ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
Translate to Genoese:
Sequencing and analysis of genomes can be done using high throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble and analyze the function and structure of entire genomes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O sequensiamento e l’analixi di genömi peuan vegnî fæti pe mezo do sequensiamento do DNA d’ata produttivitæ e a bioinformatica pe assemblâ e analizzâ a fonçion e a struttua de genömi intreghi.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
There are four key processes that underlie development: Determination, differentiation, morphogenesis, and growth.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Gh’é quattro proçesci ciave a-a base do sviluppo: determinaçion, differençiaçion, morfogenexi e cresciansa.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can differentiate into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E çellole staminæ en de çellole indifferensiæ ò differensiæ in parte che peuan differensiâse inte varri tipi de çellole e proliferâ indefinitiamente pe produne de atre do mæximo tipo.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, also occurs during morphogenesis, such as the death of cells between digits in human embryonic development, which frees up individual fingers and toes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’apoptoxi, ò mòrte programmâ de çellole, s’é verificou anche durante a morfogenexi, comme a mòrte de çellole tra e die do sviluppo embrionale de l’òmmo, ch’o libera e scingole die de moen e di pê.
Translate to Genoese:
These toolkit genes are highly conserved among phyla, meaning that they are ancient and very similar in widely separated groups of animals.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sti geni toolkit se son largamente conservæ tra i phyla: veu dî che son antighi e che s’assomeggian ben ben inte di gruppi de bestie assæ separæ.
Translate to Genoese:
Hox genes determine where repeating parts, such as the many vertebrae of snakes, will grow in a developing embryo or larva.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I geni Hox determinan donde e parte repetue, comme e tante vertebre di serpenti, crescian inte un embrion ò inte unna larva derê à sviluppâse.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
A toolkit gene can be expressed in a different pattern, as when the beak of Darwin's large ground-finch was enlarged by the BMP gene, or when snakes lost their legs as Distal-less (Dlx) genes became under-expressed or not expressed at all in the places where other reptiles continued to form their limbs.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un gene toolkti o peu vegnî espresso inte un modello despægio, comme quande o becco do gran frenguello da tæra de Darwin o l’ea stæto aggrandio da-o gene BMP, ò quande i serpenti an perso e sampe perché i geni Distal-less (Dix) en vegnui sottaespresci ò no no espresci pe ninte inti ponti donde di atri rettili continuavan à formâ i seu arti.
Translate to Genoese:
This perspective holds that evolution occurs when there are changes in the allele frequencies within a population of interbreeding organisms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sta prospettiva a sostëgne che l’evoluçion a se verifica quande gh’é di cangi inte frequense alleiche drento de unna popolaçion d’organismi che s’incroxan.
Translate to Genoese:
When selective forces are absent or relatively weak, allele frequencies are equally likely to drift upward or downward at each successive generation because the alleles are subject to sampling error.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Quande e fòrse selettive no ghe son ò en relativamente scernie, e drequense alleliche an e mæxime probabilitæ de stracoâ verso l’erto ò verso o basso à tutte e generaçioin succescive perché i alleli patiscian un errô de campionamento.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Reproductive isolation also tends to increase with genetic divergence.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Anche l’isolamento reproduttivo o tende à aumentâ co-a divergensa genetica.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Within a tree, any group of species designated by a name is a taxon (e.g., humans, primates, mammals, or vertebrates) and a taxon that consists of all its evolutionary descendants is a clade, otherwise known as a monophyletic taxon.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Drento de un erbo, tutti i gruppi de speçie designæ da un nomme piggian o nomme de «taxon» (comme òmmi, primati, mammiferi ò vertebræ) e un taxon ch’o consciste de tutte e seu descendense evolutive o l’é un clade, conosciuo ascì co-o nomme de taxon monofiletico.
Translate from English to Genoese:
A species or group that is closely related to the ingroup but is phylogenetically outside of it is called the outgroup, which serves a reference point in the tree.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna speçie ò un gruppo streitamente affamiggiou con l’ingroup ma filogeneticamente a-o de feua o piggia o nomme de «outgroup», ch’o serve comme ponto de referensa inte l’erbo.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Based on the principle of Parsimony (or Occam's razor), the tree that is favored is the one with the fewest evolutionary changes needed to be assumed over all traits in all groups.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Segondo o prinçipio da parscimonia (ò rasô d’Occam), l’erbo favorio o l’é quello co-a quantitæ ciù basse de cangi evolutivi neçessäi pe vegnî piggiæ in sce tutti i tratti inte tutti i gruppi.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Based on this system, each species is given two names, one for its genus and another for its species.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Segondo sto scistema, à tutte e speçie ven dæto doî nommi, un pe-o genere e l’atro pe-e speçie.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Biologists regard the ubiquity of the genetic code as evidence of universal common descent for all bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I biòloghi conscideran l’ubiquitæ do còdixe genetico comme preuva da descendenda commun universale pe tutti i battëi, i archei e i eucariöti.
Translate to Genoese:
Later, around 1.7 billion years ago, multicellular organisms began to appear, with differentiated cells performing specialised functions.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ciù tardi, 1,7 miliardi d’anni fa pöcassæ, à comensou à comparî di oganismi moltiçellolari, con de çellole differensiæ ch’aivan de fonçioin speçializzæ.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Land plants were so successful that they are thought to have contributed to the Late Devonian extinction event.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E ciante terrestre an avuo un sviluppo mai tanto grande che se pensa ch’aggian contribuio à l’evento d’estinçion do tardo Devonian.
Translate from English to Genoese:
During the recovery from this catastrophe, archosaurs became the most abundant land vertebrates; one archosaur group, the dinosaurs, dominated the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Durante a recuperaçion da sta catastrofe, i arcosauri en vegnui i vertebræ terrestri ciù abbondanti; un gruppo d’arcosauri, i dinosauri, o l’à dominou i periodi giurassico e cretaceo.
Translate to Genoese:
Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of the earth's crust.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I battëi vivan inta tæra, inte l’ægua, inte vivagne d’ægue açide, inta rumenta radioattiva e inta biosfera profonda da crosta terrestre.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Archaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape, although a few archaea have very different shapes, such as the flat and square cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Archaea e battëi pe-o sòlito s’assomeggian pe dimenscion e forma, sciben che çerti archaea aggian de forme assæ despæge, comme e çellole ciatte e quaddræ de Haloquadratum walsbyi.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Archaea use more energy sources than eukaryotes: these range from organic compounds, such as sugars, to ammonia, metal ions or even hydrogen gas.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I archaea deuvian ciù tante vivagne d’energia respetto a-i eucariöti: queste van da-i compòsti organichi, comme i succai, à l’ammoniaca, a-i ioin de metallo e fiña a-o gas idrògeno.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The first observed archaea were extremophiles, living in extreme environments, such as hot springs and salt lakes with no other organisms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I primmi archëi stæti osservæ ean estremòfili, che viveivan inte di ambienti estremi, comme vivagne cade e laghi salæ sensa di atri organismi.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Archaea are a major part of Earth's life.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I archëi en unna parte relevante da vitta da Tæra.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Five of these clades are also collectively known as protists, which are mostly microscopic eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, fungi, or animals.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Çinque de sti cladi en conosciui ascì, inte l’insemme, comme protisti, che pe-o ciù e di organismi eucariöti microscòpici che no en de ciante, ni di fonzi e ni di animæ.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Most protists are unicellular, which are also known as microbial eukaryotes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A ciù parte di protisti son uniçellolari, conosciui asci comme eucariöti micròbichi.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Dinoflagellates are photosynthetic and can be found in the ocean where they play a role as primary producers of organic matter.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I dinoflagellæ en fotoscintetichi e s’attreuvan inte l’oçeano, donde an un ròllo comme produttoî primmäi de matëia organica.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Ciliates are alveolates that possess numerous hair-like structure called cilia.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I çiliæ en di alveolæ che an numerose struttue che s’assomeggian à di pei, dite «cilie».
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The excavates are groups of protists that began to diversify approximately 1.5 billion years ago shortly after the origin of the eukaryotes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I scavi en di gruppi de protisti ch’an comensou à diverscificâse 1,5 miliardi d’anni fa pöcassæ dòppo l’origine di eucariöti.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Stramenopiles, most of which can be characterized by the presence of tubular hairs on the longer of their two flagella, include diatoms and brown algae.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I stramenòpili, a ciù parte di quæ a peu vegnî caratterizzâ da-a presensa de pei tubolari in sciô ciù longo di seu flagelli, comprendan diatomee e æghe bruñe.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The rhizarians comprise three main groups: cercozoans, foraminiferans, and radiolarians.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I rizæ comprendan trei gruppi prinçipæ: i cercozöi, i foraminiferi e i radiolæ.
Translate to Genoese:
Algae comprise several distinct clades such as glaucophytes, which are microscopic freshwater algae that may have resembled in form to the early unicellular ancestor of Plantae.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E æghe comprendan varri cladi distinti comme e glaucoffite, ch’en de æghe microscòpiche d’ægua doçe che porrieivan ësise assomeggiæ, inta seu primma forma, a-o primmo antenato uniçellolare de Plantae.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Land plants (embryophytes) first appeared in terrestrial environments approximately 450 to 500 million years ago.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E ciante terrestre (embriofite) en comparse pe-a primma vòtta inte di ambienti terrestri 450-500 mioin d’anni fa pöcassæ.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
In contrast, the other three clades are nonvascular plants as they do not have tracheids.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A-o conträio, i atri trei cladi en de ciante no vascolare, da-o momento che n’an de tracheide.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
They tend to be found in areas where water is readily available.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe-o ciù s’attreuvan donde ghe segge ascì de l’ægua.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Gymnosperms includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E gimnosperme comprendan e conifere, e çidadi, ginko e e gnetofite.
Translate from English to Genoese:
They do so through a process called absorptive heterotrophy whereby they would first secrete digestive enzymes that break down large food molecules before absorbing them through their cell membranes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ô fan pe mezo de un proçesco ciammou eterotrofia sciorbente, pe-o quæ pe primma cösa beuttan di enzimi digestivi che descompoñan de gren molecole de çibbo primma de sciorbîle atraverso de seu membrañe de çellole.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Fungi, along with two other lineages, choanoflagellates and animals, can be grouped as opisthokonts.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I fonzi, insemme à atri doî lignæghi, i choanoflagellæ e i animæ, peuan vegnî aggruppæ comme opistoceti.
Translate to Ligurian:
Multicellular fungi, on the other hand, have a body called mycelium, which is composed of a mass of individual tubular filaments called hyphae that allows for nutrient absorption to occur.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I fonzi moltiçellolari, in cangio, an un còrpo dito miçelio, ch’o l’é compòsto da unna massa de fia tubolare dite ife che fan de mòddo che e sostanse nutriente pòssan vegnî sciorbie.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Con pöche ecceçioin, i animæ consumman do materiale organico, respian de l’oscigeno, peuan mesciâse, peuan reproduse sessualmente e crescian da unna sfera garba de çellole, a biastola, durante o sviluppo de l’embrion.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Animals can be distinguished into two groups based on their developmental characteristics.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I animæ se peuan distingue inte doî gruppi in sciâ base de seu caratteristiche de sviluppo.
Translate from English to Genoese:
In protostomes, the blastopore gives rise to the mouth, which is then followed by the formation of the anus.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inti protostömi, o bastòporo o genera a bocca, e dapeu ven a formaçion de l’ano.
Translate to Ligurian:
The bodies of most animals are symmetrical, with symmetry being either radial or bilateral.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I còrpi da ciù parte di animæ en scimmetrichi, con scimmetria radiale ò bilateriale.
Translate to Ligurian:
Finally, animals can be distinguished based on the type and location of their appendages such as antennae for sensing the environment or claws for capturing prey.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe finî, se peu distingue i animæ in sciâ base da qualitæ e da poxiçion de seu appendixe, comme e antenne pe perçepî l’ambiente ò e ciöte pe ciappâ e prede.
Translate to Genoese:
The majority (~97%) of animal species are invertebrates, which are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A ciù parte (~97%) de speçie animæ en invertebræ, saieiva à dî de bestie che no an e no sviluppan manco unna colònna vertebrale (dita pe commun o fî da scheña), derivâ da-a notocòrda.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Many invertebrate taxa have a greater number and variety of species than the entire subphylum of Vertebrata.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tanti taxa di invertebræ an unna quantitæ e unna vaietæ de speçie ciù grande de tutto o sottophylum di vertebræ.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
More than 6,000 virus species have been described in detail.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ciù de 6000 speçie de virus en stæte descrite into detaggio.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles, or virions, consisting of the genetic material (DNA or RNA), a protein coat called capsid, and in some cases an outside envelope of lipids.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Quande no s’attreuvan drento de unna çellola infetta ò no son derê à infettâ unna çellola, i virus existan in forma de partiçelle independente, ò virioin, che conscistan into materiale genetico (DNA ò RNA), un mantello proteico ciammou capside e inte çerti caxi unna fascia esterna de lipidi.
Translate to Ligurian:
The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’origine di virus inta stöia evolutiva da vitta a no l’é ciæa: çertidun porrieivan ësise evoluii da di plasmidi -- di tòcchi de DNA che peuan mesciâse tra e çellole -- tanto che di atri porrieivan ësise evolui da di battëi.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Norovirus and rotavirus, common causes of viral gastroenteritis, are transmitted by the faecal–oral route, passed by hand-to-mouth contact or in food or water.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Norovirus e rotavirus, che tante vòtte peuan provocâ unna gastroenterite virale, se trasmettal pe via oro-fecale, passando pe contatto man-bocca, ò into çibbo, ò inte l’ægua.
Translate to Genoese:
The shoot system is composed of stem, leaves, and flowers.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O scistema di bròtti o l’é compòsto da gamba, feugge e scioî.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The direction of water movement across a semipermeable membrane is determined by the water potential across that membrane.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A direçion do movimento de l’ægua atraverso de unna membraña semipermeabile a l’é determinâ da-o potençiale d’ægua atraverso de quella membraña.
Translate to Ligurian:
Most plant seeds are usually dormant, a condition in which the seed's normal activity is suspended.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A ciù parte de semense de ciante pe-o sòlito en dormiente, saieiva à dî inte unna condiçion donde a normale attivitæ da semensa a l’é sospeisa.
Translate to Genoese:
Imbibition is the first step in germination, whereby water is absorbed by the seed.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’imbibiçion a l’é o primmo passo da geminaçion, donde l’ægua a ven sciorbia da-a semensa.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
These monomers are obtained from the hydrolysis of starch, proteins, and lipids that are stored in either the cotyledons or endosperm.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sti monòmeri s’ottëgnan da l’idrolixi d’amido, proteiñe e lipidi che son immagazzinæ inti cotiledoin ò inte l’endosperma.
Translate to Genoese:
Their flowers are organs that facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E seu scioî en di òrgani che rendan ciù façile a reproduçion, pe-o sòlito co-o fornî un mecanismo pe l’union do sperma co-e euve.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different individual of the same species.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’impollinaçion incroxâ a l’é o trasferimento de polline da l’antera de unna sciô a-o stigma de unn’atra sciô in sce un individuo differente da mæxima speçie.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
These changes may be affected by genetic, chemical, and physical factors.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sti cangi peuan vegnî influensæ da di fattoî generichi, chimichi e fixichi.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The photoreceptor proteins relay information such as whether it is day or night, duration of the day, intensity of light available, and the source of light.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E proteiñe di fotoreçettoî trasmettan de informaçioin comme se l’é giorno ò neutte, a duâ do giorno, l’intenscitæ da luxe disponibile e a vivagna de luxe.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Animals can be classified as either regulators or conformers.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E bestie peuan vegnî clascificæ comme regolatoî ò conformatoî.
Translate from English to Genoese:
In contrast, animals such as fishes and frogs are conformers as they adapt their internal environment (e.g., body temperature) to match their external environments.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe contra, de bestie comme i pesci e e ræne en conformatoe, da-o momento che cangian o seu ambiente interno (comme a temperatua do còrpo) pe adattâse a-i seu ambienti esterni.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
However, the relationship is non-linear in animals that swim or fly.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, a relaçion a no l’é liniare pe-e bestie che neuan ò che xeuan.
Translate to Ligurian:
At low flight speeds, a bird must maintain a high metabolic rates to remain airborne.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Quande un öxello o xeua pöco spedio, o deve mantegnî un erto tasso metabòlico pe tegnîse in scê ae.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Finally, freshwater animals have body fluids that are hyperosmotic to fresh water.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe finî, e bestie d’ægua doçe an di fluidi corpòrei ch’en iperosmòtichi respetto à l’ægua doçe.
Translate to Genoese:
If an animal were to consume food that contains an excess amount of chemical energy, it will store most of that energy in the form of lipids for future use and some of that energy as glycogen for more immediate use (e.g., meeting the brain's energy needs).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se unna bestia a consumma do çibbo ch’o contëgne unna quantitæ eccesciva d’energia chimica, o l’immagazzinià a ciù parte de quell’energia sotta forma de lipidi pe deuviâli inti l’avvegnî e unna parte de quell’energia comme glicògeno pe deuviâlo ciù inte l’immediou (comme pe satisfâ i beseugno d’energia do çervello).
Translate from English to Ligurian:
In addition to their digestive tracts, vertebrate animals have accessory glands such as a liver and pancreas as part of their digestive systems.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In azzonta a-i seu tratti digestivi, e bestie vertebræ an de ghiandole accessöie comme o figæto ò o pancreas comme parte do seu scistema digestivo.
Translate to Genoese:
Upon leaving the stomach, food enters into the midgut, which is the first part of the intestine (or small intestine in mammals) and is the principal site of digestion and absorption.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Dòppo avei lasciou o steumago, o mangiâ o l’intrâ into mesenteron, ch’a l’é a primma parte de l’intestin (ò intestin tenue inti mammiferi) e o l’é o ponto prinçipâ pe-a digestion e l’asciorbimento.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of small air sacs; in mammals and reptiles these are called alveoli, and in birds they are known as atria.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O scangio de gas inti pormoin o l’avvëgne inte mioin de sacchette d’äia; inti mammiferi e inti rettili se ciammavan alveoli e into öxelli se ciamman atri.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
These enter the lungs where they branch into progressively narrower secondary and tertiary bronchi that branch into numerous smaller tubes, the bronchioles.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Questi intran inti pormoin, donde se rammifican inte di bronchi segondäi e terçiäi progrescivamente ciù streiti che se rammifican inte numerose cannæ ciù picciñe, i bronchetti.