ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Although often the strongest part of a castle and a last place of refuge if the outer defences fell, the keep was not left empty in case of attack but was used as a residence by the lord who owned the castle, or his guests or representatives.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sciben che de spesso o l'ea a parte ciù fòrte de un castello e l'urtimo refugio se e defeise de feua cazzeivan, e miage no ean lasciæ veue inti attacchi ma ean deuviæ comme rescidensa da-o scignoo do castello, ò i seu invitæ ò representanti.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Walkways along the tops of the curtain walls allowed defenders to rain missiles on enemies below, and battlements gave them further protection.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I sentê in sciâ çimma da cortiña de miage permetteivan a-i defensoî de asbrivâ di proiettili in scî nemixi de sotta, e e arrembagge ghe dava ancon ciù proteçion.
Translate to Genoese:
The front of the gateway was a blind spot and to overcome this, projecting towers were added on each side of the gate in a style similar to that developed by the Romans.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O davanti do portâ o l'ea un ponto òrbo e pe resòlve sto problema in scî scianchi do portâ l'ea azzonto de tore che sciortivan, inte un stilo pægio à quello sviluppou da-i romoen.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The passage through the gatehouse was lengthened to increase the amount of time an assailant had to spend under fire in a confined space and unable to retaliate.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O passaggio pe-o portâ o l'ea reiso ciù longo pe aumentâ o tempo che un assätatô o l'aiva da passâ sotta a-o feugo inte un spaçio confinou e sensa poei responde.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
They were most likely used to drop objects on attackers, or to allow water to be poured on fires to extinguish them.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'é bon che fïsan deuviæ pe asbrivâ di oggetti in scî assätatoî, ò pe poei versâ l'ægua in scî feughi pe asmortâli.
Translate to Ligurian:
A smaller horizontal opening could be added to give an archer a better view for aiming.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se poeiva azzonze unn'avertua orizzontale ciù picciña pe dâ a-i arcie unna vista ciù boña pe pontâ.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The earliest fortifications originated in the Fertile Crescent, the Indus Valley, Egypt, and China where settlements were protected by large walls.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E primme fortificaçioin son nasciue inta mëzaluña fertile, a vallia de l'Indus, l'Egitto, e a Ciña, donde i villaggi ean protetti da de grande miage.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Many earthworks survive today, along with evidence of palisades to accompany the ditches.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tanti arzi rexistan ancon ancheu, insemme à di indiçi de palissæ deuviæ in combinaçion a-i derui.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Although primitive, they were often effective, and were only overcome by the extensive use of siege engines and other siege warfare techniques, such as at the Battle of Alesia.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sciben che ean primitive, de spesso servivan, e en stæte guägnæ solo che con deuviâ de arme d'assedio e atre tecniche d'assedio, comme inta Battaggia d'Alesia.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Discussions have typically attributed the rise of the castle to a reaction to attacks by Magyars, Muslims, and Vikings and a need for private defence.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte discuscioin de spesso a montâ di castelli l'é stæta attribuia à unna reaçion a-i attacchi di magiäi, mossulmen e vichinghi e a-o beseugno de un scistema de defeisa privou.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Some high concentrations of castles occur in secure places, while some border regions had relatively few castles.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Gh'é de grende conçentraçioin de castelli inte di pòsti segui, e incangio gh'é de zöne de confin con pöchi castelli.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Building the hall in stone did not necessarily make it immune to fire as it still had windows and a wooden door.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O fæto de construe o sallon de pria o no ô metteiva a-o seguo da-o feugo perché o l'aiva di barcoin e unna pòrta de legno.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Castles were not just defensive sites but also enhanced a lord's control over his lands.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I castelli no ean solo de struttue de defeisa ma aumentavan ascì o contròllo de un scignoo in sciâ seu tæra.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
In 864 the King of West Francia, Charles the Bald, prohibited the construction of castella without his permission and ordered them all to be destroyed.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Do 864 o re da Francia de ponente, Carlo o peou, o l'à proibio a construçion de castelli sensa o seu permisso e o l'à commandou de destruili tutti.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Switzerland is an extreme case of there being no state control over who built castles, and as a result there were 4,000 in the country.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A Svissera o l'é un caxo estremo da mancansa de contròllo in sciâ construçion di castelli, e de conseguensa ghe n'ea 4.000 into paise.
Translate to Ligurian:
In 950 Provence was home to 12 castles, by 1000 this figure had risen to 30, and by 1030 it was over 100.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Do 950 a Provensa a l'aiva 12 castelli, do 1000 sto numero o l'ea cresciuo à 30, e do 1030 ghe n'ea ciù de 100.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
In the early 11th century, the motte and keep – an artificial mound with a palisade and tower on top – was the most common form of castle in Europe, everywhere except Scandinavia.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Into prinçipio do secolo XI, a mòtta e e miage – un muggio artifiçiale con unna palissâ e unna tore in çimma – a l'ea a forma ciù commun de castello in Euröpa, da tutte e bande feua da-a Scandinavia.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Although stone construction would later become common elsewhere, from the 11th century onwards it was the primary building material for Christian castles in Spain, while at the same time timber was still the dominant building material in north-west Europe.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Con tutto che e construçioin de pria saieivan vegnui commun inti atri pòsti, à partî da-o secolo XI a l'é stæta o materiale de construçion primmäio pe i castelli crestien in Spagna, ben che a-o mæximo tempo o legno o l'ea o materiale de construçion ciù commun inte l'Euröpa do nòrd-òvest.
Translate to Genoese:
Before the 12th century castles were as uncommon in Denmark as they had been in England before the Norman Conquest.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Primma do secolo XII i castelli ean tanto pöco commun in Danimarca quante l'ean stæti in Inghiltæra avanti da conquista normaña.
Translate to Ligurian:
Their decoration emulated Romanesque architecture, and sometimes incorporated double windows similar to those found in church bell towers.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E seu decoraçioin scimolavan l'architettua romanica, e de vòtte comprendeivan di barcoin doggi pægi à quelli che s'attreuva inti campanin de gexe.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Although superseded by their stone successors, timber and earthwork castles were by no means useless.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Scibene che o seu pòsto o l'é stæto piggiou da-i seu successoî de pria, i castelli de legno e de tæra ean delongo utili.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Until the late 12th century castles generally had few towers; a gateway with few defensive features such as arrowslits or a portcullis; a great keep or donjon, usually square and without arrowslits; and the shape would have been dictated by the lay of the land (the result was often irregular or curvilinear structures).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Fin a-a fin do secolo XII i castelli pe commun aivan pöche tore; un portâ con pöche caratteristiche de defeisa comme de crenatue pe-e fresse ò unna sæxiña; unna gran fortessa ò donjon, pe commun quaddro e sensa crenatue pe-e fresse; e a fòrma a l'ea stabilia segondo a forma do terren (de conseguensa e struttue ean de spesso de forma pöco regolare ò curvilinia).
Translate to Genoese:
Where keeps did exist, they were no longer square but polygonal or cylindrical.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inti pòsti dove gh'ea e fortesse, no ean ciù quaddre ma poligonale ò çilindriche.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Probably developed in the 12th century, the towers provided flanking fire.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sviluppou probabilmente into secolo XII, e tore fornivan a capaçitæ de feugo de scianco.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
It seemed that the Crusaders had learned much about fortification from their conflicts with the Saracens and exposure to Byzantine architecture.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pâ che i croxæ avessan impreiso tanto in scê fortificaçioin da-i seu conflitti co-i sæxin e l'espoxiçion à l'architettua besantiña.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Legends were discredited, and in the case of James of Saint George it was proven that he came from Saint-Georges-d'Espéranche, in France.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E lezzendie en stæte screditæ, e into caso do Giacomo de San Zòrzo l'é stæto demostrou ch'o vegniva da Saint-Georges-d'Espéranche, in Fransa.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The castle builders of Western Europe were aware of and influenced by Roman design; late Roman coastal forts on the English "Saxon Shore" were reused and in Spain the wall around the city of Ávila imitated Roman architecture when it was built in 1091.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I construttoî de castelli de l'Euröpa de l'òvest conosceivan e ean influensæ da l'architettua romaña; i fòrti in sciâ còsta tardo romoen in sciâ «còsta sassone» ingleise ean deuviæ torna e in Spagna e miage d'in gio da çittæ de Avila ean stæti construti do 1091 comme imitaçion de l'architettua romaña.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
An example of this approach is Kerak.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un exempio de sta tecnica o l'é Kerak.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The castles they founded to secure their acquisitions were designed mostly by Syrian master-masons.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I castelli che aivan fondou pe mette a-o seguo e seu conquiste ean progettæ pe-a ciù parte da di meistri massachen sirien.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
While castles were used to hold a site and control movement of armies, in the Holy Land some key strategic positions were left unfortified.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ben che i castelli ean deuviæ pe defende unna poxiçion e controllâ o movimento de armæ, gh'ea de poxiçioin ciave inta Tæra Santa ch'ean stæte lasciæ sensa fortificaçioin.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Design varied not just between orders, but between individual castles, though it was common for those founded in this period to have concentric defences.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I disegni cangiavan no solo tra i ordini, ma ascì tra i scingoli castelli, ben che l'ea commun d'avei de defeise conçentriche pe quelli construti inte sto periodo.
Translate to Ligurian:
If assailants made it past the first line of defence they would be caught in the killing ground between the inner and outer walls and have to assault the second wall.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se i assätatoî arrivavan ciù in là da primma linia de defeisa, cazzeivan inte ciappoe tra a miagia de drento e quella feua, e aivan da assätâ a segonda miagia.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
For instance, it was common in Crusader castles to have the main gate in the side of a tower and for there to be two turns in the passageway, lengthening the time it took for someone to reach the outer enclosure.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe fâ un exempio, l'ea commun inti castelli di croxæ de avei o portâ primmäio de scianco de unna tore, pe avei da fâ doe curve into passaliçio, ch'o l'allonghiva o tempo pe razzonze e miage de feua.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Although there were hundreds of wooden castles in Prussia and Livonia, the use of bricks and mortar was unknown in the region before the Crusaders.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Con tutto che g'ea de çentenæa de castelli de legno in Pruscia e Livonia, i moin e a marta no ean conosciui inte sta region primma de l'arrivo di croxæ.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Arrowslits did not compromise the wall's strength, but it was not until Edward I's programme of castle building that they were widely adopted in Europe.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E crenatue pe-e fresse no comprometteivan l'integritæ da miagia, ma l'é stæto solo co-o programma do Edoardo I de construçion de castelli che se son spantegæ in Euröpa.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Conflict and interaction between the two groups led to an exchange of architectural ideas, and Spanish Christians adopted the use of detached towers.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I conflitti e e interaçioin tra i doî gruppi an portou à un scangio de idee de architettua, e i spagnòlli e i crestien an comensou à deuviâ e tore destaccæ.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
French historian François Gebelin wrote: "The great revival in military architecture was led, as one would naturally expect, by the powerful kings and princes of the time; by the sons of William the Conqueror and their descendants, the Plantagenets, when they became dukes of Normandy.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O studioso de stöia franseise François Gebelin o l'à scrito: «A grande renascion inte l'architettua militare a l'é stæta sponciâ, comme se peu pensâ, da-i re e i prinçipi fòrti de quelli tempi; da-i figgi de Ghiggermo o Conquistatô e i seu descendenti, i Plantageneti, quande son vegnui i ducchi de Normandia».
Translate to Genoese:
The new castles were generally of a lighter build than earlier structures and presented few innovations, although strong sites were still created such as that of Raglan in Wales.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I neuvi castelli ean pe sòlito de construçion ciù legia che quelli de primma e aivan ciù pöche innovaçioin, ben che gh'ea delongo de construçioin ciù rexistente comme quella de Raglan into Galles.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
These guns were too heavy for a man to carry and fire, but if he supported the butt end and rested the muzzle on the edge of the gun port he could fire the weapon.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ste arme ean tròppo pesante pe ëse camallæ da un òmmo e sparâghe, ma se o l'arrembava o çeppo e o metteiva a bocca in sciô bòrdo da crenatua o poeiva sparâ.
Translate to Ligurian:
This adaptation is found across Europe, and although the timber rarely survives, there is an intact example at Castle Doornenburg in the Netherlands.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto cangio o s'attreuva pe tutta l'Euröpa, e sciben che l'é ræo che o legno o resciste, gh'é un exempio intatto a-o Castello Doornenburg in Olanda.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Other types of port, though less common, were horizontal slits – allowing only lateral movement – and large square openings, which allowed greater movement.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Atri tipi de crenatua, ben che meno frequente, ean e crenatue orizzontæ – che permetteivan solo o movimento laterale – e e grande avertue quaddre, che permetteivan ciù movimento.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Ham is an example of the trend for new castles to dispense with earlier features such as machicolations, tall towers, and crenellations.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ham o l'é un exempio da tendensa di neuvi castelli a liberâse da-e caratteristiche vegie comme i coniggi, e tore erte e e merlatue.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
In an effort to make them more effective, guns were made ever bigger, although this hampered their ability to reach remote castles.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe çercâ de rendile ciù boñe, e arme ean stæte fæte ancon ciù gròsse, ben che questo o reduiva a seu capaçitæ de razzonze di castelli lonten.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
While this sufficed for new castles, pre-existing structures had to find a way to cope with being battered by cannon.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sciben che questo o l'ea assæ pe-i castelli neuvi, e struttue che gh'ean za aivan da trovâ di mòddi de resciste a-i corpi di cannoin.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
A solution to this was to pull down the top of a tower and to fill the lower part with the rubble to provide a surface for the guns to fire from.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna soluçion à sto problema l'ea de tiâ zu a çimma de unna tore e de impî a parte bassa con o zetto pe creâ un cian da-o quæ e arme poeivan sparâ.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
From this evolved star forts, also known as trace italienne.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Da sto chì se son evolui i fòrti à stella, conosciui ascì comme trace italienne.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A segonda neccia a s'é demostrâ ciù de successo, apreuvo che l'é vegnuo à ëse ciæo che no gh'aiva guæi senso çercâ à rende o scito pe in davvei defendibile pe contra a-o cannon.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Some true castles were built in the Americas by the Spanish and French colonies.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Çerti vëi castelli son stæti tiæ sciù inte Americhe da-e colònie Spagnòlle e Franseixi.
Translate to Ligurian:
Among other defensive structures (including forts and citadels), castles were also built in New France towards the end of the 17th century.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tra e atre struttue de defeisa (compreixi fòrti e çittadelle), di castelli en stæti ascì tiæ sciù in New France verso a fin do secolo XVII.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The manor house and stables were within a fortified bailey, with a tall round turret in each corner.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O castello e e scuaie ean drento unna corte fortificâ, con unn'erta toretta rionda int'ògni canto.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
In other cases they still had a role in defence.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte di atri caxi aivan ancon unna parte inta defeisa.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
In later conflicts, such as the English Civil War (1641–1651), many castles were refortified, although subsequently slighted to prevent them from being used again.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte de guære apreuvo, comme a Guæra Çivile Ingreise (1641-1651), un muggio de castelli en stæti fortificæ torna, sciben che apreuvo en stæti lasciæ anâ zu tanto da schivâ che foïsan torna deuviæ.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Revival or mock castles became popular as a manifestation of a Romantic interest in the Middle Ages and chivalry, and as part of the broader Gothic Revival in architecture.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Castelli renuæ ò fäsci en vegnui popolari comme unna manifestaçion de un interesse Romantico pe l'Etæ de Mezo e a cavallaia, e comme parte do ciù grande revival gòtico in architettua.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
This was because to be faithful to medieval design would have left the houses cold and dark by contemporary standards.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto fæto in caxon che l'ëse fedeli a-o design de l'Etæ de Mezo o l'avieiva lasciou e case freide e scue in confronto a-i standard contemporanei.
Translate to Genoese:
Follies were similar, although they differed from artificial ruins in that they were not part of a planned landscape, but rather seemed to have no reason for being built.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E mattaie ean semeggeive, sciben che gh'ea differensa co-i muasci artifiçiæ perché no favan parte de un paisaggio progettou, ma ciù fito paiva che no gh'aissan raxon d'ëse construte.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
A castle with earthen ramparts, a motte, timber defences and buildings could have been constructed by an unskilled workforce.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un castello con di bastioin de tæra, unna mòtta, defeise e construçioin de legno o poeiva ëse tiou sciù da de meze casseue.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The cost of building a castle varied according to factors such as their complexity and transport costs for material.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O costo de tiâ sciù un castello o cangiava à segonda de fattoî comme a seu complescitæ e i costi do traspòrto pe-o matëiâ.
Translate to Ligurian:
In the middle were castles such as Orford, which was built in the late 12th century for UK£1,400, and at the upper end were those such as Dover, which cost about UK£7,000 between 1181 and 1191.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A-a meitæ gh'ea di castelli comme Orford, ch'o l'é stæto tiou sciù into tardio secolo XII pe UK£1,400, e in çimma gh'ea quelli comme Dover, ch'o l’é costou pöcassæ UK£7,000 tra o 1181 e o 1191.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The cost of a large castle built over this time (anywhere from UK£1,000 to UK£10,000) would take the income from several manors, severely impacting a lord's finances.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O costo de un grande castello tiou sciù de sti tempi (da tutte e bande da UK£1,000 à UK£10,000) o piggieiva a rendia de un muggio de castelli, in compromette duamente e finanse de un lord.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Medieval machines and inventions, such as the treadwheel crane, became indispensable during construction, and techniques of building wooden scaffolding were improved upon from Antiquity.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E machine e e invençioin de l'Etæ de Mezo, comme a manciña à reua, en vegnui indespensabile tanto che se construiva, e e tecniche de tiâ sciù di pontezzi de legno ean megioæ da l'antighitæ.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Many countries had both timber and stone castles, however Denmark had few quarries and as a result most of its castles are earth and timber affairs, or later on built from brick.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe coscì de paixi aivan castelli segge de legno che de pria, tutte e mainee a Danimarca a l'aiva pöco cave e comme resultato un muggio di seu castelli ean cöse de tæra e de legno, ò se donca ciù tardi tiæ sciù co-i moin.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
For example, when Tattershall Castle was built between 1430 and 1450, there was plenty of stone available nearby, but the owner, Lord Cromwell, chose to use brick.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe exempio, quande Tattershall Castle o l'é stæto tiou sciù tra o 1430 e o 1450, gh'ea ben ben de prie à dispoxiçion da-a vexin, ma o propietäio, Lord Cromwell, o l'à çernuo de deuviâ o mon.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
He relied on the support of those below him, as without the support of his more powerful tenants a lord could expect his power to be undermined.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O contava in sce l'arrembo de quelli sotta de lê, apreuvo che sensa l'arrembo di seu inquilin ciù potenti, un scignoro o poeiva aspëtâse che o seu poei o foïse minou.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
This especially applied to royalty, who sometimes owned land in different countries.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto fæto sorvetutto o l'ea applicou a-a coroña, che de vòtte a possedeiva di terren inte di paixi despægi.