ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Woolard, in her overview of "code switching", or the systematic practice of alternating linguistic varieties within a conversation or even a single utterance, finds the underlying question anthropologists ask of the practice—Why do they do that?—reflects a dominant linguistic ideology.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Woolard, inta seu panoramica do «cangio de còdixe», ò prattica scistematica d'alternâ de varietæ linguistiche inte unna conversaçion ò ascì de unn'esprescion de pe lê, o treuva che a domanda de fondo che i antropòlogi poñan in sce questa prattica (perché ô fan?), a reflette unn'ideologia linguistica dominante.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Other linguists have carried out research in the areas of language contact, language endangerment, and 'English as a global language'.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Di atri linguisti an fæto de reçerche inti ambiti do contatto linguistico, do reisego linguistico e de l'«ingreise comme lengua globale».
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
The work of Joel Kuipers develops this theme vis-a-vis the island of Sumba, Indonesia.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O travaggio do Joel Kuipers o sviluppa st'argomento in relaçion à l'isoa de Sumba, Indonesia.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
He feels, in fact, that the exemplary center idea is one of linguistic anthropology's three most important findings.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O sente defæti che l'idea de çentro exemplare a l'é uña de træ descoverte ciù importante de l'antropologia linguistica.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Therefore, after a couple generations these languages may no longer be spoken.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe quello, dòppo un pâ de generaçioin ste lengue porrieivan no ëse ciù parlæ.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
To follow best practices of documentation, these records should be clearly annotated and kept safe within an archive of some kind.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe stâ apreuvo a-e megio prattiche pe-a documentaçion, sti papê dovieivan ëse marcæ de mainea ciæa e conservæ a-o seguo de drento à quarcösa comme un archivio.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Language revitalization is the practice of bringing a language back into common use.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A revitalizzaçion linguistica a l'é o proçesso de repiggio de l'uso regolare de unna lingua.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
The course aims to educate indigenous and non-indigenous students about the Lenape language and culture.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O corso o veu instruî i studenti indigeni e no indigeni in sciâ lengua e a coltua Lenape.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Encouraging those who already know the language to use it, increasing the domains of usage, and increasing the overall prestige of the language are all components of reclamation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Incoraggî chi conosce za a lengua à addeuviâla, allargâ i ambiti d'uso e fâ cresce o prestigio d'insemme da lengua en tutte de componente do repiggio.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Social anthropology is the study of patterns of behaviour in human societies and cultures.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'antropologia soçiale a l'é o studio di schemi de comportamento inte coltue e soçietæ umañe.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
British and American anthropologists including Gillian Tett and Karen Ho who studied Wall Street provided an alternative explanation for the financial crisis of 2007–2010 to the technical explanations rooted in economic and political theory.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I antropòlogi ingreixi e americhen ch'an studiou Wall Street, tra i quæ o Gillian Tett e a Karen Ho, an fornio pe-a crixi finançiäia do periodo 2007-2010 unn'esplicaçion alternativa à quelle de tipo tecnico arreixæ inta teoria politica e economica.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
This development was bolstered by Franz Boas's introduction of cultural relativism arguing that cultures are based on different ideas about the world and can therefore only be properly understood in terms of their own standards and values.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto sviluppo o l'é stæto potençiou da l'introduçion do relativiximo colturale do Franz Boas, ch'o sostegniva che e coltue son basæ in sce de idee despæge do mondo e donca peuan ëse compreise assæ solo con dâ a mente a-i standard e i valoî che gh'an da fâ.
Translate to Ligurian:
In 1906, Congolese pygmy Ota Benga was put by American anthropologist Madison Grant in a cage in the Bronx Zoo, labelled "the missing link" between an orangutan and the "white race" — Grant, a renowned eugenicist, was also the author of The Passing of the Great Race (1916).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Do 1906, o pigmeo congoleise Ota Benga o l'é stæto misso da l'antropòlogo american Madison Grant inte unna gaggia into zoo do Bronx, con l'etichetta l'«anello mancante» tra l'orango e a «razza gianca»; o Grant, eugenista avvoxou, o l'é stæto ascì l'autô de The Passing of the Great Race (1916).
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Anthropology grew increasingly distinct from natural history and by the end of the 19th century the discipline began to crystallize into its modern form - by 1935, for example, it was possible for T.K. Penniman to write a history of the discipline entitled A Hundred Years of Anthropology.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'antropologia a s'é destaccâ sempre de ciù da-a stöia da natua e in sciâ fin do secolo XIX a discipliña a l'à comensou à cristallizzâse inta seu forma moderna; do 1935, pe exempio, a-o T.K. Penniman l'é stæto poscibile de scrive unna stöia da discipliña intitolâ A Hundread Years of Anthropology.
Translate to Ligurian:
Non-European societies were thus seen as evolutionary "living fossils" that could be studied in order to understand the European past.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E soçietæ no europee son stæte viste aloa comme di «fòscili viventi» evolutivi, che poeivan ëse studiæ pe comprende o passou europeo.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
However, as Stocking notes, Tylor mainly concerned himself with describing and mapping the distribution of particular elements of culture, rather than with the larger function, and he generally seemed to assume a Victorian idea of progress rather than the idea of non-directional, multilineal cultural change proposed by later anthropologists.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Però, comme nòtta o Stocking, o Tylor o l'à dæto a mente sorviatutto à descrive e mappâ a distribuçion d'elementi particolæ da coltua, incangio che da fonçion ciù larga, e o paiva presumme à reo unn'idea vittoriaña do progresso ciufito che l'idea de cangiamento colturale multilineare, no direçionale, propòsto da di antropòlogi vegnui apreuvo.
Translate to Ligurian:
His comparative studies, most influentially in the numerous editions of The Golden Bough, analyzed similarities in religious belief and symbolism globally.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I seu studdi comparativi, de unna mainea ben ben influente inte tante ediçioin de The Golden Bough, analizzavan e someggianse tra credo religioso e scimboliximo à livello globale.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Other intellectual founders include W. H. R. Rivers and A. C. Haddon, whose orientation reflected the contemporary Parapsychologies of Wilhelm Wundt and Adolf Bastian, and Sir E. B. Tylor, who defined anthropology as a positivist science following Auguste Comte.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Di atri fondatoî intellettuali comprendan o o W. H. R. Rivers e o A. C. Haddon, che o seu orientamento o refletteiva o Parapsychologies do Wilhelm Wundt e o Adolf Bastian do mæximo tempo, e Sir E. B. Tylor, ch'o l'à definio l'antropologia comme unna sciensa poxitivista anando apreuvo a-o Auguste Comte.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
A. R. Radcliffe-Brown also published a seminal work in 1922.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O A. R. Radcliffe-Brown o l'à pubricou anche un travaggio fondamentale do 1922.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
This was particularly the case with Radcliffe-Brown, who spread his agenda for "Social Anthropology" by teaching at universities across the British Empire and Commonwealth.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto chì o l'é stæto in particolâ o caxo do Radcliffe-Brown, ch'o l'à spantegou e seu idee de «antropologia soçiale» con mostrâ inte universcitæ do Commonwealth e de l'impëio britannico.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
He believed that indigenous terms used in ethnographic data should be translated into Anglo-American legal terms for the benefit of the reader.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O pensava che i termini indigeni addeuviæ inti dæti etnografichi dovessan ëse traduti in termini legali angloamerichen à avvantaggio do lettô.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Departments of Social Anthropology at different Universities have tended to focus on disparate aspects of the field.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I departamenti d'antropologia soçiale de universcitæ despæge an teiso à conçentrâse in sce tanti loei differenti do campo.
Translate to Genoese:
A people is any plurality of persons considered as a whole.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un pòpolo o l'é unna pluralitæ de persoñe conscideræ comme un insemme.
Translate to Genoese:
Four states — Massachusetts, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky — refer to themselves as the Commonwealth in case captions and legal process.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Quattro stati, Massachusetts, Virginia, Pennsylvania e Kentucky, se dixan loiatri mæximi Commonwealth inte denominaçioin di proçesci e inta proçedua legale.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
In some parts of the world, ethnology has developed along independent paths of investigation and pedagogical doctrine, with cultural anthropology becoming dominant especially in the United States, and social anthropology in Great Britain.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte çerte parte do mondo, l'etnologia a s'é sviluppâ longo di percorsci independenti de reçerca e dottriña pedagògica, incangio l'antropologia colturale a l'é vegnua dominante sorviatutto inti Stati Unii, e l'antropologia soçiale in Gran Bretagna.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The 15th-century exploration of America by European explorers had an important role in formulating new notions of the Occident (the Western world), such as the notion of the "Other".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'esploraçion de l'Ameria da parte d'esploratoî europëi do secolo XV a l'à avuo unna fonçion importante inta formolaçion de neuve noçioin do Ponente (o mondo do Ponente), comme pe exempio a noçion de l'«atro».
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The progress of ethnology, for example with Claude Lévi-Strauss's structural anthropology, led to the criticism of conceptions of a linear progress, or the pseudo-opposition between "societies with histories" and "societies without histories", judged too dependent on a limited view of history as constituted by accumulative growth.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O progresso de l'etnologia, pe exempio con l'antropologia strutturale do Claude-Lévi Strauss, o l'à portou a-a critica di conçetti de progresso lineare, o fäsa oppoxiçion tra «soçietæ con unna stöia» e «soçietæ sensa stöia», giudicæ tròppo dependenti da unna vixon limitâ da stöia comme formâ da un cresce à muggi.
Translate to Genoese:
However, the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th- and 20th-century social thinkers, including Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault, Derrida, Althusser, and Deleuze.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Con tutto, e affermaçion de quest'universaliximo colturale son stæte criticæ da ciù pensatoî soçiali di secoli XIX e XX, tra i quæ o Marx, o Nietzsche, o Foucault, o Derrida, o Althusser e o Deleuze.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
An ethnic group or ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups such as a common set of traditions, ancestry, language, history, society, culture, nation, religion, or social treatment within their residing area.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un gruppo etnico ò etnia o l'é un gruppo de persoñe che s'identifican uña con l'atra in sciâ base d'attributi scompartii che î distinguan da di atri gruppi, comme pe exempio un insemme commun de tradiçioin, antighi, lengua, stöia, soçietæ, coltua, naçion, religion ò trattamente soçiale de drento a-a seu zöna de rescidensa.
Translate to Ligurian:
Membership of an ethnic group tends to be defined by a shared cultural heritage, ancestry, origin myth, history, homeland, language, or dialect, symbolic systems such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, art, or physical appearance.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'appartenensa à un gruppo etnico a tende à ëse definia da-o scompartî unn'ereditæ colturale, ascendensa, mito originäio, stöia, patria, lengua ò dialetto, scistemi scimbòlichi comme religion, mitologia e rituale, coxiña, mainea de vestî, arte ò cea fixica.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion, individuals or groups may over time shift from one ethnic group to another.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe mezo de cangio de lengua, accolturaçion, adoçion e converscion religiosa, i individui ò i gruppi peuan passâ co-o tempo da un gruppo etnico à un atro.
Translate to Ligurian:
Whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as ethnogenesis.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ch'a capite pe spartiçion ò pe fuxon, a-a formaçion de unn'identitæ etnica destaccâ se ghe dixe etnogenexi.
Translate to Ligurian:
In Early Modern English and until the mid-19th century, ethnic was used to mean heathen or pagan (in the sense of disparate "nations" which did not yet participate in the Christian oikumene), as the Septuagint used ta ethne ("the nations") to translate the Hebrew goyim "the nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte l'ingreise moderno antigo e fin a-a meitæ do secolo XIX, o termine etnico o vegniva addeuviou pe intende pagan (into senso de «naçioin» differente che no parteçipavan ancon à l'oikoumene crestian), incangio i Settanta addeuviavan ta ethne («e naçioin») pe tradue l'ebraico goyim «e naçioin, no ebrëi, no giudëi».
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of "peculiar to a race, people or nation", in a return to the original Greek meaning.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Into secolo XIX, o termine o l'é vegnuo addeuviou into senso de «caratteristico de unna razza, de un pòpolo ò de unna naçion», tornando a-o scignificato grego originäio.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
ethnic, a. and n.") Depending on context, the term nationality may be used either synonymously with ethnicity or synonymously with citizenship (in a sovereign state).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
etnico, a. e s.») A segonda do contesto, o termine naçionalitæ o peu ëse addeuviou comme scinònimo de etnia ò de çittainansa (inte un stato sovran).
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Whether ethnicity qualifies as a cultural universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Che l'etniçitæ a se qualifiche comme universale colturale a depende inte unna çerta mesua da-a definiçion preçisa che s'addeuvia.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
According to Thomas Hylland Eriksen, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Segondo o Thomas Hylland Eriksen, o studio de l'etniçitæ o l'é stæto dominou da doe discuscioin differente fiña che no l'é guæi.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The instrumentalist approach, on the other hand, treats ethnicity primarily as an ad hoc element of a political strategy, used as a resource for interest groups for achieving secondary goals such as, for instance, an increase in wealth, power, or status.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O critëio strumentalista, d'atro canto, o tratta l'etniçitæ sorviatutto comme un elemento ad hoc de unna strategia politica, addeuviou comme unna resorsa da di gruppi d'interesse pe ottegnî de finalitæ segondäie, comme pe exempio o cresce de ricchessa, d'influensa ò de condiçion.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Constructivists view national and ethnic identities as the product of historical forces, often recent, even when the identities are presented as old.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I construttivisti veddan e identitæ etcniche e naçionale comme o produto de fòrse stòriche, de sovente passæ da pöco, anche quande e identitæ son presentæ comme vege.
Translate from English to Genoese:
This is in the context of debates over multiculturalism in countries, such as the United States and Canada, which have large immigrant populations from many different cultures, and post-colonialism in the Caribbean and South Asia.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto chì o l'é into contesto de discuscioin in sciô multicolturaliximo inte di paixi comme i Stati Uniti e o Canada, ch'an de gren popolaçioin d'inmigræ che ne vëgnan da tante coltue despæge, e in sciô pòstcolonialiximo inti Caraibi e in Asia meridionale.
Translate to Genoese:
Third, group formation resulted from the drive to monopolize power and status.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In terso leugo, a formaçion do gruppo a ne vegniva da l'asbrio à monopolizzâ influensa e condiçion.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Barth went further than Weber in stressing the constructed nature of ethnicity.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Barth o l'é anæto a-o de là do Weber into mette in luxe a natua construta de l'etniçitæ.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
He wanted to part with anthropological notions of cultures as bounded entities, and ethnicity as primordialist bonds, replacing it with a focus on the interface between groups.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O voeiva destaccâse da-a noçion antropològica de coltue comme de entitæ delimitæ, e de l'etniçitæ comme di ligammi primordiali, sostituindola con unn'attençion particolâ a-o confronto tra i gruppo.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
He agrees with Joan Vincent's observation that (in Cohen's paraphrase) "Ethnicity... can be narrowed or broadened in boundary terms in relation to the specific needs of political mobilization.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O concòrda con l'osservaçion do Joan Vincent che (parafrasando o Cohen) «L'etniçitæ... a peu ëse astreita ò allargâ in ponto confin in relaçion a-e neçescitæ particolæ da mobilitaçion politica.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Ethnic groups came to be defined as social rather than biological entities.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I gruppi etnichi son stæti definii comme de entitæ soçiale incangio che biològiche.
Translate to Ligurian:
Examples of various approaches are primordialism, essentialism, perennialism, constructivism, modernism, and instrumentalism.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Di exempi di tanti critëi en o primordialiximo, l'essençialiximo, o perennialiximo, o construttiviximo, o moderniximo e o strumentaliximo.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
"Essentialist primordialism" further holds that ethnicity is an a priori fact of human existence, that ethnicity precedes any human social interaction and that it is unchanged by it.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O «primordialiximo essençialista» o sostëgne pe de ciù che l'etniçitæ à l'é un fæto a priori de l'existensa umaña, che l'etniçitæ a vëgne avanti de quæ se segge interaçion soçiale umaña e a no vëgne sciätâ da sta chì.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
"Kinship primordialism" holds that ethnic communities are extensions of kinship units, basically being derived by kinship or clan ties where the choices of cultural signs (language, religion, traditions) are made exactly to show this biological affinity.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O «primordaliximo de pæntou» o sostëgne che e communitæ etcniche son de estenscioin de unitæ de pæntou, za che ne vëgnan in sostansa da di ligammi de pæntou ò de clan, donde e deçixoin di segni colturali (lengua, religion, tradiçion) son fæte pròpio pe mostrâ st'affinitæ biològica.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
"Geertz's primordialism", notably espoused by anthropologist Clifford Geertz, argues that humans in general attribute an overwhelming power to primordial human "givens" such as blood ties, language, territory, and cultural differences.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O «primordialiximo do Geertz», abbrassou in particolâ da l'antropòlogo Clifford Geertz, o sostëgne che i umoen e ciù vòtte attribuiscian unn'influensa grandiscima à di «regalli» umoen primordiali comme i ligammi de sangue, a lengua, o territöio e e differense colturale.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Smith (1999) distinguishes two variants: "continuous perennialism", which claims that particular nations have existed for very long periods, and "recurrent perennialism", which focuses on the emergence, dissolution and reappearance of nations as a recurring aspect of human history.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Smith (1999) o distingue doe variante: o «perennialiximo continuo», ch'o l'afferma che de naçioin particolæ son existie pe di periodi ben ben longhi, e o «perennialiximo resegondou», ch'o se conçentra in sciô comparî, scentâ e comparî torna de naçioin comme unna parte da stöia ch'a resegonda.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
This view holds that the concept of ethnicity is a tool used by political groups to manipulate resources such as wealth, power, territory or status in their particular groups' interests.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto ponto de vista o sostëgne che o conçetto d'etniçitæ o segge un strumento addeuviou da di gruppi politichi pe manezzâ de resorse comme ricchessa, influensa, territöio ò condiçion inti interesci di seu gruppi particolæ.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
"Instrumentalist perennialism", while seeing ethnicity primarily as a versatile tool that identified different ethnics groups and limits through time, explains ethnicity as a mechanism of social stratification, meaning that ethnicity is the basis for a hierarchical arrangement of individuals.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O «perennialiximo strumentalista», tanto ch'o vedde l'etniçitæ mascime comme un strumento bon da adattâse ch'o l'à identificou di limiti e di gruppi etnichi differenti co-o passâ do tempo, o l'ascciæisce l'etniçitæ comme un meccaniximo de stratificaçion soçiale, saieiva à dî che l'etniçitæ a l'é a base pe unna dispoxiçion gerarchica di individui.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
According to Donald Noel, ethnic stratification will emerge only when specific ethnic groups are brought into contact with one another, and only when those groups are characterized by a high degree of ethnocentrism, competition, and differential power.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Segondo o Donald Noel, a stratificaçion etnica a vegnià feua solo quande di gruppi etnichi particolæ vëgnan missi in contatto, e solo quande sti gruppi chì son caratterizzæ da un erto livello d'etnoçentriximo, competiçion e influensa differençiale.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Continuing with Noel's theory, some degree of differential power must be present for the emergence of ethnic stratification.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Anando avanti co-a teoria do Noel, dev'ësighe un çerto graddo d'influensa differençiale perché vëgne feua a stratificaçion etnica.