ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
Translate to Genoese:
Many peoples whose territories within the Holy Roman Empire had been independent for centuries had no representatives in the Imperial Diet, and this included the Imperial Knights and independent villages.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tanti pòpoli che i seu territöi drento do Sacro Impëio Roman ean stæti independenti pe di secoli no aivan de representanti inta Dieta Imperiale, compreiso i Cavaggëi Imperiali e i paixi independenti.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The four major estates were: nobility (dvoryanstvo), clergy, rural dwellers, and urban dwellers, with a more detailed stratification therein.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I quattro stati prinçipæ ean: nobiltæ (dvoryanstvo), clero, abitanti de campagne e abitanti de çittæ, con unna stratificaçion ciù particolâ de drento.
Translate to Genoese:
The bourgeoisie in its original sense is intimately linked to the existence of cities, recognized as such by their urban charters (e.g., municipal charters, town privileges, German town law), so there was no bourgeoisie apart from the citizenry of the cities.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A borghexia into senso originäio a l'é ligâ streita a l'existensa de çittæ, reconosciue comme pæge graçie a-i seu statuti çittæn (pe exempio, lezze di commun, privilegi de çittæ, lezze çittæñe todesche), donca no existeiva de borghexia levou che i çittæn de çittæ.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Historically, the medieval French word bourgeois denoted the inhabitants of the bourgs (walled market-towns), the craftsmen, artisans, merchants, and others, who constituted "the bourgeoisie".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inta stöia, a poula franseise de l'Etæ de mezo bourgeois a l'indicava i abitanti di bourgs (çittæ-mercou con de miage), i artexen, i mercanti e di atri, che formavan «a bourgeoisie».
Translate from English to Genoese:
Guilds arose when individual businessmen (such as craftsmen, artisans and merchants) conflicted with their rent-seeking feudal landlords who demanded greater rents than previously agreed.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E corporaçioin en nasciue quande di òmmi de dafæ (comme artexen e marcanti) de pe loiatri son intræ in lòtta co-i propietäi feudali in çerchia de rendie che domandavan de pixioin ciù erte che quelle concordæ in passou.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
They tend to belong to a family that has been bourgeois for three or more generations.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tendan à appartegnî à unna famiggia ch'a l'é stæta borgheise pe træ generaçioin ò de ciù.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The names of these families are generally known in the city where they reside, and their ancestors have often contributed to the region's history.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I nommi de ste famigge chì pe sòlito en conosciui inta çittæ donde stan e i seu antighi an contribuio de spesso a-a stöia da region.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
These people nevertheless live lavishly, enjoying the company of the great artists of the time.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ste persoñe, con tutto, vivan sensa dâ a mente a-i dinæ, con gödî da compagnia di gren artisti do periodo.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
In the French language, the term bourgeoisie almost designates a caste by itself, even though social mobility into this socio-economic group is possible.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inta lengua franseise, o termine bourgeoisie o l'indica squæxi unna cösa pe conto seu, sciben che a mobilitæ soçiale inte sto gruppo sòçio-econòmico a l'é poscibile.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Hitler distrusted capitalism for being unreliable due to its egotism, and he preferred a state-directed economy that is subordinated to the interests of the Volk.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Hitler o no se fiava do capitaliximo perché o ô tegniva pe arresegou pe caxon do seu egoçentriximo e gh'ea ciù cao unn'economia gestia da-o stato sottomissa a-i interesci do Volk, o pòpolo.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Hitler also said that the business bourgeoisie "know nothing except their profit".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Hitler o l'à affermou ascì che a borghexia di dafæ «a conosce solo che o seu guägno».
Translate from English to Genoese:
The utility of these things was inherent in their practical functions.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'utilitæ de sti oggetti a l'ea intrinseca inte seu fonçioin prattiche.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Belle de Jour (Beauty of the day, 1967) tells the story of a bourgeois wife who is bored with her marriage and decides to prostitute herself.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Belle de Jour (Bella de giorno, 1967) a conta a stöia de unna moggê borgheise ascidiâ da-o seu matrimònio ch'a deçidde de prostituîse.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
In Europe, the title of Emperor has been used since the Middle Ages, considered in those times equal or almost equal in dignity to that of Pope due to the latter's position as visible head of the Church and spiritual leader of the Catholic part of Western Europe.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In Euröpa, o titolo d'Imperatô o l'é stæto deuviou fin da l'Etæ de mezo, tegnuo à quelli tempi de dignitæ pægia ò squæxi pægia che quella do Pappa pe caxon da poxiçion de sto chì comme cappo vixibile da Gexa e guidda spirituale da parte catòlica de l'Euröpa de Ponente.
Translate to Genoese:
In as much as there is a strict definition of emperor, it is that an emperor has no relations implying the superiority of any other ruler and typically rules over more than one nation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna definiçion streita d'imperatô a l'é che un imperatô o no l'à de relaçioin che compòrtan a superioritæ de quæ se segge atro governante e pe commun o regna in sce ciù naçioin.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Their status was officially recognised by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1514, although not officially used by the Russian monarchs until 1547.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A seu condiçion a l'é stæta reconosciua offiçialmente da-o Sacro Impëio Roman do 1514, ascì ch'a no l'é stæta offiçialmente addeuviâ da-i monarchi rusci fin a-o 1547.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Such pre-Roman titles as Great King or King of Kings, used by the Kings of Persia and others, are often considered as the equivalent.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sti titoli pre-romoen comme Gran Re ò Re di Re, addeuviæ da-i re de Perscia e di atri, son tegnui de sovente pe pægi.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Empire became identified instead with vast territorial holdings rather than the title of its ruler by the mid-18th century.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'impëio incangio o l'é stæto identificou con de gren propietæ de territöio ciufito che co-o titolo do seu governante da-a meitæ do secolo XVIII.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Ancient Romans abhorred the name Rex ("king"), and it was critical to the political order to maintain the forms and pretenses of republican rule.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I antighi romoen refuavan o nomme Rex («re») e l'ea essençiale pe l'ordine politico de mantegnî e forme e i pretesti do governo repubrican.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Augustus, considered the first Roman emperor, established his hegemony by collecting on himself offices, titles, and honours of Republican Rome that had traditionally been distributed to different people, concentrating what had been distributed power in one man.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Augusto, tegnuo pe-o primmo imperatô roman, o l'à stabilio a seu egemonia ammuggiandose adòsso de carreghe, titoli e onoî da Romma repubricaña che pe tradiçion ean stæti distribuii à de persoñe despæge, conçentrando inte un òmmo solo quella ch'a l'ea stæta unn'influensa distribuia.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
However, it was the informal descriptive of Imperator ("commander") that became the title increasingly favored by his successors.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Però, l'é stæto a denominaçion informale de Imperatô («commandante») à vegnî o titolo sempre ciù cao à quelli vegnui apreuvo de lê.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
This is one of the most enduring titles: Caesar and its transliterations appeared in every year from the time of Caesar Augustus to Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria's removal from the throne in 1946.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto chì o l'é un di titoli che son duæ ciù tanto: Cesare e e seu translitteraçioin son comparie tutti i anni da-o periodo de Cesare Augusto fin a-a remoçion d'in sciô tröno do zar Scimon II de Burgaia do 1946.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Exceptions include the title of the Augustan History, a semi-historical collection of Emperors' biographies of the 2nd and 3rd century.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tra e eçeçioin l'é compreiso o titolo da Stöia augustea, unn'arrecuggeita semistòrica de biografie d'imperatoî di secoli II e III.
Translate to Ligurian:
Few were however granted the title, and it was certainly not a rule that all wives of reigning Emperors would receive it.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À pöche però l'é stæto lasciou o titolo e de seguo no l'ea unna regola che tutte e moggê di imperatoî regnanti ô reçevessan.
Translate from English to Genoese:
In the late Republic, as in the early years of the new monarchy, Imperator was a title granted to Roman generals by their troops and the Roman Senate after a great victory, roughly comparable to field marshal (head or commander of the entire army).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inta Repubrica tarda, comme inti primmi anni da neuva monarchia, Imperator o l'é un titolo lasciou a-i generali romoen da-e truppe e da-o Senato roman dòppo unna vittöia importante, ciunimeno da paragonâ a-o feldmaresciallo (cappo ò commandante de l'armâ intrega).
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The succeeding Nervan-Antonian Dynasty, ruling for most of the 2nd century, stabilised the Empire.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A dinastia apreuvo Nervan-Antònia, ch'a l'à regnou pe-a ciù parte do secolo II, a l'à stabilizzou l'impëio.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Three short lived secessionist attempts had their own emperors: the Gallic Empire, the Britannic Empire, and the Palmyrene Empire though the latter used rex more regularly.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Træ tentative de destacco duæ pöco an avuo i seu imperatoî: l'impëio gallico, l'impëio britannico, e l'impëio de Palmira, sciben che sto chì o deuviesse rex ciù de regola.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
At one point, there were as many as five sharers of the imperium (see: Tetrarchy).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À un çerto momento, gh'ea ben çinque persoñe che scompartivan l'imperium (ammia: Tetrarchia).
Translate to Ligurian:
The city is more commonly called Constantinople and is today named Istanbul).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A çittæ a ven ciammâ pe commun Costaninòpoli e ancheu a se ciamma Istanbul).
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
These Later Roman "Byzantine" Emperors completed the transition from the idea of the Emperor as a semi-republican official to the Emperor as an absolute monarch.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sti urtimi imperatoî romoen «bizantin» an compio a tranxiçion da-o conçetto de imperatô comme un fonçionäio semi-repubrican à l'imperatô comme un monarca assoluo.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Byzantine period emperors also used the Greek word "autokrator", meaning "one who rules himself", or "monarch", which was traditionally used by Greek writers to translate the Latin dictator.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I imperatoî do periodo bizantin addeuviavan ascì a poula grega «autokrator», ch'a veu dî «quello ch'o commanda segondo a seu voentæ», ò «monarca», addeuvioiu pe tradiçion da-i scrittoî greghi pe tradue o dittatô latin.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
In fact, none of these (and other) additional epithets and titles had ever been completely discarded.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In veitæ, nisciun de questi (e atri) epiteti e titoli in azzonta o l'ea mai stæto abandonou do tutto.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Following the tragedy of the horrific sacking of the city, the conquerors declared a new "Empire of Romania", known to historians as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, installing Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders, as Emperor.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Apreuvo a-a tragedia do tremendo sacchezzo da çittæ, i conquistatoî an avvoxou un neuvo «Impëio de Romania», conosciuo a-i stòrichi comme Impëio latin de Costantinòpoli, nominando Baldoin IX, conte de Fiandre, comme imperatô.
Translate to Genoese:
From the time of Otto the Great onward, much of the former Carolingian kingdom of Eastern Francia became the Holy Roman Empire.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Da-o periodo de Otton o Grande in avanti, a gran parte do passou regno carolingio da Fransa de Levante a l'é vegnua o Sacro Impëio Roman.
Translate to Genoese:
This junior King then bore the title of Roman King (King of the Romans).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Questo re junior o l'aiva donca o titolo de re roman (re di romoen).
Translate to Genoese:
The Holy Roman Emperor was considered the first among those in power.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Sacro Imperatô Roman o l'ea tegnuo pe-o primmo tra quelli ch'ean a-o governo.
Translate to Genoese:
Geography is often defined in terms of two branches: human geography and physical geography.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De spesso a geografia e ven definia segondo doe ramme: a geografia umaña e a geografia fixica.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Traditionally, geography has been associated with cartography and place names.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tradiçionalmente a geografia a l’é stæta assoçiâ a-a cartografia e a-i topònimi.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The former largely focuses on the built environment and how humans create, view, manage, and influence space.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A primma a se conçentra ciù che tutto in sce l’ambiente costruto e in sce comme i òmmi crean, veddan, manezzan e influensan o spaçio.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
It requires an understanding of the traditional aspects of physical and human geography, like the ways that human societies conceptualize the environment.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A domanda unna comprenscion di aspetti tradiçionali da geografia fixica e umaña, comme e mainee co-e quæ e soçietæ umañe conçentualizzan l’ambiente.
Translate to Ligurian:
The study of systems larger than the Earth itself usually forms part of Astronomy or Cosmology.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe-o sòlito o studio di scistemi ciù grendi da Tæra mæxima a fa parte de l’astronomia ò de l’astrologia.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Regional science: In the 1950s, the regional science movement led by Walter Isard arose to provide a more quantitative and analytical base to geographical questions, in contrast to the descriptive tendencies of traditional geography programs.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sciensa regionale: Di anni ’50 o movimento da sciensa regionale guiddou da Walter Isard o l’é nasciuo pe fornî unna base ciù quantitativa e analitica in scê costioin geografiche, in contrasto co-e tendense descrittive di programmi tradiçionali de geografia.
Translate to Genoese:
Cartography has grown from a collection of drafting techniques into an actual science.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A cartografia a s’é trasformâ da un insemme de tecniche de disegno inte unna scensa vea e pròpia.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
In addition to all of the other subdisciplines of geography, GIS specialists must understand computer science and database systems.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In azzonta à tutte e atre subdiscipliñe da geografia, beseugna che i speçialisti GIS aggian de conoscense d’informatica e in scî scistemi de base de dæti.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Geostatistics is used extensively in a variety of fields, including hydrology, geology, petroleum exploration, weather analysis, urban planning, logistics, and epidemiology.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A geostatistica a ven deuviâ largamente inte unna gran quantitæ de campi, comme l’idrologia, a geologia, l’esploraçion petrolifera, l’analixi meteoròlogica, a pianificaçion de çittæ, a logistica etc.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
The map as reconstructed by Eckhard Unger shows Babylon on the Euphrates, surrounded by a circular landmass showing Assyria, Urartu, and several cities, in turn surrounded by a "bitter river" (Oceanus), with seven islands arranged around it so as to form a seven-pointed star.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A mappa comm’a l’é stæta recostruta da Eckhard Unger a mostra Babilònia in sce l’Eufrate, con unna massa circolare tutt’in gio ch’a mostra Assiria, Urartu e varie çittæ, à seu vòtta con un «sciumme amao» intorno (Oceanus), con sette isoe in gio à lê de mòddo da formâ unna stella da-e sette ponte.
Translate from English to Genoese:
In contrast to the Imago Mundi, an earlier Babylonian world map dating back to the 9th century BC depicted Babylon as being further north from the center of the world, though it is not certain what that center was supposed to represent.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In contrasto con l’Imago Mundi, un mappamondo babiloneise ciù antigo ch’o remontava a-o secolo IX a.C. o representava Babilònia ciù a-o nòrd do çentro do mondo, ascì ben che no l’é seguo cös’o representesse quello çentro.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
There is some debate about who was the first person to assert that the Earth is spherical in shape, with the credit going either to Parmenides or Pythagoras.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Gh’é unna çerta discuscioin in sce chi segge stæto a primma persoña à avei affermou che a Tæra a l’é de forma sferica: o meito o l’anieiva ò a-o Parmenide ò donca a-o Pitagora.
Translate to Genoese:
One of the first estimates of the radius of the Earth was made by Eratosthenes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Uña de primme stimme do raggio da Tæra a l’é stæta fæta da Eratòstene.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The meridians were sub-divided into 360°, with each degree further subdivided into 60 (minutes).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I meridien ean scompartii inte 360°, e tutti i graddi ean scompartii à seu vòtta inte 60 (menuti).
Translate from English to Ligurian:
He extended the work of Hipparchus, using a grid system on his maps and adopting a length of 56.5 miles for a degree.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’à esteiso o travaggio d’Ipparco pe mezo de un scistema à grixella in scê seu mappe e co-o deuviâ unna longhixe de 56,5 miggia pe un graddo.
Translate to Genoese:
During the Middle Ages, the fall of the Roman empire led to a shift in the evolution of geography from Europe to the Islamic world.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte l’Etæ de Mezo a cheita de l’impero roman a l’à provocou o spostamento de l’evoluçion da geografia da l’Euröpa a-o mondo islamico.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Abu Rayhan Biruni (976–1048) first described a polar equi-azimuthal equidistant projection of the celestial sphere.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Abu Rayhan Biruni (976-1048) o l’à descrito pe-o primmo unna proieçion polare equi-azimutale equidistante da-a vòtta do çê.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
He also developed similar techniques when it came to measuring the heights of mountains, depths of the valleys, and expanse of the horizon.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’à sviluppou ascì de tecniche pæge quande se trattava de mesuâ e ertesse de montagne, e profonditæ de vallæ e a desteisa de l’orizzonte.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The problem facing both explorers and geographers was finding the latitude and longitude of a geographic location.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O problema ch’aiva da affrontâ tanto i esploratoî comme i geografi o l’ea d’attrovâ a latitudine e a longitudine de un pòsto geografico.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
The 18th and the 19th centuries were the times when geography became recognized as a discrete academic discipline, and became part of a typical university curriculum in Europe (especially Paris and Berlin).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O secolo dixeutto e dixineuve en stæti tempi donde a geografia a l’é stæta reconoscia comme discipliña academica discreta e a l’é vegnua parte de un tipico curriculum universcitäio (mascime à Pariggi e à Berlin).
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Over the past two centuries, the advancements in technology with computers have led to the development of geomatics and new practices such as participant observation and geostatistics being incorporated into geography's portfolio of tools.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inti urtimi doî secoli, i progresci da tecnologia co-i computer an portou a-o sviluppo da geomatica e à de neuve prattiche, comme l’ossevaçion parteçipante e a geostatistica incorporæ into portafeuggio de strumenti da geografia.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Arnold Henry Guyot (1807–1884) – noted the structure of glaciers and advanced understanding in glacier motion, especially in fast ice flow.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Arnold Henry Guyot (1807-1884) – o l’à nottou a struttua di giassæ e o l’à portou avanti a comprenscion do movimento di giassæ, mascime in sciô flusso spedio da giassa.
Translate to Ligurian:
Ellen Churchill Semple (1863–1932) – first female president of the Association of American Geographers.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ellen Churchill Semple (1863-1932) – primma prescidente dònna de l’Assoçiaçion di Geografi Americhen.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Walter Christaller (1893–1969) – human geographer and inventor of Central place theory.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Walter Christaller (1893-1969) – geografo uman e inventô da teoria di pòsti çentrali.
Translate to Ligurian:
David Harvey (born 1935) – Marxist geographer and author of theories on spatial and urban geography, winner of the Vautrin Lud Prize.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
David Harvey (nasciuo do 1935) – geografo marxista e autô de teorie in sciâ geografia spaçiale e urbaña, vinçitô do premio Vautrin Lud.
Translate to Ligurian:
In some cases, a distinction is made between the official (constitutional) capital and the seat of government, which is in another place.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte çerti caxi, a vëgne fæta unna distinçion tra a capitale (constituçionale) e a sede do goerno, ch'a l'é da unn'atra parte.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Examples are ancient Babylon, Abbasid Baghdad, ancient Athens, Rome, Bratislava, Budapest, Constantinople, Chang'an, ancient Cusco, Kyiv, Madrid, Paris, Podgorica, London, Beijing, Prague, Tallinn, Tokyo, Lisbon, Riga, Vilnius, and Warsaw.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Di exempi son l'antiga Babilònia, a Bagdad di Abbascidi, e antighe Atene, Romma, Bratislava, Budapest, Constantinòpoli, Chang'an, l'antiga Cusco, Kyiv, Madrid, Pariggi, Podgorica, Londra, Pechin, Praga, Tallinn, Tokyo, Lisboña, Riga, Vilnius, e Varsavia.