ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The hypothesis, being insecure, needs to have practical implications leading at least to mental tests and, in science, lending themselves to scientific tests.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'ipòtexi, za che no segua, a deve avei de implicaçioin prattiche che pòrtan a-o manco à de verifiche mentale e, inta sciensa, che se pòrzan à de verifiche scientifiche.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Einstein, Albert (1936, 1956) One may say "the eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility."
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Einstein, Albert (1936, 1956) Se peu dî che «l'eterno mistëio do mondo o l'é a seu poscibilitæ d'ëse compreiso».
Translate from English to Ligurian:
These assumptions from methodological naturalism form a basis on which science may be grounded.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ste suppoxiçioin da-o naturaliximo metodologico forman unna base in sciâ quæ fondâ a sciensa.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
His observations of science practice are essentially sociological and do not speak to how science is or can be practiced in other times and other cultures.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E seu osservaçioin da prattica scientifica son in sostansa de tipo soçiològico e no parlan de comme a sciensa a segge ò a pòsse ëse pratticâ inte atri periodi ò atre coltue.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
He opens Chapter 1 with a discussion of the Golgi bodies and their initial rejection as an artefact of staining technique, and a discussion of Brahe and Kepler observing the dawn and seeing a "different" sunrise despite the same physiological phenomenon.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l'arve o Cavo 1 con unna discuscion in scî còrpi do Golgi e o refuo a-o prinçipio comme artefæto da tecnica de pittua e unna discuscion do Brahe e do Kepler che osservan l'arba e veddan un spægâ do sô «differente» ascì co-o mæximo fenòmeno fixològico.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
In essence, he says that for any specific method or norm of science, one can find a historic episode where violating it has contributed to the progress of science.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In sostansa, o l'afferma che pe ògni metodo particolâ o nòrma da sciensa se peu attrovâ un episòdio stòrico donde a seu violaçion a l'à contribuio a-o progresso da sciensa.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The postmodernist critiques of science have themselves been the subject of intense controversy.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E critiche pòstmoderniste da sciensa son stæte loiatre mæxime oggetto de agre discuscioin.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Models, in both science and mathematics, need to be internally consistent and also ought to be falsifiable (capable of disproof).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I modelli, segge inta sciensa che inta matematican, devan ëse coerenti de drento e ascì boin da fäscificâ (boin da fâse contradî).
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
For example, the technical concept of time arose in science, and timelessness was a hallmark of a mathematical topic.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe exempio, o conçetto tecnico do tempo o l'é nasciuo inta sciensa e l'atemporalitæ a l'é stæta un træto caratteristico de un argomento matematico.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Eugene Wigner's paper, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences, is a very well-known account of the issue from a Nobel Prize-winning physicist.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O saggio do Eugene Wigner, L'inraçionale reisa da matematica inte sciense naturale, o l'é un trattou ben ben conosciuo in sciâ costion scrito da un fixico ch'o l'à guägno o premio Nobel.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
In Proofs and Refutations, Lakatos gave several basic rules for finding proofs and counterexamples to conjectures.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In Demostraçioin e contradiçioin , o Lakatos o l'elenca ciù regole de base pe trovâ de preuve e di contraexempi pe-e congettue.
Translate from English to Genoese:
This may explain why scientists so often express that they were lucky.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Questo o l'ascciæieiva perché i sciensiæ afferman coscì de spesso d'ëse stæti affortunæ.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
This is what Nassim Nicholas Taleb calls "Anti-fragility"; while some systems of investigation are fragile in the face of human error, human bias, and randomness, the scientific method is more than resistant or tough – it actually benefits from such randomness in many ways (it is anti-fragile).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto chì o l'é quello che oNassim Nicholas Taleb o ghe dixe «antifragilitæ»; ascì che çerti scistemi d'investigaçion son fragili davanti à l'errô uman, a-o pregiudiçio uman e a-o caxo, o metodo scientifico o l'é ciù che rescistente ò södo: in veitæ o s'avvantaggia de sto caxo inte tante mainee (o l'é antifragile).
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
These unexpected results lead researchers to try to fix what they think is an error in their method.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sti exiti no atteixi an portou i reçercatoî à çercâ de correze quello che pensan ch'o segge un errô into metodo.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that has been repeatedly tested and verified in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna teoria scientifica a l'é unn'esplicaçion de unna parte do mondo naturale e de l'universo ch'a l'é stæta mostrâ ciù e ciù vòtte e verificâ in base a-o metodo scientifico, con deuviâ di protocòlli açettæ d'osservaçion, mesua e stimma di exiti.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and embody scientific knowledge.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E teorie scientifiche consolidæ an rescistio à un esamme duo e representan a conoscensa scientifica.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Stephen Jay Gould wrote that "...facts and theories are different things, not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Stephen Jay Gould o l'à scrito che «...fæti e teorie son cöse despægi, no di livelli de unna gerarchia de seguessa crescente.
Translate to Ligurian:
The meaning of the term scientific theory (often contracted to theory for brevity) as used in the disciplines of science is significantly different from the common vernacular usage of theory.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O scignificato do termine teoria scientifica (de spesso contræto in teoria pe ascurtî) coscì comm'o l'é deuviou inte discipliñe scientifiche o l'é ben ben despægio da l'uso informale commun de teoria.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
In everyday speech, theory can imply an explanation that represents an unsubstantiated and speculative guess, whereas in science it describes an explanation that has been tested and is widely accepted as valid.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Into linguaggio de tutti i giorni, a teoria a peu comportâ unn'esplicaçion ch'a representa unn'ipòtexi infondâ e speculativa, incangio inta sciensa a descrive unn'esplicaçion verificâ e largamente açettâ comme valida.
Translate to Ligurian:
The defining characteristic of all scientific knowledge, including theories, is the ability to make falsifiable or testable predictions.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O træto distintivo de tutte e conoscense scientifiche, compreiso e teorie, o l'é l'abilitæ à fâ de previxoin che se peuan fäscificâ ò verificâ.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
It is well-supported by many independent strands of evidence, rather than a single foundation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A l'é ben sostegnua da tanti elementi de preuva independenti, ciufito che da un solo fondamento.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The theory of biological evolution is more than "just a theory".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A teoria de l'evoluçion biològica a l'é ben de ciù che «solo che unna teoria».
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
This provides evidence either for or against the hypothesis.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto chì o fornisce de preuve à avvantaggio ò contra de l'ipòtexi.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
This can take many years, as it can be difficult or complicated to gather sufficient evidence.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Peu voeighe ben ben di anni perché peu ëse diffiçile ò intrigou arrecheugge de preuve à basta.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The strength of the evidence is evaluated by the scientific community, and the most important experiments will have been replicated by multiple independent groups.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'affidabilitæ da preuva a vëgne astimmâ da-a communitæ scientifica e i esperimenti ciù importanti saian stæti replicæ da ciù gruppi independenti differenti.
Translate from English to Genoese:
In chemistry, there are many acid-base theories providing highly divergent explanations of the underlying nature of acidic and basic compounds, but they are very useful for predicting their chemical behavior.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In chimica, gh'é tante teorie in sce açidi e base che forniscian de esplicaçioin un muggio differente da natua ch'a sta sotta i comòsti açidi e baxichi, ma servan ben ben pe prevedde o seu comportamento chimico.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Acceptance of a theory does not require that all of its major predictions be tested, if it is already supported by sufficiently strong evidence.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'açettaçion de unna teoria a no veu che tutte e previxoin prinçipæ seggian verificæ s'a l'é za sostegnua da de preuve fòrte à basta.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Solutions may require minor or major changes to the theory, or none at all if a satisfactory explanation is found within the theory's existing framework.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E soluçioin peuan voei di cangiamenti d'entitæ ciù picciña ò ciù grande a-a toeria ò nisciuña se vëgne trovou unn'esplicaçion ch'a satisfe inte l'ambito da struttua da teoria ch'a l'existe za.
Translate from English to Genoese:
If modifications to the theory or other explanations seem to be insufficient to account for the new results, then a new theory may be required.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se i cangiamenti a-a teoria ò de atre esplicaçioin pan ëse mancanti pe giustificâ i neuvi exiti, peu ësighe de beseugno de unn'atra teoria.
Translate from English to Genoese:
This is because it is still the best available explanation for many other phenomena, as verified by its predictive power in other contexts.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Questo o l'avvëgne perché à tutte e mainee a l'é a megio esplicaçion disponibile pe tanti atri fenòmeni, comme verificou da-a seu facoltæ predittiva inte di atri contesti.
Translate to Ligurian:
This was resolved by the discovery of nuclear fusion, the main energy source of the Sun.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto chì o l'é stæto destrigou da-a descoverta da fuxon nucleare, a fonte prinçipâ d'energia do sô.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
By omitting from special relativity the luminiferous aether, Einstein stated that time dilation and length contraction measured in an object in relative motion is inertial—that is, the object exhibits constant velocity, which is speed with direction, when measured by its observer.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Con omette l'etere luminifero da relativitæ astreita, o Einstein o l'à affermou che a dilataçion do tempo e a contraçion de longhixe mesuæ inte un oggetto in movimento relativo son inerçiale, ò sæ che l'oggetto o mostra unna speditessa costante, saieiva à dî speditessa con direçion, quand'a vëgne mesuâ da l'osservatô.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Einstein sought to generalize the invariance principle to all reference frames, whether inertial or accelerating.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Einstein o l'à çercou de generalizzâ o prinçipio d'invariansa à tutti i scistemi de riferimento, inerçiali ò in açeleraçion.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Even massless energy exerts gravitational motion on local objects by "curving" the geometrical "surface" of 4D space-time.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Anche l'energia sensa massa a l'exerçita un movimento gravitaçionale in scî oggetti locali con «cegâ» a «faccia» geometrica do spaçiotempo 4D.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
However, scientific laws are descriptive accounts of how nature will behave under certain conditions.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Con tutto, e lezze scientifiche son de relaçioin descrittive da mainea con che a natua a se comportià à çerte condiçioin.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
A common misconception is that scientific theories are rudimentary ideas that will eventually graduate into scientific laws when enough data and evidence have been accumulated.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un errô commun o l'é pensâ che e teorie scientifiche seggian de idee sgreuzze che in sciâ fin s'evolvian inte de lezze scientifiche dòppo arrecuggeito i dæti e assæ de preuve.
Translate to Genoese:
Both theories and laws could potentially be falsified by countervailing evidence.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tanto e teorie comme e lezze in potensa peuan ëse fäscificæ da de preuve de segno oppòsto.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
First-order logic is an example of a formal language.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A lògica de primmo ordine a l'é un exempio de linguaggio formale.
Translate to Genoese:
The phenomena explained by the theories, if they could not be directly observed by the senses (for example, atoms and radio waves), were treated as theoretical concepts.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I fenòmeni ascciæii da-e teorie, se no poeivan ëse direttamente osservæ da-i sensci (pe exempio, i atomi e e onde radio), vegnivan trattæ comme di conçetti teòrichi.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The phrase "the received view of theories" is used to describe this approach.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A frase «a vixon reçevua de teorie» a vëgne addeuviâ pe descrive sto critëio.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
One can use language to describe a model; however, the theory is the model (or a collection of similar models), and not the description of the model.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se peu addeuviâ o linguaggio pe descrive un modello; però, a teoria a l'é o modello (ò unn'arrecuggeita de modelli pöcassæ pægi) e no a descriçion do modello.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The model parameters, e.g., Newton's Law of Gravitation, determine how the positions and velocities change with time.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I parametri do modello, pe exempio a lezze gravitaçionale do Newton, determinan a mainea che e poxiçioin e e speditesse cangian co-o tempo.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The word "semantic" refers to the way that a model represents the real world.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O termine «semantico» o l'à da fâ co-a mainea che un modello o representa o mondo reale.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Engineering practice makes a distinction between "mathematical models" and "physical models"; the cost of fabricating a physical model can be minimized by first creating a mathematical model using a computer software package, such as a computer aided design tool.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A prattica di inzegnê a fa unna distinçion tra «modelli matematichi» e «modelli fixichi»; o costo de produçion de un modello fixico o peu ëse reduto a-o minimo creando primma un modello matematico con deuviâ un pacchetto software pe computer, comme un strumento de progettaçion ascistia da computer.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Certain assumptions are necessary for all empirical claims (e.g. the assumption that reality exists).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Çerti presoppòsti osn neçessäi pe tutte e affermaçioin empiriche (pe exempio, o presuppòsto che a realtæ a l'existe).
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
This may be as simple as observing that the theory makes accurate predictions, which is evidence that any assumptions made at the outset are correct or approximately correct under the conditions tested.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto chì o peu ëse façile comme osservâ che a teoria a fa de previxoin con cua, ch'a l'ea a preuva che quæ se segge ipòtexi fæta à l'incomenso a l'é corretta ò ciunimeno corretta inte condiçioin verificæ.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The theory makes accurate predictions when the assumption is valid, and does not make accurate predictions when the assumption is not valid.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A teoria a fa de previxoin preçise quande a suppoxiçion a l'é valida e a no fa de previxoin preçise quande a suppoxiçion a no l'é valida
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and online Wiktionary indicate its Latin source as assumere ("accept, to take to oneself, adopt, usurp"), which is a conjunction of ad- ("to, towards, at") and sumere (to take).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'Oxford English Dictionary (OED) e o Wiktionary in linia n'indican l'origine latiña comme assumere («açettâ, piggiâ pe un mæximo, adottâ, usurpâ»), ch'a l'é unna combinaçion de ad- («à, verso, in») e sumere (piggiâ).
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The term was originally employed in religious contexts as in "to receive up into heaven", especially "the reception of the Virgin Mary into heaven, with body preserved from corruption", (1297 CE) but it was also simply used to refer to "receive into association" or "adopt into partnership".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O termine in origine o l'ea addeuviou inte di contesti religioxi comme in «reçeive in çê», in particolâ «o reçeive a Vergine Maria in çê, co-o còrpo avvardou da-a corruçion», (1297 d.C.) ma o l'ea anche addeuviou solo che pe fâ referimento à «reçeive in assoçiaçion» ò «adottâ in assoçiaçion».
Translate from English to Genoese:
Confirmations should count only if they are the result of risky predictions; that is to say, if, unenlightened by the theory in question, we should have expected an event which was incompatible with the theory—an event which would have refuted the theory.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E conferme dovieivan contâ solo se son l'exito de previxion econlmiche arresegæ; in atre poule, se, no inluminæ da-a teoria in argomento, s'avescimo aspëtou un evento ch'o no peu anâ da pao co-a teoria, un evento ch'o l'avieiva contradito a toeria.
Translate from English to Genoese:
A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna teoria che no peu contradî nisciun evento che se pòsse conçepî a no l'é scientifica.
Translate to Genoese:
Some genuinely testable theories, when found to be false, might still be upheld by their admirers—for example by introducing post hoc (after the fact) some auxiliary hypothesis or assumption, or by reinterpreting the theory post hoc in such a way that it escapes refutation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Çerte teorie verificabile pe in davei, quande se mostran comme fäse, porrieivan ëse ancon sostegnue da chi ghe va apreuvo, pe exempio con introdue post hoc (dòppo o fæto) de ipòtexi o congettue in aggiutto ò interpretando torna a teoria post hoc de mainea da scappâ da-a contradiçion.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Popper summarized these statements by saying that the central criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its "falsifiability, or refutability, or testability".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Popper o l'à condensou ste affermaçioin deciarando che o critëio çentrale da condiçion scientifica de unna teoria o l'é a seu «poscibilitæ d'ëse fäscificâ ò contradita ò verificâ».
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Several philosophers and historians of science have, however, argued that Popper's definition of theory as a set of falsifiable statements is wrong because, as Philip Kitcher has pointed out, if one took a strictly Popperian view of "theory", observations of Uranus when first discovered in 1781 would have "falsified" Newton's celestial mechanics.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ciù filòsofi e stòrichi da sciensa, però, an sostegnuo che a definiçion do Popper de teoria comme fia d'affermaçioin che se peu fäscificâ a segge errâ dæto che, comme misso in luxe da-o Philip Kitcher, adottando unna vixon popperiaña in senso streito de «teoria», e osservaçioin d'Uran tòsto descoverto di 1781 avieivan «fäscificou» a mecanica do çê do Newton.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Fecundity: "A great scientific theory, like Newton's, opens up new areas of research....
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Feconditæ: «unna gran teoria scientifica, comme quella do Newton, a l'arve a stradda à di neuvi settoî de reçerca....
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
At any time, it raises more questions than it can currently answer.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte quæ se segge momento, a tia sciù ciù domande de quelle ch'a l'arriësce à respondighe.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Like other definitions of theories, including Popper's, Kitcher makes it clear that a theory must include statements that have observational consequences.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Comme de atre definiçioin de teorie, compreiso quella do Popper, o Kitcher o l'afferma ciæo che unna teoria e deve comprende de affermaçioin ch'an de conseguense osservative.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
It may be set out on paper as a system of rules, and it is the more truly a theory the more completely it can be put down in such terms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O peu ëse misso in sciô papê comme un scistema de regole e tanto ciù o l'é realmente unna teoria tanto ciù do tutto a peu ëse formolâ inte sti termini.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The specific mathematical aspects of classical electromagnetic theory are termed "laws of electromagnetism," reflecting the level of consistent and reproducible evidence that supports them.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I loei matematichi particolæ da teoria elettromagnetica clascica son definii «lezze de l'elettromagnetiximo», dando conto do livello de preuve coerente e boñe da reprodue che î sostëgnan.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
An example of the latter might be the radiation reaction force.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un exempio de questo o porrieiva ëse a fòrsa de reaçion a-e radiaçioin.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
A scientist is a person who conducts scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of interest.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un sciensiou o l'é unna persoña ch'a fa de reçerche scientifiche pe-o progresso da conoscensa inte un settô d'interesse.