ConseggioLigure/seed-instruct-eng-lij huggingface dataset:
Translate from English to Ligurian:
He criticized conventionalism because it led to the bizarre consequence that anything can be conventionally denominated by any name.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O criticava o convençionalismo perché o portava a-a strania conseguensa che ògni cösa a peu vegnî denominâ, pe convençion, con un nomme chesesegge.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
To do this, he pointed out that compound words and phrases have a range of correctness.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe fâlo, o l’à fæto nottâ che e paròlle e e frase compòste an unna gamma de correttessa.
Translate from English to Genoese:
However, by the end of the Cratylus, he had admitted that some social conventions were also involved, and that there were faults in the idea that phonemes had individual meanings.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, a-a fin do Cratilo, o l’aiva ammisso che gh’ea in zeugo ascì de convençioin soçiali e che gh’ea di difetti inte l’idea che i fonemi avessan di scignificati individuali.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
He separated all things into categories of species and genus.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O l’à separou tutte e cöse inte categorie de speçie e genere.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
However, since Aristotle took these similarities to be constituted by a real commonality of form, he is more often considered a proponent of "moderate realism".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, da-o momento che Aristòtele o consciderava ste someggianse comme costituie da unna vertadea communansa de forma, o ciù de vòtte o l’é consciderou un sostegnitô do «realismo moderno».
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
This lektón was the meaning (or sense) of every term.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Questo lektón o l’ea o scignificato (ò senso) de ciaschedun di termini.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
There were several noteworthy philosophers of language in the medieval period.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte l’Etæ de mezo gh’é stæto ciù filòsofi degni de nòtta.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The scholastics of the high medieval period, such as Ockham and John Duns Scotus, considered logic to be a scientia sermocinalis (science of language).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I scolastichi de l’erta Etæ de mezo, comme Ockham e Giovanni Duns Scoto, conscideravan a lògica unna «scientia sermocinalis» (sciensa do lenguaggio).
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The phenomena of vagueness and ambiguity were analyzed intensely, and this led to an increasing interest in problems related to the use of syncategorematic words such as and, or, not, if, and every.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I fenòmeni de vaghessa e ambiguitæ ean stæti analizzæ intensamente e questo o l’à portou à un interesse crescente pe-i problemi ligæ à l’utilizzaçion de paròlle sincategorematiche comme «e», «ò», «no», «se», e «ògni».
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The suppositio of a term is the interpretation that is given of it in a specific context.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A suppoxiçion de un termine a l’é l’interpretaçion che se ne dà inte un contesto speçifico.
Translate to Ligurian:
Such a classification scheme is the precursor of modern distinctions between use and mention, and between language and metalanguage.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Sto schema de clascificaçion o l’é o precursô de moderne distinçion tra utilizzaçion e menson e tra lengua e metalenguaggio.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
One part of the common sentence is the lexical word, which is composed of nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna parte da frase commun a l’é a paròlla lescicale, ch’a l’é compòsta da nommi, verbi e aggettivi.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
Philosophical semantics tends to focus on the principle of compositionality to explain the relationship between meaningful parts and whole sentences.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A semantica filosòfica a tende à conçentrâse in sciô prinçipio de compoxiçionalitæ pe spiegâ a relaçion tra parte scignificative e frase intreghe.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
It is possible to use the concept of functions to describe more than just how lexical meanings work: they can also be used to describe the meaning of a sentence.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’é poscibile deuviâ o conçetto de fonçioin pe descrive de ciù de comme fonçioña i scignificati lesciali: se peuan deuviâ ascì pe descrive o scignificato de unna frase.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
A propositional function is an operation of language that takes an entity (in this case, the horse) as an input and outputs a semantic fact (i.e., the proposition that is represented by "The horse is red").
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna fonçion propoxiçionale a l’é unn’operaçion do lenguaggio ch’a piggia unn’entitæ (inte sto caxo o cavallo) comme input e a produxe un fæto semantico (ò sæ a propoxiçion representâ da «o cavallo o l’é rosso»).
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Is language acquisition a special faculty in the mind?
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’aquixiçion do lenguaggio a l’é unna facoltæ particolâ da mente?
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The first is the behaviorist perspective, which dictates that not only is the solid bulk of language learned, but it is learned via conditioning.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A primma a l’é a prospettiva comportamentista, ch’a l’impoñe che no solo a ciù parte do lenguaggio a ven impreisa, ma che a ven impreisa pe mezo do condiçionamento.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Nativist models assert that there are specialized devices in the brain that are dedicated to language acquisition.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I modelli nativisti afferman ch’existe di dispoxitivi speçializzæ into çervello dedicæ à l’aquixiçion do lenguaggio.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Linguists Sapir and Whorf suggested that language limited the extent to which members of a "linguistic community" can think about certain subjects (a hypothesis paralleled in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I linguisti sapir e whorf suggeriscian che o lenguaggio o l’imitava a mesua donde i membri de unna «communitæ linguistica» peuan pensâ à çerti argomenti (un’ipòtexi stæta sviluppâ in parallelo a-o romanso de Georg Orwell «Nineteen Eighty-Four»).
Translate from English to Genoese:
The stark opposite to the Sapir–Whorf position is the notion that thought (or, more broadly, mental content) has priority over language.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
L’oppòsto da poxiçion Sapir-Whorf a l’é a noçion (ò, ciù in generale, o contegnuo mentale) o l’à a proietæ in sciô lenguaggio.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Another argument is that it is difficult to explain how signs and symbols on paper can represent anything meaningful unless some sort of meaning is infused into them by the contents of the mind.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un atro argomento o l’é che l’é diffiçile spiegâ comme i segni e i scimboli in sciô papê peuan representâ quarcösa de scignificativo, se quarche tipo de scignificato o no ghe ven infuso da-o contegnuo da mente.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Another tradition of philosophers has attempted to show that language and thought are coextensive – that there is no way of explaining one without the other.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unn’atra tradiçion de filòsofi a l’à çercou de demostrâ che o lenguaggio e o pensceo en coestenscivi, saieiva à dî che no gh’é mòddo de spiegâ l’un sensa l’atro.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
To an extent, the theoretical underpinnings to cognitive semantics (including the notion of semantic framing) suggest the influence of language upon thought.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte un çerto senso, i fondamento teòrichi da semantica cognitiva (compreiso a noçion d’inquadramento semantico) suggeriscian l’influensa do lenguaggio in sciô pensceo.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
There are studies that prove that languages shape how people understand causality.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Gh’é di studdi che demostran che e lengue modellan a mainea comme e gente comprendan a casualitæ.
Translate to Ligurian:
However, Spanish or Japanese speakers would be more likely to say "the vase broke itself".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
À tutti i mòddi, i parlanti de spagnòllo e giapponeise dieivan ciufito «o vaso l’à rotto lê mæximo».
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Spanish and Japanese speakers did not remember the agents of accidental events as well as did English speakers.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I parlanti de spagnòllo e giapponeie no s’arregordavan i agenti di eventi açidentæ coscì ben comme i parlanti d’ingleise.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
In one study German and Spanish speakers were asked to describe objects having opposite gender assignment in those two languages.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte un studio l’é stæto domandou a-i parlanti do tedesco e do spagnòllo de descrive di oggetti con assegnaçion de genere oppòsta inte quelle doe lengua.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
To describe a "bridge", which is feminine in German and masculine in Spanish, the German speakers said "beautiful", "elegant", "fragile", "peaceful", "pretty" and "slender", and the Spanish speakers said "big", "dangerous", "long", "strong", "sturdy" and "towering".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe descrive un «ponte», ch'o l'é femenin in tedesco e mascolin in spagnòllo, i parlanti do tedesco an dito «bello», «elegante», «stoccæso», «tranquillo», «graçioso» e «stiggio», e i parlanti spagnòlli an dito «grande», «peigoso», «longo», «fòrte», «masciscio» e «torrezzante».
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Whether each alien was friendly or hostile was determined by certain subtle features but participants were not told what these were.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se ògni alieno o se comportesse da amigo ò nemigo o l’ea determinou da çerte caratteristiche sottî, ma a-i parteçipanti no ghe vegniva dito quæ fïsan.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
For the rest, the aliens remained nameless.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe-o resto, i alieni en restæ sensa nomme.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
It was concluded that naming objects helps us categorize and memorize them.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
S’é concluso che dâ un nomme a-i oggetti o n’aggiutta à categorizzâli e à memorizzâli.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Within this area, issues include: the nature of synonymy, the origins of meaning itself, our apprehension of meaning, and the nature of composition (the question of how meaningful units of language are composed of smaller meaningful parts, and how the meaning of the whole is derived from the meaning of its parts).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Drento de st’area, e costioin comprendan a natua da scinonimia, e origine do mæximo scinificato, a nòstra apprenscion do scignificato e a natua da compoxiçion (a costion de comme e unitæ scignificative do lenguaggio en compòste da parte scignificative ciù picciñe e comme o scignificato do tutto o deriva da-o scignificato de seu parte).
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The ideational theory of meaning, most commonly associated with the British empiricist John Locke, claims that meanings are mental representations provoked by signs.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A teoria ideativa do scignificato, ciù pe commun assoçiâ à l’empirista britannico John Locke, a sostëgne che i scignificati en de representaçioin da mente provocæ da-i segni.
Translate to Genoese:
(See also Wittgenstein's picture theory of language.)
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
(S’ammie ascì a teoria de figue do lenguaggio de Wittgenstein.)
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
The reference theory of meaning, also known collectively as semantic externalism, views meaning to be equivalent to those things in the world that are actually connected to signs.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A teoria referensiale do scignificato, conosciua anche collettivamente comme esternalismo semantico, a conscidera o scignificato equivalente à quelle cöse do mondo ch’en effettivamente ligæ a-i segni.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
A pragmatic theory of meaning is any theory in which the meaning (or understanding) of a sentence is determined by the consequences of its application.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna teoria pragmatica do scignificato a l’é ògni teoria donde o scignificato (ò comprenscion) de unna frase o l’é determinou da-e conseguense da seu applicaçion.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
Gottlob Frege was an advocate of a mediated reference theory.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Gottlob Frege o l’ea un sostegnitô da teoria da referensa mediâ.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Such a thought is abstract, universal and objective.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Un pensceo de sto genere o l’é astræto, universale e oggettivo.
Translate to Ligurian:
Referents are the objects in the world that words pick out.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I referenti son i oggetti do mondo individuæ da-e paròlle.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
He viewed proper names of the sort described above as "abbreviated definite descriptions" (see Theory of descriptions).
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O consciderava i nommi pròppi comme quelli descriti chì in çimma comme «descriçioin definie abbreviæ» (s’ammie Teoria de descriçioin).
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Such phrases denote in the sense that there is an object that satisfies the description.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De frase de sto tipo denòttan into senso ch’existe un oggetti ch’o satisfa a descriçion.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
On Frege's account, any referring expression has a sense as well as a referent.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Segondo Frege, tutte e esprescioin de referensa an un senso e un referente.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Despite the differences between the views of Frege and Russell, they are generally lumped together as descriptivists about proper names.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A-o de là de differense tra i ponti de vista tra Frege e Russell, pe-o sòlito vëgnan missi insemme comme descrittivisti in scî nommi pròppi.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Consider the name Aristotle and the descriptions "the greatest student of Plato", "the founder of logic" and "the teacher of Alexander".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Se conscidere o nomme Aristòtele e e descriçioin «o ciù gran allevo de Platon», «o fondatô da lògica» e «o meistro de Lusciandro».
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
He may have existed and not have become known to posterity at all or he may have died in infancy.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O porrieiva ëse existio e no ëse stæto pe ninte conosciuo da-i pòsteri ò o porrieiva ëse mòrto inte l’infançia.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
But this is deeply counterintuitive.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ma sta cösa a l’é profondamente contraintuitiva.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Questions inevitably arise on surrounding topics.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Nasce inevitabilmente de domande in scî argomenti relativi.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
David Kellogg Lewis proposed a worthy reply to the first question by expounding the view that a convention is a rationally self-perpetuating regularity in behavior.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
David Kellogg Lewis o l’à propòsto unna degna respòsta a-a primma domanda, esponendo l’opinion che unna convençion a l’é unna regolaritæ raçionalmente autoperpetuante into comportamento.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
One fruitful source of research involves investigation into the social conditions that give rise to, or are associated with, meanings and languages.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unna vivagna de reçerca piña de fruti a l’é quella in scê condiçioin soçiale che dan comenso, ò son assoçitæ à, scignificati e lenguaggi.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
The presumptions that prop up each theoretical view are of interest to the philosopher of language.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I presuppòsto che sostëgnan ògni vixon teòrica en d’interesse pe-o filòsofo do lenguaggio.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Rhetoric is the study of the particular words that people use to achieve the proper emotional and rational effect in the listener, be it to persuade, provoke, endear, or teach.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A retòrica a l’é studio de paròlle particolare che e gente deuvian pe ottegnî o giusto effetto emotivo e raçionale inte chi stà à sentî, ch’o segge pe persuade, provocâ, affeçionâ ò mostrâ quarcösa.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
It also has applications to the study and interpretation of law, and helps give insight to the logical concept of the domain of discourse.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A l’à anche de applicaçioin into studio e inte l’interpretaçion do drito e a l’aggiutta à dâ unn’idea do conçetto lògico do dominio in sciô discorso.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
The idea of language is often related to that of logic in its Greek sense as "logos", meaning discourse or dialectic.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
De spesso l’idea de lenguaggio a l’é collegâ à quella de lògica into seu senso grego de «logos», ch’o scignificato ‘discorso’ ò ‘dialettica’.
Translate from English to Ligurian:
Heidegger combines phenomenology with the hermeneutics of Wilhelm Dilthey.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Heidegger o combiña a fenomenologia con l’ermeneutica de Wilhelm Dilthey.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
For example, Sein (being), the word itself, is saturated with multiple meanings.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Pe dâ un exempio, Sein (l’essente), a paròlla mæxima a l’é pregna de varri scignificati.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
Heidegger claims writing is only a supplement to speech, because even readers construct or contribute their own "talk" while reading.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Heidegger o sostëgne che a scrittua a l’é solo che un supplemento a-o discorso, perché anche i lettoî costruiscian ò contribuiscian a-o seu «discorso» tanto che lezan.
Translate from English to Genoese:
Paul Ricœur, on the other hand, proposed a hermeneutics which, reconnecting with the original Greek sense of the term, emphasized the discovery of hidden meanings in the equivocal terms (or "symbols") of ordinary language.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Paul Ricœur, in cangio, o l’à propòsto unn’ermeneutica che, con referensa a-o senso originale grego do termine, o l’enfatizzava a descoverta de scignificati ascoxi inti termini ambigui (ò «scimboli») into lenguaggio ordinäio.
Translate this sentence to Genoese:
It allows them to take advantage of and effectively manipulate the external world in order to create meaning for themselves and transmit this meaning to others.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A ghe permette de sfruttâ e de manipolâ efficaçemente o mondo esterno pe creâ do scignificato pe liatri mæximi e trasmette sto scignificato a-i atri.
Can you translate this text to Ligurian?
Some important figures in the history of semiotics, are Charles Sanders Peirce, Roland Barthes, and Roman Jakobson.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Çerte figue importante inta stöia da semiòtica en stæte Charles Sanders Peirce, Roland Barthes e Roman Jakobson.
Translate to Ligurian:
19th century romanticism emphasised human agency and free will in meaning construction.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
O romanticismo do secolo dixineuve o l’enfatizzava l’agençia umaña e o libero arbitrio inta costruçion do scignificato.
Translate from English to Ligurian (Genoese dialect):
Humanistic views are challenged by biological theories of language which consider languages as natural phenomena.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
I ponti de vista umanistichi en sfiddæ da-e teorie biologiche do lenguaggio che conscideran e lengue comme fenòmeni naturali.
Translate to Ligurian (Genoese):
In Neo-Darwinism, Richard Dawkins and other proponents of cultural replicator theories consider languages as populations of mind viruses.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Into neodarwinismo, Richard Dawkins e di atri sotegnitoî de teorie replicatoe da coltua conscideran e lengue comme popolaçioin de virus da mente.
What’s the Ligurian translation of this sentence?
Some have said that the expression stands for some real, abstract universal out in the world called "rocks".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Çertidun an dito che l’esprescion à fa referensa à quarche universale reale ò astræto into mondo ciammou «scheuggi».
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
The issue here can be explicated if we examine the proposition "Socrates is a Man".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
A costion a peu vegnî spiegâ se se spiega a propoxiçion «Sòcrate o l’é un òmmo».
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
These two things connect in some way or overlap.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Ste doe cöse ò che mantëgnan à quarche mòddo un ligammo ò che donca van uña in sce l’atra.
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Another perspective is to consider "man" to be a property of the entity, "Socrates".
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Unn’atra prospettiva a l’é de consciderâ l’«òmmo» comme unna propietæ de l’entitæ «Sòcrate».
Translate this sentence to Ligurian:
Some of the most prominent members of this tradition of formal semantics include Tarski, Carnap, Richard Montague and Donald Davidson.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Çerti di membri ciù importanti de sta tradiçion de semantica formale comprendan Tarski, Carnap, Richard Montague e Donald Davidson.
Translate from English to Genoese:
They did not believe that the social and practical dimensions of linguistic meaning could be captured by any attempts at formalization using the tools of logic.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
No creddeivan che e dimenscioin soçiale e prattiche do scignificato linguistico poessan vegnî cattuæ da tutte e tentative de formalizzaçion pe mezo di strumenti da lògica.
Translate to Ligurian:
Many of its ideas have been absorbed by theorists such as Kent Bach, Robert Brandom, Paul Horwich and Stephen Neale.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tante de seu idee en stæte accuggeite da di teòrichi comme Kent Bach, Robert Brandom, Paul Horwich e Stephen Neale.
What’s the Genoese translation of this sentence?
In Word and Object, Quine asks readers to imagine a situation in which they are confronted with a previously undocumented, group of indigenous people where they must attempt to make sense of the utterances and gestures that its members make.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Inte «Word and Object», Quine o domanda a-i lettoî de figuâse unna scituaçion donde s’attreuvan de fronte à un gruppo d’indigeni no documentou primma, donde an da çercâ de dâ un senso a-i enonçiæ e a-i gesti di seu membri.
Translate to Genoese:
All that can be done is to examine the utterance as a part of the overall linguistic behaviour of the individual, and then use these observations to interpret the meaning of all other utterances.
The Ligurian (Genoese) translation is:
Tutto quello che se peu fâ o l’é d’examinâ l’enonçiou comme parte do comportamento linguistico complescivo de l’individuo e dapeu deuviâ ste osservaçion pe interpretâ o scignificato de tutti i atri enonçiæ.