ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The close relation of economic theory and practice with politics is a focus of contention that may shade or distort the most unpretentious original tenets of economics, and is often confused with specific social agendas and value systems.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O rappòrto streito da teoria e da prattica econòmica co-a politica o l'é un ponto çentrale de discuscion ch'o peu ascuî ò cegâ i prinçippi originali ciù façili de l'economia e de spesso o l'é confuso con di programmi soçiali e di scistemi de valoî particolæ.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Some academic economic journals have increased their efforts to gauge the consensus of economists regarding certain policy issues in hopes of effecting a more informed political environment.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Çerte reviste econòmiche academiche an inspessio i sfòrsci pe mesuâ o consenso di economisti in sce çerte costioin politiche inta speransa de creâ un ambiente politico ciù informou.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Issues like central bank independence, central bank policies and rhetoric in central bank governors discourse or the premises of macroeconomic policies (monetary and fiscal policy) of the state, are focus of contention and criticism.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De costioin comme l'independensa de banche çentrale, e politiche de banche çentrale, a retòrica into descorso di governatoî de banche çentrale ò e premisse de politiche macroeconòmiche (politica monetäia e fiscale) do stato son oggetto de discuscioin e critiche.
Translate to Ligurian:
The field of information economics includes both mathematical-economical research and also behavioural economics, akin to studies in behavioural psychology, and confounding factors to the neoclassical assumptions are the subject of substantial study in many areas of economics.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O campo de l'economia de l'informaçion o comprende segge a reçerca matematico-econòmica che l'economia comportamentale, pròscima a-i studdi de pscicologia comportamentale, e i fattoî de confuxon pe-e ipòtexi neoclasciche son oggetto de studdi sostançiali in tanti settoî de l'economia.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Joskow had a strong feeling that the important work in oligopoly was done through informal observations while formal models were "trotted out ex post".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Joskow o l'aiva a convinçion fòrte che o lou importante inte l'oligopòlio o fïse fæto pe mezo d'osservaçioin informale, incangio i modelli formali vegnivan «refæti ex post».
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
His works such as History of Animals were especially important because they revealed his naturalist leanings, and later more empirical works that focused on biological causation and the diversity of life.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E seu euvie, comme Stöia de bestie, an avuo unn’importansa particolare perché rivelavan e seu inclinaçioin naturaliste e ciù tardi de euvie ciù empiriche che se conçentravan in sciâ casualitæ biològica e a diverscitæ da vitta.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Medicine was especially well studied by Islamic scholars working in Greek philosopher traditions, while natural history drew heavily on Aristotelian thought, especially in upholding a fixed hierarchy of life.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A mëxiña a l’ea particolarmente studiâ da-i studioxi islamichi che travaggian inta tradiçion di filòsofi greghi, mentre a stöia naturale a piggiava ben ben da-o pensceo aristotelico, mascime into sostegnî unna gerarchia fissa inta vitta.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Investigations by Jan Swammerdam led to new interest in entomology and helped to develop the basic techniques of microscopic dissection and staining.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E reçerche de Jan Swammerdam an portou à un neuvo interesse pe l’entomologia e an aggiuttou à sviluppâ e tecniche de base da disseçion microscòpica e da coloraçion.
Translate to Genoese:
Then, in 1838, Schleiden and Schwann began promoting the now universal ideas that (1) the basic unit of organisms is the cell and (2) that individual cells have all the characteristics of life, although they opposed the idea that (3) all cells come from the division of other cells.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Dapeu, do 1838, Schleiden e Schwann an comensou à promeuve e idee, za universale, che (1) l’unitæ de base di oganismi a l’é a çellola e (2) che e çellole individuale an tutte e caratteristiche da vitta, sciben che s’opponeivan à l’idea che (3) tutte e çellole derivan da-a divixon d’atre çellole.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Carl Linnaeus published a basic taxonomy for the natural world in 1735 (variations of which have been in use ever since), and in the 1750s introduced scientific names for all his species.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Carlo Linneo do 1735 o l’à pubricou unna tassonomia de base pe-o mondo naturale (variante da quæ se deuvian fin da aloa) e di anni ’50 do secolo XVIII o l’à introduto di neuvi scientifichi pe tutte e seu speçie.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Lamarck believed that these acquired traits could then be passed on to the animal's offspring, who would further develop and perfect them.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Lamarck o creddeiva che dapeu sti tratti aquixii poeivan vegnî trasmissi a-i piccin da bestia, che î avieivan sviluppæ e perfeçionæ ancon de ciù.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The basis for modern genetics began with the work of Gregor Mendel, who presented his paper, "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden" ("Experiments on Plant Hybridization"), in 1865, which outlined the principles of biological inheritance, serving as the basis for modern genetics.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A base da genetica moderna a l’é comensâ co-o travaggio de Gregor Mendel, ch’o l’à presentou o seu articolo, «Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden» («Esperimenti in sce l’ibridaçion de ciante»), do 1865, ch’o delinieava i prinçippi de l’ereditæ biològica, ch’a l’é servia da base pe-a genetica moderna.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Finally, the Human Genome Project was launched in 1990 with the goal of mapping the general human genome.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe finî, o Progetto Genöma Uman o l’é stæto promòsso do 1990 co-a finalitæ de mappâ o genöma geneale de l’òmmo.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Life on Earth began from water and remained there for about three billions years prior to migrating onto land.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A vitta in sciâ Tæra a l’é nasciua da l’ægua e a gh’é arrestâ pe trei miliardi d’anni pöcassæ avanti de migrâ in sciâ tæraferma.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The nucleus is made of one or more protons and a number of neutrons.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O nucleo o l’é compòsto da un ò ciù protoin e un çerto numero de neutroin.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The atom of each specific element contains a unique number of protons, which is known as its atomic number, and the sum of its protons and neutrons is an atom's mass number.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’atomo de tutti i elementi speçifichi o contëgne unna quantitæ unica de protoin, conosciua comme numero atòmico, e a somma di seu protoin e neutroin a l’é o numero de massa de l’atomo.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Carbon, for example, can exist as a stable isotope (carbon-12 or carbon-13) or as a radioactive isotope (carbon-14), the latter of which can be used in radiometric dating (specifically radiocarbon dating) to determine the age of organic materials.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe fâ un exempio, o carbònio o peu existî comme isòtopo stabile (carbònio-12 ò carbònio-13) ò comme isòtopo radiattivo (carbònio-14); quest’urtimo o peu vegnî deuviou inta dataçion radiometrica (into detaggio dataçion a-o radiomacarbònio) pe determinâ l’etæ di materiali organichi.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Ionic bonding involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O ligamme iònico o l’implica l’attraçion elettrostatica tra ioin carregæ oppòsti ò tra doî atomi con elettronegativitæ nettamente despæge e l’é l’interaçion primmäia ch’a se verifica inti compòsti iònichi.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Unlike ionic bonds, a covalent bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À differensa di ligammi iònichi, un ligammo covalente o compòrta a condivixon de cobbie d’elettroin tra i atomi.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
A ubiquitous example of a hydrogen bond is found between water molecules.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un exempio onnipresente de ligammo idrògeno o s’attreuva tra e molecole d’ægua.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Because the O–H bonds are polar, the oxygen atom has a slight negative charge and the two hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Dæto che i ligammi O-H en polari, l’atomo d’oscigeno o l’à unna legia carrega negativa e i doî atomi d’idrògeno an unna legia carrega poxitiva.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Water is also adhesive as it is able to adhere to the surface of any polar or charged non-water molecules.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’ægua a l’é ascì adexiva, da-o momento ch’a peu aderî a-a superfiçie de tutte e molecole polare ò carreghe che no seggian d’ægua.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Thus, a large amount of energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules to convert liquid water into gas (or water vapor).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Donca a l’é neçessäia unna gran quantitæ d’energia pe rompî i ligammi idrògeno tra e molecole d’ægua e convertî l’ægua liquida inte un gas (ò vapô aquoso).
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
With the exception of water, nearly all the molecules that make up each organism contain carbon.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Con l’ecceçion de l’ægua, quæxi tutte e molecole che compoñan ògni organismo contëgnan do carbònio.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
For example, a single carbon atom can form four single covalent bonds such as in methane, two double covalent bonds such as in carbon dioxide, or a triple covalent bond such as in carbon monoxide (CO).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe dâ un exempio, un solo atomo de carbònio o peu fornî quattro ligammi covalenti senci comme into metano, doî legammi covalenti doggi comme into biòssido de carbònio ò un ligamme covalente tripo comme into monòssido de carbònio (CO).
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
A hydrocarbon backbone can be substituted by other elements such as oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), which can change the chemical behavior of that compound.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna serie alternâ d’idrocarburo a peu vegnî sostituia da di atri elementi comme l’oscigeno (O), l’idrògeno (H), o fòsforo (P) e o sorfo (S), che peuan cangiâ o comportamento chimico de quello compòsto.
Translate to Ligurian:
These lipids are organic compounds that are largely nonpolar and hydrophobic.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sti lipidi en di compòsti organici pe-a gran parte no polari e idrofòbichi.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The glycerol and phosphate group together constitute the polar and hydrophilic (or head) region of the molecule whereas the fatty acids make up the nonpolar and hydrophobic (or tail) region.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O glicerölo e o gruppo fosfou insemme representan a region poläre e idrofiña (ò testa) da molecola, mentre i açidi grasci representan a region no polare e idròfoba (ò coa).
Translate to Genoese:
Proteins are the most diverse of the macromolecules, which include enzymes, transport proteins, large signaling molecules, antibodies, and structural proteins.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E proteiñe son e ciù despæge tra e macromolecole, che comprendan di enzimi, de proteiñe de traspòrto, de grende molecole de segnalaçion, di anticòrpi e de proteiñe strutturale.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
The polarity and charge of the side chains affect the solubility of amino acids.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A polaritæ e a carrega de cadeñe laterali influensan a solubilitæ di aminoaçidi.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The primary structure consists of a unique sequence of amino acids that are covalently linked together by peptide bonds.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A struttua primmäia a consciste inte unna sequensa unica d’aminoaçidi ch’en ligæ covalentemente tra de liatri da di ligammi peptidichi.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The folding of alpha helices and beta sheets gives a protein its three-dimensional or tertiary structure.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O repiegamento d’eliche alfa e feuggi beta a dà unna proteiña a seu struttua tridimenscionale ò tersiäia.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The purines include guanine (G) and adenine (A) whereas the pyrimidines consist of cytosine (T), uracil (U), and thymine (T).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E puriñe comprendan a guaniña (G) e l’adeniña (A), mentre e pirimidiñe conscistan de citosiña (T), uracile (U) e timiña (T).
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
A cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, including cholesterols that sit between phospholipids to maintain their fluidity at various temperatures.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna membraña çellolare a consciste inte un bilayer lipidico, compreiso i colesteröli che s’attreuvan tra i fosfolipidi pe mantegnî a seu fluiditæ à temperatue despæge.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Cell membranes are involved in various cellular processes such as cell adhesion, storing electrical energy, and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures such as a cell wall, glycocalyx, and cytoskeleton.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E membrañe de çellole en ligæ à proçesci despægi comme l’adexon de çellole, l’accuggeita d’energia elettrica e a segnalaçion çellolare e servan da superfiçie d’attacco pe varie struttue extraçellolare comme a miagia çellolare, o glicocaliçe e o citoscheletro.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The Alberts text discusses how the "cellular building blocks" move to shape developing embryos.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O testo de Alberts o parla de comme i «blòcchi che compoñan e çellole» se mescian pe dâ forma a-i embrioin in corso de sviluppo.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Plant cells have additional organelles that distinguish them from animal cells such as a cell wall that provides support for the plant cell, chloroplasts that harvest sunlight energy to produce sugar, and vacuoles that provide storage and structural support as well as being involved in reproduction and breakdown of plant seeds.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E çellole vegetale an di organetti d’azzonta che ê distinguan da-e çellole animæ, comme a miagia çellolare ch’a dà de l’arrembo a-a çellola vegetale, i cloroplasti ch’arrecheuggian l’energia da luxe do sô pe produe do succao e i vacuoeu che forniscian stoccaggio e arrembo à livello de struttua, ciù in là do fæto de piggiâ parte inta reproduçion e inta destruçion de sumense de ciante.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy is conserved, i.e., cannot be created or destroyed.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Segondo a primma lezze da termodinamica, l’energia a se conserva, saieiva à dî ch’a no peu vegnî creâ ò destruta.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
As a result, an organism requires continuous input of energy to maintain a low state of entropy.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De conseguesa, un organismo o domanda un input continuo d’energia un basso stato d’entropia.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Usually, catabolism releases energy, and anabolism consumes energy.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe-o sòlito o catabolismo o relascia de l’energia e l’anabolismo o consumma de l’energia.
Translate to Genoese:
The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps, some of which are redox reactions.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A reaçion complesciva a l’avvëgne inte unna serie de pasci biochimichi, çerti di quæ en de reaçioin redox.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Acetyl-Coa enters the citric acid cycle, which takes places inside the mitochondrial matrix.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’acetil-Coa a l’intra into çiclo de l’açido çitrico, ch’o l’avvëgne drento da matrixe di mitocondri.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Oxidative phosphorylation comprises the electron transport chain, which is a series of four protein complexes that transfer electrons from one complex to another, thereby releasing energy from NADH and FADH2 that is coupled to the pumping of protons (hydrogen ions) across the inner mitochondrial membrane (chemiosmosis), which generates a proton motive force.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A fosforillaçion oscidativa a comprende a cadeña de traspòrto di elettroin, ch’a l’é unna serie de quattro complesci de proteiñe che no trasferiscian di elettroin da un complesso à l’atro, co-a liberaçion d’energia da NADH e FADH2 ch’a l’é accobbiâ a-o pompaggio di protoin (ioin idrògeno) atraverso da membraña mitocondriale interna (chemiosmoxi), ch’a pròvoca unna fòrsa motrixe protònica.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
If oxygen were not present, pyruvate would not be metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se no ghe fïse d’oscigeno, o piruviato o no vegnieiva metabolizzou da-a respiraçion de çellole, ma o patieiva un proçesso de fermentaçion.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A fermentaçion a l’òscida NADH a NAD+ de mòddo da poeilo deuviâ torna inta glicoxi.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inti moscoli do scheletro o produto de scarto o l’é l’açido lattico.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Durante a glicoxi anaeròbica, o NAD+ o se regenera quande cobbie d’idrògeno se combiñan co-o piruvato pe formâ do lattato.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
During recovery, when oxygen becomes available, NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Durante a recuperaçion, quande l’oscigeno o ven disponibile, o NAD+ o s’attacca à l’idrògeno do lattato pe formâ de l’ATP.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inta ciù parte di caxi ven relasciou anche de l’oscigeno comme produto de scarto.
Translate to Ligurian:
This is analogous to the proton-motive force generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane in aerobic respiration.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Questo o l’é analogo a-a fòrsa protònica motrixe generâ atravero da membraña mitocondriale interna inta respiraçion aeròbica.
Translate to Genoese:
In autocrine signaling, the ligand affects the same cell that releases it.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inta segnalaçion autocriña, o ligando o corpisce a mæxima çellola ch’ô relascia.
Translate from English to Genoese:
In eukaryotes (i.e., animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells), there are two distinct types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inti eucariöti (ò sæ çellole animæ, vegetale, fonziñe e protiste) existan doe qualitæ distinte de divixon çellolare: a mitoxi e a meioxi.
Translate to Genoese:
After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Dòppo a divixon de çellole, ciascheduña de çellole figge comensa l’interfase de un neuvo çiclo.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Unlike the processes of mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotes, binary fission takes in prokaryotes takes place without the formation of a spindle apparatus on the cell.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À differensa di proçesci de mitoxi e meioxi inti eucariöti, a fiscion binäia a l’avvëgne inti procariöti sensa a formaçion de un apparato mandrin in sciâ çellola.
Translate to Genoese:
Mendelian inheritance, specifically, is the process by which genes and traits are passed on from parents to offspring.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’ereditæ mendeliaña, into detaggio, o l’é o proçesso pe-o quæ i geni e i tratti vëgnan trasmissi da-i genitoî a-i figgi.
Translate to Genoese:
The first is that genetic characteristics, which are now called alleles, are discrete and have alternate forms (e.g., purple vs. white or tall vs. dwarf), each inherited from one of two parents.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A primma a l’é che e caratteristiche genetiche, che oua se ciamman alleli, en discrete e an de forme alternative (comme o cô da viovetta contra o gianco ò erto contra piccin), ciascheduña ereditâ da un di doî genitoî.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Mendel noted that during gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene, which is stated by his law of segregation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Mendel o l’à nottou che durante a formaçion di gameti, i alleli pe tutti i geni se segregan l’un dan l’atro de mòddo che ciaschedun gamete o pòrte solo che un allele pe ògni gene, cösa ch’a l’é decciarâ da-a seu lezze de segregaçion.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I nucleotidi son azzonti l’un à l’atro inte unna cadeña da di ligammi covalet tra o succao de un nucleotide e o fosfato da quello che ven dòppo, e o termina inte unna serie alternâ succao-fosfato.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The bases are divided into two groups: pyrimidines and purines.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E base se dividdan inte doî gruppi: pirimidiñe e puriñe.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un cromosöma a l’é unna struttua organizzâ compòsta da DNA e istoin.
Translate to Genoese:
The genetic information stored in DNA represents the genotype, whereas the phenotype results from the synthesis of proteins that control an organism's structure and development, or that act as enzymes catalyzing specific metabolic pathways.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’informaçion genetica stivâ into DNA a representa o genotipo, mentre o fenotipo o resulta da-a scintexi de proteiñe che contròllan a stuttua e o sviluppo de un organismo ò che fonçioñan comme enzimi che catalizzan di percorsci metabolochi speçifichi.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Under the genetic code, these mRNA strands specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called translation, which occurs in ribosomes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Segondo o còdixe genetico, ste fie de mRNA speçifican a sequensa di aminoaçidi drento de proteiñe inte un proçesco dito traduçion, ch’o treuva spaçio inti ribosömi.