ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
Translate from English to Ligurian:
According to Diogenes Laertius, Empedocles wrote two books in the form of poems: Peri Physeos (On nature) and the Katharmoi (Purifications).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Segondo Diògene Laerçio, Empedocle o l’aviæ scrrito doî libbri sotta forma de poemi: Peri Physeos (In sciâ natua) e i Katharmoi (Purificaçioin).
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
He also continues Anaxagoras' thought on the four "roots" (i.e., classical elements), that by intermixing, they create all things around us.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O pòrta avanti o pensceo d’Anassagora in scê quattro «reixe» (ò sæ i elementi clascichi) che, mescciandose, crean tutte e cöse che ne stan d’in gio.
Translate from English to Genoese:
These two forces are opposite and by acting upon the material of the four roots unite in harmony or tear apart the four roots, with the resulting mixture being all things that exist.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Queste doe fòrse en oppòste e, pe mezo de l’açion in sciô materiale de quattro reixe, azzonzan in armonia ò fan à tòcchi e quattro reixe, e a mescciua che ne ven feua a l’é che tutte e cöse existan.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
They are most famous for their atomic cosmology even though their thought included many other fields of philosophy, such as ethics, mathematics, aesthetics, politics, and even embryology.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
En conosciui ciù che tutto pe-a seu cosmologia atòmica, ben che o seu pensceo o comprendeiva tanti atri campi da filosofia, comme l’etica, a matematica, l’estetica, a politica e fiña l’embriologia.
Translate to Ligurian:
Democritus and Leucippus were skeptics regarding the reliability of our senses, but they were confident that motion exists.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Demòcrito e Leuçippo ean scettichi in sce l’affidabilitæ di nòstri sensci, ma ean segui che o movimento o l’existesse.
Translate to Ligurian:
Atoms move within the void, interact with each other, and form the plurality of the world we live in, in a purely mechanical manner.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I atomi se mescian into veuo, interagiscian fra de liatri e forman a pluralitæ do mondo donde vivemmo, inte unna mainea puamente mecanica.
Translate to Genoese:
Democritus concluded that since everything is atoms and void, several of our senses are not real but conventional.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Demòcrito o l’ea arrivou a-a concluxo che scicomme tutto o l’é atomi e veuo, tanti di nòstri sensci no en reali ma convençionali.
Translate to Genoese:
They attacked traditional thinking, from gods to morality, paving the way for further advances of philosophy and other disciplines such as drama, social sciences, mathematics, and history.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
An attaccou o pensceo tradiçionale, da-e divinitæ a-a morale, con l’arvî o cammin à di atri progresci da filosofia e de atre discipliñe comme o tiatro, e sciense soçiale, a matematica e a stöia.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
The sophists taught rhetoric and how to address issues from multiple viewpoints.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I sofisti mostravan a retòrica e comme affrontâ e costioin da ciù ponti de vista.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Gorgias wrote a book named On Nature, in which he attacked the Eleatics' concepts of What-is and What-is-not.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Gorgia o l’à scrito un libbro titolou «In sciâ natua», donde o l’attaccata i conçetti aleatichi de «quello ch’o l’é» e de «quello ch’o no l’é».
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Antiphon placed natural law against the law of the city.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Antifone o l’à misso a lezze da natua contra a lezze de çittæ.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
He attempted to explain both the variety and unity of the cosmos.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’à çercou de spiegâ tanto a varietæ comme l’unitæ do còsmo.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Diogenes of Apollonia returned to Milesian monism, but with a rather more elegant thought.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Diogene d’Apollònia o l’é tornou a-o monismo milesian, ma con un pensceo ciù elegante.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
While Pythagoras and Empedocles linked their self-proclaimed wisdom to their divinely inspired status, they tried to teach or urge mortals to seek the truth about the natural realm—Pythagoras by means of mathematics and geometry and Empedocles by exposure to experiences.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tanto che Pitagora e Empedocle colligavan a seu saviessa autoproclammâ a-o seu status d’ispiraçion diviña, çercavan de mostrâ ò esortâ i mortæ à çercâ a veitæ in sciô regno natruale: Pitagora pe mezo da matematica e da geometria, e Empedocle pe mezo de l’espoxiçion a-e esperiense.
Translate to Genoese:
They attacked the traditional representations of gods that Homer and Hesiod had established and put Greek popular religion under scrutiny, initiating the schism between natural philosophy and theology.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Aivan attaccou e representaçioin tradiçionæ de divinæ che Omero e e Esiodo aivan stabilio e aivan misso sotta examme a religion popolare grega, marcando o comenso do scisma tra a filosofia naturale e a teologia.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The theological thought starts with the Milesian philosophers.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O pensceo teològico o comensa co-i filòsofi mileixi.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Xenophanes set three preconditions for God: he had to be all good, immortal and not resembling humans in appearance, which had a major impact on western religious thought.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Senòfane o l’à pòsto trei pesuppòsti pe-o Segnô: o l’aiva da ëse bon tutto, immortale e no someggiâse à l’òmmo inte l’aspeto, cösa ch’a l’à avuo un gran impatto in sciô pensceo religioso de l’oçidente.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
It was Hippocrates (often hailed as the father of medicine) who separated – but not completely – the two domains.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’é stæto Ippocrate (tante vòtte saluou comme o poæ da mëxiña) ch’o l’à separou (ma no do tutto) i doî ambiti.
Translate to Genoese:
The pre-Socratics sought to understand the various aspects of nature by means of rationalism, observations, and offering explanations that could be deemed as scientific, giving birth to what became Western rationalism.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I presocratichi çercavan de capî i varri aspeti da natua pe mezo do raçionalismo e de osservaçioin, co-o dâ de spiegaçioin che poessan vegnî conscideræ comme scientifiche, dando vitta à quello ch’o l’é vegnuo o raçionalismo oçidentale.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Anaximander offered the principle of sufficient reason, a revolutionary argument that would also yield the principle that nothing comes out of nothing.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Anascimandro o l’à propòsto o prinçipio da raxon suffiçiente, un argomento revoluçionäio ch’o l’avieiva produto anche o prinçipio pe-o quæ ninte o vëgne da-o ninte.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Xenophanes also advanced a critique of anthropomorphic religion by highlighting in a rational way the inconsistency of depictions of the gods in Greek popular religion.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Senòfane o l’à avansou ascì unna critica a-a religion antropomòrfa, evidensiando de forma raçionale l’inconscistensa de representaçioin de divinitæ inta religion popolare grega.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Other pre-Socratics also sought to answer the question of arche, offering various answers, but the first step towards scientific thought was already taken.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Anche di atri presocratichi aivan çercou de responde a-a costion de l’arché co-o dâ respòste despæge, ma o primmo veo passo verso o pensceo scientifico o l’ea za stæto fæto.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The philosophic thought produced by the pre-Socratics heavily influenced later philosophers, historians and playwrights.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O penceo filosòfico produto da-i presocratichi o l’aiva influensou pesantemente i filòsofi, i stòrichi e i drammaturghi ciù tardi.
Translate to Genoese:
Cicero analyzed his views on the pre-Socratics in his Tusculanae Disputationes, as he distinguished the theoretical nature of pre-Socratic thought from previous "sages" who were interested in more practical issues.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Çiçeron o l’analizza e seu opinioin in scî presocratichi inte Tusculanae Disputationes, de za ch’o distingue a natua teòrica do pensceo presocratico da-i «saggi» preçedenti che s’interessavan à de costioin ciù prattiche.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Aristotle discussed the pre-Socratics in the first book of Metaphysics, as an introduction to his own philosophy and the quest for arche.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Artistòtele o mette in discuscion i presocratichi into primmo libbro da Metafixica, comme introduçion a-a seu filosofia e a-a reçerca de l’arché.
Translate to Genoese:
Francis Bacon, a 16th-century philosopher known for advancing the scientific method, was probably the first philosopher of the modern era to use pre-Socratic axioms extensively in his texts.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Francis Bacon, filòsofo do secolo sezze conosciuo pe avei fæto progredî o metodo scientifico, o l’é stæto con tutta probabilitæ o primmo filòsofo de l’etæ moderna ch’o l’agge largamente deuviou i assiömi presocratichi inti seu testi.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Friedrich Nietzsche admired the pre-Socratics deeply, calling them "tyrants of the spirit" to mark their antithesis and his preference against Socrates and his successors.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Friedrich Nietzsche o l’aiva unna profonda ammiraçion pe-i presocratichi e o î ciammava «tiranni do spito», pe marcâ a seu antitei e a seu preferensa pe Sòcrate e i seu successoî.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
According to his narrative, limned in many of his books, the pre-Socratic era was the glorious era of Greece, while the so-called Golden Age that followed was an age of decay, according to Nietzsche.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Segondo a seu narraçion, deliniâ inte tanti di seu libbri, l’epoca presocratica a l’é stæta l’epoca gloriosa da Greçia, mentre inta coscì dita Etæ de l’Öo ch’a l’é vegnua apreuvo a l’é stæta unn’epoca de decadensa, segondo Nietzsche.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Even though this period – known in its earlier part as the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period – in its latter part was fraught with chaos and bloody battles, it is also known as the Golden Age of Chinese philosophy because a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and discussed freely.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ascì ben che sto periodo – conosciuo inta seu primma parte comme o periodo da Primmaveia e de l’Ötunno e o periodo di Stati Combattenti – inta seu urtima parte o l’agge conosciuo do gran caos e de battagge sanguinose, o l’é consciuo ascì comme Etæ de l’Öo da filosofia cineise perché gh’é stæto sviluppou e discusso in libertæ unna larga quantitæ de penscëi e de idee.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Taoism (also called Daoism), a philosophy which emphasizes the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation, and humility, while Taoist thought generally focuses on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos; health and longevity; and wu wei (action through inaction).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Taoismo (dito ascì Daoismo), filosofia ch’a l’enfatizza e Træ Prie Preçiose do Tao: compascion, moderaçion e umiltæ, mentre o pensceo taoista o se conçentra pe-o ciù in sciâ natua, in sciâ relaçion tra l’umanitæ e o còsmo; in sciâ sanitæ e in sciâ longevitæ; e in sciô wu wei (l’açion pe mezo de l’inaçion).
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Agrarianism, or the School of Agrarianism, which advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Agrarianismo, ò scheua de l’agrarianismo, ch’o propugnava o communitarismo e l’egualitarismo utòpico contadin.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Scholars from this school were good orators, debaters and tacticians.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I studioxi de sta scheua ean di boin oratoî, debattitoî e esperti de tattica.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The School of "Minor-talks", which was not a unique school of thought, but a philosophy constructed of all the thoughts which were discussed by and originated from normal people on the street.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A scheua de «discuscioin ciù picciñe», ch’a no l’ea unna scheua de pensceo unica, ma unna filosofia costituita da tutti i penscëi che vegnivan discussi e originæ da-e gente corrente da strâ.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
In particular, they refuted the assumption of Confucius as a godlike figure and considered him as the greatest sage, but simply a human and mortal.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Into detaggio, an refuou l’assunçion de Confuçio comme figua diviña e ô tëgnan pe-o savio ciù grande, ma ascì pe un òmmo mortale comme tutti i atri.
Translate to Ligurian:
Buddhism arrived in China around the 1st century AD, but it was not until the Northern and Southern, Sui and Tang Dynasties that it gained considerable influence and acknowledgement.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O buddismo o l’é arrivou in Ciña verso o secolo I d.C., ma no l’é stæto fin a-e dinastie do Nòrd e do Sud, Sui e Tang, ch’a l’à ottegnuo unna gran influensa e reconoscimento.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
This leads to the inquiry into the one being that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Questo o pòrta à l’indagine in sce l’unico ëse ch’o sottende a diverscitæ di fenòmeni empirichi e l’origine de tutte e cöse.
Translate to Genoese:
Seven Rishis — Atri, Bharadwaja, Gautama, Jamadagni, Kasyapa, Vasishtha, Viswamitra.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Seven Rishis — Atri, Bharadwaja, Gautama, Jamadagni, Kasyapa, Vasishtha, Viswamitra.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC, marking the end of the Greek Dark Ages.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A filosofia grega antiga a l’é nasciua do secolo sëi a.C. e a l’à marcou di «secoli scui» da Greçia.
Translate from English to Genoese:
It dealt with a wide variety of subjects, including astronomy, epistemology, mathematics, political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric and aesthetics.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O trattava unna gran quantitæ d’argomenti, tra i quæ l’astronomia, l’epistemologia, a matematica, a filosofia politica, l’etica, a metafiica, l’ontologia, a lògica, a biologia, a retòrica e l’estetica.
Translate to Genoese:
Clear, unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers to Roman philosophy, Early Islamic philosophy, Medieval Scholasticism, the European Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De linie ciæe e ininterrotte d’influensa pòrtan da-i antighi filòsofi grechi e ellenistichi a-a filosofia romaña, a-a filosofia islamica antiga, a-a scolastica de l’Etæ de Mezo, a-a Renascion europea e à l’Etæ di Lummi.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
But they taught themselves to reason.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ma an mostrou à liatri mæximi à raxonâ.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Thales inspired the Milesian school of philosophy and was followed by Anaximander, who argued that the substratum or arche could not be water or any of the classical elements but was instead something "unlimited" or "indefinite" (in Greek, the apeiron).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Talete o l’à ispirou a scheua de pensceo milexaña e o l’é stæto continuou da Anassimastro, ch’o sostegniva che o substrato, ò arché, o no poeiva ëse de l’ægua ò un di atri elementi clascichi, ma incangio quarcösa de «illimitou» ò «indefinio» (dito, in grego, apeiron).
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Contrary to the Milesian school, which posits one stable element as the arche, Heraclitus taught that panta rhei ("everything flows"), the closest element to this eternal flux being fire.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A-o conträio da scheua milexaña, ch’a poñe comme arché un elemento stabile, Eraclito o mostrava che panta rhei («tutto o strixella») e che l’elemento ciù vixin à sto flusso eterno a l’ea o feugo.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Being, he argued, by definition implies eternality, while only that which is can be thought; a thing which is, moreover, cannot be more or less, and so the rarefaction and condensation of the Milesians is impossible regarding Being; lastly, as movement requires that something exist apart from the thing moving (viz.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’Ëse, o sostegniva, o l’implica pe definiçion l’eternitæ, mentre solo ch’o l’é o peu vegnî pensou; pe de ciù, unna cösa ch’a l’é ano peu ëse ciù ò meno, e donca a rarefaçion e a condensaçion di milesien a l’é l’imposcibile pe quello ch’o l’à da fâ con l’Ëse; pe finî, dæto che o movimento o domanda ch’existe quarcösa in azzonta à cösa ch’a se mescia (viz.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
In support of this, Parmenides' pupil Zeno of Elea attempted to prove that the concept of motion was absurd and as such motion did not exist.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Comme preuva, l’allievo de Parmenide, Zenon d’Elea, o l’aiva çercou demostrâ che o conçetto de movimento o l’ea asciurdo e che, pe sta raxon, o movimento o no l’existeiva.
Translate to Ligurian:
Leucippus also proposed an ontological pluralism with a cosmogony based on two main elements: the vacuum and atoms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Leucippo o l’à propòsto ascì un pluralismo ontològico con unna cosmogonia basâ in sce doî elementi prinçipæ: o veuo e i atomi.
Translate from English to Genoese:
While philosophy was an established pursuit prior to Socrates, Cicero credits him as "the first who brought philosophy down from the heavens, placed it in cities, introduced it into families, and obliged it to examine into life and morals, and good and evil."
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tanto che a filosofia a l’ea un’attivitæ consolidâ primma de Sòcrate, Çiçeron ô tëgne «pe-o primmo ch’o l’à fæto chinâ a filosofia da-o çê, o l’à missa inte çittæ, o l’à introduta inte famigge e o l’à obrigâ à examminâ a vitta e a morale, o ben e o mâ».
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
The fact that many conversations involving Socrates (as recounted by Plato and Xenophon) end without having reached a firm conclusion, or aporetically, has stimulated debate over the meaning of the Socratic method.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O fæto che tante conservaçioin ligæ à Sòcrate (comme ne conta Platon e Senofonte) finiscian sensa avei razzonto unna concluxon definitiva, ò de forma aporetica, o l’à stimolou a discuscion in sciô scignificato do metodo socratico.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Socrates taught that no one desires what is bad, and so if anyone does something that truly is bad, it must be unwillingly or out of ignorance; consequently, all virtue is knowledge.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sòcrate o l’à mostrou che nisciun o dexidea quello ch’o l’é grammo, e che donca se quarchedun o fa quarcösa ch’o l’é grammo in davei, o deve aveilo fæto mainvio ò pe ignoransa: de conseguensa, tutta a virtù a l’é conoscensa.
Translate to Genoese:
The great statesman Pericles was closely associated with this new learning and a friend of Anaxagoras, however, and his political opponents struck at him by taking advantage of a conservative reaction against the philosophers; it became a crime to investigate the things above the heavens or below the earth, subjects considered impious.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O grande statista Pericle o l’é assoçiou streitamente à sta neuva qualitæ d’apprendimento e o l’ea amigo d’Anassagora; sciben, i seu avversäi politchi l’aivan corpio profitando de unna reaçion conservatoa contra i filòsofi; o l’ea vegnuo un crimine d’indagâ e cöse in çimma do çê ò a-o de sotta da tæra, di argomenti ch’ean conscideræ empi.
Translate to Ligurian:
Socrates, however, is the only subject recorded as charged under this law, convicted, and sentenced to death in 399 BCE (see Trial of Socrates).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sòcrate, à tutti i mòddi, o l’é l’unico soggetto registrou comme accusou in sciâ base de sta lezze, giudicou corpevole e condannou a-a mòrte do 399 a.C. (s’ammie Proçesso à Sòcrate).
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Plato casts Socrates as the main interlocutor in his dialogues, deriving from them the basis of Platonism (and by extension, Neoplatonism).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Platon poñe o Sòcrate comme interlocutô primmäio di seu dialoghi, e da questi o fa derivâ a base do platonismo (e pe estenscion do neoplatonismo).
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Zeno of Citium in turn adapted the ethics of Cynicism to articulate Stoicism.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Zenon de Çitio o l’à adattou à seu vòtta l’etica do Cinismo pe articolâ o stoiçismo.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Along with Xenophon, Plato is the primary source of information about Socrates' life and beliefs and it is not always easy to distinguish between the two.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Insemme à Senofonte, Platon o l’é a vivagna primmäia d’informaçioin in sciâ vitta e e convinçioin de Socrate e no l’é delongo façile distingue tra e doe cöse.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Although rule by a wise man would be preferable to rule by law, the wise cannot help but be judged by the unwise, and so in practice, rule by law is deemed necessary.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sciben che o governo da parte de un savio o saieiva preferibile a-o governo pe chi leze, o savio o no peu fâ à meno d’ëse giudicou da-o sprovveduo e donca, inta prattica, o governo pe lezze o l’é tegnuo pe neçessäio.
Translate to Genoese:
Plato's dialogues also have metaphysical themes, the most famous of which is his theory of forms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I dialoghi de Platon an ascì de tematiche metafixiche; a ciù famosa a l’é a teoria de forme.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
It likens most humans to people tied up in a cave, who look only at shadows on the walls and have no other conception of reality.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O paragoña a ciù parte di òmmi à de gente ligæ inte unna caverna, ch’ammian solo e ombre in scê miage e no an nisciunn’atra conçeçion da realtæ.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
If these travelers then re-entered the cave, the people inside (who are still only familiar with the shadows) would not be equipped to believe reports of this 'outside world'.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se dapeu sti viægiatoî intressan inta caverna, e persoñe che gh’é drento (ch’en familiarizzæ solo che co-e ombre) no saieivan preparæ pe credde a-i resoconti de sto «mondo esterno».
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972).
Translate to Genoese:
He criticizes the regimes described in Plato's Republic and Laws, and refers to the theory of forms as "empty words and poetic metaphors."
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O critica i regimmi descriti inta Repubrica e inte Lezze de Platon e o se referisce a-a teoria de forme comme à de «paròlle veue e de metafore poetiche».