ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Robert Whittaker recognized an additional kingdom for the Fungi.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Robert Whittaker o l’à reconosciuo ancon un atro regno pe-i fonzi.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I atri doî regni, Protista e Monera, comprendeivan de colònie uniçelollare e cellolare sence.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
In other systems, such as Lynn Margulis's system of five kingdoms, the plants included just the land plants (Embryophyta), and Protoctista has a broader definition.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte di atri scistemi, comme quello de Lynn Margulis di çinque regni, e ciante comprendan solo e ciante terrestre (Embryophyta) e Protoctista a l’à unna definiçion ciù larga.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Technological advances in electron microscopy allowed the separation of the Chromista from the Plantae kingdom.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I progresci da tecnologia inta microscopia elettrònica an permisso a seperaçion da Chromista da-o regno Plantae.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Finally, some protists lacking mitochondria were discovered.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe finî, l’é stæto descoverto di protisti privi de mitocondri.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
This superkingdom was opposed to the Metakaryota superkingdom, grouping together the five other eukaryotic kingdoms (Animalia, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae and Chromista).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto superregno o s’opponeiva a-i superregni Metakaryota, ch’o raggruppava i atri çinque regni eucariöti (Animalia, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae e Chromista).
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Cavalier-Smith no longer accepted the importance of the fundamental Eubacteria–Archaebacteria divide put forward by Woese and others and supported by recent research.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Cavalier-Smith o no l’açettava ciù l’importansa da fondamentale divixon Eubacteria-Archaebacteria stæta propòsta da Woese e da atri e supportâ da de reçerche ciù reçente.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Cavalier-Smith does not accept the requirement for taxa to be monophyletic ("holophyletic" in his terminology) to be valid.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Cavalier-Smith o no l’açetta o requixito che i taxa seggian monofiletichi («olofiletichi» inta seu terminologia) pe ëse valido.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The advances of phylogenetic studies allowed Cavalier-Smith to realize that all the phyla thought to be archezoans (i.e. primitively amitochondriate eukaryotes) had in fact secondarily lost their mitochondria, typically by transforming them into new organelles: Hydrogenosomes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I progresci di studdi filogenetichi aivan permisso à Cavalier-Smith de dâse conto che tutti i phyla che se pensava che fïsan archezöi (ò sæ di eucariöti primitivamente amitocondriæ) in realtæ aivan perso segondäiamente i seu miticonfri, pe-o sòlito co-o trasformâli inte di neuvi organelli: i idrogenosömi.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Based on such RNA studies, Carl Woese thought life could be divided into three large divisions and referred to them as the "three primary kingdom" model or "urkingdom" model.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Basandose in sce sti studdi in sciô RNA, Carl Woese o pensava che a vitta e poesse vegnî scompartia inte træ gren divixoin e o se referiva à liatre comme a-o modello di «trei regni primmäi» ò modello «urkingdom».
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Woese divided the prokaryotes (previously classified as the Kingdom Monera) into two groups, called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, stressing that there was as much genetic difference between these two groups as between either of them and all eukaryotes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Woese o l’à diviso i procarioti (primma clascificæ comme regno Monera) inte doî gruppi à nomme Eubacteria e Archeabacteria, e o l’à speçificou che gh’é tanta differensa genetica tra sti doî gruppi comme tra un de questi e tutti i eucariöti.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
They held that only monophyletic groups should be accepted as formal ranks in a classification and that – while this approach had been impractical previously (necessitating "literally dozens of eukaryotic 'kingdoms) – it had now become possible to divide the eukaryotes into "just a few major groups that are probably all monophyletic".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sostegnivan che solo di gruppi monofiletichi aivan da vegnî açettæ comme ranghi formali inte unna clascificaçion e che – mentre sta metodologia a no l’ea pratticabile in preçedensa (de za ch’a l’aiva de beseugno de dozzeñe de regni eucariöti) – oua l’ea vegnuo poscibile dividde i eucariöti solo inte «pöchi gruppi prinçipæ che con tutta probabilitæ e tutti monofletichi».
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
It divided the eukaryotes into the same six "supergroups".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’à scompartio i eucariöti inti mæximi sëi «supergruppi».
Translate from English to Genoese:
Plants are thought to be more distantly related to animals and fungi.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se pensa che e ciante aggian unn’affinitæ ciù distante da-i animæ e da-i fonzi.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The ten arguments against include the fact that they are obligate intracellular parasites that lack metabolism and are not capable of replication outside of a host cell.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I dexe argomenti conträi comprendan o fæto ch’en di parasciti intraçellolari obrigæ che n’an de metabolismo e che no en boin à replicâse a-o de feua de unna çellola òspite.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The first two are all prokaryotic microorganisms, or mostly single-celled organisms whose cells have a distorted or non-membrane bound nucleus.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I primmi en tutti doî di microrganismi procatiöti, ò pe-o ciù di organismi uniçellolari e çellole do quæ an un nucleo distòrto ò no ligou à de membrañe.
Translate to Ligurian:
Halophiles, organisms that thrive in highly salty environments, and hyperthermophiles, organisms that thrive in extremely hot environments, are examples of Archaea.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I alofili, oganismi che pròsperan inte di ambienti fortemente salæ, e i iperterofili, organismi che pròsperan inte di ambienti fortemente cadi, en di exempi de Archaea.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Cyanobacteria and mycoplasmas are two examples of bacteria.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I cinobattëi e i micoplasmi en doî exempi de battëi.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’evoluçion a l’é o cangio de caratteristiche ereditäie de popolaçioin biològiche inte generaçion che vëgnan apreuvo.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
The scientific theory of evolution by natural selection was conceived independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the mid-19th century and was set out in detail in Darwin's book On the Origin of Species.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A teoria scientifica de l’evoluçion pe seleçion naturale a l’ea stæta conçepia de forma independente da Charles Darwin e Alfred Russel Wallace a-a meitæ do secolo dixineuve a l’é stæta espòsta into detaggio into libbro de Darwin «On the Origin of Species».
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Thus, in successive generations members of a population are more likely to be replaced by the progenies of parents with favourable characteristics that have enabled them to survive and reproduce in their respective environments.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Coscì, inte generaçioin che vëgnan apreuvo i membri de unna popolaçion an ciù tante poscibilitæ de vegnî sostituii da-a progenie de genitoî con de caratterische favorevole che gh’an permisso de mantegîse in vitta e de reproduise inti respettivi ambienti.
Translate to Ligurian:
The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilised multicellular organisms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O record fòscile o comprende unna progrescion da grafite biogenica primordiale, a-i fòscili de tappetin micròbici, a-i organismi moltiçellolari foscilizzæ.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
It sought explanations of natural phenomena in terms of physical laws that were the same for all visible things and that did not require the existence of any fixed natural categories or divine cosmic order.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O çercava de spiegaçioin pe-i fenòmeni naturali in termini de lezze fixiche ch’ean pæge pe tutte e cöse vixibile e che n’aivan de beseugno de l’existensa de nisciuña categoria naturale fissa ò de quarche ordine còsmico divin.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 explicitly recognised the hierarchical nature of species relationships, but still viewed species as fixed according to a divine plan.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A clascificaçion biològica stæta introduta da Carlo Linneo do 1735 a reconosceiva de forma espliçita a natua gerarchica de relaçioin tra e speçie, ma a consciderava ancon e speçie comme stæte fissæ segondo un programma divin.
Translate to Genoese:
These ideas were condemned by established naturalists as speculation lacking empirical support.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Queste idee ean stæte condannæ da di naturalisti nomminæ comme de ipòtexi ch’ammancavan de un suppòrto empirico.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Darwin developed his theory of "natural selection" from 1838 onwards and was writing up his "big book" on the subject when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him a version of virtually the same theory in 1858.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Darwin o l’à sviluppou a seu «teoria da seleçion naturale» à comensâ da-o 1838 e o l’ea apreuvo à scrive o seu «grande libro» in sce l’argomento quande Alfred Russel Wallace o gh’à mandou unna verscion pratticamente da mæxima teoria do 1858.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Towards this end, Darwin developed his provisional theory of pangenesis.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Con sta finalitæ Darwin o l’à sviluppou a seu teoria da pangenexi.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The publication of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick with contribution of Rosalind Franklin in 1953 demonstrated a physical mechanism for inheritance.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A pubricaçion da struttua do DNA da parte de James Watson e Francis Crick co-a contribuçion de Rosalind Franklin do 1953 a l’à demostrou un mecanismo fixico pe l’ereditæ.
Translate to Genoese:
In 1973, evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky penned that "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution," because it has brought to light the relations of what first seemed disjointed facts in natural history into a coherent explanatory body of knowledge that describes and predicts many observable facts about life on this planet.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Do 1973 o biòlogo evoluçionista Theodosius Dobzhansky o l’à scrito che «ninte inta biologia o l’à de senso se no a-a luxe de l’evoluçion», perché a l’à portou a-a luxe e relaçioin de quelli che primma paivan di fæti separæ inta stöia naturale inte un còrpo coerente de conoscense esplicative ch’o descrive e o predixe tanti fæti che se peuan osservâ in sciâ vitta in sce sto pianeta.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The complete set of observable traits that make up the structure and behaviour of an organism is called its phenotype.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’insemme completo di tratti osservabili che forma a struttura e o comportamento de un organismo o piggia o nomme de fenotipo.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
For example, suntanned skin comes from the interaction between a person's genotype and sunlight; thus, suntans are not passed on to people's children.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe dâ un exempio, a pelle abbronzâ a deriva da l’interaçion tra o genotipo de unna persoña e a luxe do sô; donca l’abbronzatua a no ven trasmissa a-i figgi.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
DNA is a long biopolymer composed of four types of bases.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O DNA o l’é un longo biopolimero compòsto da quattro qualitæ de base.
Translate to Genoese:
Portions of a DNA molecule that specify a single functional unit are called genes; different genes have different sequences of bases.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E porçioin de unna molecola de DNA che speçifican unna scingola unitæ fonçionale en dite geni; geni differenti an sequense differente de base.
Translate to Ligurian:
If the DNA sequence at a locus varies between individuals, the different forms of this sequence are called alleles.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se a sequensa de DNA inte un locus o cangia tra i individui, e varie forme de sta sequensa en dite alleli.
Translate to Ligurian:
However, while this simple correspondence between an allele and a trait works in some cases, most traits are more complex and are controlled by quantitative trait loci (multiple interacting genes).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, se sta sencia corrispondensa tra un allele e un tratto a fonçioña inte çerti caxi, a ciù parte di tratti en ciù complesci e son ciù controllæ da loci de tratti quantitativi (varri geni che interagiscian fra de liatri).
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
DNA methylation marking chromatin, self-sustaining metabolic loops, gene silencing by RNA interference and the three-dimensional conformation of proteins (such as prions) are areas where epigenetic inheritance systems have been discovered at the organismic level.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A metilaçion do DNA ch’a marca a cromatiña, i çicli metabolichi autosostegnui, o scilensiamento genico pe interferensa do RNA e a conformaçion tridimençionale de proteiñe (comme i prioin) en de aree donde l’é stæto descoverto di scistemi d’ereditæ epigenetica à livello organismico.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
For example, ecological inheritance through the process of niche construction is defined by the regular and repeated activities of organisms in their environment.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Comme exempio, l’ereditæ ecològica atraverso o proçesso de costruçion da niccia a l’é definia da-e attivitæ regolare e repetue di organismi into seu ambiente.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Despite the constant introduction of new variation through mutation and gene flow, most of the genome of a species is identical in all individuals of that species.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sciben che l’é stæto introduto cotantemente de neuve variaçioin pe mezo da mutaçion e do flusso genico, a ciù parte do genöma de unna speçie a l’é identica pe tutti i individui de quella speçie.
Translate to Ligurian:
A substantial part of the phenotypic variation in a population is caused by genotypic variation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna parte sostansiale da variaçion fenotipica inte unna popolaçion a l’é caxonâ da-a variaçion genetica.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Variation disappears when a new allele reaches the point of fixation—when it either disappears from the population or replaces the ancestral allele entirely.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A variaçion a scenta quande un allele neuvo o razzonze o ponto de fissaçion: quand’o scenta da-a popolaçion ò o sostituisce do tutto l’allele antigo.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
When mutations occur, they may alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning, or have no effect.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Quande se verifica de mutaçioin, peuan alterâ o produto de un gene, ò impedî a-o gene de fonçionâ, ò no avei nisciun effetto.
Translate to Ligurian:
Extra copies of genes are a major source of the raw material needed for new genes to evolve.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E còpie extra de geni son unna vivagna importante da matëia primma neçessäia pe l’evoluçion de geni neuvi.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
New genes can be generated from an ancestral gene when a duplicate copy mutates and acquires a new function.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se peu generâ di neuvi geni da un gene ançestrale quande unna cobbia duplicâ a cangia e a piggia unna neuva fonçion.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The generation of new genes can also involve small parts of several genes being duplicated, with these fragments then recombining to form new combinations with new functions.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A generaçion de neuvi geni a peu comportâ ascì a duplicaçion de parte picciñe de geni despægi, con sti frammenti che dapeu se combiñan torna pe formâ de neuve combinaçioin con de neuve fonçioin.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Recombination and reassortment do not alter allele frequencies, but instead change which alleles are associated with each other, producing offspring with new combinations of alleles.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Recombinaçion e reassortimento no cangian e frequese di alleli, ma cangian i alleli assoçiæ l’un con l’atro, e produxan di figgi con unna neuva combinaçion d’alleli.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The first cost is that in sexually dimorphic species only one of the two sexes can bear young.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O primmo coto o l’é che inte speçie sessualmente dimòrfe un solo di doî sesci o peu appartoî.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Yet sexual reproduction is the more common means of reproduction among eukaryotes and multicellular organisms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sciben a reproduçion sessuale o l’é o mezo de reproduçion ciù frequente tra i eucariöti e i organismi moltiçellolari.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Gene transfer between species includes the formation of hybrid organisms and horizontal gene transfer.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O trasferimento genico tra e speçie o comprende a formaçion d’organismi ibridi e o trasferimento genico orizzontale.
Translate to Ligurian:
Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the adzuki bean weevil Callosobruchus chinensis has occurred.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
S’é verificou o trasferimento orizzontale de geni da battëi à eucratiöti comme o levou Saccharomyces cerevisiae e o corcolion do faxeu adzuki Callosobruchus chinensis.
Translate to Ligurian:
Different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Di tratti differenti conferiscian di tasci differenti de sopravivensa e reproduçion (fitness differensiale).
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Consequently, organisms with traits that give them an advantage over their competitors are more likely to pass on their traits to the next generation than those with traits that do not confer an advantage.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De conseguensa, i organismo con di tratti che conferiscian un avantaggio in scî seu concorrenti an ciù tante probabilitæ de trasmette i seu tratti a-a generaçion ch’a ven dòppo respetto à quelli con di tratti che no dan nisciun avantaggio.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The central concept of natural selection is the evolutionary fitness of an organism.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O conçetto çentrale da seleçion naturale a l’é a fitness evolutiva de un organismo.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
For example, if an organism could survive well and reproduce rapidly, but its offspring were all too small and weak to survive, this organism would make little genetic contribution to future generations and would thus have low fitness.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe dâ un exempio, se un organismo o poesse mantegnîse ben in vitta e reproduise a-a lesta, ma a seu pröle a fïse tròppo picciña e scernia pe vive, st’organismo o daieiva unna scarsa contribuçion genetica a-e generaçion succescive e donca o l’aviæ unna fitness bassa.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Examples of traits that can increase fitness are enhanced survival and increased fecundity.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Di exempi de tratti che peuan aumentâ a fitness son unna ciù gran sopravivensa e unna ciù gran feconditæ.
Translate to Ligurian:
However, even if the direction of selection does reverse in this way, traits that were lost in the past may not re-evolve in an identical form (see Dollo's law).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutte e mainee, ascì ben che a direçion da seleçion a s’inversa à sto mòddo, i tratti stæti persci into passou porrieivan no evòlvise torna inte unna foma identica (s’ammie a lezze de Dollo).
Translate from English to Genoese:
The first is directional selection, which is a shift in the average value of a trait over time—for example, organisms slowly getting taller.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A primma a l’é seleçion direçionale, ch’o l’é o cangio do valô medio de un tratto into tempo (comme o fæto che di organismi se fassan ciù erti).
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Finally, in stabilising selection there is selection against extreme trait values on both ends, which causes a decrease in variance around the average value and less diversity.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Da urtimo, inta seleçion stabilizzante gh’é seleçion contra i vapoî estremi di tratti in scê doe estremitæ, cösa ch’a pròvoca unna diminuçion da variansa in sciô valô medio e unna diverscitæ ciù bassa.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
This broad understanding of nature enables scientists to delineate specific forces which, together, comprise natural selection.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sta larga comprenscion da natua a permette a-i scensiæ de delineâ de fòrse speçifiche che, inte l’insemme, comprendan a seleçion naturale.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
However, the rate of recombination is low (approximately two events per chromosome per generation).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, o tasso de ricombinaçion o l’é basso (doe eventi pöcassæ pe cromosöma pe generaçion).
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
A set of alleles that is usually inherited in a group is called a haplotype.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un insemme d’alleli che pe-o sòlito o ven ereditou inte un gruppo o se ciamma aplotipo.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
This drift halts when an allele eventually becomes fixed, either by disappearing from the population or replacing the other alleles entirely.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sta deriva a se ferma quande un allele in sciâ fin o vëgne fisso e o scenta da-a popolaçion, ò donca o sostituisce do tutto i atri alleli.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The neutral theory of molecular evolution proposed that most evolutionary changes are the result of the fixation of neutral mutations by genetic drift.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A teoria neutrale de l’evoluçion molecolare a proponeiva che a ciù parte di cangi evolutivi son a conseguensa da fissaçion de mutaçioin neutre pe deriva genetica.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
However, a more recent and better-supported version of this model is the nearly neutral theory, where a mutation that would be effectively neutral in a small population is not necessarily neutral in a large population.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, unna verscion ciù reçente e con un megio suppòrto a l’é a teoria squæxi naturale, donde unna mutaçion ch’a saieiva effettivamente neutrale inte unna popolaçion picciña a no l’é pe fòrsa neutrale inte unna popolaçion gròssa.