue pe-e fresse ò unna sæxiña; unna gran fortessa ò donjon, pe commun quaddro e sensa crenatue pe-e fresse; e a fòrma a l'ea stabilia segondo a forma do terren (de conseguensa e struttue ean de spesso de forma pöco regolare ò curvilinia).
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Until the late 12th century castles generally had few towers; a gateway with few defensive features such as arrowslits or a portcullis; a great keep or donjon, usually square and without arrowslits; and the shape would have been dictated by the lay of the land (the result was often irregular or curvilinear structures).
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Inti pòsti dove gh'ea e fortesse, no ean ciù quaddre ma poligonale ò çilindriche.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Where keeps did exist, they were no longer square but polygonal or cylindrical.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Sviluppou probabilmente into secolo XII, e tore fornivan a capaçitæ de feugo de scianco.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Probably developed in the 12th century, the towers provided flanking fire.
Traduxi sto testo in ingleise:
Pâ che i croxæ avessan impreiso tanto in scê fortificaçioin da-i seu conflitti co-i sæxin e l'espoxiçion à l'architettua besantiña.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
It seemed that the Crusaders had learned much about fortification from their conflicts with the Saracens and exposure to Byzantine architecture.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
E lezzendie en stæte screditæ, e into caso do Giacomo de San Zòrzo l'é stæto demostrou ch'o vegniva da Saint-Georges-d'Espéranche, in Fransa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Legends were discredited, and in the case of James of Saint George it was proven that he came from Saint-Georges-d'Espéranche, in France.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
I construttoî de castelli de l'Euröpa de l'òvest conosceivan e ean influensæ da l'architettua romaña; i fòrti in sciâ còsta tardo romoen in sciâ «còsta sassone» ingleise ean deuviæ torna e in Spagna e miage d'in gio da çittæ de Avila ean stæti construti do 1091 comme imitaçion de l'architettua romaña.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The castle builders of Western Europe were aware of and influenced by Roman design; late Roman coastal forts on the English "Saxon Shore" were reused and in Spain the wall around the city of Ávila imitated Roman architecture when it was built in 1091.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Un exempio de sta tecnica o l'é Kerak.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
An example of this approach is Kerak.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
I castelli che aivan fondou pe mette a-o seguo e seu conquiste ean progettæ pe-a ciù parte da di meistri massachen sirien.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The castles they founded to secure their acquisitions were designed mostly by Syrian master-masons.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Ben che i castelli ean deuviæ pe defende unna poxiçion e controllâ o movimento de armæ, gh'ea de poxiçioin ciave inta Tæra Santa ch'ean stæte lasciæ sensa fortificaçioin.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
While castles were used to hold a site and control movement of armies, in the Holy Land some key strategic positions were left unfortified.
Traduxi in ingleise:
I disegni cangiavan no solo tra i ordini, ma ascì tra i scingoli castelli, ben che l'ea commun d'avei de defeise conçentriche pe quelli construti inte sto periodo.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Design varied not just between orders, but between individual castles, though it was common for those founded in this period to have concentric defences.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Se i assätatoî arrivavan ciù in là da primma linia de defeisa, cazzeivan inte ciappoe tra a miagia de drento e quella feua, e aivan da assätâ a segonda miagia.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
If assailants made it past the first line of defence they would be caught in the killing ground between the inner and outer walls and have to assault the second wall.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Pe fâ un exempio, l'ea commun inti castelli di croxæ de avei o portâ primmäio de scianco de unna tore, pe avei da fâ doe curve into passaliçio, ch'o l'allonghiva o tempo pe razzonze e miage de feua.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
For instance, it was common in Crusader castles to have the main gate in the side of a tower and for there to be two turns in the passageway, lengthening the time it took for someone to reach the outer enclosure.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Con tutto che g'ea de çentenæa de castelli de legno in Pruscia e Livonia, i moin e a marta no ean conosciui inte sta region primma de l'arrivo di croxæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Although there were hundreds of wooden castles in Prussia and Livonia, the use of bricks and mortar was unknown in the region before the Crusaders.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
E crenatue pe-e fresse no comprometteivan l'integritæ da miagia, ma l'é stæto solo co-o programma do Edoardo I de construçion de castelli che se son spantegæ in Euröpa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Arrowslits did not compromise the wall's strength, but it was not until Edward I's programme of castle building that they were widely adopted in Europe.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
I conflitti e e interaçioin tra i doî gruppi an portou à un scangio de idee de architettua, e i spagnòlli e i crestien an comensou à deuviâ e tore destaccæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Conflict and interaction between the two groups led to an exchange of architectural ideas, and Spanish Christians adopted the use of detached towers.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
O studioso de stöia franseise François Gebelin o l'à scrito: «A grande renascion inte l'architettua militare a l'é stæta sponciâ, comme se peu pensâ, da-i re e i prinçipi fòrti de quelli tempi; da-i figgi de Ghiggermo o Conquistatô e i seu descendenti, i Plantageneti, quande son vegnui i ducchi de Normandia».
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
French historian François Gebelin wrote: "The great revival in military architecture was led, as one would naturally expect, by the powerful kings and princes of the time; by the sons of William the Conqueror and their descendants, the Plantagenets, when they became dukes of Normandy.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
I neuvi castelli ean pe sòlito de construçion ciù legia che quelli de primma e aivan ciù pöche innovaçioin, ben che gh'ea delongo de construçioin ciù rexistente comme quella de Raglan into Galles.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The new castles were generally of a lighter build than earlier structures and presented few innovations, although strong sites were still created such as that of Raglan in Wales.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Ste arme ean tròppo pesante pe ëse camallæ da un òmmo e sparâghe, ma se o l'arrembava o çeppo e o metteiva a bocca in sciô bòrdo da crenatua o poeiva sparâ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
These guns were too heavy for a man to carry and fire, but if he supported the butt end and rested the muzzle on the edge of the gun port he could fire the weapon.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Sto cangio o s'attreuva pe tutta l'Euröpa, e sciben che l'é ræo che o legno o resciste, gh'é un exempio intatto a-o Castello Doornenburg in Olanda.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This adaptation is found across Europe, and although the timber rarely survives, there is an intact example at Castle Doornenburg in the Netherlands.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Atri tipi de crenatua, ben che meno frequente, ean e crenatue orizzontæ – che permetteivan solo o movimento laterale – e e grande avertue quaddre, che permetteivan ciù movimento.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Other types of port, though less common, were horizontal slits – allowing only lateral movement – and large square openings, which allowed greater movement.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Ham o l'é un exempio da tendensa di neuvi castelli a liberâse da-e caratteristiche vegie comme i coniggi, e tore erte e e merlatue.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Ham is an example of the trend for new castles to dispense with earlier features such as machicolations, tall towers, and crenellations.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Pe çercâ de rendile ciù boñe, e arme ean stæte fæte ancon ciù gròsse, ben che questo o reduiva a seu capaçitæ de razzonze di castelli lonten.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In an effort to make them more effective, guns were made ever bigger, although this hampered their ability to reach remote castles.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Sciben che questo o l'ea assæ pe-i castelli neuvi, e struttue che gh'ean za aivan da trovâ di mòddi de resciste a-i corpi di cannoin.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
While this sufficed for new castles, pre-existing structures had to find a way to cope with being battered by cannon.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
Unna soluçion à sto problema l'ea de tiâ zu a çimma de unna tore e de impî a parte bassa con o zetto pe creâ un cian da-o quæ e arme poeivan sparâ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A solution to this was to pull down the top of a tower and to fill the lower part with the rubble to provide a surface for the guns to fire from.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Da sto chì se son evolui i fòrti à stella, conosciui ascì comme trace italienne.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
From this evolved star forts, also known as trace italienne.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
A segonda neccia a s'é demostrâ ciù de successo, apreuvo che l'é vegnuo à ëse ciæo che no gh'aiva guæi senso çercâ à rende o scito pe in davvei defendibile pe contra a-o cannon.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
Çerti vëi castelli son stæti tiæ sciù inte Americhe da-e colònie Spagnòlle e Franseixi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Some true castles were built in the Americas by the Spanish and French colonies.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Tra e atre struttue de defeisa (compreixi fòrti e çittadelle), di castelli en stæti ascì tiæ sciù in New France verso a fin do secolo XVII.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Among other defensive structures (including forts and citadels), castles were also built in New France towards the end of the 17th century.
Traduxi da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
O castello e e scuaie ean drento unna corte fortificâ, con unn'erta toretta rionda int'ògni canto.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The manor house and stables were within a fortified bailey, with a tall round turret in each corner.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Inte di atri caxi aivan ancon unna parte inta defeisa.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In other cases they still had a role in defence.
Traduxi sto testo da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Inte de guære apreuvo, comme a Guæra Çivile Ingreise (1641-1651), un muggio de castelli en stæti fortificæ torna, sciben che apreuvo en stæti lasciæ anâ zu tanto da schivâ che foïsan torna deuviæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In later conflicts, such as the English Civil War (1641–1651), many castles were refortified, although subsequently slighted to prevent them from being used again.
Traduxi da-o ligure à l’ingleise:
Castelli renuæ ò fäsci en vegnui popolari comme unna manifestaçion de un interesse Romantico pe l'Etæ de Mezo e a cavallaia, e comme parte do ciù grande revival gòtico in architettua.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Revival or mock castles became popular as a manifestation of a Romantic interest in the Middle Ages and chivalry, and as part of the broader Gothic Revival in architecture.
Traduxi in lengua ingleise:
Sto fæto in caxon che l'ëse fedeli a-o design de l'Etæ de Mezo o l'avieiva lasciou e case freide e scue in confronto a-i standard contemporanei.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This was because to be faithful to medieval design would have left the houses cold and dark by contemporary standards.
Traduxi in ingleise:
E mattaie ean semeggeive, sciben che gh'ea differensa co-i muasci artifiçiæ perché no favan parte de un paisaggio progettou, ma ciù fito paiva che no gh'aissan raxon d'ëse construte.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Follies were similar, although they differed from artificial ruins in that they were not part of a planned landscape, but rather seemed to have no reason for being built.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Un castello con di bastioin de tæra, unna mòtta, defeise e construçioin de legno o poeiva ëse tiou sciù da de meze casseue.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
A castle with earthen ramparts, a motte, timber defences and buildings could have been constructed by an unskilled workforce.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
O costo de tiâ sciù un castello o cangiava à segonda de fattoî comme a seu complescitæ e i costi do traspòrto pe-o matëiâ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The cost of building a castle varied according to factors such as their complexity and transport costs for material.
Ti peu tradue sto testo in ingleise?
A-a meitæ gh'ea di castelli comme Orford, ch'o l'é stæto tiou sciù into tardio secolo XII pe UK£1,400, e in çimma gh'ea quelli comme Dover, ch'o l’é costou pöcassæ UK£7,000 tra o 1181 e o 1191.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
In the middle were castles such as Orford, which was built in the late 12th century for UK£1,400, and at the upper end were those such as Dover, which cost about UK£7,000 between 1181 and 1191.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
O costo de un grande castello tiou sciù de sti tempi (da tutte e bande da UK£1,000 à UK£10,000) o piggieiva a rendia de un muggio de castelli, in compromette duamente e finanse de un lord.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
The cost of a large castle built over this time (anywhere from UK£1,000 to UK£10,000) would take the income from several manors, severely impacting a lord's finances.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
E machine e e invençioin de l'Etæ de Mezo, comme a manciña à reua, en vegnui indespensabile tanto che se construiva, e e tecniche de tiâ sciù di pontezzi de legno ean megioæ da l'antighitæ.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Medieval machines and inventions, such as the treadwheel crane, became indispensable during construction, and techniques of building wooden scaffolding were improved upon from Antiquity.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Pe coscì de paixi aivan castelli segge de legno che de pria, tutte e mainee a Danimarca a l'aiva pöco cave e comme resultato un muggio di seu castelli ean cöse de tæra e de legno, ò se donca ciù tardi tiæ sciù co-i moin.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Many countries had both timber and stone castles, however Denmark had few quarries and as a result most of its castles are earth and timber affairs, or later on built from brick.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Pe exempio, quande Tattershall Castle o l'é stæto tiou sciù tra o 1430 e o 1450, gh'ea ben ben de prie à dispoxiçion da-a vexin, ma o propietäio, Lord Cromwell, o l'à çernuo de deuviâ o mon.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
For example, when Tattershall Castle was built between 1430 and 1450, there was plenty of stone available nearby, but the owner, Lord Cromwell, chose to use brick.
Traduxi sto testo da-o zeneise à l’ingleise:
O contava in sce l'arrembo de quelli sotta de lê, apreuvo che sensa l'arrembo di seu inquilin ciù potenti, un scignoro o poeiva aspëtâse che o seu poei o foïse minou.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
He relied on the support of those below him, as without the support of his more powerful tenants a lord could expect his power to be undermined.
Traduxi in ingleise:
Sto fæto sorvetutto o l'ea applicou a-a coroña, che de vòtte a possedeiva di terren inte di paixi despægi.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
This especially applied to royalty, who sometimes owned land in different countries.
Comm’à l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
E propietæ reæ piggiavan essençialimente a mæxima forma che e propietæ di baroin, sciben in sce ciù larga scaa, e e poxiçioin ean ciù prestigiose.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
Royal households took essentially the same form as baronial households, although on a much larger scale and the positions were more prestigious.
Quæ a l’é a traduçion ingleise de sto testo?
Comme çentri soçiæ i castelli ean pòsti importanti pe mettise in mostra.
A traduçion in ingleise do testo a l’é:
As social centres castles were important places for display.