ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Homo is the genus, and sapiens the specific epithet, both of them combined make up the species name.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Homo o l’é o genere e sapien l’epiteto speçifico, e tutti doî insemme compoñan o nomme da speçie.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The dominant classification system is called the Linnaean taxonomy.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O scistema de clascificaçion dominante o piggia o nomme de tassonomia de Linneo.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Understanding the structure and function of cells is fundamental to all of the biological sciences.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A comprenscion da struttua e da fonçion de çellole a l’é fondamentale pe tutte e sciense biologiche.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
It focuses on how organs and organ systems work together in the bodies of humans and animals, in addition to how they work independently.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A se conçentra in sce comme i òrgani e i scistemi d’òrgani travaggian insemme into còrpo di òmmi e di animæ, in azzonta à comme fonçioñan independentemente.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Physiological studies have traditionally been divided into plant physiology and animal physiology, but some principles of physiology are universal, no matter what particular organism is being studied.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tradiçionalmente i studdi fisiològichi en stæti scompartii inte fisiologia vegetale e animale, ma çerti prinçippi da fisiologia son universali, independentemente da l’organismo determinou che se studia.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
For example, it generally involves scientists who have special training in particular organisms such as mammalogy, ornithology, herpetology, or entomology, but use those organisms as systems to answer general questions about evolution.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe fâ un exempio, pe commun o l’à da fâ con di scensiæ ch’an unna formaçion particolare pe di organismi determinæ comme a mammalogia, l’erpetologia o l’entomologia, ma deuvian quelli organismi comme scistemi pe responde à de domande generale in sce l’evoluçion.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ciù into detaggio i etòlogi se son occupæ de l’evoluçion do comportamento e da comprenscion in termini de teoria da seleçion naturale.
Translate to Ligurian:
While researchers practice techniques specific to molecular biology, it is common to combine these with methods from genetics and biochemistry.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tanto che i reçercatoî prattican de tecniche speçifiche da biologia molecolare, pe commun vëgnan combinæ con di metodi de genetica e biochimica.
Translate to Genoese:
Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A scistematica biològica a l’é o studio da diverscifficaçion de forme vivente, tanto passæ comme presente, e e relaçioin tra e forme vivente atraverso do tempo.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits (e.g., anatomical or molecular characteristics) and the distribution of organisms (biogeography).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I erboi filogenetichi de speçie e taxa ciù erti vëgnan deuviæ pe studiâ l’evoluçion di tratti (comme caratteristiche anatòmiche ò molecolare) e a distribuçion di organismi (biogeografia).
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Biological systematics classifies species by using three specific branches.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A scistematica biològica a clascifica e speçie pe mezo de træ ramme speçifiche.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Explaining the biodiversity of the planet and its organisms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Spiegâ a biodiverscitæ do pianeta e di seu organismi.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Taxonomy is that part of Systematics concerned with topics (a) to (d) above.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A tassonomia a l’é quella parte da scistematica ch’a l’à da fâ co-i argomenti da-o a) a-o d) mensunæ chì de d’ato.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
However, in modern usage, they can all be considered synonyms of each other.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, a-a giornâ d’ancheu se peuan consciderâ tutti di scinòmimi.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Some claim systematics alone deals specifically with relationships through time, and that it can be synonymous with phylogenetics, broadly dealing with the inferred hierarchy of organisms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Çerti sostëgnan che a scistematica da sola a s’òccupa into detaggio de relaçion atraveso do tempo e ch’a peu ëse un scinònimo de filogenetica, trattando in generale a gerarchia deduta da-i organismi.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Scientific classifications are aids in recording and reporting information to other scientists and to laymen.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E clascificaçioin scientifiche en un aggiutto pe registrâ e reportâ de informaçioin à di atri sciensiæ e a-i profani.
Translate to Genoese:
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In biologia, unna speçie a l’é l’unitæ de base da clascificaçion e un graddo tassonòmico de un organismo, coscì comme unn’unitæ da biodiverscitæ.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe de ciù i paleontòloghi deuvian o conçetto de cronospeçie perché a reproduçion fòssile a no peu vegnî examminâ.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
All species (except viruses) are given a two-part name, a "binomial".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutte e speçie (feua che a-i virus) ven dæto un nomme inte doe parte, un «binòmio».
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
For example, Boa constrictor is one of four species of the genus Boa, with constrictor being the species's epithet.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe dâ un exempio, Boa constrictor a l’é uña de quattro speçie do genere do genere Boa, con constrictor comme epiteto da speçie.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Also, among organisms that reproduce only asexually, the concept of a reproductive species breaks down, and each clone is potentially a microspecies.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe de ciù, tra i organismi che se reproduxan solo pe via asessuâ, o conçetto de speçie reproduttiva a se rompe e tutti i cloin son putençialmente de microspeçie.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Species were seen from the time of Aristotle until the 18th century as fixed categories that could be arranged in a hierarchy, the great chain of being.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E speçie en stæte viste da-i tempi d’Aristòtele fin a-o secolo dixeutto comme de categorie fisse che poeivan vegnî dispòste inte unna gerarchia, a gran cadeña de l’ëse.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Ernst Mayr emphasised reproductive isolation, but this, like other species concepts, is hard or even impossible to test.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ernst Mayr o l’à infatizzou l’isoamento reproduttivo, ma questo, comme di atri conçetti de speçie, o l’é diffiçile ò fiña imposcibile da provâ.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
This method was used as a "classical" method of determining species, such as with Linnaeus early in evolutionary theory.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto metodo o l’é stæto deuviou comme metodo «clascico» pe determinâ e speçie, comme con Linneo a-o comenso da teoria evolutiva.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
As a rule of thumb, microbiologists have assumed that kinds of Bacteria or Archaea with 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences more similar than 97% to each other need to be checked by DNA-DNA hybridisation to decide if they belong to the same species or not.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Come regola generale, i microbiòloghi an ipotizzou che i tipi de battëi ò archaea con de sequense do gene 16S ribosomal RNA che s’assomeggian fra de liatri pe-o ciù do 97% devan ëse controllæ pe ibridaçion DNA-DNA pe deçidde s’appartëgnan a-a mæxima speçie ò no.
Translate to Genoese:
Modern approaches compare sequence similarity using computational methods.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E metodologie moderne confrontan a someggiansa de sequensa pe mezo de metodi computaçionali.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
A database, Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD), contains DNA barcode sequences from over 190,000 species.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna base de dæti, barcode ò life data system (BOLD) a contëgne de sequense de còdixi à bare do DNA pe ciù de 190.000 speçie.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
For example, in a study done on fungi, studying the nucleotide characters using cladistic species produced the most accurate results in recognising the numerous fungi species of all the concepts studied.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Comme exempio, inte un studio fæto in scî fonzi, o studio di caratteri nucleotidichi pe mezo da cladistica a l’à produto i resultati ciù detaggiæ into reconosce e numerose speçie de fonzi de tutti i conçetti stæti studiæ.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Yet others defend this approach, considering "taxonomic inflation" pejorative and labelling the opposing view as "taxonomic conservatism"; claiming it is politically expedient to split species and recognise smaller populations at the species level, because this means they can more easily be included as endangered in the IUCN red list and can attract conservation legislation and funding.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Di atri ancon defendan sta metodologia, co-a conscideraçion che «inflaçion tassonòmica» a l’agge un scignificato negativo e etichettan o ponto de vista oppòsto comme «conservatorismo tassonòmico»; sostegnindo che l’é politicamente conveniente scompartî e speçie e reconosce e popolaçioin ciù picciñe à livello de speçie, perché questo o scignifica che peuan vegnî compreixi ciù de lengê inta lista rossa IUCN de speçie menassæ e peuan attrae legislaçion e finançiamenti pe-a conservaçion.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
If scientists mean that something applies to all species within a genus, they use the genus name without the specific name or epithet.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se i scensiæ veuan dî che quarcösa s’applica a tutte e speçie drento de un mæximo genere, deuvian o numero do genere sensa o nomme speçifico ò epiteto.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
As further information comes to hand, the hypothesis may be corroborated or refuted.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Da maniman ch’arriva de neuve informaçioin, l’informaçion a peu vegnî corroborâ ò confutâ.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Dividing a taxon into multiple, often new, taxa is called splitting.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A divixon de un taxon inte ciù taxa, de spesso neuvi, a piggia o nomme de suddivixon.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The term quasispecies is sometimes used for rapidly mutating entities like viruses.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O termine quasispecie de vòtte o ven deuviou pe de entitæ che cangian a-a spedie, comme i virus.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
In ring species, when members of adjacent populations in a widely continuous distribution range interbreed successfully but members of more distant populations do not.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte speçie à mòddo d’anello, quande i membri de popolaçioin vexiñe inte un range de distribuçion ampiamente continuo s’incroxan con successo, ma i membri de popolaçioin ciù lontañe no.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Ring species thus present a difficulty for any species concept that relies on reproductive isolation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Donca e speçie à mòddo d’anello presentan unna difficoltæ pe tutti i conçetti de speçie che se basan in sce l’isoamento reproduttivo.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Speciation depends on a measure of reproductive isolation, a reduced gene flow.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A speçiaçion a depende da unna mesoa d’isoamento reproduttivo, un flusso genico reduto.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Bacteria can exchange plasmids with bacteria of other species, including some apparently distantly related ones in different phylogenetic domains, making analysis of their relationships difficult, and weakening the concept of a bacterial species.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I battëi peuan scangiâ di plasmidi con di battëi de atre speçie, compreico çerteduñe in apparensa lontañe inte di dominni filogenetichi despægi, rendan diffiçile l’analii de seu relaçioin e indeboliscian o conçetto de speçie batterica.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Mass extinctions had a variety of causes including volcanic activity, climate change, and changes in oceanic and atmospheric chemistry, and they in turn had major effects on Earth's ecology, atmosphere, land surface and waters.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E estinçioin de massa an avuo unna varietæ de cause, tra e quæ l’attivitæ vorcanica, i cangiamenti do clima, inta chimica oçeanica e atmosferica, e à seu vòtta an avuo di effetti importanti in sce l’ecologia, l’atmosfera, a superfiçie terrestre e e ægue da Tæra.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Some observers claim that there is an inherent conflict between the desire to understand the processes of speciation and the need to identify and to categorise.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Çerti osservatoî sostëgnan che gh’é un conflitto intrinseco tra o dexidëio de capî i proçesci de speçiaçion e a neçescitæ d’identificâ e de categorizzâ.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
One of the classic cases in North America is that of the protected northern spotted owl which hybridises with the unprotected California spotted owl and the barred owl; this has led to legal debates.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un di caxi clascichi into Nòrd America o l’é quello do dugo macciou do nòrd, protetto, ch’o s’ibrida co-o dugo macciou da Califòrnia, ch’o no l’é protetto, e o dugo barrou; sto fæto o l’à portou à di debæ a-o livello da lezze.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
A form was distinguished by being shared by all its members, the young inheriting any variations they might have from their parents.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna forma a se distingueiva pe vegnî condivisa da tutti i seu membri; i zoeni ereditavan quæsesegge variaçioin da-i seu genitoî.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
He established the idea of a taxonomic hierarchy of classification based upon observable characteristics and intended to reflect natural relationships.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’à stabilio l’idea de unna gerarchia tassonòmica de clascificaçion basâ in scê caratteristiche che se peuan osservâ e destinâ à respëgiâ e relaçioin naturale.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, in his 1809 Zoological Philosophy, described the transmutation of species, proposing that a species could change over time, in a radical departure from Aristotelian thinking.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, inta seu Zoological Philosophy do 1809, o l’à descrito a trasmutaçion de speçie, co-a propòsta che unna speçia a poesse cangiâ into tempo, abandonando radicalmente o pensceo aristòtelico.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Genus (plural genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O genere (a-o plurale genera) o l’é un graddo tassonòmico deuviou inta clascificaçion biològica di organismi viventi e fòscili, coscì comme di virus.
Translate to Ligurian:
E.g. Panthera leo (lion) and Panthera onca (jaguar) are two species within the genus Panthera.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe dâ un exempio, Panthera leo (lion) e Panthera onca (giaguaro) en doe speçie do genere Panthera.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus, a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un exempio da botanica o saieiva Hibiscus arnottianus, unna speçie particolâ do genere Hibiscus originäia de Hawaii.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Available names are those published in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and not otherwise suppressed by subsequent decisions of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN); the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the "valid" (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I nommi à dispoxiçion en quelli pubricæ in conformitæ co-o Còdixe internaçionale de nomenclatua zoològica e no soppresci da de deçixoin ciù tarde da Commisicion Internaçionale de Nomenclatua Zoològica (ICZN); o primmo nomme de sta qualitæ pe un taxon chesesegge (comme un genere) o dovieiva donca vegnî seleçionou comme «valido» (ò sæ corrente ò açettou) pe-o taxon in costion.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inta botaica existe di conçetti che s’assomeggian che ch’an de etichette depæge.
Translate to Ligurian:
However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, tanti en stæti assegnæ (pe-o ciù de forma involontäia) à doî ò ciù generi differenti.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
A name that means two different things is a homonym.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un nomme ch’o scignifica doe cöse differente o l’é un omònimo.
Translate to Genoese:
However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, un genere inte un regno o peu portâ un nomme scientifico ch’o l’é in deuvia comme nomme generico (ò o nomme de un taxon inte un atro graddo) inte un regno governou da un còdixe de nomenclatua differente.
Translate to Genoese:
For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles, which have about 1180 genera, the most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe dâ un exempio, tra i rettili (no aviäi) ch’an 1180 generi pöcassæ, a ciù parte (>300) an unna speçie solo, ~360 an tra e doe e e quattro speçie, 260 an 5-10 specie, ~200 an 11-50 speçie e solo 27 generi an ciù de 50 speçie.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Which species are assigned to a genus is somewhat arbitrary.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Quæ speçie vëgnan assegnæ à un genere o l’é un pö arbiträio.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tante vòtte no gh’é un accòrdio esatto, con tanti tassonomisti che piggian ciaschedun unna poxiçion despægia.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at the same position.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Michael Novacek (1986) o î à missi inta mæxima poxiçion.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
There are no objective rules for describing a class, but for well-known animals there is likely to be consensus.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
No gh’é de regole oggettive pe descrive unna classe, ma pe-i animæ conosciui l’é bon à ësighe do consenso.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
In botany, classes are now rarely discussed.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inta botanica a-a giornâ d’ancheu e classe vëgnan discusse de ræo.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Informally, phyla can be thought of as groupings of organisms based on general specialization of body plan.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Informalmente, i phyla peuan vegnî penæ comme di gruppi d’organismi basæ in sciâ speçializzaçion generale da cianta do còrpo.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
So phyla can be merged or split if it becomes apparent that they are related to one another or not.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Donca i phyla peuan vegnî accorpæ ò scompartii, se vëgne evidente s’en ligæ l’un à l’atro ò no.
Translate from English to Genoese:
By Budd and Jensen's definition, a phylum is defined by a set of characters shared by all its living representatives.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Segondo a definiçion de Budd e Jensen, un phylum o l’é definio da un insemme de caratteri condivixi da tutti i seu representanti viventi.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
However, as it is character based, it is easy to apply to the fossil record.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, dæto ch’a se basa in scî caratteri, a l’é façile da applicâ a-o record fòscile.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
However, proving that a fossil belongs to the crown group of a phylum is difficult, as it must display a character unique to a sub-set of the crown group.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, provâ che un fòscile o l’appartëgne a-a coroña de un phylum l’é diffiçile, dæto ch’a deve mostrâ un carattere unico à un sottoinsemme do gruppo coroña.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The table below follows the influential (though contentious) Cavalier-Smith system in equating "Plantae" with Archaeplastida, a group containing Viridiplantae and the algal Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta divisions.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A tabella chì sotta a va apreuvo à l’influente (sciben che controverso) scistema Cavalier-Smith inte l’equiparaçion de «Plantae» con Archeaplastica, un gruppo ch’o contëgne Viridiplantae e e divixoin d’æghe Rhodophyta e Glaucophyta.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
The division Pinophyta may be used for all gymnosperms (i.e. including cycads, ginkgos and gnetophytes), or for conifers alone as below.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A divixon Pinophyta a peu vegnî deuviâ pe tutte e gimnosperme (ò sæ con l’incluxon de cicadi, ginko e gnetofice), ò solo pe-e conifere, comme se dixe chì sotta.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Protista is a polyphyletic taxon, which is less acceptable to present-day biologists than in the past.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Protista o l’é un taxon polifiletico, cösa ch’a l’é ciù diffiçile da açettâ pe-i biòlogi d’ancheu che do passou.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) laid the foundations for modern biological nomenclature, now regulated by the Nomenclature Codes, in 1735.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Carlo Linneo (1707-1778) o l’à misso e base da moderna nomenclatua biològica, che oua a l’é regolâ da-i Còdixi de Nomenclatua, do 1735.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
In 1937 Édouard Chatton introduced the terms "prokaryote" and "eukaryote" to differentiate these organisms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Do 1937 Édouard Chatton o l’à introduto i termini «procariöte» e «eucariöte» pe distingue sti organismi.