ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The number of individuals in a population is not critical, but instead a measure known as the effective population size.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A no l’é fondamentale a quantitæ d’individui inte unna popolaçion, ma unna mesua conosciua comme dimenscion effettiva da popolaçion.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
The presence or absence of gene flow fundamentally changes the course of evolution.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A presensa o a mancansa de flusso genico a cangia o corso de l’evoluçion de unna forma fondamentale.
Translate from English to Genoese:
This opposing-pressures argument was long used to dismiss the possibility of internal tendencies in evolution, until the molecular era prompted renewed interest in neutral evolution.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
St’argomento de prescioin oppòste o l’é stæto deuviou pe longo tempo pe scartâ a poscibilitæ de tendense interne inte l’evoluçion, fin à quande l’era molecolare a l’à promòsso un interesse renovou pe l’evoluçion naturale.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
For instance, mutation biases are frequently invoked in models of codon usage.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Comme exempio, i bias de mutaçion son invocæ de frequente inti modelli d’utilizzaion di codoin.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Different insertion vs. deletion biases in different taxa can lead to the evolution of different genome sizes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Varri bias d’inserçion vs. deleçion inte di taxa despægi peuan portâ à l’evoluçion de varie dimenscioin do genöma.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Contemporary thinking about the role of mutation biases reflects a different theory from that of Haldane and Fisher.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O pensceo contemporaneo in sciô ròllo di bias de mutaçion o riflette unna teoria despægia da quella de Haldane e Fisher.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Organisms can also respond to selection by cooperating with each other, usually by aiding their relatives or engaging in mutually beneficial symbiosis.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I orgaismo peuan anche responde a-a seleçion pe mezo da cooperaçion fra de liatri, pe-o sòlito aggiuttando i seu parenti ò impegnandose inte de scimbioxi vantaggiose.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Macroevolution refers to evolution that occurs at or above the level of species, in particular speciation and extinction; whereas microevolution refers to smaller evolutionary changes within a species or population, in particular shifts in allele frequency and adaptation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A macroevoluçion a fa referensa à l’evoluçion ch’a se verifica a-o livello da speçie ò à un livello ciù grande, mascime speçiaçion e estinçion; tanto che a microevoluçion a fa referensa à di cangi evolutivi ciù piccin drento de unna speçie ò de unna popolaçion, mascime cangi inta frequensa allelica e inte l’adattamento.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
However, in macroevolution, the traits of the entire species may be important.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, inta macroevoluçion, i tratti da speçie intrega peuan ëse importanti.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
A common misconception is that evolution has goals, long-term plans, or an innate tendency for "progress", as expressed in beliefs such as orthogenesis and evolutionism; realistically however, evolution has no long-term goal and does not necessarily produce greater complexity.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un malinteiso frequente o l’é che l’evoluçion a l’agge di obiettivi, di cen à longo raggio ò unna tendensa innâ a-o «progresso», comme esprescion de creddense comme l’ortogenexi e l’evoluçionismo; realisticamente, però, l’evoluçion a l’à di obiettivi à longo raggio e a no produxe pe fòrsa unna complescitæ ciù grande.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Also, the term adaptation may refer to a trait that is important for an organism's survival.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In azzonta, o termine adattamento o peu fâ referensa à un træto ch’o l’é importante pe-a sopravivensa de un organismo.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Other striking examples are the bacteria Escherichia coli evolving the ability to use citric acid as a nutrient in a long-term laboratory experiment, Flavobacterium evolving a novel enzyme that allows these bacteria to grow on the by-products of nylon manufacturing, and the soil bacterium Sphingobium evolving an entirely new metabolic pathway that degrades the synthetic pesticide pentachlorophenol.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Di atri exempi eclatanti son o battëio Escherichia coli ch’o l’evòlve a capaçitæ de deuviâ l’açido çitrico comme nutriente inte un esperimento de laboratöio à longo termine, Flavobacterium ch’o l’evòlve un neuvo enzima ch’o permette à sti battëi de cresce in scî sottaproduti da produçion de nailo e o battëio do seu Sphingobium, ch’o l’evòlve un percorso metabòlico do tutto neuvo ch’o degradda o pestiçidda scintetico pentaclorofenölo.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Consequently, structures with similar internal organisation may have different functions in related organisms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De conseguensa, struttue con unn’organizzaçion interna someggiante peuan avei de fonçioin despæge inte di organismi affin.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
However, since all living organisms are related to some extent, even organs that appear to have little or no structural similarity, such as arthropod, squid and vertebrate eyes, or the limbs and wings of arthropods and vertebrates, can depend on a common set of homologous genes that control their assembly and function; this is called deep homology.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, dæto che tutti i organismi viventi en impæntæ à quarche mesua, anche di òrgani che pan ch’aggian pöca ò nisciuña summeggiansa à livello de struttua, comme i euggi d’artròpodi, cämæ e vertebræ, ò i arti e e ae d’artròpodi e vertebræ, peuan depende da un insemme commun de geni omòloghi che contròllan o seu assemblaggio e a seu fonçion; sta chì a piggia o nomme d’omologia profonda.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Examples include pseudogenes, the non-functional remains of eyes in blind cave-dwelling fish, wings in flightless birds, the presence of hip bones in whales and snakes, and sexual traits in organisms that reproduce via asexual reproduction.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I exempi comprendan i pseudogeni, i resti no fonçionali di euggi inti pesci cavernicoli sensa vista, e ae inti öxelli che no peuan xoâ, a presensa d’òsse inte l’anca de baleñe e inti serpenti e i tratti sessuali inte di organismi che se reproduxan pe mezo da reproduçion asessuâ.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
One example is the African lizard Holaspis guentheri, which developed an extremely flat head for hiding in crevices, as can be seen by looking at its near relatives.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un exempio o l’é a grigoa africaña Holaspis guentheri, ch’a l’à sviluppou unna testa estramemente ciatta pe ascondise inte fissue, comme se peu nottâ da l’osservaçion di seu parenti streiti.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Another example is the recruitment of enzymes from glycolysis and xenobiotic metabolism to serve as structural proteins called crystallins within the lenses of organisms' eyes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un atro exempio o l’é o reclutamento di enzimi da glicolixi e do metabolismo xenobiòtico pe servî da proteiñe stutturale ciammæ crestalliñe drento de lente di euggi di organismi.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
These studies have shown that evolution can alter development to produce new structures, such as embryonic bone structures that develop into the jaw in other animals instead forming part of the middle ear in mammals.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sti studdi an demostrou che l’evoluçion a peu alterâ o sviluppo pe produe de neuve struttue, comme e struttue embrionale de òsse che se sviluppan inta mandibola; inte di atri animæ, in cangio, forman parte de l’oegia media inti mammiferi.
Translate to Genoese:
These changes in the second species then, in turn, cause new adaptations in the first species.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Dapeu sti cangi inta segonda speçie pròvocan, à seu vòtta, di neuvi adattamenti inta primma speçie.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Coalitions between organisms of the same species have also evolved.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
S’é evoluo ascì de coaliçioin tra di oganismi da mæxima speçie
Translate to Genoese:
Here, somatic cells respond to specific signals that instruct them whether to grow, remain as they are, or die.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Chì e çellole somatiche respondan à di segnæ speçifichi che ghe dixan s’an da cresce, da arrestâ comme son ò donca moî.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
There are multiple ways to define the concept of "species."
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Gh’é divese mainee de definî o conçetto de «speçie».
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Despite the diversity of various species concepts, these various concepts can be placed into one of three broad philosophical approaches: interbreeding, ecological and phylogenetic.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sciben che ghe segge da diverscitæ tra i varri conçetti de speçie, sti conçetti despægi peuan vegnî collocæ inte uña de træ larghe metodologie filosòfiche: consanguineo, ecològico e filogenetico.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Despite its wide and long-term use, the BSC like others is not without controversy, for example because these concepts cannot be applied to prokaryotes, and this is called the species problem.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sciben ch’o peu ëse deuviou pe longo tempo, a BSC comme atre a no l’é sensa controversie; pe fâ un exempio, perché sti conçetti no peuan vegnî applicæ a-i procariöti, e questo o l’é dito problema da speçie.
Translate to Genoese:
Gene flow may slow this process by spreading the new genetic variants also to the other populations.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O flusso genico o peu rallentâ sto proçesso co-a diffuxon de neuve variante genetiche a-e atre popolaçioin.
Translate from English to Genoese:
In this case, closely related species may regularly interbreed, but hybrids will be selected against and the species will remain distinct.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte sto caxo, de speçie imparentæ de forma streita peuan incroxâse regolarmente, ma i ibridi saian seleçionæ contra e e speçie arrestan distinte.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Speciation has been observed multiple times under both controlled laboratory conditions (see laboratory experiments of speciation) and in nature.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A speçiaçion a l’é stæta osservâ ciù vòtte in condiçioin de laboratöio controllæ (s’ammie esperimenti de speçiaçion da laboratöio) che inta natua.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The most common in animals is allopatric speciation, which occurs in populations initially isolated geographically, such as by habitat fragmentation or migration.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A ciù commun inti animæ a l’é a speçiaçion allopatrica, ch’a se verifica inte de popolaçioin che a-o comenso son isolæ in sciô livello geografico, comme pe frammentaçion de habitat ò migraçion.
Translate to Genoese:
The third mode is parapatric speciation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A tersa modalitæ a l’é a speçiaçion parapatrica.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Selection against interbreeding with the metal-sensitive parental population produced a gradual change in the flowering time of the metal-resistant plants, which eventually produced complete reproductive isolation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A seleçion contra l’ibridaçion co-a popolaçion parentale senscibile a-i metalli a l’à produto un cangio gradduale into tempo che e ciante che rexistan a-i metalli sccioiscian, che in sciâ fin a l’à produto un isolamento reproduttivo completo.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
This form is rare since even a small amount of gene flow may remove genetic differences between parts of a population.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sta forma a l’é ræa perché anche unna quantitæ picciña de flusso genico a peu scassâ e differense genetiche tra e parte de unna popolaçion.
Translate from English to Genoese:
This is not common in animals as animal hybrids are usually sterile.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto fæto o no l’é commun inte bestie perché i ibridi animali pe-o sòlito no peuan figgiâ.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
This allows the chromosomes from each parental species to form matching pairs during meiosis, since each parent's chromosomes are represented by a pair already.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Questo o permette a-i cromosömi de tutte e speçie parentale de formâ de cobbie correspondente durante a meioxi, perché i cromosömi de tutti i genitoî en za representæ da unna cobbia.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Indeed, chromosome doubling within a species may be a common cause of reproductive isolation, as half the doubled chromosomes will be unmatched when breeding with undoubled organisms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In effetti, a duplicaçion cromosòmica drento de unna speíe a peu ëse unna causa frequente d’isolamento reproduttivo, dæto che a meitæ di cromosömi duplicæ saian scompagnæ quande se reproduxan con di organismi no duplicæ.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Nearly all animal and plant species that have lived on Earth are now extinct, and extinction appears to be the ultimate fate of all species.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Squæxi tutte e speçie animali e vegetale ch’an visciuo in sciâ Tæra oua en estinte e pâ che l’estinçion a segge o destin finale de tutte e speçie.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Despite the estimated extinction of more than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth, about 1 trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one-thousandth of one percent described.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sciben che se segge stimmou l’estinçion pe ciù do 99% de speçie visciue in sciâ Tæra, se stimma che a-o momento in sciâ Tæra ghe segge mille miliardi de speçie con solo che un milleximo de l’1% stæto descrito.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Commenting on the Australian findings, Stephen Blair Hedges wrote, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth, then it could be common in the universe."
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À commento de descoverte australiañe, Stephen Blair Hedges o l’à scrito: «Se a vitta in sciâ Tæra a l’é spægâ relativamente fito, aloa a porrieiva ëse frequente inte l’universo».
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.9 million are estimated to have been named and 1.6 million documented in a central database to date, leaving at least 80 percent not yet described.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E stimme in sciâ quantitæ de speçie presente a-o momento in sciâ Tæra van da-i 10 a-i 14 mioin, di quæ se stimma che 1,9 mioin pöcassæ seggian stæte nomminæ e 1,6 mioin documentæ inte unna banca de dæti fin à ancheu, coscì che a-o manco l’80% o no l’é ancon stæto descrito.
Translate to Ligurian:
The common descent of organisms was first deduced from four simple facts about organisms: First, they have geographic distributions that cannot be explained by local adaptation.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A descendensa commun di organismi a l’é stæta deduta da quattro fæti senci in scî organismi: pe primma cösa, an de distribuçioin geografiche che no peuan vegnî spiegæ da l’adattamento locale.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Fourth, organisms can be classified using these similarities into a hierarchy of nested groups, similar to a family tree.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Quarto, i organismi peuan vegnî clascificæ pe mezo de ste someggiansa inte unna gerarchia de gruppi anniæ, ch’a l’assomeggia à un erbo genealògico.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
This view dates back to an idea briefly mentioned by Darwin but later abandoned.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sta vixon a remonta à unn’idea mensunâ brevemente da Darwin, ma che dapeu a l’ea stæta abandonâ.
Translate to Genoese:
More recently, evidence for common descent has come from the study of biochemical similarities between organisms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ciù de reçente, e preuve da descendensa commun en vegnue da-o studio de summeggianse biochimiche tra i organismi.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The eukaryotic cells emerged between 1.6 and 2.7 billion years ago.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E çellole eucariòtiche son emerse tra 1,6 e 2,7 mioin d’anni fa.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Another engulfment of cyanobacterial-like organisms led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unn’atra fagoçitaçion d’organismi che s’assomeggian a-o cianobattëi a l’à portou a-a formaçion di cloroplasti inte æghe e inte ciante.
Translate to Genoese:
In January 2016, scientists reported that, about 800 million years ago, a minor genetic change in a single molecule called GK-PID may have allowed organisms to go from a single cell organism to one of many cells.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Do zenâ do 2016, i scensiæ an referio che, 800 mioin d’anni fa pöcassæ, un cangio genetico piccin inte unna sola molecola ciammâ GK-PID a porrieiva avei permisso a-i organismi de passâ da un organismo da una çellola sola à un atro con tante çellole.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Various triggers for the Cambrian explosion have been proposed, including the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere from photosynthesis.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’é stæto propòsto ciù fattoî descadenanti pe l’esploxon cambriaña, compreiso a conçentraçion d’oscigeno inte l’atmosfera da fotoscintexi.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Artificial selection is the intentional selection of traits in a population of organisms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A seleçion artifiçiale a l’é a seleçion intençionale de tratti inte unna popolaçion d’organismi.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Proteins with valuable properties have evolved by repeated rounds of mutation and selection (for example modified enzymes and new antibodies) in a process called directed evolution.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E proteiñe con propietæ preçiose se son evolue pe mezo de çicli de mutaçion e de seleçion repetuo (comme enzimi modificæ e neuvi anticòrpi) inte un proçesso ciammou evoluçion diretta.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Many human diseases are not static phenomena, but capable of evolution.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tante moutie de l’òmmo no son di fenòmeni statichi, ma boin à evolvise.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
It is possible that we are facing the end of the effective life of most of available antibiotics and predicting the evolution and evolvability of our pathogens and devising strategies to slow or circumvent it is requiring deeper knowledge of the complex forces driving evolution at the molecular level.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’é poscibile che se trovemmo de fronte a-a fin da vitta efficaçe da ciù parte di antibiòtichi disponibili e prevedde l’evoluçion e l’evolvibilitæ di nòstri patògeni e ideâ de strategie pe rallentâla ò schivâla o domanda unna conoscensa ciù profonda de complesse fòrse ligæ à l’evoluçion a-o livello molecolare.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
He used evolution strategies to solve complex engineering problems.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’à deuviou de strategie d’evoluçion pe resòlve di complesci problemi d’inzegneria.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
In some countries, notably the United States, these tensions between science and religion have fuelled the current creation–evolution controversy, a religious conflict focusing on politics and public education.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte çerti paixi, mascime inti Stati Unii, ste tenscioin tra a sciensa e a religion an alimentou a presente controversia creaçion-evoluçion, un conflitto religioso ch’o se conçentra in sciâ politica e in sce l’istruçion pubrica.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The Scopes Trial decision of 1925 caused the subject to become very rare in American secondary biology textbooks for a generation, but it was gradually re-introduced later and became legally protected with the 1968 Epperson v. Arkansas decision.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A deçixon do proçesso Scopes do 1925 a l’à fæto che l’argomento o vegnisse assæ raro inti libbri de testo americhen de biologia segondäia pe unna generaçion, ma ciù avanti o l’é stæto reintroduto pe graddi e o l’e vegnuo protetto da-a lezze co-a deçixon Epperson contra Arkansas do 1968.
Translate to Genoese:
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A seleçion naturale a l’é a sopravivensa e a reproduçion differensiale di individui dovua à de differense into fenotipo.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Variation exists within all populations of organisms.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De variaçioin existan inte tutte e popolaçioin d’organismi.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’ambiente de un genöma o comprende a biologia molecolare inta çellola, atre çellole, atri individui, popolaçioin, speçie e l’ambiente amniòtico.
Translate to Genoese:
The concept of natural selection originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, science had yet to develop modern theories of genetics.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A-o comenso o conçetto de seleçion naturale o s’é sviluppou in assensa de unna teoria valica de l’ereditarietæ; à l’epoca da stesua de Darwin, a sciensa a l’aiva ancon da sviluppâ de teorie moderne in sciâ genetica.
Translate to Genoese:
The classical arguments were reintroduced in the 18th century by Pierre Louis Maupertuis and others, including Darwin's grandfather, Erasmus Darwin.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I argomenti clascichi en stæti reintroduti do secolo dixeutto da Pierre Louis Maupertuis e da di altri, compreiso o messiavo de Darwin, Erasmus Darwin.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
He was in the process of writing his "big book" to present his research when the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace independently conceived of the principle and described it in an essay he sent to Darwin to forward to Charles Lyell.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’ea apreuvo à scrive o seu «grande libbro» pe presentâ e seu reçerche quande o naturalista Alfred Russel Wallace o l’aiva conçepio de forma independente o prinçipio e o l’à descrito inte un saggio che o l’aiva inviou à Darwin de mòddo ch’o vegnisse inoltrou à Charles Lyell.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
In the 3rd edition of 1861 Darwin acknowledged that others—like William Charles Wells in 1813, and Patrick Matthew in 1831—had proposed similar ideas, but had neither developed them nor presented them in notable scientific publications.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inta tersa ediçion do 1861 Darwin o l’aiva reconosciuo che di atri, comme William Charles Wells do 1813 e Patrick Matthew do 1831, aivan propòsto de idee in sce sta linia, che no ê aivan sviluppæ ni presentæ inte de pubricaçioin scientifiche degne de nòtta.