ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
Translate to Ligurian:
In a letter to Charles Lyell in September 1860, Darwin regretted the use of the term "Natural Selection", preferring the term "Natural Preservation".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte unna lettia à Charles Lyell do settembre do 1860, Darwin o s’allamentava de l’utilizzaçion de l’esprescion «seleçion naturale», e o diva che gh’ea ciù cao che se disse «conservaçioin naturale».
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
However, natural selection remained controversial as a mechanism, partly because it was perceived to be too weak to explain the range of observed characteristics of living organisms, and partly because even supporters of evolution balked at its "unguided" and non-progressive nature, a response that has been characterised as the single most significant impediment to the idea's acceptance.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, a seleçion naturale a l’é arrestâ controversa comme mecanismo, in parte perché a l’ea perçepia comme tròppo debole pe spiegâ a gamma de caratteristiche stæte osservæ in scî organismi viventi, e in parte perché fiña i sostegnitoî de l’evoluçion se scontravan co-a seu natua «no guiddâ» e no progresciva, unna respòsta ch’a l’é stæta caratterizzâ comme o scingolo sappello ciù scignificativo pe l’açettaçion de l’idea.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
With the early 20th century integration of evolution with Mendel's laws of inheritance, the so-called modern synthesis, scientists generally came to accept natural selection.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Con l’integraçion, a-o comenso do secolo vinti, de l’evoluçion co-e lezze de l’ereditæ de Menden, a coscì dita scintexi moderna, i sciensiæ son arrivæ à açettâ, pe commun, a seleçion naturale.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
J. B. S. Haldane introduced the concept of the "cost" of natural selection.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
J. B. S. Haldane o l’à introduto o conçetto de «costo» da seleçion naturale.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
However, natural selection is "blind" in the sense that changes in phenotype can give a reproductive advantage regardless of whether or not the trait is heritable.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, a seleçion naturale a l’é «òrba» into senso che i cangi into fenotipo peuan dâ un avantaggio reproduttivo de forma independente da-o fæto che o tratto o se pòsse ereditâ ò no.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
If the traits that give these individuals a reproductive advantage are also heritable, that is, passed from parent to offspring, then there will be differential reproduction, that is, a slightly higher proportion of fast rabbits or efficient algae in the next generation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se i tratti che dan à sti individui un avantaggio de reproduçion se peuan ascì ereditâ, saieiva à dî che se peuan passâ da-o genitô a-i figgi, aloa ghe saià unna reproduçion differençiale, saieiva à dî unna proporçion un pittin ciù grande de coniggi lesti ò d’æghe effiçenti inta generaçion succesciva.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
This gives the appearance of purpose, but in natural selection there is no intentional choice.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto fæto o dà l’apparensa de unna finalitæ, ma inta seleçion naturale no gh’é unna deçixon intençionale.
Translate from English to Genoese:
This gave dark-coloured moths a better chance of surviving to produce dark-coloured offspring, and in just fifty years from the first dark moth being caught, nearly all of the moths in industrial Manchester were dark.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto fæto o dava a-e parpellette de cô scuo ciù tante poscibilitæ de vive pe produe di figgi de cô scuo e inte solo çinquant’anni da-a cattua da primma parpelletta scua, squæxi tutte e parpellette da Manchester industriale ean scue.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
If an organism lives half as long as others of its species, but has twice as many offspring surviving to adulthood, its genes become more common in the adult population of the next generation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se un organismo o vive pe-a meitæ do tempo di atri da seu speçie, ma o l’à o doggio di figgi che vivan fin à l’etæ adulta, i seu geni vëgnan ciù frequenti inta popolaçion adulta da generaçion succesciva.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
A distinction must be made between the concept of "survival of the fittest" and "improvement in fitness". "
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Beseugna fâ unna distinçion tra o conçetto de «sopravivensa do ciù adatto» e «megioamento da fitness».
Translate to Ligurian:
Haldane called this process "substitution" or more commonly in biology, this is called "fixation".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Haldane o ciammava sto proçesso «sostituçion», ma inta biologia se ghe dixe ciù de frequente «fissaçion».
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The probability of a beneficial mutation occurring on some member of a population depends on the total number of replications of that variant.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A probabilitæ che unna mutaçion genetica a se verifiche a se verifiche in sce quarche membro da unna popolaçion a depende da-a quantitæ totale de repliche de quella variante.
Translate from English to Genoese:
In this experiment, "improvement in fitness" depends on the number of replications of the particular variant for a new variant to appear that is capable of growing in the next higher drug concentration region.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte st’esperimento, o «megioamento da fitness» o depende da-a quantitæ de repliche da variante particolare de mòddo che pòsse comparî unna neuv variante ch’a segge boña à cresce inta pròscima region con unna conçentraçion de dröga ciù erta.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Richard Lenski's classic E. coli long-term evolution experiment is an example of adaptation in a competitive environment, ("improvement in fitness" during "survival of the fittest").
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O clascico esperimento d’evoluçion à longo raggio de l’E. coli de Richard Lenski o l’é un exempio d’adattamento inte un ambiente competitivo («megioamento da fitness» durante a «sopravivensa do ciù adatto»).
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The uncommon disruptive selection also acts during transition periods when the current mode is sub-optimal, but alters the trait in more than one direction.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A seleçion derompente no commun a l’agisce anche durante i periodi de tranxiçion, quande a modalitæ corrente a l’é subottimale, ma a cangia o tratto inte ciù de unna direçion.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Some biologists recognise just two types: viability (or survival) selection, which acts to increase an organism's probability of survival, and fecundity (or fertility or reproductive) selection, which acts to increase the rate of reproduction, given survival.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Çerti biòloghi reconoscian solo che doî tipi: a seleçion de vitalitæ (ò sopravivensa), ch’a l’agisce pe accresce a probabilitæ de sopravivensa de un organismo, e a seleçion de feconditæ (ò de reproduçion), ch’a l’agisce pe accresce o tasso de reproduçion, dæto a sopravivensa.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
In kin selection and intragenomic conflict, gene-level selection provides a more apt explanation of the underlying process.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inta seleçion parentale e into conflitto intragenòmico, a seleçion a-o livello genico a fornisce unna spiegaçion ciù adeguâ do proçesso sottastante.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Ecological selection is natural selection via any means other than sexual selection, such as kin selection, competition, and infanticide.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A seleçion ecològica a l’é a seleçion naturale pe mezo de un mezo chesesegge despægio da-a seleçion sessuale, comme a seleçion do pæntægo, a competiçion e l’infantiçidio.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
However, in some species, mate choice is primarily by males, as in some fishes of the family Syngnathidae.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, inte çerte speçie a çernia do compagno a l’é fæta pe-o ciù da-i mascci, comme pe çerti pesci da famiggia Syngnathidae.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Since the discovery of penicillin in 1928, antibiotics have been used to fight bacterial diseases.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Da-a descoverta da penicilliña do 1928, i antibiòtichi en stæti deuviæ pe combatte e moutie batteriche.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Genetic variation is the result of mutations, genetic recombinations and alterations in the karyotype (the number, shape, size and internal arrangement of the chromosomes).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A variaçion genetica a l’é a conseguensa de mutaçioin, recombinaçioin genetiche e alteraçioin into cariòtipo (a quantitæ, a forma, a dimenscion e a dispoxiçion interna di cromosömi).
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
However, many mutations in non-coding DNA have deleterious effects.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, tante mutaçioin do DNA no codificante an di effetti avversci.
Translate to Ligurian:
Changes in these often have large effects on the phenotype of the individual because they regulate the function of many other genes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I cangi inte questo tante vòtte an di gren effetti in sciô fenotipo de l’individuo, perché regolan a fonçion de tanti atri geni.
Translate to Ligurian:
When such mutations result in a higher fitness, natural selection favours these phenotypes and the novel trait spreads in the population.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Quande ste mutaçioin finiscian inte unna fitness ciù erta, a seleçion naturale a favorisce sti fenotipi e o neuvo tratto o se diffonde inta popolaçion.
Translate to Genoese:
However, it is intrinsic to the concept of a species that hybrids are selected against, opposing the evolution of reproductive isolation, a problem that was recognised by Darwin.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, l’é intrinseco a-o conçetto de speçie che i ibridi seggian seleçionæ contra, in oppoxiçion à l’evoluçion de l’isolamento reproduttivo, un problema ch’o l’ea stæto reconosciuo da Darwin.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Phenotype is determined by an organism's genetic make-up (genotype) and the environment in which the organism lives.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O fenotipo o l’é determinou da-o corredo genetico de un organismo (genotipo) e da l’ambiente donde l’organismo o vive.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
An example is the ABO blood type antigens in humans, where three alleles govern the phenotype.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un exempio son i antigeni do gruppo sanguigno ABO inti òmmi, donde i trei alleli governan o fenotipo.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
This process can continue until the allele is fixed and the entire population shares the fitter phenotype.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto proçesso o peu anâ avanti fin à che l’allele o no l’é fissou e a popolaçion intrega a condividde o fenotipo ciù adatto.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Stabilizing selection conserves functional genetic features, such as protein-coding genes or regulatory sequences, over time by selective pressure against deleterious variants.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A seleçion stabilizzante a conserva e caratteristiche genetiche fonionale, comme i geni che codifican e proteiñe ò e sequense de regolaçion into tempo, graçie a-a prescion selettiva contra e variante deletëie.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Some forms of balancing selection do not result in fixation, but maintain an allele at intermediate frequencies in a population.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Çerte forme de seleçion equilibrante no pòrtan a-a fissaçion, ma mantëgnan un allele con frequense intermedie inte unna popolaçion.
Translate to Genoese:
Maintenance of allelic variation can also occur through disruptive or diversifying selection, which favours genotypes that depart from the average in either direction (that is, the opposite of over-dominance), and can result in a bimodal distribution of trait values.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O mantegnimento da variaçion allelica o peu avvegnî anche pe mezo da seleçion derompente ò diverscificante, ch’a favorisce i genotipi che se discòstan da-a media inte tutte doe e direçioin (saieiva à dî o conträio da sovradominansa) e o peu terminâ inte unna distrubçion bimodale di valoî di tratti.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
However, after a period with no new mutations, the genetic variation at these sites is eliminated due to genetic drift.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, dòppo un periodo sensa mutaçioin, a variaçion genetica inte sti sciti a ven eliminâ apreuvo a-a deriva genetica.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The exact outcome of the two processes depends both on the rate at which new mutations occur and on the strength of the natural selection, which is a function of how unfavourable the mutation proves to be.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O resultato esatto di doî proçessi o depende tanto da-a lestixe co-a quæ se verifica de neuve mutaçioin tanto da-a fòrsa da seleçion naturale, ch’a l’é unna fonçion de quante desfavorevole se demostre a mutaçion.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The chance that such a reshuffle occurs between two alleles is inversely related to the distance between them.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A poscibilitæ che se verifiche unna mescciua tra doî alleli a l’é inversamente ligâ a-a distansa tra de liatri.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
A strong selective sweep results in a region of the genome where the positively selected haplotype (the allele and its neighbours) are in essence the only ones that exist in the population.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna fòrte spassâ selettiva a resulta inte unna region do genoma donde l’aplotipo seleçionou poxitivamente (l’allele e i seu vexin) son in sostanta i soli ch’existan inta popolaçion.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Background selection is the opposite of a selective sweep.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A seleçion do sfondo a l’é o conträio de unna spassâ selettiva.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
In the words of the philosopher Daniel Dennett, "Darwin's dangerous idea" of evolution by natural selection is a "universal acid," which cannot be kept restricted to any vessel or container, as it soon leaks out, working its way into ever-wider surroundings.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Segondo e paròlle do filòsofo Daniel Dennett, «l’idea arreisegosa de Darwin» de l’evoluçion pe seleçion naturale a l’é un «açido universale», ch’o no peu ëse tegnuo limitou à nisciun contegnitô, perché o se desperde fito e o se fa röso inte un ambiente delongo ciù largo.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
These conditions are: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ste condiçioin son: ereditabilitæ, variaçion do tipo e competiçion pe resorse limitæ.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Herbert Spencer and the eugenics advocate Francis Galton's interpretation of natural selection as necessarily progressive, leading to supposed advances in intelligence and civilisation, became a justification for colonialism, eugenics, and social Darwinism.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’interpretaçion d’Herbert Spencer e do sostegnitô de l’eugenetica Francis Galton da seleçion naturale comme pe fòrsa progresciva, ch’a pòrta à di suppòsti progresci d’intelligensa e çiviltæ, a l’é vegnua unna giustificaçion pe-o colonialismo, l’eugenetica e o darwinismo soçiale.
Translate to Ligurian:
The racial idea as the basis of our state has already accomplished much in this respect."
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’idea da razza comme fondamento do nòstro stato a l’à za fæto ben ben inte sto senso.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The most prominent example of evolutionary psychology, notably advanced in the early work of Noam Chomsky and later by Steven Pinker, is the hypothesis that the human brain has adapted to acquire the grammatical rules of natural language.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’exempio ciù importante de psicologia evolutiva, avansou ciù into detaggio inte primme euvie de Noam Chomsky e ciù tardi da Steven Pinker, a l’é l’ipòtexi che o çervello de l’òmmo se segge adattou pe aquixî e regole de grammatica do lenguaggio naturale.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’aiva osservou che i organismi (ciante de poïscio) ereditan di tratti pe mezo de «de unitæ d’ereditæ» discrete.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance), and within the context of a population.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Struttua e fonçion di geni, variaçion e distribuçion vëgnan studiæ into contesto da çellola, de l’organismo (comme a dominansa) e into contesto de unna popolaçion.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Genetic processes work in combination with an organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior, often referred to as nature versus nurture.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I proçesci genetichi travaggian in combinaçion con l’ambiente e e esperiense de un organismo pe influensâ o sviluppo e o comportamento, tante vòtte indicou comme natua contra educaçion.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
The modern science of genetics, seeking to understand this process, began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A sciensa moderna da genetica, ch’a çerca de capî sto proçesso, a l’é comensâ co-o travaggio do fratte agostian Gregor Mendel a-a meitæ do secolo dixineuve.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
His second law is the same as what Mendel published.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A seu segonda lezze a l’é a mæxima stæta pubricâ da Mendel.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
A popular theory during the 19th century, and implied by Charles Darwin's 1859 On the Origin of Species, was blending inheritance: the idea that individuals inherit a smooth blend of traits from their parents.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna teoria popolare durante o secolo dixineuve, e impliçita inte «On the Origin of Species» (1859) de Charles Darwin, a l’ea l’ereditæ mesccia: l’idea che i individui ereditan unna mescciua omogenea di tratti da-i seu genitoî.
Translate to Ligurian:
In his paper "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden" ("Experiments on Plant Hybridization"), presented in 1865 to the Naturforschender Verein (Society for Research in Nature) in Brünn, Mendel traced the inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and described them mathematically.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Into seu articolo «Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden» («Esperimenti in sce l’ibridaçion de ciante»), stæto presentou do 1865 a-o Naturforschender Verein (Soçietæ pe-a reçerca in sciâ natua) de Brunn, Mendel o l’à tracciou i modelli d’ereditæ de çerti træti inte ciante de poïscio e o î à descriti pe mezo da matematica.
Translate to Genoese:
William Bateson, a proponent of Mendel's work, coined the word genetics in 1905 (the adjective genetic, derived from the Greek word genesis—γένεσις, "origin", predates the noun and was first used in a biological sense in 1860).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
William Bateson, un sostegnitô do travaggio de Mendel, o l’à coniou a paròlla genetica do 1905 (l’aggettivo genetico, derivou da-a paròlla greca genesis, γένεσις, ‘origine’, o l’é stæto creou primma do sostantivo e o l’é stæto deuviou pe-a primma vòtta in senso biològico do 1860).
Translate from English to Genoese:
Over the next 11 years, she discovered that females only had the X chromosome and males had both X and Y chromosomes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inti unze anni che l’é vegnuo apreuvo o l’à descoverto che e femine aivan solo o cromosöma X e i maschi aivan tutti doî i cromosömi X e Y.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
James Watson and Francis Crick determined the structure of DNA in 1953, using the X-ray crystallography work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins that indicated DNA has a helical structure (i.e., shaped like a corkscrew).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
James Watson e Francis Crick an determinou a struttua do DNA do 1953, pe mezo do travaggio de cristallografia à raggi X de Rosalind Franklin e Maurice Wilkins ch’o l’indicava che o DNA o l’à unna struttua elicoidale (ò sæ à mòddo de tirabuscion).
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
The structure also suggested a simple method for replication: if the strands are separated, new partner strands can be reconstructed for each based on the sequence of the old strand.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A struttua a l’à suggerio ascì un metodo façile pe-a replicaçion: se i fî en separæ, se peu recostrue di neuvi fî partner pe ciaschedun a-a base da sequensa do vegio fî.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
In the following years, scientists tried to understand how DNA controls the process of protein production.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inti anni dòppo i scensiæ an çercou de capî comme o DNA o contròlla o proçesso de reproduçion de proteiñe.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
With the newfound molecular understanding of inheritance came an explosion of research.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Co-a retrovâ comprenscion molecolare de l’ereditarietæ l’é arrivou unn’esploxon da reçerca.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
One important development was chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un sviluppo importante o l’é stæto o sequensiamento do DNA à cadeña do 1977 da parte de Frederick Sanger.
Translate to Ligurian:
In his experiments studying the trait for flower color, Mendel observed that the flowers of each pea plant were either purple or white—but never an intermediate between the two colors.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inti seu esperimenti che studiavan o tratto pe-o cô de scioî, Mendel o l’à osservou che e scioî de tutte e ciante de poïscio ean do cô da viovetta ò donca gianche, ma mai uña intermedia tra i doî coî.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Many species, including humans, have this pattern of inheritance.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tante speçie, compreiso i òmmi, an sto modello d’ereditæ.
Translate from English to Genoese:
When organisms are heterozygous at a gene, often one allele is called dominant as its qualities dominate the phenotype of the organism, while the other allele is called recessive as its qualities recede and are not observed.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Quande i organismi en eterozigöti pe un gene, tante vòtte un allele o ven ciammou dominante perché e seu qualitæ dòminan o fenotipo de l’organismo, mentre l’atro allele o ven ciammou reçescivo perché e seu qualitæ regrediscian e no vëgnan osservæ.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Often a "+" symbol is used to mark the usual, non-mutant allele for a gene.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tante vòtte se deuvia un scimbolo «+» pe marcâ l’allele sòlito e no mutante de un gene.
Translate from English to Genoese:
One of the common diagrams used to predict the result of cross-breeding is the Punnett square.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un di diagrammi frequenti deuviæ pe prevedde o resultato de l’incroxo o l’é o quaddrou de Punnett.