ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
Translate from English to Genoese:
He departed from Hobbes in that, based on the assumption of a society in which moral values are independent of governmental authority and widely shared, he argued for a government with power limited to the protection of personal property.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O s’é discostou da Hobbes in sciô fæto che, basandose in sce l’idea de unna soçietæ donde i valoî morali son independenti da l’autoritæ governativa e largamente condivisi, o sostegniva un governo con unna potestæ limitâ a-a proteçion da propietæ personale.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
One of the founders of Western Marxism.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un di fondatoî do marxismo oçidentale.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Gave an account of statecraft in a realistic point of view instead of relying on idealism.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O dà un resoconto do statecraft da un ponto de vista realistico incangio d’affiâse à l’idealismo.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Introduced the concept of "repressive desublimation", in which social control can operate not only by direct control, but also by manipulation of desire.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
An introduto o conçetto de «desublimaçion represciva», o contròllo soçiale da quæ a peu operâ no solo pe mezo do contròllo diretto, ma anche atraverso da manipolaçion do dexidëio.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Created the concept of ideology in the sense of (true or false) beliefs that shape and control social actions.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’à creo o conçetto d’ideologia into senso de creddense (vee ò fäse) che modellan e contròllan e açioin inta soçietæ.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Mencius: One of the most important thinkers in the Confucian school, he is the first theorist to make a coherent argument for an obligation of rulers to the ruled.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Mençio: Un di pensatoî ciù relevanti da scheua confuçiaña, o l’é o primmo teòrico ch’o l’agge fæto un argomento coerente pe un òbrigo di governanti verso i governæ.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Montesquieu: Analyzed protection of the people by a "balance of powers" in the divisions of a state.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Montesquieu: O l’à analizzou a proteçion do pòpolo pe mezo de un «equilibrio de facoltæ» inta divixon do Stato.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
His interpreters have debated the content of his political philosophy.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I seu interpreti an debattuo o contegnuo da seu filosofia politica.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Plato: Wrote a lengthy dialog The Republic in which he laid out his political philosophy: citizens should be divided into three categories.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Platon: O l’à scrito un longo dialogo, A repubrica, dond’o l’à espòsto a seu filosofia politica: i çittadin dovieivan vegnî divixi inte træ categorie.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Ayn Rand: Founder of Objectivism and prime mover of the Objectivist and Libertarian movements in mid-twentieth-century America.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ayn Rand: Fondatô de l’Oggettivismo e primma animatoa di movimenti oggettivista e libertäio inte l’America da primma meitæ do secolo vinti.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The government was to be separated from economics the same way and for the same reasons it was separated from religion.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O governo o l’aiva da ëse separou da l’economia a-o mæximo mòddo e pe-e mæxime raxoin pe-e quæ o l’ea separou da-a religion.
Translate to Genoese:
Max Stirner: Important thinker within anarchism and the main representative of the anarchist current known as individualist anarchism.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Max Stirner: Importante pensatô drento de l’anarchismo e representante primmäio da corrente anarchica conosciua comme anarchismo individualista.
Translate to Ligurian:
Other forms of social philosophy include political philosophy and jurisprudence, which are largely concerned with the societies of state and government and their functioning.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Atre forme de filosofia soçiale comprendan a filosofia politica e a giurisprudensa, che s’òccupan pe-a gran parte de soçietæ de stato e de governo e do seu fonçionamento.
Translate to Ligurian:
Pre-Socratic philosophy, also known as early Greek philosophy, is ancient Greek philosophy before Socrates.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A filosofia presocratica, conosciua anche comme filosofia grega antiga, a l’é a filosoia grega primma de Sòcrate.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Their work and writing has been almost entirely lost.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O seu travaggi e i seu scriti son anæti persci squæxi do tutto.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Pre-Socratic philosophy began in the 6th century BCE with the three Milesians: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A filosofia presocratica a l’é comensâ do secolo sesto a.C. con i trei Milexen: Talete, Anascimandro e Anascimene.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Xenophanes is known for his critique of the anthropomorphism of gods.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Senòfane o l’é conosciua pe-a seu critica à l’antropomorfismo de divintæ.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The Eleatic school (Parmenides, Zeno of Elea, and Melissus) followed in the 5th century BCE.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A scheua eleatica (Parmenide, Zenon d’Elea e Melisso) a l’é vegnua apreuvo do secolo chinto a.C.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Anaxagoras and Empedocles offered a pluralistic account of how the universe was created.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Anassagora e Empedocle offrivan un resoconto pluralista de comme l’é stæto creou l’universo.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
It was first used by the German philosopher J.A. Eberhard as "vorsokratische Philosophie''' in the late 18th century.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’é stæto deuviou pe-a primma vòtta da-o filòsofo tedesco J.A. Eberhard comme «vorsokratische Philosophie» a-a fin do secolo dixeutto.
Translate to Genoese:
The term comes with drawbacks, as several of the pre-Socratics were highly interested in ethics and how to live the best life.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O termine o l’à di desavantaggi, da-o momento che tanti di presocratichi ean ben ben interessæ à l’etica e à comme vive a megio vitta.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Scholar André Laks distinguishes two traditions of separating pre-Socratics from Socratics, dating back to the classical era and running through current times.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O studioso Andé Laks o distingue doe tradiçioin de separaçion di presocratichi da-i socratichi, che remontan à l’epoca clasica e attraversan i tempi d’ancheu.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Many of the works are titled Peri Physeos, or On Nature, a title probably attributed later by other authors.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tante de euvie en titolæ «Peri Physeos», ò «In sciâ natua», un titolo che probabilmente o gh’é stæto attribuio ciù tardi da di atri autoî.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Adding more difficulty to their interpretation is the obscure language they used.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O lenguaggio scuo ch’an deuviou o l’à azzonte de atre difficoltæ a-a seu interpretaçion.
Translate to Genoese:
Theophrastus, Aristotle's successor, wrote an encyclopedic book Opinion of the Physicists that was the standard work about the pre-Socratics in ancient times.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Teofrasto, o successô d’Aristòtele, o l’à un libro enciclopedico, «Opinion di fixiçisti», che inte l’antighitæ o l’ea l’euvia standard in scî presocratichi.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
After that is a code regarding whether the fragment is a testimonia, coded as "A", or "B" if is a direct quote from the philosopher.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Dòppo gh’é un còdixe ch’o l’indica se o frammento o l’é unna testimoniansa, codificou comme «A» ò «B», o s’o l’é unna çittaçion diretta do filòsofo.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The pre-Socratic era lasted about two centuries, during which the expanding Persian Achaemenid Empire was stretching to the west, while the Greeks were advancing in trade and sea routes, reaching Cyprus and Syria.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’era presocratica a l’é duâ doe çentanæa d’anni pöcassæ, durante i quæ l’impëio persian achemenide in espanscion o s’estendeiva verso òvest, tanto che i greghi avansava into commercio e inte rotte pe mâ, arrivando à Çippri e inta Sciria.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The Greeks revolted in 499 BCE, but ultimately were defeated in 494 BCE.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I greghi s’en rebellæ do 499 a.C., ma in sciâ fin en stæti guägni do 494 a.C.
Translate to Ligurian:
Several factors contributed to the birth of pre-Socratic philosophy in Ancient Greece.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ciù fattoî an contribuio a-o spægâ da filosofia presocratica inta Greçia antiga.
Translate to Genoese:
Another factor was the ease and frequency of intra-Greek travel, which led to the blending and comparison of ideas.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un atro fattô a l’ea a façilitæ e a frequensa di viægi intra-greghi, che portavan a-o mescciâse e a-o confronto de idee.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
The democratic political system of independent poleis also contributed to the rise of philosophy.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Anche o scistema politico de poleis independente o l’à contribuio à l’asceisa da filosofia.
Translate to Genoese:
They are considered predecessors of the pre-Socratics since they seek to address the origin of the world and to organize traditional folklore and legends systematically.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
En conscideræ di predecessoî di presocratichi perché çercavan d’affrontâ l’origine do mondo e d’organizzâ scistematicamente o folklore e e lezzendie da tradiçion.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The first pre-Socratic philosophers also traveled extensively to other lands, meaning that pre-Socratic thought had roots abroad as well as domestically.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I primmi filòsofi presocratichi aivan viægiou ben ben anche pe de atre tære; questo o veu dî che o pensceo presocratico o l’aiva de reixe inte l’estranxeo ascì, e no solo che in patria.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The pre-Socratic philosophers shared the intuition that there was a single explanation that could explain both the plurality and the singularity of the whole – and that explanation would not be direct actions of the gods.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I filòsofi presocratichi condividdeivan l’intuiçion che gh’ea unna sola spiegaçion ch’a poeiva spiegâ tanto a pluralitæ comme a scingolaritæ do tutto: e quella spiegaçion a no saieiva stæta de açioin dirette de divinitæ.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Many sought the material principle (arche) of things, and the method of their origin and disappearance.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tanti çercavan o prinçipio materiale (arché) de cöse e o metodo da seu origine e scomparsa.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
In their effort to make sense of the cosmos they coined new terms and concepts such as rhythm, symmetry, analogy, deductionism, reductionism, mathematicazion of nature and others.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Into seu sfòrso de dâ un senso a-o còsmo an creou di neuvi termini e conçetti comme ritmo, scimmetria, analogia, deduçionismo, reduçionismo, matemalizzaçion da natua e di atri ancon.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
It could mean the beginning or origin with the undertone that there is an effect on the things to follow.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O porrieiva scignificâ o comenso ò l’origine co-o fæto sottinteiso che gh’é ascì un effetto in sce cöse da anâghe apreuvo.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
This may have been because of a lack of instruments, or because of a tendency to view the world as a unity, undeconstructable, so it would be impossible for an external eye to observe tiny fractions of nature under experimental control.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto fæto o peu ëse dovuo a-a mancansa de strumenti ò a-a tendensa à vedde o mondo comme unn’unitæ, indecostruibile, donca saiæ imposcibile pe un euggio esterno ossservâ de minoscole fraçioin da natua sotta contròllo sperimentale.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Systematic because they tried to universalize their findings.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Scistematico perché an çercou de universalizzâ e seu scoverte.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The pre-Socratics were not atheists; however, they minimized the extent of the gods' involvement in natural phenomena such as thunder or totally eliminated the gods from the natural world.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I presocratichi no ean atei; sciben, aivan minimizzou a portâ de l’açion de divinitæ inti fenòmeni da natua comme o tron e aivan eliminou do tutto e divinitæ da-o mondo naturale.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
The first phase of pre-Socratic philosophy, mainly the Milesians, Xenophanes, and Heraclitus, consisted of rejecting traditional cosmogony and attempting to explain nature based on empirical observations and interpretations.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A primma fase da filosofia presocratica, mascime i Milexen, Senòfane e Eraclito, a conscisteiva into refuo da cosmogonia tradiçionale e inta tentativa de spiegâ a natua co-o basâse in sce de osservaçioin e interpretaçioin.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The Eleatics were also monists (believing that only one thing exists and everything else is just a transformation of it).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I Eleatichi ascì ean monisti (creddeivan ch’existe unna cösa solo e che tutto o resto o segge solo che unna seu trasformaçion).
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
He is considered the first western philosopher since he was the first to use reason, to use proof, and to generalize.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’é consciderou o primmo filòsofo oçidentale perché o l’é stæto o primmo ch’o l’à deuviou a raxon, ch’ò l’à deuviou e preuve e ch’o l’à generalizzou.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Thales may have been of Phoenician ancestry.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Talete o porrieiva ëse stæto d’ascendensa feniçia.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Thales, though, advanced geometry with his abstract deductive reasoning reaching universal generalizations.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Talete, però, o l’à fæto progredî a geometria co-o seu raxonamento deduttivo astræto co-o razzonze de generalizzaçioin universale.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Thales visited Sardis, as many Greeks then, where astronomical records were kept and used astronomical observations for practical matters (oil harvesting).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Talete o l’aiva vixitou Sardi, comme tante gente greghe de quelli tempi, donde se tegniva di registri astronòmichi e o deuviava e osservaçioin astronòmiche pe de costion prattiche (recuggeita de l’euio).
Translate to Genoese:
He attributed the origin of the world to an element instead of a divine being.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’à attribuio a creaçion do mondo à un elemento ciufito che à un ëse divin.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
He is also known for speculating on the origin of mankind.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’é conosciuo ascì pe avei fæto de ipòtexi in sce l’origine do genere uman.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
He also wrote a book on nature in prose.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’à scrito ascì un volumme in pröza in sciâ natua.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
He was a well-traveled poet whose primary interests were theology and epistemology.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’ea un poeta ch’o viægiava ben ben, e i seu interesci primmäi ean a teologia e l’epistemologia.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
He famously said that if oxen, horses, or lions could draw, they would draw their gods as oxen, horses, or lions.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Comme se sa, o l’aiva dito che se beu, cavalli e lioin poessan disegnâ, disegnieivan e seu divinitæ comme di beu, di cavalli ò di lioin.
Translate to Genoese:
Xenophanes also offered naturalistic explanations for phenomena such as the sun, the rainbow and St. Elmo's fire.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Senòfane o l’offriva ascì de spiegaçioin naturalistiche pe di fenòmeni comme o sô, l’erconçê ò o feugo de sant’Emo.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
While Xenophanes was a pessimist about the capability of humans to reach knowledge, he also believed in gradual progress through critical thinking.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se Senòfane o l’ea pescimista in sciâ capaçitæ de l’òmmo d’arrivâ a-a conoscensa, o creddeiva ascì into progresso gradduale pe mezo do pensceo critico.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Fire becomes water and earth and vice versa.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O feugo o vëgne ægua e tæra, e o mæximo e a-a reversa.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Another key concept of Heraclitus is that opposites somehow mirror each other, a doctrine called unity of opposites.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un atro conçetto ciave pe Eraclito o l’é o fæto che i oppòsti à quarche mòddo se spegian ciaschedun inte l’atro, unna dottriña ciammâ unitæ di oppòsti.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Heraclitus' doctrine on the unity of opposites suggests that unity of the world and its various parts is kept through the tension produced by the opposites.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A dottriña di oppòsti d’Eraclito a suggerisce che l’unitæ do mondo e de seu varie parte a se mantëgne pe mezo da tenscion produta da-i oppòsti.
Translate to Ligurian:
A fundamental idea in Heraclitus is logos, an ancient Greek word with a variety of meanings; Heraclitus might have used a different meaning of the word with each usage in his book.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unn’idea fondamentale pe Eraclito a l’é quella do logos, unna paròlla do grego antigo con unna gran quantitæ de scignificati; Eraclito, into seu libbro, o porrieiva avei deuviou un scignificato differente da paròlla tutte e vòtte ch’o â mensuña.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Some decades later he had to flee Croton and relocate to Metapontum.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De dëxeñe d’anni dòppo gh’ea toccou scappâ da Croton e anâ à vive à Metaponto.
Translate to Ligurian:
They advanced his ideas, reaching the claim that everything consists of numbers, the universe is made by numbers and everything is a reflection of analogies and geometrical relations.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
An portou avanti e seu idee, arrivando à affermâ che se tutto o consciste de numei, l’universo o l’é fæto da numei e tutto o l’é un riflesso d’analogia e relaçioin geometriche.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Their way of life was ascetic, restraining themselves from various pleasures and food.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O seu stile de vitta o l’ea ascetico, e se trattegnivan da-i varri piaxei e da-o mangiâ.
Translate to Ligurian:
Other pre-Socratic philosophers mocked Pythagoras for his belief in reincarnation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Di atri presocratichi s’ean burlæ de Pitagora perché o creiddeiva inta reincarnaçion.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Pythagoreanism influenced later Christian currents as Neoplatonism, and its pedagogical methods were adapted by Plato.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O pitagorismo o l’à influensuou e corrente crestiañe ciù tarde comme o neoplatonismo e i seu metodi pedagocichi ean stæti adattæ da Platon.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
According to Aristotle and Diogenes Laertius, Xenophanes was Parmenides' teacher, and it is debated whether Xenophanes should also be considered an Eleatic.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Segondo Artistotele e Diogene Laerçio, Senòfane o l’ea o meistro de Parmenide e l’é debattuo se no beseugna consciderâ o Senòfane comme un eleatico ascì.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
He was the first to deduce that the earth is spherical.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’é stæto o primmo à dedue che a tæra a fïse sferica.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Parmenides wrote a hard to interpret poem, named On Nature or On What-is, that substantially influenced later Greek philosophy.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Parmenide o l’à scrito un poema diffiçile da interpretâ, ciammou «In sciâ natua ò in sce quello ch’o l’é», ch’o l’à inluensou ben ben a filosofia grega ciù tarda.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The poem consists of three parts, the proem (i.e., preface), the Way of Truth and the Way of Opinion.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O poema o consciste de træ parte, o proemio (ò sæ a prefaçion), a Via da Veitæ e a Via de l’Opinion.
Translate to Genoese:
The Way of Truth was then, and is still today, considered of much more importance.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Cammin da Veitæ a l’ea aloa, e a ô l’é ancon ancheu, consciderâ ben ben ciù importante.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Hence, all the things that we think to be true, even ourselves, are false representations.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Donca, tutte e cöse che pensemmo che seggian vee, fiña niatri mæximi, en de representaçioin fäse.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Zeno and Melissus continued Parmenides' thought on cosmology.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Zenon e Melisso an portou avanti o pensceo de Parmenide in sciâ cosmologia.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
He tried to explain why we think various non-existent objects exist.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’à çercou de spiegâ pecöse pensemmo ch’existe di oggetti inexistenti.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Anaxagoras was born in Ionia, but was the first major philosopher to emigrate to Athens.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Anassagora o l’ea nasciuo inta Iònia, ma o l’é stæto o primmo grande filòsofo ch’o segge emigrou à Atene.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Anaxagoras was also a major influence on Socrates.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Anassagora ascì o l’à avuo unna gran influensa in sce Sòcrate.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Interpretations differ as to what he meant.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E interpretaçioin en despæge da quello ch’o l’intendeiva.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
All objects were mixtures of various elements, such as air, water, and others.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tutti i oggetti ean de mescciue d’atri elementi, comme l’äia, l’ægua e di atri ancon.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Nous was also considered a building block of the cosmos, but it exists only in living objects.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Anche o Nous o l’ea consdierou un elemento costitutivo do còsmo, ma o l’existe solo inti oggetti viventi.
Translate to Ligurian:
Anaxagoras advanced Milesian thought on epistemology, striving to establish an explanation that could be valid for all natural phenomena.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Anassagora o l’à preçeduo o pensceo mileise in sce l’epistemologia, sforsandose de stabilî unna spiegaçion ch’a poesse ëse valida pe tutti i fenòmeni de natua.