ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
It dispensed with the labour theory of value inherited from classical economics in favour of a marginal utility theory of value on the demand side and a more general theory of costs on the supply side.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l'à renonçiou a-a teoria do travaggio da varsciua ereditâ da l'economia clascica à avvantaggio de unna teoria de l'utilitæ marginale da varsciua da-a parte da domanda e de unna teoria ciù generale di costi da-a parte d l'offerta.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
An immediate example of this is the consumer theory of individual demand, which isolates how prices (as costs) and income affect quantity demanded.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un exempio a-o xeuo o l'é a teoria do consummatô da domanda individuale, ch'a l'isoa a mainea che i prexi (comme costi) e o reddito influensan a quantitæ domandâ.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Modern mainstream economics builds on neoclassical economics but with many refinements that either supplement or generalize earlier analysis, such as econometrics, game theory, analysis of market failure and imperfect competition, and the neoclassical model of economic growth for analysing long-run variables affecting national income.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'economia tradiçIonale moderna a se basa in sce l'economia neoclascia ma con tanti megioamenti che megioan ò generalizzan de analixi passæ, comme l'econometria, a teoria di zeughi, l'analixi do fallimento do mercou e da concorrensa imperfetta e o modello neoclascio do crescio econòmico, pe analizzâ e variabile delongo periodo ch'influensan o reddito naçionale.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
There exists an economic problem, subject to study by economic science, when a decision (choice) is made by one or more resource-controlling players to attain the best possible outcome under bounded rational conditions.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Existe un problema econòmico, oggetto de studio da sciensa econòmica, quande unna deçixon (çernia) a vëgne piggiâ da un ò ciù attoî che contròllan e resorse pe ottegnî o megio exito poscibile in condiçioin raçionale limitæ.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The book focused on determinants of national income in the short run when prices are relatively inflexible.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O libbro o l'ea inçentrou in scî fattoî determinanti do reddito naçionale into periodo curto quande i prexi son relativamente reddeni.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Keynesian economics has two successors.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'economia keynesiaña a l'à doî eredi.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
It is generally associated with the University of Cambridge and the work of Joan Robinson.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l'é ligou pe commun à l'Universcitæ de Cambridge e a-o travaggio do Joan Robinson.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Ben Bernanke, former Chairman of the Federal Reserve, is among the economists today generally accepting Friedman's analysis of the causes of the Great Depression.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Ben Bernanke, passou prescidente da Federal Reserve, o l'é tra i economisti che ancheu açettan à reo l'analixi do Friedman in scê caxoin da Gran Deprescion.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
When creating theories, the objective is to find ones which are at least as simple in information requirements, more precise in predictions, and more fruitful in generating additional research than prior theories.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Quande se crea de teorie, l'intençion a l'é de trovâ quelle che seggian a-o manco sence pæge inti requixiti d'informaçioin, ciù preçise inte previxoin e ciù de reo into generâ de reçerche in ciù à peto de teorie passæ.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Early macroeconomic models focused on modelling the relationships between aggregate variables, but as the relationships appeared to change over time macroeconomists, including new Keynesians, reformulated their models in microfoundations.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I primmi modelli macroeconomichi ean inçentræ in sciâ modellaçion de relaçioin tra de variabile aggregæ, ma za che e relaçioin paivan cangiâ into tempo i macroeconomisti, compreiso i neuvi keynesien, an reformolou i modelli inte di microfondamenti.
Translate to Ligurian:
Sometimes an economic hypothesis is only qualitative, not quantitative.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De vòtte unn'ipòtexi econòmica a l'é solo qualitativa, no quantitativa.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
However, the field of experimental economics is growing, and increasing use is being made of natural experiments.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Però, o campo de l'economia sperimentale o l'é apreuvo à spandise e s'addeuvia sempre de ciù i esperimenti naturali.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
In applied economics, input–output models employing linear programming methods are quite common.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In economia applicâ, i modelli input-output che addeuvian di metodi de programmaçion in linia son assæ commun.
Translate from English to Genoese:
This has reduced the long-noted distinction of economics from natural sciences because it allows direct tests of what were previously taken as axioms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto chì o l'à reduto a distinçion conosciua da l'oa lì tra l'economia e e sciense naturale perché a permette de preuve dirette de quelli che in passou ean tegnui pe di asciömi.
Translate to Ligurian:
Similar empirical testing occurs in neuroeconomics.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De preuve empiriche pæge se fan in neuroeconomia.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
In perfectly competitive markets, no participants are large enough to have the market power to set the price of a homogeneous product.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte di mercoei perfettamente competitivi, nisciun parteçipante o l'é assæ grande da avei l'influensa de mercou pe fissâ o prexo de un produto omogeneo.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Microeconomics studies individual markets by simplifying the economic system by assuming that activity in the market being analysed does not affect other markets.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A microeconomia a studia i mercoei de pe loiatri semplificando o scistema economico con presuppoñe che l'attivitæ into mercou analizzou a no l'influisce in sce di atri mercoei.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
General-equilibrium theory studies various markets and their behaviour.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A teoria de l'equilibrio generale a studia ciù mercæ e o relativo comportamento.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Choices must be made between desirable yet mutually exclusive actions.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'é neçessäio çerne tra açioin boñe da dexidiâ che se tëgnan feua uña con l'atra.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Part of the cost of making pretzels is that neither the flour nor the morning are available any longer, for use in some other way.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna parte do costo de produçion do pretzel o l'é che ni a fæña ni a mattin son ciù a dispoxiçion pe ëse addeuviæ inte quarche atra mainea.
Translate to Ligurian:
Inputs used in the production process include such primary factors of production as labour services, capital (durable produced goods used in production, such as an existing factory), and land (including natural resources).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I input addeuviæ into proçesso de produçion comprendan di fattoî de produçion primäi comme di serviçi de man d'euvia, do capitale (ben produti de duata addeuviæ inta produçion, comme unna fabrica ch'a l'existe) e do terren (compreiso e resorse da natua).
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
In the simplest case an economy can produce just two goods (say "guns" and "butter").
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Into caxo ciù sencio, unn'economia a peu produe solo doî ben (pe exempio «foxin» e «butiro»).
Translate to Genoese:
The slope of the curve at a point on it gives the trade-off between the two goods.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A pendensa da curva inte un ponto a l'indica o compromisso tra i doî ben.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Along the PPF, scarcity implies that choosing more of one good in the aggregate entails doing with less of the other good.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Longo o PPF, a mancansa a compòrta che a çernia de unna quantitæ ciù grande de un ben inte l'aggregou a compòrta d'avei à dispoxiçion unna quantitæ ciù picciña de l'atro ben.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
A point inside the curve (as at A), is feasible but represents production inefficiency (wasteful use of inputs), in that output of one or both goods could increase by moving in a northeast direction to a point on the curve.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un ponto de drento a-a curva (comme A) o l'é de bon fâ ma o representa unna perdia de produçion (straggio de input), perché l'output de un ò de tutti doî i ben o porrieiva cresce mesciandose in direçion nòrd-levante verso un ponto in sciâ curva.
Translate to Genoese:
It has been observed that a high volume of trade occurs among regions even with access to a similar technology and mix of factor inputs, including high-income countries.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
S'é osservou che un gran volumme de scangi o l'avvëgne anche tra e regioin ch'an à dispoxiçion unna tecnologia pægia e un insemme d'input e de fattoî, compreiso i paixi à reddito erto.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Among each of these production systems, there may be a corresponding division of labour with different work groups specializing, or correspondingly different types of capital equipment and differentiated land uses.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tra ciaschedun de sti scistemi de produçion, peu existe unna spartiçion do travaggio ch'a correpsonde con di gruppi de travaggio speçializzæ differenti ò in correspondensa di tipi differenti de ben strumentali e uxi differençiæ do terren.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Theory and observation set out the conditions such that market prices of outputs and productive inputs select an allocation of factor inputs by comparative advantage, so that (relatively) low-cost inputs go to producing low-cost outputs.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A teoria e l'osservaçion stabiliscian e condiçioin de mainea che i prexi de mercou di output e di input produttivi çernan unn'allocaçion di input e di fattoî in base à l'avvantaggio in confronto, coscì che i input (relativamente) à bon patto vaggan à produe di output à bon patto.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
In microeconomics, it applies to price and output determination for a market with perfect competition, which includes the condition of no buyers or sellers large enough to have price-setting power.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In microeconomia, a s'applica a-a determinaçion do prexo e da produçion pe un mercou con unna concorrensa perfetta, ch'a comprende a condiçion donde niscuña cazaña ò venditô son assæ grendi da avei l'influensa de determinâ i prexi.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Demand theory describes individual consumers as rationally choosing the most preferred quantity of each good, given income, prices, tastes, etc.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A teoria da domanda e descrive de pe loiatri i consummatoî che çernan raçionalmente a quantitæ ciù caa de ciaschedun ben, tegnuo in conto o reddito, i prexi, i gusti, etc.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The law of demand states that, in general, price and quantity demanded in a given market are inversely related.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A lezze da domanda a l'afferma che, à reo, o prexo e a quantitæ domandâ inte un çerto mercou son in relaçion inversa.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
In addition, purchasing power from the price decline increases ability to buy (the income effect).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe de ciù, a facoltæ d'accattâ ch'a ne vëgne da l'asbasciâ di prexi o l'accresce a poscibilitæ d'accattâ (l'effetto reddito).
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Supply is the relation between the price of a good and the quantity available for sale at that price.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'offerta a l'é o rappòrto tra o prexo de un ben e a quantitæ a dispoxiçion pe-a vendia à quello prexo.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Supply is typically represented as a function relating price and quantity, if other factors are unchanged.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'offerta a vëgne representâ pe sòlito comme unna fonçion ch'a mette in relaçion prexo e quantitæ, se i atri fattoî no cangian.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Market equilibrium occurs where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, the intersection of the supply and demand curves in the figure above.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'equilibrio de mercou o l'avvëgne quande a quantitæ de l'offerta l'é pægia che a quantitæ domandâ, l'interseçion de curve de domanda e offerta inta figua reportâ de d'ato.
Translate to Ligurian:
At a price above equilibrium, there is a surplus of quantity supplied compared to quantity demanded.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À un prexo ciù erto che l'equilibrio, intravëgne un sorveciù de quantitæ offerta in sciâ quantitæ domandâ.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The most obvious kinds of firms are corporations, partnerships and trusts.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I tipi ciù commun d'açiende son e soçietæ, e compagnie e i cartelli.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
In perfectly competitive markets studied in the theory of supply and demand, there are many producers, none of which significantly influence price.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inti mercæ perfettamente competitivi studiæ inta teoria da domanda e d l'offerta, gh'é tanti produttoî, nisciun di quæ o l'influensa de mainea importante o prexo.
Translate to Ligurian:
Common market structures studied besides perfect competition include monopolistic competition, various forms of oligopoly, and monopoly.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E struttue de mercou commun studiæ a-o de là da concorrensa perfetta comprendan a concorrensa monopolistica, ciù forme d'oligopòlio e o monopòlio.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Given its different forms, there are various ways of representing uncertainty and modelling economic agents' responses to it.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Dæto e seu forme despæge, gh'é tante mainee de representâ l'inçertessa e de modellâ e respòste di agenti econòmichi.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
It has significant applications seemingly outside of economics in such diverse subjects as formulation of nuclear strategies, ethics, political science, and evolutionary biology.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A l'à de applicaçioin scignificative che pan a-o de feua de l'economia inte di ambiti tanto despægi comme a formolaçion de strategie nucleare, l'etica, e sciense politiche e a biologia evolutiva.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
It also analyses the pricing of financial instruments, the financial structure of companies, the efficiency and fragility of financial markets, financial crises, and related government policy or regulation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe de ciù, a l'analizza o prexo di strumenti finançiäi, a struttua finançiäia de impreise, a reisa e a fragilitæ di mercoei finançiäi, e crixi finançiäie e a relativa regolamentaçion ò politica governativa.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Customers without knowledge of whether a car is a "lemon" depress its price below what a quality second-hand car would be.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E casañe che no san se unna machina a l'é unna «gazibba» n'asbascian o prexo a-o de sotta de quello de unna machina de segonda man de boña qualitæ.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Both problems may raise insurance costs and reduce efficiency by driving otherwise willing transactors from the market ("incomplete markets").
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tutti doî i problemi peuan fâ montâ i costi de l'asseguaçion e redue a reisa allontanando da-o mercou di operatoî sedonca disponibili («mercoei macanti»).
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Information asymmetries and incomplete markets may result in economic inefficiency but also a possibility of improving efficiency through market, legal, and regulatory remedies, as discussed above.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De ascimmetrie informative e di mercoei mancanti peuan generâ da perdia econòmica, ma ascì unna poscibilitæ de megioâ a reisa pe mezo de remeddi de mercou, legali e normativi, comme dito primma.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Public goods are goods which are under-supplied in a typical market.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I ben pubrichi son di ben che son fornii de sotta inte un mercou tipico.
Translate from English to Genoese:
For example, air pollution may generate a negative externality, and education may generate a positive externality (less crime, etc.).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe exempio, l'atteuscegamento atmosferico o peu generâ unn'esternalitæ negativa e l'instruçion a peu generâ unn'esternalitæ poxitiva (ciù pöca criminalitæ, etc.).
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
In many areas, some form of price stickiness is postulated to account for quantities, rather than prices, adjusting in the short run to changes on the demand side or the supply side.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte tante zöne, s'ipotizza unna forma de prexi tacchigni pe tegnî conto de quantitæ, ciufito che di prexi, adattandose into periodo curto a-i cangiamenti da-a parte da domanda ò da-a parte de l'offerta.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Examples of such price stickiness in particular markets include wage rates in labour markets and posted prices in markets deviating from perfect competition.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tra i exempi de sti prexi tacchigni inte di mercoei particolæ l'é compreiso i tasci de saläio inti mercoei do travaggio e i prexi pubricæ inti mercoei che se destaccan da-a concorrensa perfetta.
Translate to Ligurian:
Such aggregates include national income and output, the unemployment rate, and price inflation and subaggregates like total consumption and investment spending and their components.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sti aggregæ chì comprendan a produçion e o reddito naçionale, o tascio de desoccupaçion e l'inflaçion di prexi, in ciù che di sottaggregæ comme o consummo totale e a speisa pe investimenti e i relativi componenti.
Translate to Ligurian:
This has addressed a long-standing concern about inconsistent developments of the same subject.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’é stæto affrontou coscì unn’anscetæ delongo tempo in sce di sviluppi incoerenti do mæximo argomento.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Keynes contended that aggregate demand for goods might be insufficient during economic downturns, leading to unnecessarily high unemployment and losses of potential output.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Keynes o l’à sostegnuo che a domanda aggregâ de ben a porrieiva no bastâ into mezo de reçescioin econòmiche, con caxonâ unna desoccupaçion erta à deseuvio e de perdie de produçion potençiale.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
New classical macroeconomics, as distinct from the Keynesian view of the business cycle, posits market clearing with imperfect information.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A neuva macroeconomia clascica, distinta da-a vixon keynesiaña do ciclo econòmico, a propoñe a compensaçion do mercou con de informaçioin imperfette.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The labour force only includes workers actively looking for jobs.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A fòrsa de travaggio a comprende solo i louanti che çercan attivamente do travaggio.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Large amounts of structural unemployment can occur when an economy is transitioning industries and workers find their previous set of skills are no longer in demand.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De gren quantitæ de desoccupaçion strutturale peuan ësighe quande i settoî de unn'economia son in fase de tranxiçion e i louanti descreuvan che e seu competense passæ no son ciù vosciue.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Money has general acceptability, relative consistency in value, divisibility, durability, portability, elasticity in supply, and longevity with mass public confidence.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I dinæ an a poscibilitæ d'ëse açettæ à reo, unna relativa coerensa de varsciua, a poscibilitæ d'ëse spartii, duata, portabilitæ, elastiçitæ inte l'offerta e longa vitta co-a confiansa do pubrico de massa.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
In the words of Francis Amasa Walker, a well-known 19th-century economist, "Money is what money does" ("Money is that money does" in the original).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe addeuviâ e poule do Francis Amasa Walker, un economista avvoxou do secolo XIX, «I dinæ en quello che i dinæ fan» («Money is that money does» inte l'originale).
Translate to Genoese:
Its economic function can be contrasted with barter (non-monetary exchange).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A seu fonçion econòmica a peu ëse contrapòsta a-o bato (scangio sensa monæa).
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
When aggregate demand falls below the potential output of the economy, there is an output gap where some productive capacity is left unemployed.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Quande a domanda aggregâ a chiña a-o de sotta da produçion potençiale de l'economia, gh'é unna disparitæ de produçion donde unna parte da poscibilitæ produttiva a l'arresta desoccupâ.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The effects of fiscal policy can be limited by crowding out.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I effetti da politica fiscale peuan ëse limitæ co-a desmiscion.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Some economists think that crowding out is always an issue while others do not think it is a major issue when output is depressed.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Çerti economisti pensan che a desmiscion a segge delongo un problema, incangio di atri no pensan ch'o segge un gran problema quande a produçion a l'é abbattua.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
The latter, an aspect of public choice theory, models public-sector behaviour analogously to microeconomics, involving interactions of self-interested voters, politicians, and bureaucrats.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto chì, un elemento da teoria da deçixon pubrica, o modella o comportamento do settô pubrico de mainea pægia a-a microeconomia, tiando drento e interaçioin di elettoî interessæ, politichi e buròcrati.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
It also concerns the size and distribution of gains from trade.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l'à da fâ ascì co-a dimenscion e a distribuçion di guägni vegnui da-o commercio.
Translate from English to Genoese:
It is often stated that Carlyle gave economics the nickname "the dismal science" as a response to the late 18th century writings of The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, who grimly predicted that starvation would result, as projected population growth exceeded the rate of increase in the food supply.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De sovente s'afferma che o Carlyle o l'agge dæto à l'economia o nommiagio de «sciensa triste» in respòsta a-i scriti da fin do secolo XVIII do præ Thomes Robert Malthus, ch'o l'à predito con fâ luvego che l'exito finale o saieiva stæto a famme, perché o cresce previsto da popolaçion o passava o tascio de montâ de l'approvixonamento de mangiâ.