ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
Translate to Genoese:
There are two types of circulatory systems: open and closed.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Existe doe qualitæ de scistemi de çircolaçion: averto e serrou.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Circulation in animals occur between two types of tissues: systemic tissues and breathing (or pulmonary) organs.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A çircolaçion inte bestie a l’avvëgne inte doe qualitæ de tesciui: i tesciui scistemichi e òrgan respiratöi (ò pormonæ).
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
In birds and mammals, the systemic and pulmonary systems are connected in series.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inti öxelli e inti mammiferi, o scistema scistemico e quello pormonale en colligæ in serie.
Translate to Genoese:
Skeletal muscle contractions are neurogenic as they require synaptic input from motor neurons.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E contraçioin do moscolo scheletrico en neurogeniche, da-o momento che domandan un input scinaptico da-i motoneuroin.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The contraction produced can be described as a twitch, summation, or tetanus, depending on the frequency of action potentials.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A contraçion produta a peu ëse descrita comme un spaximo, sommatöio ò tetanico, à segonda da frequensa di potensiæ d’açion.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
The mechanisms of contraction are similar in all three muscle tissues.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I mecanismi de contraçion s’assomeggian inte tutti trei i tesciui moscolari.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Other animals such as mollusks, and nematodes, possess obliquely striated muscles, which contain bands of thick and thin filaments that are arranged helically rather than transversely, like in vertebrate skeletal or cardiac muscles.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De atre bestie, comme i molluschi e i nematödi, an di moscoli striæ obliquamente, che contëgnan de bande de fiamenti drui e sottî, missi à mòddo d’eliçe ciufito che trasversale, comme inti moscoli scheletrichi ò cardiachi di vertebræ.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
They can transmit or receive information at sites of contacts called synapses.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Peuan trasmette ò reçeive de informaçioin inte di ponti de contatto diti scinapsi.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Cells such as neurons or muscle cells may be excited or inhibited upon receiving a signal from another neuron.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De çellole comme i neuroin ò e çellole di moscoli peuan vegnî eçitæ ò inibie a-a reçeçion de un segnâ da un atro neuron.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
In vertebrates, the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of nerves that connect the CNS to every other part of the body.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inti vertebræ, o scistema nervoso o consciste do scistema nervoso çentrale (SNC), ch’o comprende o çervello e o midòllo spinale, e o scistema nervoso periferico (PNS), ch’o consciste de nervi ce collegan o SNC à tutte e atre parte do còrpo.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The PNS is divided into three separate subsystems, the somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O SNP o se dividde inte trei sottoscistemi separæ, o scistema nervoso somatico, quello autònomo e quello enterico.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy, while the parasympathetic nervous system is activated when organisms are in a relaxed state.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O scistema nervoso scimpatico o s’attiva into caxo d’emergensa pe mobilitâ de l’energia, mentre quello parascimpatico o s’attiva quande i organismi s’attreuvan inte unna condiçion de resciöo.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Nerves that exit directly from the brain are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I nervi che sciòrtan direttamente da-o çervello en diti nervi cranichi, mentre quello che sciòrtan da-o midòllo spinale en diti nervi spinali.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
In humans specifically, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Mascime inte l’òmmo, e ghiandole endòrcine primmäie son a tiròide e e ghiandole surrenale.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Hormones can be amino acid complexes, steroids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, or prostaglandins.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I ormoin peuan ëse di complesci d’aminoaçidi, di steròidi, di eicosanòidi, di leucotrieni ò da prostaglandine.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
In most cases, a third germ layer, the mesoderm, also develops between them.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inta ciù parte di caxi, tra de liatri se sviluppa anche un terso seu germinale, o mesoderma.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Cellular differentiation is influenced by extracellular signals such as growth factors that are exchanged to adjacent cells, which is called juxtracrine signaling, or to neighboring cells over short distances, which is called paracrine signaling.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A differençiaçion çellolare a l’é influensâ da di segnæ extraçellolari comme i fattoî de crescio, che vëgnan scangiæ co-e çellole che s’attreuvan da arente, dita segnalaçion juxtacriña, ò co-e çellole vexiñe in sce de distanse curte, dita segnalaçion paracriña.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The adaptive immune system provides a tailored response to each stimulus by learning to recognize molecules it has previously encountered.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O scistema immunitäio adattivo o fornisce unna respòsta in sce mesua pe ògni stimolo e o l’imprende à reconosce e molecole ch’o l’à za incontrou.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Bacteria have a rudimentary immune system in the form of enzymes that protect against virus infections.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I battëi an un scistema immunitäio basico sotta forma d’enzimi che protezzan da-e infeçioin di virus.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt to recognize pathogens more efficiently.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I vertebræ co-e mascelle, compreiso i òmmi, an di mecanismi de defeisa ancon ciù sofisticæ, compreiso a capaçitæ d’adattâse pe reconosce i agenti patògeni de unna forma ciù efficaçe.
Translate to Genoese:
Fixed action patterns, for instance, are genetically determined and stereotyped behaviors that occur without learning.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe fâ un exempio, i modelli d’açion fisci en di comportamenti geneticamente determinæ e stereotipæ che se verifican sensa imprendimento.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The community of living (biotic) organisms in conjunction with the nonliving (abiotic) components (e.g., water, light, radiation, temperature, humidity, atmosphere, acidity, and soil) of their environment is called an ecosystem.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A communitæ d’organismi viventi (biotichi), insemme à quelli no viventi (abiotichi) do seu ambiente (comme ægua, luxe, radiaçioin, temperatua, umiditæ, atmosfera, açiditæ e seu) a l’é dita ecoscistema.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Alimentandose de ciante e i un di atri, i animæ zeugan un ròllo importante into movimento de matëia e energia atraverso do scistema.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
The Earth's physical environment is shaped by solar energy and topography.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’ambiente fixico da Tæra o l’é modellou da l’energia solare e da-a topografia.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Weather is the day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O tempo a l’é l’attivitæ, giorno pe giorno, de temperatua e preçipitaçioin, tanto che o climma a l’é a media do tempo à longo termine, carcolâ tipicamente in sce un periodo de 30 anni.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
As a result, wet environments allow for lush vegetation to grow.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De conseguensa, i ambienti umidi permettan o crescio de unna vegetaçion assæ ricca.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Population growth during short-term intervals can be determined using the population growth rate equation, which takes into consideration birth, death, and immigration rates.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’aumento da popolaçion inte di intervalli curti a peu vegnî determinæ pe mezo de l’equaçion do tasso de cresciansa da popolaçion, ch’a piggia in conscideraçion i tasci de nascioin, de mòrte e de l’immigraçion.
Translate to Ligurian:
A biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unn’interaçion biològica a l’é l’effetto che unna cobbia d’organismi che vivan insemme a l’à produta l’un in sce l’atro.
Translate to Genoese:
A long-term interaction is called a symbiosis.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unn’interaçion à longo termine a piggia o nomme de scimbioxi.
Translate to Ligurian:
There are different trophic levels within any food web, with the lowest level being the primary producers (or autotrophs) such as plants and algae that convert energy and inorganic material into organic compounds, which can then be used by the rest of the community.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Gh’é ciù de un livello tròfico drento d’ògni ræ alimentare, co-o livello ciù basso representou da-i produttoî primmäi (ò autòtrofi) comme ciate e æghe, che convertan energia e materiale inorganico inte di compòsti orgaichi, che dapeu peuan vegnî deuviæ da-o resto da communitæ.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
And those that eat secondary consumers are tertiary consumers and so on.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E quelli che mangia i consummatoî segondäi en di consummatoî terçiäi e coscì avanti.
Translate to Genoese:
In some cycles there are reservoirs where a substance remains or is sequestered for a long period of time.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte çerti çicli gh’é de sacche donde unna sostasa a l’arresta ò donca a ven sequestrâ pe un longo periodo de tempo.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The largest driver of warming is the emission of greenhouse gases, of which more than 90% are carbon dioxide and methane.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O fattô ciù importante pe-o rescädamento a l’é l’emiscion de gas særa, da quæ ciù do 90% en bioscido de carbònio e metano.
Translate to Ligurian:
Biodiversity affects the functioning of ecosystems, which provide a variety of services upon which people depend.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A biodiverscitæ a l’influisce in sciô fonçionamento di ecoscistemi, che forniscian unna varietæ de servixi da-i quæ depende e persoñe.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe tradiçion a botanica a l’à compreiso ascì o studio di fonzi e de æghe da-a parte di micòloghi e di ficòloghi respettivamente, e o studio de sti trei gruppi d’organismi o l’é arrestou inte l’ambito d’interesse do Congresso botanico internaçionale.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical importance.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I giardin fixichi de l’Etæ de Mezo, che de spesso ean compreixi inti confin di monestê, contegnivan de ciante importante pe-a seu applicaçion inta mëxiña.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sti giardin an aggiuttou o studio academico de ciante.
Translate to Ligurian:
In the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of molecular genetic analysis, including genomics and proteomics and DNA sequences to classify plants more accurately.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte urtime doe dëxeñe d’anni do secolo vinti, i studioxi de botanica an sfrutou e tecniche d’analixi genetica molecolare, compreiso a genòmica, a proteòmica e e sequense de DNA, pe clascificâ e ciante à unna mainea ciù esatta.
Translate to Genoese:
Modern botany traces its roots back to Ancient Greece specifically to Theophrastus (c. 371–287 BCE), a student of Aristotle who invented and described many of its principles and is widely regarded in the scientific community as the "Father of Botany".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A botanica moderna a l’à e seu reixe inta Greçia antiga e a remonta, ciù into detaggio, à Teofrasto (371-287 a.C. ca.), un allevo d’Artistòtile ch’o l’à inventou e descrito ben ben di seu prinçippi, e che inta communitæ scientifica o l’é consciderou pe commun comme «o poæ da botanica».
Translate from English to Ligurian:
De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1,500 years.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De Materia Medica o l’é stæto assæ lezzuo pe ciù de 1500 anni.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
In the mid-16th century, botanical gardens were founded in a number of Italian universities.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Da meitæ do secolo sezze i giardin botanichi en stæti fondæ inte unna boña quantitæ de universcitæ italiañe.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
They supported the growth of botany as an academic subject.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sostegnivan o crescio da botanica comme matëia academica.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Throughout this period, botany remained firmly subordinate to medicine.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Durante sto periodo a botanica a l’arrestava fermamente subordinâ a-a mëxiña.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Bock created his own system of plant classification.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Bock o l’à creou o seu pròpio scistema pe-a clascifficaçion de ciante.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in keys designed purely for identification (diagnostic keys) or more closely related to the natural or phyletic order of the taxa in synoptic keys.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A çernia e a sequensa di caratteri peuan ëse artifiçiæ inte ciave progettæ solo che pe l’identificaçion (ciave diagnòstiche) ò ligæ à unna mainea ciù streita à l’ordine naturale ò fitosanitäio di taxa inte ciave scinòttiche.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
This established a standardised binomial or two-part naming scheme where the first name represented the genus and the second identified the species within the genus.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Questo o l’à portou a-a standardizzaçion de un scistema de nomenclatua binomiale, ò formou da doî elementi, donde o primmo nomme o representa o genere, e o segondo o l’identifica a speçie drento do genere.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy, morphology and life cycles led to the realisation that there were more natural affinities between plants than the artificial sexual system of Linnaeus.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A conoscensa delongo ciù vasta de l’anatòmia, da morfologia e di çicli de vitta de ciante o l’à portou à dâse conto che ghe fïse ciù affinitæ de natua tra e ciante che o scistema sessuale artifiçiale de Linneo.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The work of Katherine Esau (1898–1997) on plant anatomy is still a major foundation of modern botany.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’euvia de Katherine Esau (1898-1997) in sce l’anatomia de ciante o l’é ancon un di testi a-a base da botanica moderna.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The concept that the composition of plant communities such as temperate broadleaf forest changes by a process of ecological succession was developed by Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley and Frederic Clements.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O conçetto che a compoxiçion de communitæ vegetale comme a foresta de latifeugge tempeæ a cange pe mezo de un processo de succescion ecològica o l’é stæto sviluppou da Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley e Frederic Clements.
Translate to Ligurian:
The discovery and identification of the auxin plant hormones by Kenneth V. Thimann in 1948 enabled regulation of plant growth by externally applied chemicals.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A descoverta e l’identificaçion di ormoin vegetali auxina, da parte de Kenneth V. thimann do 1948, a l’à permisso a regolaçion da cresciansa de ciante pe mezo de de sostanse chimiche applicæ esternamente.
Translate to Genoese:
20th century developments in plant biochemistry have been driven by modern techniques of organic chemical analysis, such as spectroscopy, chromatography and electrophoresis.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I sviluppo do secolo vinti into campo da biochimica de ciante en stæti guiddæ da-e tecniche moderne d’analixi chimica organica, comme a spettroscopia, a cromotografia e l’elettroforexi.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
These technologies enable the biotechnological use of whole plants or plant cell cultures grown in bioreactors to synthesise pesticides, antibiotics or other pharmaceuticals, as well as the practical application of genetically modified crops designed for traits such as improved yield.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ste tecnologie permettan l’applicaçion biotecnològica de ciante intreghe ò de coltue de çellole vegetale cortivæ inte di bioreattoî pe-a scintezzizaçion de pestiçiddi, antibiòtichi ò atri produti de farmaçia, coscì comme l’applicaçion prattica de coltue geneticamente modificæ progettæ pe de finalitæ comme quella d’arrivâ à unna reisa ciù grande.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Modern systematics aims to reflect and discover phylogenetic relationships between plants.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A scistematica moderna a l’ammia à reflette e à descrovî de relaçioin filogenetiche tra e ciante.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
As a by-product of photosynthesis, plants release oxygen into the atmosphere, a gas that is required by nearly all living things to carry out cellular respiration.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Comme sottoproduto da fotoscintexi, e ciante lascian l’oscigeno inte l’atmosfera, un gas do quæ tutte e cöse vivente an beseugno pe permette a-e çellole de respiâ.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Historically, all living things were classified as either animals or plants and botany covered the study of all organisms not considered animals.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Into passou tutte e cöse vivente ean clascificæ comme bestie ò comme ciante, e a botanica a croviva o studio de tutto quello ch’o no l’ea consciderou comme ligou a-o contesto di animæ.
Translate to Ligurian:
The strictest definition of "plant" includes only the "land plants" or embryophytes, which include seed plants (gymnosperms, including the pines, and flowering plants) and the free-sporing cryptogams including ferns, clubmosses, liverworts, hornworts and mosses.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A definiçion ciù rigorosa de cianta a comprende solo che e ciante terreste ò embriòfite, che comprendan à seu vòtta e ciante da semensa (gimnosperme, compreiso i pin e e ciante da sciô) e e crittogame à sviluppo libero, compreiso e frexe, i licopòddi, e epatiche, e antoçeròtte e i poen de bòsco.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The sexual haploid phase of embryophytes, known as the gametophyte, nurtures the developing diploid embryo sporophyte within its tissues for at least part of its life, even in the seed plants, where the gametophyte itself is nurtured by its parent sporophyte.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A fase sessuale aplòide di embriofiti, conosciua co-o nomme de gametofito, a pasce l’embrion diplòide sporòfito ch’o l’é derê à sviluppâse drento di seu tesciui pe unna parte a-o manco da seu vitta, anche inte ciante da semensa, donde o gametofito mæximo o l’é pasciuo da-o seu genitô sporòfilo.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Palaeobotanists study ancient plants in the fossil record to provide information about the evolutionary history of plants.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I studioxi de paleobotanica studian e ciante antighe into recòrd fòscile pe fornî de indicaçioin in sciâ stöia de l’evoluçion de ciante.
Translate to Ligurian:
This is what ecologists call the first trophic level.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Questo o l’é quello che i ecologisti ciamman o primmo livello tròfico.
Translate to Genoese:
Botanists also study weeds, which are a considerable problem in agriculture, and the biology and control of plant pathogens in agriculture and natural ecosystems.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I studioxi de botanica studian e ciante infestante ascì, che representan un gran problema inte l’agricultua, coscì comme a biologia e o contròllo di patògeni de ciante inte l’agricoltua e inti ecoscistemi naturali.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The light energy captured by chlorophyll a is initially in the form of electrons (and later a proton gradient) that's used to make molecules of ATP and NADPH which temporarily store and transport energy.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A-o comenso l’energia da luxe piggiâ da-a clorofilla a a l’é sotto forma d’elettroin (e ciù tardi de un gradiente protònico) ch’a vëgne deuviâ pe creâ de molecole de ATP e NADPH che immagazziñan e traspòrtan temporaneamente de l’energia.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Some of the glucose is converted to starch which is stored in the chloroplast.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Parte do glucòsio o vëgne convertio inte de l’amido ch’o vëgne inmaganizzou into cloroplasto.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Unlike in animals (which lack chloroplasts), plants and their eukaryote relatives have delegated many biochemical roles to their chloroplasts, including synthesising all their fatty acids, and most amino acids.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À differensa di animæ (che n’an de cloroplasti), e ciante e i seu parenti eucariöti an delegou ben ben di ròlli à livello biochimico a-i seu cloroplasti, compreio a scintexi de tutti i seu açidi grasci e da ciù parte di aminoaçidi.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a plant sucks water through them under water stress.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E ciante terreste vascolare produxan a ligliña, un polimero deuviou pe rinforsâ e miage segondäie de çellole inte trachee e inti vaxi csilematichi, pe fâ de mòddo che no deruen quande unna cianta a sciorbe l’ægua a-o de sotta de lô sotta à un stress idrico.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Others, such as the essential oils peppermint oil and lemon oil are useful for their aroma, as flavourings and spices (e.g., capsaicin), and in medicine as pharmaceuticals as in opium from opium poppies.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Di atri, comme i eui essençiæ de menta piperita e de limon, servan pe-o seu aröma, comme arömi e speçie (comme a capsaiçiña) e inta mëxiña comme produti de farmaçia, comme l’òppio cavou da-i papavai da òppio.