ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The Han dynasty was comparable in power and influence to the Roman Empire that lay at the other end of the Silk Road.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A dinastia Han a l'ea paragonabile in capaçitæ e influensa à l'Impëio roman ch'o l'ea à l'atro cavo da Stradda da sæa.
Translate from English to Genoese:
As with other empires during the Classical Period, Han China advanced significantly in the areas of government, education, mathematics, astronomy, technology, and many others.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Comme con i atri impëi do Periodo clascico, a Ciña di Han a l'é avansâ ben ben inti settoî do governo, de l'istruçion, da matematica, de l'astronomia, da tecnologia, e tanti atri.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Successful regional empires were also established in the Americas, arising from cultures established as early as 2500 BCE.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Di impëi regionali de successo en stæti stabilii inte Americhe ascì, da de coltue stabilie fin do 2500 a.C.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The great Mayan city-states slowly rose in number and prominence, and Maya culture spread throughout the Yucatán and surrounding areas.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E gren çittæ-stato Maya cian cianin en cresciue in numero e prominensa, e a coltua Maya a s'é spantegâ pe-o Yucatán e e äie d'in gio.
Translate from English to Genoese:
There were, however, in some regions, periods of rapid technological progress.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Gh'é stæto, però, inte de regioin di periodi de progresso tecnològico spedio.
Translate to Ligurian:
China's Han dynasty fell into civil war in 220 CE, beginning the Three Kingdoms period, while its Roman counterpart became increasingly decentralized and divided about the same time in what is known as the Crisis of the Third Century.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A dinastia Han da Ciña a l'é cheita inta guæra çivile do 220 d.C., ch'a l'à inandiou o Periodo di trei regni, tanto che a seu contraparte romaña a se fava delongo ciù deçentralizzâ e divisa a-o mæximo tempo de quella ch'a l'é ciammâ a Crixi do secolo III.
Translate to Ligurian:
The development of the stirrup and the breeding of horses strong enough to carry a fully armed archer made the nomads a constant threat to the more settled civilizations.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O sviluppo da staffa e l'allevamento di cavalli fòrti assæ da portâ un arcê in armatua completa o l'à reiso i nòmadi unna menassa constante pe-e çiviltæ ciù stabile.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The remaining part of the Roman Empire, in the eastern Mediterranean, continued as what came to be called the Byzantine Empire.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O resto de l'Impëio roman, into Mediterraneo de levante, o l'é anæto avanti comme quello che ciù tardi o saieiva stæto ciammou l'Impëio besantin.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The era is commonly dated from the 5th-century fall of the Western Roman Empire, which fragmented into many separate kingdoms, some of which would later be confederated under the Holy Roman Empire.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
St'era chì pe commun a se fa comensâ da-a cheita do secolo V de l'Impëio roman de ponente, ch'o s'é scciappou inte tanti regni, quarchedun di quæ ciù tardi se saieivan confederæ into Sacro Impëio Roman.
Translate to Ligurian:
South Asia saw a series of middle kingdoms of India, followed by the establishment of Islamic empires in India.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'Asia do sud a l'à visto unna serie de regni de mezo de l'India, e apreuvo a fondaçion di impëi islamichi in India.
Translate to Genoese:
This allowed Africa to join the Southeast Asia trading system, bringing it contact with Asia; this, along with Muslim culture, resulted in the Swahili culture.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto chì o l'à permisso à l'Africa de parteçipâ a-o scistema de trafeghi de l'Asia do sud-est, ch'o l'à portâ in contatto con l'Asia; questo, insemme a-a coltua mossulmaña, a l'à portou a-a coltua Swahili.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
This was also a cultural battle, with the Byzantine Hellenistic and Christian culture competing against the Persian Iranian traditions and Zoroastrian religion.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sta chì a l'ea ascì unna battaggia de coltue, con a coltua besantiña ellenistica e crestiaña in competiçion co-e tradiçioin persiañe iraniañe e a religion zoroastriaña.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
From their centre on the Arabian Peninsula, Muslims began their expansion during the early Postclassical Era.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Da-o seu çentro inta penisoa araba, i mossulmen an comensou a seu espanscion inte l'Era postclascica.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Much of this learning and development can be linked to geography.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A ciù parte de sti imprendimenti e sviluppi a peu ëse collegâ a-a geografia.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The influence held by Muslim merchants over African-Arabian and Arabian-Asian trade routes was tremendous.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'influensa di mercanti mossulment in sce rotte de trafeghi tra Africa e Arabia e tra Arabia e Asia a l'ea stramesuâ.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Motivated by religion and dreams of conquest, European leaders launched a number of Crusades to try to roll back Muslim power and retake the Holy Land.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I leader europëi, spociæ da-a religion e da di seunni de conquista, an inandiou unna serie de croxæ pe provâ à fermâ l'influensa di mossulmen e repiggiâ a Tæra santa.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The region will later be called the Barbary Coast and will host pirates and privateers who will use several North African ports for their raids against the coastal towns of several European countries in search of slaves to be sold in North African markets as part of the Barbary slave trade.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A region dapeu a l'é stæta ciammâ a Còsta di barbareschi e a daià ospitalitæ à di pirati e corsæ che deuvian i pòrti do nòrd de l'Africa pe-i seu sacchezzi di paixi in sciâ còsta de ciù de un stato de l'Euröpa, in çerca de scciavi da vende inti mercoei de l'Africa do nòrd pe-a træta di scciavi barbaresca.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
In the 8th century, Islam began to penetrate the region and soon became the sole faith of most of the population, though Buddhism remained strong in the east.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Into secolo VIII, l'Islam o l'à ocmensou à penetrâ inta region e fito o l'é vegnuo a sola fæ da ciù parte da popolaçion, sciben che o Buddismo o l'é restou fòrte into levante.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
After Genghis Khan died in 1227, most of Central Asia continued to be dominated by a successor state, Chagatai Khanate.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Dòppo a mòrte do Genghis Khan do 1227, a ciù parte de l'Asia do çentro a l'é anæta avanti à ëse dominâ da un stato successô, o Khanato Chagatai.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The region then became divided into a series of smaller khanates that were created by the Uzbeks.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Dapeu a region a l'é stæta divisa inte unna serie de khanati ciù piccin creæ da-i uzbechi.
Translate to Ligurian:
The barbarian invaders formed their own new kingdoms in the remains of the Western Roman Empire.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I invasoî barbari an formou i seu neuvi regni inti resti de l'Impëio roman de ponente.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Christianity expanded in western Europe, and monasteries were founded.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Crestianeximo o s'é espanso inte l'Euröpa de l'òvest, e l'é stæto fondou di monestê.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Manorialism, the organization of peasants into villages that owed rents and labour service to nobles, and feudalism, a political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rents from lands and manors, were two of the ways of organizing medieval society that developed during the High Middle Ages.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E scignorie, l'organizzaçion di villen inte di paixi che aivan da pagâ unna pixon e de prestaçioin de travaggio a-a nobiltæ, e o feudaleximo, unna struttua politica donde i cavaggëi e a nobiltæ de rango ciù basso aivan da fâ o serviçio militare pe-i seu supeioî in cangio do drito in sce pixoin de tære e di castelli, ean doe de mainee de organizzâ a soçietæ de l'etæ de mezo che s'en sviluppæ inta piña Etæ de mezo.
Translate to Genoese:
Italian merchants imported slaves to work in households or in sugar processing.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I mercanti italien importavan i scciavi pe travaggiâ inte case ò inta lavoraçion do succao.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Famine, plague, and war devastated the population of western Europe.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E caistie, a peste e a guæra an devastou a popolaçion de l'Euröpa de l'òvest.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
They eventually gave way to the Zagwe dynasty who are famed for their rock cut architecture at Lalibela.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In sciâ fin an fæto pòsto a-a dinastia Zagwe, famosa pe-a seu architettua à prie taggiæ à Lalibela.
Translate to Ligurian:
They controlled the trans-Saharan trade in gold, ivory, salt and slaves.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Controllavan i trafeghi trans-saharien de öo, avöio, sâ e scciavi.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Central Africa saw the birth of several states, including the Kingdom of Kongo.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'Africa do çentro a l'à visto a nascion de tanti stati, compreiso o Regno do Kongo.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
The ninth century saw a Tripartite Struggle for control of northern India, among the Pratihara Empire, the Pala Empire, and the Rashtrakuta Empire.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O secolo IX o l'à visto a Lòtta tripartia pe-o contròllo de l'India do nòrd, tra l'Impëio Pratihara, l'Impëio Pala, e l'Impëio Rashtrakuta.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The Tang dynasty eventually splintered, however, and after half a century of turmoil the Song dynasty reunified China, when it was, according to William McNeill, the "richest, most skilled, and most populous country on earth".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A dinastia Tang in sciâ fin a s'é scciappâ, però dòppo un mezo secolo de invexendo a dinastia Song a l'à misso torna insemme a Ciña, e segondo o William McNeill a l'ea o «paise ciù ricco, ciù de talento, e ciù popolou da tæra».
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
After about a century of Mongol Yuan dynasty rule, the ethnic Chinese reasserted control with the founding of the Ming dynasty (1368).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Dòppo un secolo pöcassæ de regno da dinastia mongola Yuan, i cineixi etnichi an repiggiou o contròllo co-a fondaçion da dinastia Ming (1368).
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
The Nara period of the 8th century marked the emergence of a strong Japanese state and is often portrayed as a golden age.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O periodo Nara do secolo VIII o l'à segnou l'emergensa de un stato giapponeise fòrte, e o l'é pe commun visto comme unn'etæ d'öo.
Translate to Genoese:
The feudal period of Japanese history, dominated by powerful regional lords (daimyos) and the military rule of warlords (shoguns) such as the Ashikaga shogunate and Tokugawa shogunate, stretched from 1185 to 1868.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O periodo feudale da stöia giapponeise, dominou da di fòrti cappi regionali (daimyos) e da-o governo militare di scignoi da guæra (shogun) comme o shogunato Ashikaga e o shogunato Tokugawa, o s'é esteiso da-o 1185 a-o 1868.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Silla conquered Baekje in 660, and Goguryeo in 668, marking the beginning of the Northern and Southern States period (남북국시대), with Unified Silla in the south and Balhae, a successor state to Goguryeo, in the north.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Silla o l'à conquistou Baekje do 660 e Goguryeo do 668, ch'o l'à marcou o prinçipio do periodo di Stati do nòrd e do sud (남북국시대), con Silla unificâ into sud e Balhae, un stato successô de Goguryeo, into nòrd.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Starting in the 9th century, the Bagan Kingdom rose to prominence in modern Myanmar.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Da-o secolo IX, o Regno Bagan o l'é montou a-a prominensa into Myanmar d'ancheu.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The Ancestral Puebloans and their predecessors (9th – 13th centuries) built extensive permanent settlements, including stone structures that would remain the largest buildings in North America until the 19th century.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I Anasazi e i seu besavi (secoli IX–XIII) an construto di gren villaggi permanenti, compreiso de struttue de pria che saieivan arrestæ i ciù grandi casamenti de l'America do nòrd fin a-o secolo XIX.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
In South America, the 14th and 15th centuries saw the rise of the Inca.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte l'America do sud, i secoli XIV e XV an visto a montâ di Inca.
Translate to Ligurian:
The Scientific Revolution received impetus from Johannes Gutenberg's introduction to Europe of printing, using movable type, and from the invention of the telescope and microscope.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A Revoluçion scientifica a l'é stæta sponciâ da l'introduçion in Euröpa da stampa do Johannes Gutenberg, co-i tipi mòbili, e con l'invençion do telescòpio e do microscòpio.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The late modern period continues either to the end of World War II, in 1945, or to the present.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A tarda etæ contemporanea a va avanti ò fin a-a fin da Segonda guæra mondiale, do 1945, ò fin a-a giornâ d'ancheu.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The early Modern period was characterized by the rise of science, and by increasingly rapid technological progress, secularized civic politics, and the nation state.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A primma etæ contemporanea a l'é caratterizzâ da-a montâ da sciensa, e da-o progresso tecnològico delongo ciù spedio, da-a politica çivile secolare, e da-o stato-naçion.
Translate to Genoese:
During the early modern period, Europe was able to regain its dominance; historians still debate the causes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inta primma etæ contemporanea, l'Euröpa a l'à posciuo guägnâ torna a seu dominaçion; i studioxi da stöia debattan in scê caxoin.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
It had developed an advanced monetary economy by 1000 CE.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l'aiva sviluppou unn'economia de monæa avansâ do 1000 d.C.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
It enjoyed a technological advantage and had a monopoly in cast iron production, piston bellows, suspension bridge construction, printing, and the compass.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l'aveiva un avvantaggio tecnològico e un monopòlio da produçion de ghisa, sciuscetti à piston, construçion de ponti à sospenscion, stampa, e a buscioa.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
One theory of Europe's rise holds that Europe's geography played an important role in its success.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna teoria da montâ de l'Euröpa a sostëgne che a geografia de l'Euröpa a l'à zugou un ròllo importante into seu successo.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
This gave Europe some degree of protection from the peril of Central Asian invaders.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Questo o l'à dæto à l'Euröpa un çerto graddo de proteçion da-o reisego di invasoî de l'Asia do çentro.
Translate to Ligurian:
The Golden Age of Islam was ended by the Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'etæ d'öo de l'Islam a l'é stæta terminâ da-o sacchezzo di Mongoli de Baghdad do 1258.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Geography contributed to important geopolitical differences.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A geografia a l'à contribuio a de differense geopolitiche importante.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
By contrast, Europe was almost always divided into a number of warring states.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe contra, l'Euröpa a l'ea squæxi delongo divisa inte un gran numero de stati in guæra.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Nearly all the agricultural civilizations have been heavily constrained by their environments.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Squæxi tutte e çiviltæ agricole en stæte ben ben limitæ da-i seu ambienti.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Technological advance and the wealth generated by trade gradually brought about a widening of possibilities.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O progresso tecnològico e a ricchessa generâ da-i trafeghi an portou pittin à pittin un aumento de poscibilitæ.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Europe's maritime expansion unsurprisingly—given the continent's geography—was largely the work of its Atlantic states: Portugal, Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'espanscion de l'Euröpa pe mâ – se capisce, dæto a geografia do continente – a l'é stæta pe-a ciù parte un travaggio di seu stati atlantichi: o Portugâ, a Spagna, l'Inghiltæra, a Fransa e l'Olanda.
Translate to Genoese:
In North Africa, the Saadi Sultanate remained as an independent Berber state until 1659.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte l'Africa do nòrd, o sultanato Saadi o l'é arrestou un stato berbero independente fin a-o 1659.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The Swahili coast declined after coming under the Portuguese Empire and later the Omani Empire.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A còsta Swahili a l'é anæta in declin dòppo ëse stæta sotta à l'Impëio portogheise e dapeu l'Impëio Omani.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The South African Kingdom of Zimbabwe gave way to smaller kingdoms such as Mutapa, Butua, and Rozvi.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O regno de l'Africa do sud do Zimbabwe o l'à dæto vitta à di regni ciù piccin, comme Mutapa, Butua, e Rozvi.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Other civilizations in Africa advanced during this period.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De atre çiviltæ in Africa an fæto di progresci inte sto periodo.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Japan experienced its Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1603), followed by the Edo period (1603–1868).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Giappo o l'à passou o seu periodo Azuchi–Momoyama (1568–1603), e apreuvo o periodo Edo (1603–1868).
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The Johor Sultanate, centred on the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, became the dominant trading power in the region.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O sultanato Johor, çentrou inta ponta à sud da penisoa Malay, o l'é vegnuo a potensa de trafego ciù importante da region.
Translate to Ligurian:
Russia made incursions onto the northwest coast of North America, with a first colony in present-day Alaska in 1784, and the outpost of Fort Ross in present-day California in 1812.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A Ruscia a l'à fæto de incurscioin inta còsta nord-òvest de l'America do nòrd, con unna primma colònia inte l'Alaska d'ancheu do 1784, e a postaçion Fort Ross inta Califòrnia d'ancheu do 1812.
Translate to Genoese:
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and used new modes of production—the factory, mass production, and mechanization—to manufacture a wide array of goods faster and using less labour than previously required.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A Revoluçion industriale a l'à comensou inta Gran Bretagna e a l'à deuviou di neuvi metodi de produçion – a fabrica, a produçion de massa, a mecanisaçion – pe fabricâ de gren quantitæ de mercançie ciù a-a spedia e con meno brasse de primma.
Translate to Ligurian:
After Europeans had achieved influence and control over the Americas, imperial activities turned to the lands of Asia and Oceania.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Dòppo che i europëi aivan ottegnuo l'influensa e o contròllo in scê Americhe, e attivitæ de l'impëio se son conçentræ inte tære de l'Asia e l'Oçeania.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The British also colonized Australia, New Zealand and South Africa with large numbers of British colonists emigrating to these colonies.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I britannichi an colonizzou ascì l'Australia, a Neuva Zelanda e l'Africa do sud con di gren numeri de colònni britannichi che emigravan inte ste colònie.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Within Europe, economic and military challenges created a system of nation states, and ethno-linguistic groupings began to identify themselves as distinctive nations with aspirations for cultural and political autonomy.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte l'Euröpa, i problemi econòmichi e militari an creou un scistema de stati-naçion, e di gruppi etno-linguistichi an comensou à indentificâse comme de naçioin differente con de aspiraçioin de autonomia colturale e politica.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Meanwhile, industrial pollution and environmental damage, present since the discovery of fire and the beginning of civilization, accelerated drastically.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Into mentre, l'inquinamento de fabriche e i danni à l'ambiente, presenti fin da-a descoverta do feugo e da-o prinçipio da çiviltæ, an accelerou de mainea stramesuâ.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Much of the rest of the world was influenced by heavily Europeanized nations: the United States and Japan.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A ciù parte do resto do mondo a l'é stæta influensâ ben ben da e naçioin europeanizzæ: i Stati Unii e o Giappon.
Translate from English to Genoese:
World War I led to the collapse of four empires – Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian Empire – and weakened the United Kingdom and France.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A primma guæra mondiale a l'à portou a-a cheita de quattro impëi – l'Impëio austro-ongarico, l'Impëio germanico, l'Impëio ottoman, e l'Impëio ruscio – e l'à reiso debole o Regno Unio e a Fransa.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Ongoing national rivalries, exacerbated by the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, helped precipitate World War II.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De rivalitæ continue tra e naçioin, aggravæ da l'invexendo econòmico da Gran deprescion, an aggiuttou à inandiâ a Segonda guæra mondiale.
Translate to Genoese:
The Cold War ended peacefully in 1991 after the Pan-European Picnic, the subsequent fall of the Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall, and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the Warsaw Pact.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A Guæra freida a l'é terminâ de mainea pacifica do 1991 dòppo o Picnic pan-europeo, a cheita da Cortiña de færo e da Miagia de Berlin, e a cheita do Blòcco de levante e do Patto de Varsavia.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
In the early postwar decades, the colonies in Asia and Africa of the Belgian, British, Dutch, French, and other west European empires won their formal independence.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte primme dëxeñe d'anni dòppo a guæra, e colònie in Asia e Africa di impëi belga, britannichi, olandeixi, franseixi e de atre naçioin de l'Euröpa de l'òvest an guägnou a seu independensa formale.