ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Palaeography: study of ancient texts.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Paleografia: o studio di testi antighi.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Psychohistory: study of the psychological motivations of historical events.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Psicostöia: o studio de motivaçioin psicològiche di avvegnimenti stòrichi.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Women's history: the history of female human beings.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Stöia de dònne: a stöia di ëse umoen femina.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Centuries and decades are commonly used periods and the time they represent depends on the dating system used.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe sòlito i secoli e e dëxeñe d'anni en addeuviæ comme periodi, e o tempo che representan o depende da-o scistema de dataçion addeuviou.
Translate to Ligurian:
For example, to explain why the ancient Egyptians developed a successful civilization, studying the geography of Egypt is essential.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe fâ un exempio, pe spiegâ comme i antighi egiçien an posciuo construe unna çiviltæ de successo, studiâ a geografia de l'Egitto l'é primmäio.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
History of the Caribbean begins with the oldest evidence where 7,000-year-old remains have been found.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A stöia di Caraibi a comensa co-e testimonianse ciù vege, donde l'é stæto attrovou de roiñe de 7.000 anni.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
History of Eurasia is the collective history of several distinct peripheral coastal regions: the Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe, linked by the interior mass of the Eurasian steppe of Central Asia and Eastern Europe.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A stöia de l'Eurasia a l'é a stöia collettiva de tante regioin de periferia in sciâ còsta: o Levante, l'Asia do sud, de l'est, do sud-est e l'Euröpa, collegæ da-a massa interna da steppa eurasiatica de l'Asia do mezo e de l'Euröpa de l'est.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
History of East Asia is the study of the past passed down from generation to generation in East Asia.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A stöia de l'Asia de l'est a l'é o studio do passou tramandou da generaçion à generaçion inte l'Asia de l'est.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
The "old" social history before the 1960s was a hodgepodge of topics without a central theme, and it often included political movements, like Populism, that were "social" in the sense of being outside the elite system.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A «vegia» stöia soçiale de avanti di anni 1960 a l'ea unna mescciua de argomenti sensa un tema çentrale, e a comprendeiva de spesso i movimenti politichi, comme o Populismo, che ean «soçiali» into senso che ean feua da-o scistema de élites.
Translate from English to Genoese:
It examines the records and narrative descriptions of past knowledge, customs, and arts of a group of people.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l'examina i documenti e e descriçioin narrative da conoscensa passâ, de costummanse, e de arte de un gruppo de persoñe.
Translate to Genoese:
This type of political history is the study of the conduct of international relations between states or across state boundaries over time.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sta smersa de stöia politica a l'é o studio da conduta de relaçioin internaçionale tra i confin di stati into tempo.
Translate to Genoese:
It gained popularity in the United States, Japan and other countries after the 1980s with the realization that students need a broader exposure to the world as globalization proceeds.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A l'é vegnua corrente inti Stati Uniii, o Giappon e di atri paixi dòppo i anni 1980 co-a consciensa che i studenti an beseugno de unn'espoxiçion a-o mondo dæto che a globalizzaçion a va avanti.
Translate to Ligurian:
Despite being a relatively new field, gender history has had a significant effect on the general study of history.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ascì ben ch'o l'é un campo relativamente neuvo, a stöia do genere a l'à avuo di effetti importanti in sciô studio generale da stöia.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
At Oxford and Cambridge, scholarship was downplayed.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À Oxford e Cambridge a sapiensa a no l'ea tegnua de conto.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The tutors dominated the debate until after the Second World War.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I tutors aivan o contròllo do dibattito scin a-a fin da Segonda guæra mondiale
Translate to Ligurian:
In the United States after World War I, a strong movement emerged at the university level to teach courses in Western Civilization, so as to give students a common heritage with Europe.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inti Stati Unii dòppo a primma guæra mondiale, o l'é vegnuo feua un fòrte movimento a-o livello de universcitæ pe tegnî di corsci in sciâ Çiviltæ de ponente, pe dâ a-i studenti un lascito de coltua in commun con l'Euröpa.
Translate to Ligurian:
In the United States, textbooks published by the same company often differ in content from state to state.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inti Stati Unii, i libri de testo pubricæ da-o mæximo editô an delongo de differense inti contegnui da stato à stato.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Academic historians have often fought against the politicization of the textbooks, sometimes with success.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I studioxi da stöia academichi an de spesso combattuo contra a politicizzaçiondi libri de testo, de vòtte con exito poxitivo.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
A civilization (or civilisation) is a complex society that is characterized by urban development, social stratification, a form of government, and symbolic systems of communication (such as writing).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna çiviltæ a l'é unna soçietæ complessa caratterizzâ da un sviluppo urban, una stratificaçion soçiale, unna forma de governo e un scistema de communicaçion scimbòlico (comme a scrittua).
Translate to Ligurian:
In this broad sense, a civilization contrasts with non-centralized tribal societies, including the cultures of nomadic pastoralists, Neolithic societies or hunter-gatherers; however, sometimes it also contrasts with the cultures found within civilizations themselves.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte un senso largo, unna çiviltæ a l'é in contrasto con e soçietæ tribale non-çentralizzæ, compreiso e coltue nomadiche de allevatoî, e soçietæ do Neolitico ò e soçietæ basæ in sciâ caccia e l'arrecuggeita; de vòtte, però, a l'é ascì in contrasto co-e coltue che s'attreuvan drento de çiviltæ mæxime.
Translate to Ligurian:
The fundamental treatise is Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process (1939), which traces social mores from medieval courtly society to the Early Modern period.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O trattato o ciù importante o l'é The Civilizing Process do Norbert Elias, do 1939, ch'o traccia e tradiçioin soçiale da-a soçietæ da cavallaia de l'Etæ de mezo à l'epoca moderna.
Translate to Ligurian:
Related words like "civility" developed in the mid-16th century.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E poule ligæ comme «çiviltæ» se son sviluppæ a-a meitæ do secolo XVI.
Translate from English to Genoese:
In the late 1700s and early 1800s, during the French Revolution, "civilization" was used in the singular, never in the plural, and meant the progress of humanity as a whole.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
In sciâ fin do 1700 e o prinçipio do 1800, inta Revoluçion Franseise, a poula «çiviltæ» a l'ea deuviâ a-o scingolare, mai a-o plurale, e a voeiva dî o progresso de l'umanitæ into seu insemme.
Translate to Genoese:
Only in this generalized sense does it become possible to speak of a "medieval civilization", which in Elias's sense would have been an oxymoron.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Solo inte sto senso generale se peu parlâ de unna «çiviltæ de l'etæ de mezo», che into senso do Elias a saieiva stæto un oscimoro.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Here, civilization, being more rational and socially driven, is not fully in accord with human nature, and "human wholeness is achievable only through the recovery of or approximation to an original discursive or prerational natural unity" (see noble savage).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Chì a çiviltæ, ciù raçionale e guiddâ da de raxoin soçiale, a no l'é in accòrdio completo co-a natua umaña, e «a completessa umaña a se peu ottegnî solo pe mezo de recoviâ ò approscimâ l'unitæ originale descorsciva ò preraçionale» (vedde sarvægo nòbile).
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Civilizations have been distinguished by their means of subsistence, types of livelihood, settlement patterns, forms of government, social stratification, economic systems, literacy and other cultural traits.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E çiviltæ en stæte distinte pe-i seu mezi de suscistensa, e mainee de sostegnîse, i schemi de villaggi, e forme de governo, a stratificaçion soçiale, i scistemi econòmichi, l'alfabetizzaçion e i atri træti da coltua.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
All civilizations have depended on agriculture for subsistence, with the possible exception of some early civilizations in Peru which may have depended upon maritime resources.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tutte e çiviltæ an depeiso da l'agricoltua pe-a suscistensa, fòscia solo feua de dotæ antighe çiviltæ do Perù, che fòscia dependeivan da-i trafeghi pe mâ.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Grain surpluses have been especially important because grain can be stored for a long time.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O surplus de gran o l'é stæto ben ben importante perché o gran o se peu conservâ pe tanto tempo.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
However, in some places hunter-gatherers have had access to food surpluses, such as among some of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest and perhaps during the Mesolithic Natufian culture.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Però gh'é di pòsti donde e soçietæ basæ in sciâ caccia e l'arrecuggeita an posciuo avei accesso à do mangiâ in surplus, comme inte dötrei de popolaçioin indigene do nòrd-òvest do Paçifico e fòscia a-i tempi da coltua mesolitica Natufian.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The word "civilization" is sometimes simply defined as "'living in cities'".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A poula «çiviltæ» de vòtte a l'é definia solo comme «vive inte de çittæ».
Translate from English to Genoese:
State societies are more stratified than other societies; there is a greater difference among the social classes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E soçietæ de stato en ciù stratificæ de atre; gh'é una differensa ciù grande tra e classe soçiale.
Translate to Ligurian:
Civilizations, with complex social hierarchies and organized, institutional governments.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E çiviltæ, con de gerarchie soçiale complesse e di governi organizzæ e instituçionali.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Some people also acquire landed property, or private ownership of the land.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De persoñe ottëgnan ascì di latifondi ò a propietæ privâ da tæra.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
By the early Iron Age, contemporary civilizations developed money as a medium of exchange for increasingly complex transactions.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Da-o prinçipio de l'Etæ do færo, e çiviltæ de l'epoca aivan sviluppou a monæa comme un mezo de scangio pe de transaçioin delongo ciù complesse.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
These people may not be personally acquainted with one another and their needs may not occur all at the same time.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
No l'é neçessäio che ste gente se conoscian de persoña, e no l'é dito che i seu beseugni an da vegnî a-o mæximo tempo.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
The transition from simpler to more complex economies does not necessarily mean an improvement in the living standards of the populace.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A tranxiçion da unn'economia de base à unna ciù complessa a no pòrta pe fòrsa à un amegioamento di standard de vitta da popolaçion.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The average stature of a population is a good measurement of the adequacy of its access to necessities, especially food.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A statua media da popolaçion a l'é unna boña mainea pe mesuâ se a l'à accesso à tutte e neçescitæ, mascime o mangiâ.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Like money, the writing was necessitated by the size of the population of a city and the complexity of its commerce among people who are not all personally acquainted with each other.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Comme pe-a monæa, a scrittua a vegniva neçessäia pe-a dimenscion da popolaçion de unna çittæ e a complescitæ di seu trafeghi con de gente che no se conosceivan de persoña.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
These include organized religion, development in the arts, and countless new advances in science and technology.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tra de queste gh'é a religion organizzâ, o sviluppo inte arte, e ben ben di atri progresci inta sciensa e a tecnologia.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
These cultures are called by some "primitive", a term that is regarded by others as pejorative. "
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Gh'é de quelli che ciamman ste coltue «primitive», unna poula ch'a l'é vista da di atri comme negativa.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Anthropologists today use the term "non-literate" to describe these peoples.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I antropòloghi anche deuvian a poula «no alfabetizzæ» pe descrive ste popolaçioin.
Translate to Ligurian:
But civilization is also spread by the technical, material and social dominance that civilization engenders.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ma a çiviltæ a se spantegâ ascì graçie à a dominaçion tecnica, materiale e soçiale ch'a l'é generâ da-a çiviltæ mæxima.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Civilizations tend to develop intricate cultures, including a state-based decision making apparatus, a literature, professional art, architecture, organized religion and complex customs of education, coercion and control associated with maintaining the elite.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E çiviltæ tian à sviluppâ de coltue complesse, compreiso un mecanismo pe piggiâ de deçixoin basou into stato, unna lettiatua, l'arte comme profescion, l'architettua, a religion organizzâ e de costummanse complesse de instruçion, de represcion e de contròllo pe mantegnî a poxiçion de élites.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The civilization in which someone lives is that person's broadest cultural identity.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A çiviltæ inta quæ un o vive a l'é a seu identitæ colturale a ciù larga.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The aim is to preserve the cultural heritage of humanity and also the cultural identity, especially in the case of war and armed conflict.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L'obiettivo o l'é de avvardâ o patrimònio da coltua de l'umanitæ e ascì l'identitæ colturale, mascime in caxo de guæra ò de conflitto armou.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Early twentieth-century philosopher Oswald Spengler,Spengler, Oswald, Decline of the West: Perspectives of World History (1919) uses the German word Kultur, "culture", for what many call a "civilization".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O filòsofo da primma meitæ do secolo XX Oswald Spengler,Spengler, Oswald, Decline of the West: Perspectives of World History (1919) o l'addeuvia a poula tedesca Kultur, «coltua», pe quello che tanti atri ghe dixan «çiviltæ».
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Spengler states civilization is the beginning of the decline of a culture as "the most external and artificial states of which a species of developed humanity is capable".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Spengler o l'afferma che a çiviltæ a l'é o prinçipio do declin da coltua vista comme «o stato ciù esterno e artifiçiâ che unna speçie de ëse umoen sviluppæ a peu ottegnî».
Translate to Ligurian:
Civilizations generally declined and fell, according to Toynbee, because of the failure of a "creative minority", through moral or religious decline, to meet some important challenge, rather than mere economic or environmental causes.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E çiviltæ pe-o sòlito en anæte in declin e son cheite, segondo o Toynbee, pe caxon do fallimento de unna «minoransa creativa» – pe un declin morale ò religioso – de affrontâ unna quarche preuva importante, ciù che solo pe de caxoin econòmiche e ambientale.
Translate to Ligurian:
For example, trade networks were, until the nineteenth century, much larger than either cultural spheres or political spheres.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe fâ un exempio, e ræ de trafego ean, fin a-o secolo XIX, ben ciù grende de sfere colturale ò politiche.
Translate to Ligurian:
During the Uruk period, Guillermo Algaze has argued that trade relations connected Egypt, Mesopotamia, Iran and Afghanistan.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Into periodo Uruk, o Guillermo Algaze o l'à affermou che l'Egitto, a Mesopotamia, l'Iran e l'Afghanistan ean ligæ da de relaçioin de scangio.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Different civilizations and societies all over the globe are economically, politically, and even culturally interdependent in many ways.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
E çiviltæ e e soçietæ in gio pe-o mondo an de economie, scistemi politichi e ascì de coltue che dependan l'uña da l'atra in tante mainee.
Translate to Genoese:
Central Civilization later expanded to include the entire Middle East and Europe, and then expanded to a global scale with European colonization, integrating the Americas, Australia, China and Japan by the nineteenth century.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A çiviltæ do çentro a s'é esteisa fin à contegnî tutto o Levante e l'Euröpa, e dapeu a s'é esteisa à tutto o mondo co-a colonizzaçion europea, compreiso e Americhe, l'Australia, a Ciña e o Giappon into secolo XIX.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
This encouraged a secondary products revolution in which people used domesticated animals not just for meat, but also for milk, wool, manure and pulling ploughs and carts – a development that spread through the Eurasian Oecumene.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Questo o l'à incoraggiou unna revoluçion segondäia di produti, inta quæ e gente addeuviavan e bestie addomestegæ no solo pe-a carne ma ascì pe-o læte, a laña, o liamme e pe tiâ i cari e i aroei – un sviluppo ch'o s'é diffuso pe l'ecumene eurasiatica.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
This area has been identified as having "inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of the cursive script".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
St'äia chì a l'é reconosciua comme «fonte de inspiraçion de çerti di sviluppi ciù importanti da stöia de l'umanitæ, compreiso l'invençion da reua, e primme cortivaçioin de çereali e o sviluppo da scrittua corsciva».
Translate to Ligurian:
This climate change shifted the cost-benefit ratio of endemic violence between communities, which saw the abandonment of unwalled village communities and the appearance of walled cities, associated with the first civilizations.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto cangio do climma o l'à alterou a relaçion tra costi e benefiçi da violensa endemica tra communitæ, ch'a l'à visto l'abandon de communitæ di paixi sensa miage e l'arrivo de çittæ con miage, ligæ a-e primme çiviltæ.
Translate from English to Genoese:
The civilized urban revolution in turn was dependent upon the development of sedentism, the domestication of grains and animals, the permanence of settlements and development of lifestyles that facilitated economies of scale and accumulation of surplus production by certain social sectors.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A revoluçion urbaña civilizzâ à seu vòtta a dependeiva da-o sviluppo da sedentarietæ, do semenâ e de l'addomestegâ de bestie, da-a permanensa di villaggi e da-o sviluppo di stili de vitta che promeuveivan e economie de scâ e l'ammuggiâ do surplus de produçion da-a parte de çerti settoî da soçietæ.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Some focus on historical examples, and others on general theory.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Gh'é de quelli che se conçentran in scî exempi stòrichi, e di atri in sciâ teoria generale.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
For Gibbon, "The decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe-o Gibbon «o declin de Romma o l'é stæto l'effetto naturale e inevitabile de unna grandessa stramesuâ».
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Theodor Mommsen in his History of Rome suggested Rome collapsed with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE and he also tended towards a biological analogy of "genesis", "growth", "senescence", "collapse" and "decay".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O Theodor Mommsen inta seu Stöia de Romma o l'à suggerio che Romma a l'é cheita co-a cheita de l'Impero roman de Ponente do 476 d.C. e o l'à teiso à deuviâ unn'analogia biològica de «genexi», «cresciansa», «senescensa», «cheita» e «decadensa».
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Arnold J. Toynbee in his A Study of History suggested that there had been a much larger number of civilizations, including a small number of arrested civilizations, and that all civilizations tended to go through the cycle identified by Mommsen.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inta seu euvia A Study of History o Arnold J. Toynbee o suggerisce che gh'é stæto un numero de çiviltæ ben ciù grande, compreiso un numero piccin de çiviltæ arrestæ, e che tutte e çiviltæ tendan à anâ apreuvo a-o çiclo identificou da-o Mommsen.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
During the intermediate phase, the increasing population growth leads to the decrease of per capita production and consumption levels, it becomes more and more difficult to collect taxes, and state revenues stop growing, whereas the state expenditures grow due to the growth of the population controlled by the state.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inta fase intermedia, l'aumento do crescio da popolaçion o pòrta a-a cheita di livelli de produçion e consummo per capita, e l'arrecuggeita de tasce a vëgne delongo ciù diffiçile, e e intræ do stato desmettan de cresce, ma pe contra e speise do stato aumentan apreuvo à l'aumento da popolaçion sotta o contròllo do stato.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Çicli secolari e tendense millenarie
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
The fact that Rome needed to generate ever greater revenues to equip and re-equip armies that were for the first time repeatedly defeated in the field, led to the dismemberment of the Empire.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O fæto che Romma a l'aiva beseugno de produe de intræ delongo ciù erte pe armâ e armâ torna di exerçiti che pe a primma vòtta vegnivan battui in sciô campo, o l'à portou a-a cheita de l'Impëio.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
He argues that the collapse of the Maya has lessons for civilization today.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O sostëgne che a cheita di Maya a peu ëse unna leçion pe e çiviltæ da giornâ d'ancheu.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The energy expended to energy yield ratio is central to limiting the survival of civilizations.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A relaçion tra l'energia speisa e quella produta o l'é a-o çentro do problema da sopravivensa de çiviltæ.